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Lee THY, Li C, Dos Santos MM, Tan SY, Sureshkumar M, Srinuansom K, Ziegler AD, Snyder SA. Assessment of emerging and persistent contaminants in an anthropogenic-impacted watershed: Application using targeted, non-targeted, and in vitro bioassay techniques. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143067. [PMID: 39128775 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Emerging and persistent contaminants (EPC) pose a significant challenge to water quality monitoring efforts. Effect-based monitoring (EBM) techniques provide an efficient and systematic approach in water quality monitoring, but they tend to be resource intensive. In this study, we investigated the EPC distribution for various land uses using target analysis (TA) and non-target screening (NTS) and in vitro bioassays, both individually and integrated, in the upper Ping River Catchment, northern Thailand. Our findings of NTS showed that urban areas were the most contaminated of all land use types, although agriculture sites had high unexpected pollution levels. We evaluated the reliability of NTS data by comparing it to TA and observed varying inconsistencies likely due to matrix interferences and isobaric compound interferences. Integrating NTS with in vitro bioassays for a thorough analysis posed challenges, primary due to a scarcity of concentration data for key compounds, and potentially additive or non-additive effects of mixture samples that could not be accounted for. While EBM approaches place emphasis on toxic sites, this study demonstrated the importance of considering non-bioactive sites that contain toxic compounds with antagonistic effects that may go undetected by traditional monitoring approaches. The present work emphasizes the importance of improving NTS workflows and ensuring high-quality EBM analyses in future water quality monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Hui Yian Lee
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore
| | - Caixia Li
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore
| | - Mauricius Marques Dos Santos
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore
| | - Suan Yong Tan
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore
| | - Mithusha Sureshkumar
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore
| | - Khajornkiat Srinuansom
- Faculty of Fisheries Technology & Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Nong Han, San Sai District, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand
| | - Alan D Ziegler
- Faculty of Fisheries Technology & Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Nong Han, San Sai District, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand; Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 283, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Shane Allen Snyder
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore.
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Golomazou E, Mamedova S, Eslahi AV, Karanis P. Cryptosporidium and agriculture: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170057. [PMID: 38242460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a significant contributor to global foodborne and waterborne disease burden. It is a widespread cause of diarrheal diseases that affect humans and animals worldwide. Agricultural environments can become a source of contamination with Cryptosporidium species through faecal material derived from humans and animals. This review aims to report the main findings of scientific research on Cryptosporidium species related to various agricultural sectors, and highlights the risks of cryptosporidiosis in agricultural production, the contamination sources, the importance of animal production in transmission, and the role of farmed animals as hosts of the parasites. Agricultural contamination sources can cause water pollution in groundwater and different surface waters used for drinking, recreational purposes, and irrigation. The application of contaminated manure, faecal sludge management, and irrigation with inadequately treated water are the main concerns associated with foodborne and waterborne cryptosporidiosis related to agricultural activities. The review emphasizes the public health implications of agriculture concerning the transmission risk of Cryptosporidium parasites and the urgent need for a new concept in the agriculture sector. Furthermore, the findings of this review provide valuable information for developing appropriate measures and monitoring strategies to minimize the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Golomazou
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment - Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou str., 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Simuzer Mamedova
- Institute of Zoology, Ministry of Science and Education Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan & Department of Life Sciences, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, 50931 Cologne, Germany; University of Nicosia Medical School, Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Anatomy Centre, 2408 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Lee H, Kwak D. Molecular detection and assemblage analysis of the intestinal protozoan Giardia duodenalis in wild boars in Korea. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1139060. [PMID: 37143496 PMCID: PMC10151744 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1139060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis (syn. G. intestinalis, G. lamblia) is the only Giardia species that infects humans and most other mammals. Wild boars are a reservoir of many viruses, bacteria, and parasites that can be transmitted to livestock and humans. This study examined the infection rate of G. duodenalis in wild boars and confirmed its specificity by comparing assemblages through PCR amplification of the 18S rRNA, gdh, and β-giardin genes. Fecal samples were collected from roadkilled or trapped wild boars from April 2016 to December 2021 in Korea. DNA was extracted directly from 612 wild boar fecal specimens using a commercial kit. PCR was performed targeting the 18S rRNA region, β-giardin, and glutamate dehydrogenase genes of G. duodenalis. Some PCR-positive samples were selected for sequencing analysis. The obtained sequences were subsequently used for phylogenetic tree construction. Of the 612 samples tested, 125 (20.4%) were positive for G. duodenalis. The highest infection rate was detected in the central region (12.0%) and in autumn (12.7%). Among the risk factors, the seasonal factor was statistically significant (p = 0.012). Phylogenetic analysis revealed three genetic assemblages: A, B, and E. Assemblages A and B exhibited 100% identity with Giardia sequences isolated from human and farmed pigs in Korea and Japan. This result cannot be ignored because it indicates the possibility of zoonotic transmission. Therefore, continuous management and monitoring of this pathogen are necessary to prevent transmission and protect animal and human health.
