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Crosta A, Valle B, Caccianiga M, Gobbi M, Ficetola FG, Pittino F, Franzetti A, Azzoni RS, Lencioni V, Senese A, Corlatti L, Buda J, Poniecka E, Novotná Jaroměřská T, Zawierucha K, Ambrosini R. Ecological interactions in glacier environments: a review of studies on a model Alpine glacier. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 39247954 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Glaciers host a variety of cold-adapted taxa, many of which have not yet been described. Interactions among glacier organisms are even less clear. Understanding ecological interactions is crucial to unravelling the functioning of glacier ecosystems, particularly in light of current glacier retreat. Through a review of the existing literature, we aim to provide a first overview of the biodiversity, primary production, trophic networks, and matter flow of a glacier ecosystem. We use the Forni Glacier (Central Italian Alps) - one of the best studied alpine glaciers in the world - as a model system for our literature review and integrate additional original data. We reveal the importance of allochthonous organic matter inputs, of Cyanobacteria and eukaryotic green algae in primary production, and the key role of springtails (Vertagopus glacialis) on the glacier surface in sustaining populations of two apex terrestrial predators: Nebria castanea (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and Pardosa saturatior (Araneae: Lycosidae). The cryophilic tardigrade Cryobiotus klebelsbergi is the apex consumer in cryoconite holes. This short food web highlights the fragility of nodes represented by invertebrates, contrasting with structured microbial communities in all glacier habitats. Although further research is necessary to quantify the ecological interactions of glacier organisms, this review summarises and integrates existing knowledge about the ecological processes on alpine glaciers and supports the importance of glacier-adapted organisms in providing ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Crosta
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Barbara Valle
- Department of Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina, 61, Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - Marco Caccianiga
- Department of Bioscience, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Mauro Gobbi
- Climate and Ecology Unit, Research and Museum Collections Office, MUSE-Science Museum, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, Trento, 38122, Italy
| | - Francesco Gentile Ficetola
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Francesca Pittino
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Andrea Franzetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Roberto Sergio Azzoni
- Department of Earth Sciences 'A. Desio', University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 34, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Valeria Lencioni
- Climate and Ecology Unit, Research and Museum Collections Office, MUSE-Science Museum, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, Trento, 38122, Italy
| | - Antonella Senese
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Luca Corlatti
- ERSAF - Direzione Parco Stelvio, via De Simoni 42, Bormio, (SO) 23032, Italy
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, Freiburg, 79106, Germany
| | - Jakub Buda
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Ewa Poniecka
- Laboratory of RNA Biology - ERA Chairs Group, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, 4 Ks. Trojdena Street, Warsaw, 02-109, Poland
| | - Tereza Novotná Jaroměřská
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, CZ-12844, Czech Republic
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Krzysztof Zawierucha
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Roberto Ambrosini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, Milan, 20133, Italy
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Chen YW, Ho TPT, Liu KT, Jian MY, Katoch A, Cheng YH. Exploring the Characteristics and Source-attributed Health Risks Associated with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Metal Elements in Atmospheric PM 2.5 during Warm and Cold Periods in the Northern Metropolitan Area of Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 360:124703. [PMID: 39128606 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metal elements are commonly considered hazardous air pollutants due to their toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic properties. However, few studies have simultaneously examined their potential sources and health effects. This study aimed to quantify the PAHs and metal elements in atmospheric PM2.5, investigating their characteristics and potential sources to assess associated health risks in the northern metropolitan area of Taiwan. The measurements indicated that the mean concentrations of total PAHs and metal elements in PM2.5 were 0.97±0.52 ng m-3 and 590±200 ng m-3, respectively. Utilizing the positive matrix factorization profiles, the PAH pollution was classified into two sources: industrial emissions, traffic emissions, and coal combustion (69%) were the predominant sources of PAHs, with petroleum volatilization and biomass burning (31%) making a lesser contribution. Similarly, we traced metal elements to three potential sources: natural sources (48%), a combined source of industrial emissions, coal combustion, and traffic exhaust (32%), and a blend of non-exhaust emissions from traffic and waste incineration sources (20%). Results from the potential source contribution function model suggested that the emissions of PAHs and metals could be influenced by the eastern regions of China, although local sources, including waste incinerators, traffic, shipping, and harbor activities, were identified as the primary contributors. Source-attributed excess cancer risk revealed that industry, traffic, and coal combustion had the highest cancer risk posed by PAHs in the cold period (1.0×10-5), while the greatest cancer risk among metal elements was linked to non-exhaust emissions from traffic and waste incineration emissions (2.0×10-5). This research underscores the importance of considering source contributions to health risk and emission reduction when addressing PM2.5 pollution. These findings have direct implications for policymakers, providing them with valuable insights to develop strategies that protect public health from the detrimental effects of PAH and metal element exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Chen
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health,Ming Chi University of Technology,Taishan,New Taipei 243089,Taiwan
| | - Thi Phuong Thao Ho
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health,Ming Chi University of Technology,Taishan,New Taipei 243089,Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Liu
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health,Ming Chi University of Technology,Taishan,New Taipei 243089,Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ying Jian
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health,Ming Chi University of Technology,Taishan,New Taipei 243089,Taiwan
| | - Ankita Katoch
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health,Ming Chi University of Technology,Taishan,New Taipei 243089,Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Cheng
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health,Ming Chi University of Technology,Taishan,New Taipei 243089,Taiwan; Department of Safety,Health and Environmental Engineering,Ming Chi University of Technology,Taishan,New Taipei 243089,Taiwan; Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center,Chang Gung University of Science and Technology,Puzi,Chiayi 613016,Taiwan.