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Meng XZ, Kang C, Wei J, Ma H, Liu G, Zhao JP, Zhang HS, Yang XB, Wang XY, Yang LH, Geng HL, Cao H. Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis in Cattle in China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2023; 20:17-31. [PMID: 36576972 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2022.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenum (G. duodenalis) can cause giardiasis and infect a variety of hosts. So far, there have been no detailed data regarding the positive rate of G. duodenalis in cattle in China. Here, a systematic literature review was carried out to investigate the epidemiology of bovine G. duodenalis in China. To perform the meta-analysis, the databases China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP Chinese Journal Databases, WanFang Databases, PubMed, and ScienceDirect were employed for screening studies related to the prevalence of G. duodenalis in cattle in China. The total prevalence of G. duodenalis in cattle was estimated to be 8.00% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.51-11.62). In the age subgroup, the prevalence of G. duodenalis in calves (11.72%; 95% CI: 7.75-17.73) was significantly higher than that in cattle of other age groups. An analysis based on seasons showed that the prevalence of G. duodenalis in cattle was higher in summer (9.69%; 95% CI: 2.66-35.30) than that in other seasons. The prevalence of G. duodenalis in cattle in 2016 or later was 11.62% (95% CI: 6.49-20.79), which was significantly higher than that before 2016 (3.65%; 95% CI: 2.17-6.12). The highest prevalence of G. duodenalis in cattle was 74.23% (95% CI: 69.76-78.45) recorded in South China. The NOAA's National Center for Environmental Information (https://gis.ncdc.noaa.gov/maps/ncei/cdo/monthly) was used to extract relevant geoclimatic data (latitude, longitude, elevation, temperature, precipitation, humidity, and climate). By analyzing the data of each subgroup, it was shown that age of cattle, sampling year, province, region, temperature, and climate were potential risk factors for giardiasis prevalence in cattle. Based on the analysis of common factors and geographical factors, it is recommended to strengthen effective management measures (e.g., ventilation and disinfection in warm and humid areas) and formulate relevant policies according to local conditions. Breeders should pay more attention to the detection of G. duodenalis in calves, to prevent giardiasis prevalence in cattle of different ages, thereby reducing the economic losses of animal husbandry in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Zhu Meng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chao Kang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Baicheng, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaqi Wei
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - He Ma
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jin-Ping Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hong-Shun Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Shunwang Cattle Co., Ltd., Tongliao, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xin-Bo Yang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Li-Hua Yang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hong-Li Geng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hongwei Cao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
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Ratnadass A, Martin T. Crop protection practices and risks associated with infectious tropical parasitic diseases. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153633. [PMID: 35124028 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two recent literature reviews have shown that: i) agroecological crop protection (ACP) practices generally reduce risks of viral zoonoses, unlike conventional (agrochemical-based) practices which tend to increase them; ii) substitution-based crop protection (CP) practices (mainly biocontrol-based) could result in fewer health risks from bacterial infectious diseases. Here, we present an analysis of the scientific literature to determine to what extent the conclusions regarding viruses or bacteria can be extended to infectious diseases caused by protozoan or helminthic parasites. This analysis of cases of both vector-transmitted and water- or food-borne parasitic diseases, shows, in terms of reduction of health risks: i) an overall negative effect arising from the use of synthetic plant protection products; ii) the relevance of substitution CP practices not strictly under the ACP banner. On the other hand, the public and veterinary health issue of antiparasitic resistance is not affected by CP practices. The positive effects at the large spatio-temporal scales of ACP approaches remain valid, although to a slightly lesser extent than for bacterial diseases and viral zoonoses, in particular through biodiversity conservation which fosters natural regulations and control, preventing the undesirable effects of synthetic pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Ratnadass
- CIRAD, UPR HortSys, F-97455 Saint-Pierre, Réunion, France; HortSys, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Thibaud Martin
- HortSys, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, UPR HortSys, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
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Zini LB, Lorenzini R, Camelo LGG, Gutterres M. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in surface water supply from 2016 to 2020 in South Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:496. [PMID: 34282498 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this research are to evaluate Giardia and Cryptosporidium contamination in surface water supply in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) State in South Brazil in the years 2016 to 2020, assess seasonality, and to infer the population that may have been exposed to these protozoa through drinking water based on drinking water treatment efficiency. Data were obtained through the drinking water surveillance national information system. From 204 DWT plants in the state, 66 have been analyzed for protozoa. A total of 2304 analyses of protozoa in raw water were evaluated, of which 223 had both Giardia spp. cysts and/or Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in concentrations that varied from 0.1 to 21.5/L. A total of 2,712,125 people from 48 cities were at risk of having the presence of pathogenic protozoa in their drinking water. The probability of finding these protozoa was higher in winter. Giardia cysts were more likely to be found in a period without rain, suggesting that sewage was the main source of contamination. It is concluded that the springs of Rio Grande do Sul are impacted and the circulation of pathogenic protozoa through the territory is endemic with a probable source of contamination to sewage and livestock activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Barros Zini
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Luiz Englert s/nº, downtown, Porto Alegre, RS, 90040-040, Brazil.
- Health State Secretary of Rio Grande do Sul, Environmental Vigilance, Av. Ipiranga, Porto Alegre, RS, 5400, 90610-000, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela Lorenzini
- Health State Secretary of Rio Grande do Sul, Environmental Vigilance, Av. Ipiranga, Porto Alegre, RS, 5400, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Luana Gabriele Gomes Camelo
- Health State Secretary of Rio Grande do Sul, Environmental Vigilance, Av. Ipiranga, Porto Alegre, RS, 5400, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Mariliz Gutterres
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Luiz Englert s/nº, downtown, Porto Alegre, RS, 90040-040, Brazil
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Alegbeleye O, Alisoltani A, Abia ALK, Awe AA, Adetunji AT, Rabiu S, Opeolu BO. Investigation into the bacterial diversity of sediment samples obtained from Berg River, Western Cape, South Africa. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 66:931-947. [PMID: 34224087 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00893-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study used conventional culturing and 16S rRNA metagenomics analyses to assess the diversity of bacterial communities in sediment samples obtained from the Berg River, Western Cape, South Africa. Samples were collected from six points: a residential and recreational area, an industrial area, an informal residential settlement, a point next to a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), a pumping station, and a residential and agricultural farming area along the river. High bacterial counts recorded on general selective and differential culture media signify substantial microbial contamination along the sampling sites. The most prevalent bacterial phyla detected (through metagenomics analyses) along the sampling sites were Proteobacteria (61%), Planctomycetes (9.5%), Firmicutes (7.8%), Bacteroidetes (5%), Acidobacteria (4.6%), and Actinobacteria (4.6%). Some members of the identified predominant bacterial phyla, genera, and classes are important public health bacteria that have been implicated in human diseases and outbreaks, while some others are metal or hydrocarbon tolerant, indicating possible significant environmental pollution. Notable human pathogenic genera such as Bacillus, Clostridium, Shigella, Legionella, Mycobacterium, and Pseudomonas were identified in varying percentages at five of the six sampling areas. Fecal contamination was particularly rife at all residential areas, with the informal housing area being the most notably polluted. Diverse functional pathways were predicted for identified bacteria, such as those associated with different chronic and infectious human diseases as well as those related to hydrocarbon and metal remediation. The point next to a WWTP contained vastly diverse groups of bacterial contaminants as well as the most abundant pathway identities and titles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadara Alegbeleye
- Department of Food Science, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil.
| | | | - Akebe Luther King Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Adetunji Ajibola Awe
- Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Adewole Tomiwa Adetunji
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Western Cape, Wellington, 7654, South Africa
| | - Saidat Rabiu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Beatrice Olutoyin Opeolu
- Extended Curriculum Programmes, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
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Sammarro Silva KJ, Sabogal-Paz LP. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. (oo)cysts as target-organisms in sanitation and environmental monitoring: A review in microscopy-based viability assays. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 189:116590. [PMID: 33166919 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cysts and (oo)cysts are the infective forms of parasitic protozoa, as Giardia and Cryptosporidium, which are widespread and associated to worldwide waterborne diseases outbreaks. These microorganisms pose a challenge to public health, as they are resistant to conventional disinfection methods, which make them important parameters when evaluating inactivation efficiency. However, when (oo)cysts are targets, it is challenging to infer inactivation efficacy, as it may require infectivity tests that are not often an option for laboratory routine analysis. In this scene, (oo)cyst viability based on induced excystation, membrane integrity and enzyme activity evaluated by dye inclusion and/or exclusion, as well as fluorescence reduction consist on microscopy-based techniques that may be options to estimate inactivation in the environmental context. This scoping review presents applications, advantages and limitations of these methodologies for viability assessment, in order to shed light on the (oo)cyst viability topic and provide insight strategies for choosing protocols in the environmental and sanitation field, in laboratory applications and novel research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Jessie Sammarro Silva
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Lyda Patricia Sabogal-Paz
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil.
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Manure-borne pathogens as an important source of water contamination: An update on the dynamics of pathogen survival/transport as well as practical risk mitigation strategies. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 227:113524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Kim HY, Lee H, Lee SH, Seo MG, Yi S, Kim JW, Kim CH, Lee YR, So B, Kwon OD, Kwak D. Multilocus genotyping and risk factor analysis of Giardia duodenalis in dogs in Korea. Acta Trop 2019; 199:105113. [PMID: 31356789 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis (syn. G. intestinalis, G. lamblia), a protozoan parasite that infects most mammals (including humans), has recently been classified into eight different groups/assemblages (A to H) based on host range and genetic characteristics. Assemblages A and B have been reported in humans and in many other animals, including dogs. This study analyzed Giardia infections, implementing multilocus genotyping, including the 18S rRNA, gdh, and β-giardin genes, in sheltered, companion, and special-purpose dogs throughout Korea. Of 640 dog stool samples, 99 (15.5%) were G. duodenalis-positive; this prevalence was similar to that previously reported in Korean calves. In addition, the prevalence was significantly higher in the southern region, and lower in non-sheltered dogs, older dogs, and in the autumn season. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all G. duodenalis-positive samples belonged to assemblages C and D. Although no G. duodenalis assemblages A and B (mainly found in humans) were identified in this study, assemblage C was detected in the main types of dogs in contact with humans. Assemblage C, thought to be dog-specific, was recently identified in humans. As Giardia (including zoonotic assemblages) is distributed throughout Korea, dog living environments and the potential for dog-human transmission should be monitored.
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Vermeulen LC, van Hengel M, Kroeze C, Medema G, Spanier JE, van Vliet MTH, Hofstra N. Cryptosporidium concentrations in rivers worldwide. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 149:202-214. [PMID: 30447525 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of diarrhoea and infant mortality worldwide. A better understanding of the sources, fate and transport of Cryptosporidium via rivers is important for effective management of waterborne transmission, especially in the developing world. We present GloWPa-Crypto C1, the first global, spatially explicit model that computes Cryptosporidium concentrations in rivers, implemented on a 0.5 × 0.5° grid and monthly time step. To this end, we first modelled Cryptosporidium inputs to rivers from human faeces and animal manure. Next, we use modelled hydrology from a grid-based macroscale hydrological model (the Variable Infiltration Capacity model). Oocyst transport through the river network is modelled using a routing model, accounting for temperature- and solar radiation-dependent decay and sedimentation along the way. Monthly average oocyst concentrations are predicted to range from 10-6 to 102 oocysts L-1 in most places. Critical regions ('hotspots') with high concentrations include densely populated areas in India, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh, Nigeria, Algeria and South Africa, Mexico, Venezuela and some coastal areas of Brazil, several countries in Western and Eastern Europe (incl. The UK, Belgium and Macedonia), and the Middle East. Point sources (human faeces) appears to be a more dominant source of pollution than diffuse sources (mainly animal manure) in most world regions. Validation shows that GloWPa-Crypto medians are mostly within the range of observed concentrations. The model generally produces concentrations that are 1.5-2 log10 higher than the observations. This is likely predominantly due to the absence of recovery efficiency of the observations, which are therefore likely too low. Goodness of fit statistics are reasonable. Sensitivity analysis showed that the model is most sensitive to changes in input oocyst loads. GloWPa-Crypto C1 paves the way for many new opportunities at the global scale, including scenario analysis to investigate the impact of global change and management options on oocysts concentrations in rivers, and risk analysis to investigate human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie C Vermeulen
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Marijke van Hengel
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carolien Kroeze
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Medema
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - J Emiel Spanier
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle T H van Vliet
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nynke Hofstra
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Hamilton KA, Waso M, Reyneke B, Saeidi N, Levine A, Lalancette C, Besner MC, Khan W, Ahmed W. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Wastewater and Surface Water Environments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:1006-1023. [PMID: 30272766 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2018.04.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
and spp. are significant contributors to the global waterborne disease burden. Waterways used as sources of drinking water and for recreational activity can become contaminated through the introduction of fecal materials derived from humans and animals. Multiple studies have reported the occurence or concentrations of these pathogens in the environment. However, this information has not been comprehensively reviewed. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for and can be beneficial, but it often relies on the concentrations in environmental sources reported from the literature. A thorough literature review was conducted to develop an inventory of reported and concentrations in wastewater and surface water available in the literature. This information can be used to develop QMRA inputs. and (oo)cyst concentrations in untreated wastewater were up to 60,000 oocysts L and 100,000 cysts L, respectively. The maximum reported concentrations for and in surface water were 8400 oocysts L and 1000 cysts L, respectively. A summary of the factors for interpretation of concentration information including common quantification methods, survival and persistence, biofilm interactions, genotyping, and treatment removal is provided in this review. This information can help in identifying assumptions implicit in various QMRA parameters, thus providing the context and rationale to guide model formulation and application. Additionally, it can provide valuable information for water quality practitioners striving to meet the recreational water quality or treatment criteria. The goal is for the information provided in the current review to aid in developing source water protection and monitoring strategies that will minimize public health risks.
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Adeyemo FE, Singh G, Reddy P, Stenström TA. Methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia: From microscopy to nucleic acid based tools in clinical and environmental regimes. Acta Trop 2018; 184:15-28. [PMID: 29395034 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The detection and characterization of genotypes and sub genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for their enumeration, surveillance, prevention, and control. Different diagnostic methods are available for the analysis of Cryptosporidium and Giardia including conventional phenotypic tools that face major limitations in the specific diagnosis of these protozoan parasites. The substantial advancement in the development of genetic signature based molecular tools for the quantification, diagnosis and genetic variation analysis has increased the understanding of the epidemiology and preventive measures of related infections. The conventional methods such as microscopy, antibody and enzyme based approaches, offer better detection results when combined with advanced molecular methods. Gene based approaches increase the precision of identification, for example, many signatures detected in environmental matrices represent species/genotype that are not infectious to humans. This review summarizes the available methods and the advantages and limitations of advance detection techniques like nucleic acid-based approaches for the detection of viable oocysts and cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia along with the conventional and widely accepted detection techniques like microscopy, antibody and enzyme based ones. This technical article also encourages the wide application of molecular methods in genetic characterization of distinct species of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, to adopt necessary preventive measures with reliable identification and mapping the source of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folasade Esther Adeyemo
- SARChI Chair, Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Gulshan Singh
- SARChI Chair, Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| | - Poovendhree Reddy
- Department of Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Thor Axel Stenström
- SARChI Chair, Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Chuah CJ, Ziegler AD. Temporal Variability of Faecal Contamination from On-Site Sanitation Systems in the Groundwater of Northern Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 61:939-953. [PMID: 29508021 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-018-1016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the impacts of on-site sanitation systems to local groundwater. In this year-long study, we monitored the response of faecal contamination levels to hydroclimatological factors including rainfall and groundwater table. Concentration of faecal indicators-E. coli (ESC), Enterococcus (ENT), nitrate-in thirteen pairs of shallow and deep wells were determined every 7-14 days. All samples from shallow wells were tested positive for faecal contamination (ESC and ENT > 1 MPN/100 mL) but concentration varies. A maximum of 24,000 MPN/100 mL were recorded in some shallow wells. Water from deep wells showed lower susceptibility to contamination with only 4 and 23% of samples tested positive for ESC and ENT, respectively. Concentrations of ESC and ENT were lower too, with a maximum of 5 MPN/100 mL and 28 MPN/100 mL, respectively. Fluctuation in contamination among the wells was described by four archetypal responses to hydroclimatological forcing: (i) flushing during the onset of wet season, (ii) dilution over the course of the wet season, (iii) concentration during the dry season, and (iv) synoptic response to storms. Previous studies attempting to link the prevalence of faecal/waterborne diseases and temporal factors (e.g., dry vs wet season) have produced differing outcomes. Our study may help explain the relevant hydrological mechanisms leading to these varying observations. Presently, most communities in Thailand have access to 'improved' sanitation systems. However, due to the unsustainable implementation of these systems, the otherwise viable drinking-water resources in the form of the abundant local groundwater has become a genuine health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Joon Chuah
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, AS2, #03-01, 1 Arts Link, Kent Ridge, 117570, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute of Water Policy, National University of Singapore, 469A Bukit Timah Rd, 259772, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Alan D Ziegler
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, AS2, #03-01, 1 Arts Link, Kent Ridge, 117570, Singapore, Singapore
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Bilung LM, Tahar AS, Yunos NE, Apun K, Lim YAL, Nillian E, Hashim HF. Detection of Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora Oocysts from Environmental Water for Drinking and Recreational Activities in Sarawak, Malaysia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4636420. [PMID: 29234679 PMCID: PMC5695024 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4636420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis and cyclosporiasis are caused by waterborne coccidian protozoan parasites of the genera Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora, respectively. This study was conducted to detect Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora oocysts from environmental water abstracted by drinking water treatment plants and recreational activities in Sarawak, Malaysia. Water samples (12 each) were collected from Sungai Sarawak Kanan in Bau and Sungai Sarawak Kiri in Batu Kitang, respectively. In addition, 6 water samples each were collected from Ranchan Recreational Park and UNIMAS Lake at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, respectively. Water physicochemical parameters were also recorded. All samples were concentrated by the iron sulfate flocculation method followed by the sucrose floatation technique. Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora were detected by modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Correlation of the parasites distribution with water physicochemical parameters was analysed using bivariate Pearson correlation. Based on the 24 total samples of environmental water abstracted by drinking water treatment plants, all the samples (24/24; 100%) were positive with Cryptosporidium, and only 2 samples (2/24; 8.33%) were positive with Cyclospora. Based on the 12 total samples of water for recreational activities, 4 samples (4/12; 33%) were positive with Cryptosporidium, while 2 samples (2/12; 17%) were positive with Cyclospora. Cryptosporidium oocysts were negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen (DO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Maurice Bilung
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Syatir Tahar
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Nur Emyliana Yunos
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Kasing Apun
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne Ai-Lian Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Elexson Nillian
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Hashimatul Fatma Hashim
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Utaaker KS, Kumar A, Joshi H, Chaudhary S, Robertson LJ. Checking the detail in retail: Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia on vegetables sold across different counters in Chandigarh, India. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 263:1-8. [PMID: 28988154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fresh produce has been recognized as a vehicle of infection for protozoan parasites, particularly Cryptosporidium, and, to a lesser extent, Giardia. For both parasites, outbreaks associated with fresh produce have been documented. Although documented outbreaks tend to be from industrialized countries, contamination of fresh produce with these parasites is a global issue. In developing countries, infections with these parasites are often endemic in the community, and basic infrastructure and hygiene measures may be inadequate, thus the likelihood of contamination of fresh produce with these parasites may be higher. Realization of the importance of this transmission route comes against a backdrop of raw salads and more Western culinary habits gaining a foothold, and fresh produce being encouraged as part of the diet due to their associated health benefits. However, if consumption of uncooked fresh produce is going to increase its market sector in India, it is important that it is safe. In this study, various types of fresh produce obtained from three types of vendors in Chandigarh, a major city in Northern India, were analyzed for contamination with Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts using a method that has been previously validated in inter-laboratory spiking experiments. A total of 284 samples of different fresh produce items were analyzed, obtained from the different retailers situated in different societal layers of the city. The overall prevalence of contamination of fresh produce with these parasites was just under 11%, with 6% of the vegetables contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts, and 5% with Giardia cysts. Contaminated vegetables included turnip, cabbage, carrot, chili, coriander, cucumber, radishes, and tomatoes. Molecular analyses identified contamination with Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis of Assemblage A and Assemblage D, indicating that contamination from animals may be of relevance. Although the prevalence of contamination is similar to those reported in previous studies, the levels of contamination on some items of fresh produce were relatively high. Although the different socioeconomic areas of Chandigarh from which the samples were obtained was not associated with likelihood of contamination, fresh produce from supermarkets had heavier contamination with Cryptosporidium oocysts than fresh produce purchased through other sales outlets. The results are discussed in relation to the fresh produce chain and sales models in Chandigarh, both in terms of where contamination may occur and the potential importance of fresh produce as a transmission vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjersti Selstad Utaaker
- Parasitology Lab, Department for Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Adamstuen Campus, PO Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 16002, India
| | - Himanshu Joshi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 16002, India
| | - Suman Chaudhary
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 16002, India; Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), Strategic Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Parasitology Lab, Department for Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Adamstuen Campus, PO Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
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Lim YA, Nissapatorn V. Transmission of waterborne parasites in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Overview and direction forward. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2017; 8-9:75-83. [PMID: 32095642 PMCID: PMC7034040 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the global outbreaks of waterborne parasitic protozoa have been reported in regions with established surveillance and reporting systems such as Australia, Europe, New Zealand, and North America. Given that only an estimated 1% of these outbreaks have occurred in Asia, it is evident that there is a paucity of information from this region where organised mechanisms of documentation of parasitic infections or waterborne outbreaks are lacking. This review attempts to provide an overview of the available data and studies on waterborne parasite occurrences among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) which comprises of the ten member states (i.e., Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) with the aims of identifying some directions on how to progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne A.L. Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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Vermeulen LC, Benders J, Medema G, Hofstra N. Global Cryptosporidium Loads from Livestock Manure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8663-8671. [PMID: 28654242 PMCID: PMC5645758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the environmental pathways of Cryptosporidium is essential for effective management of human and animal cryptosporidiosis. In this paper we aim to quantify livestock Cryptosporidium spp. loads to land on a global scale using spatially explicit process-based modeling, and to explore the effect of manure storage and treatment on oocyst loads using scenario analysis. Our model GloWPa-Crypto L1 calculates a total global Cryptosporidium spp. load from livestock manure of 3.2 × 1023 oocysts per year. Cattle, especially calves, are the largest contributors, followed by chickens and pigs. Spatial differences are linked to animal spatial distributions. North America, Europe, and Oceania together account for nearly a quarter of the total oocyst load, meaning that the developing world accounts for the largest share. GloWPa-Crypto L1 is most sensitive to oocyst excretion rates, due to large variation reported in literature. We compared the current situation to four alternative management scenarios. We find that although manure storage halves oocyst loads, manure treatment, especially of cattle manure and particularly at elevated temperatures, has a larger load reduction potential than manure storage (up to 4.6 log units). Regions with high reduction potential include India, Bangladesh, western Europe, China, several countries in Africa, and New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie C. Vermeulen
- Environmental
Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Phone: +31317486594; fax: +31317419000;
e-mail: , (L.C.V.)
| | - Jorien Benders
- Environmental
Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Medema
- KWR
Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box
1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Faculty
of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft
University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Hofstra
- Environmental
Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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