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3
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Liu X, Dong Z, Baccolo G, Gao W, Li Q, Wei T, Qin X. Distribution, composition and risk assessment of PAHs and PCBs in cryospheric watersheds of the eastern Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 890:164234. [PMID: 37230341 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are significant components of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and pose a threat to both ecosystems and human health. To explore their spatial distribution, origins, and risk assessment, we collected 25 glacial meltwater and downstream river water samples in the eastern Tibetan Plateau (including the Qilian Mountains in the northeast) during the summer of 2022 (June-July). Our results showed that ∑PAHs and ∑PCBs were present in a wide range from ND-1380 ng/L and ND-1421 ng/L, respectively. Compared to other studies worldwide, the ∑PAHs and ∑PCBs in the Hengduan Mountains were at high levels. The PAHs and PCBs mainly consisted of low-molecular-weight homologs, including Ace, Flu, Phe, and PCB52. Phe was the primary component of PAHs. Glacial meltwater samples generally exhibited low concentration of PAHs and PCB52, whereas downstream river water samples typically showed high concentration of PAHs and PCB52. We attributed this characteristic to the influence of pollutants physicochemical properties, altitude effect, long-range transport (LRT), and local environmental conditions. In the eastern Tibetan Plateau glacier basin (especially in the Hailuogou watersheds), the concentration of PAHs and PCB52 in runoff generally increased with decreasing elevation. We believe that the primary factor affecting the concentration of PAHs and PCB52 in the region is the difference in local human activity inputs from various altitudes. The composition characteristics of PAHs and PCBs suggested that incomplete coal combustion and coking discharge mainly caused PAHs, while the combustion of coal and charcoal and the release of capacitors primarily caused PCBs. We assessed the carcinogenic risk of PAHs and PCBs in the glacier basin of the TP and found that the potential threat of PAHs was stronger than that of PCBs. Overall, this study provides new insights into the ecological security of water resources in eastern Tibetan Plateau. It is significant for controlling PAHs and PCBs emissions, assessing the ecological environment of the glacier watershed, and regional human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; College of Environment and Planning, National Demonstration Center for Geography and Environment, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhiwen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Giovanni Baccolo
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wenhua Gao
- College of Environment and Planning, National Demonstration Center for Geography and Environment, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Quanlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ting Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Zhai L, An Y, Feng L, Qin X, Xu J. Contrasting the physical and chemical characteristics of dissolved organic matter between glacier and glacial runoff from a mountain glacier on the Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157784. [PMID: 35926601 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated melting of mountain glaciers due to global warming has a significant impact on downstream biogeochemical evolution because a large amount of labile dissolved organic matter (DOM) is released. However, the DOM evolution processes from glacier to downstream are not well understood. To investigate these processes, samples from the glacial surface and terminating runoff of a mountain glacier on the Tibetan Plateau were collected simultaneously throughout the melting season. The samples were analyzed to determine the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents and chemical compositions by means of a combination of fluorescence excitation-emission matrix coupled with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). The results indicate that the DOC concentrations were higher in the snow samples than in the glacial runoff samples, although a significantly higher concentration of inorganic ions was found in the glacial runoff samples, suggesting the dominant source of DOM in the glacial runoff was the glacier. The EEM-PARAFAC revealed four fluorescent components in both the snow and glacial runoff samples. However, significantly different ratios between the four components of these two categories of samples suggested chemical, physical and/or biological evolution of DOM during transport. Molecular chemical composition analyses by FT-ICR MS revealed that the DOM composition varied dramatically between the glacier and the glacial runoff. More than 50 % of the molecules were transformed from aliphatic and peptide-like compounds in the snow samples into highly unsaturated and phenolic-like compounds in the glacial runoff samples. The potential chemical transformation of DOM was likely related to biological and/or photolytic evolution during transport. Our results suggest that chemical evolution of glacial DOM could occur during the downstream transport, which is expected to be useful for further research exploring the fate of DOM and carbon cycling from the cryospheric environment and evaluating the biogeochemical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Aba Teachers University, Wenchuan 623002, China
| | - Xiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Zou X, Hou S, Wu S, Liu K, Huang R, Zhang W, Yu J, Zhan Z, Pang H. The first detection of organophosphate esters (OPEs) of a high altitude fresh snowfall in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155615. [PMID: 35508230 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to the gradual phase-out of brominated flame retardants, the consumption of organophosphate esters (OPEs) as suitable alternatives has increased in recent years. These compounds could be trapped and accumulate in the widely developed glaciers such as Laohugou Glacier No. 12 in the Tibetan Plateau (TP), as snow is an effective scavenger of organic pollutants in the atmosphere. However, large gaps in knowledge still exist regarding the occurrence, distribution, and source analysis of OPEs in TP glaciers. In this study, eight surface snow samples collected at different altitudes on Laohugou Glacier No. 12 on the northeastern edge of the TP in order to investigate sources and distribution of OPEs. The results showed that the concentrations of ∑7OPEs varied from 54.53 ng/L to 169.15 ng/L, with a mean of 99.84 ng/L. ∑Chlorinated-OPEs (Cl-OPEs) were dominant in these samples, accounting for 83% of the total OPE concentrations. ∑OPEs concentration increases with altitude on Laohugou Glacier No. 12, implying an altitudinal magnification effect on OPEs deposition. Principal component analysis suggests that OPEs primarily originated from traffic emissions and their variations were largely driven by dust transport. Analyses of backward trajectories of air masses and the wind field indicate that these OPEs might have come from urban emissions northwest of Laohugou Glacier No. 12. This study provides the first valuable insight into the environmental behavior of OPEs in Tibetan glaciers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zou
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shugui Hou
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Shuangye Wu
- Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Ke Liu
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Renhui Huang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wangbin Zhang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinhai Yu
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhaojun Zhan
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongxi Pang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Maharjan L, Kang S, Tripathee L, Gul C, Zheng H, Li Q, Chen P, Rai M, Santos E. Atmospheric particle-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds over two distinct sites in Pakistan: Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 112:1-15. [PMID: 34955192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Much attention is drawn to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as an air pollutant due to their toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Therefore, to understand the levels, seasonality, sources and potential health risk of PAHs in two distinct geographical locations at Karachi and Mardan in Pakistan, total suspended particle (TSP) samples were collected for over one year period. The average total PAH concentrations were 31.5 ± 24.4 and 199 ± 229 ng/m3 in Karachi and Mardan, respectively. The significantly lower concentration in Karachi was attributed to diffusion and dilution of the PAHs by the influence of clean air mass from the Arabian sea and high temperature, enhancing the volatilization of the particle phase PAHs to the gas phase. Conversely, the higher concentration (~6 times) in Mardan was due to large influence from local and regional emission sources. A clear seasonality was observed at both the sites, with the higher values in winter and post-monsoon due to higher emissions and less scavenging, and lower values during monsoon season due to the dilution effect. Diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis indicated that PAHs in both sites originated from traffic and mixed combustion sources (fossil fuels and biomass). The average total BaP equivalent concentrations (BaPeq) in Karachi and Mardan were 3.26 and 34 ng/m3, respectively, which were much higher than the WHO guideline of 1 ng/m3. The average estimates of incremental lifetime cancer risk from exposure to airborne BaPeq via inhalation indicated a risk to human health from atmospheric PAHs at both sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Maharjan
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Himalayan Environment Research Institute, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal.
| | - Chaman Gul
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
| | - Huijun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Quanlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mukesh Rai
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ewerton Santos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe SE 49100-000, Brazil
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Abakumov E, Kushnov I, Nizamutdinov T, Tembotov R. Cryoconites as biogeochemical markers of anthropogenic impact in high mountain regions: analysis of polyaromatic pollutants in soil-like bodies. ONE ECOSYSTEM 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/oneeco.7.e78028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The globalisation and omnidirectional character of anthropogenic processes has challenged scientists around the world to estimate the harmful effects of these processes on ecosystems and human health. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is one the most infamous group of contaminants, originated both from natural and anthropogenic processes. They could transport to high latitudes and altitudes through atmospheric long-distance transfer and further enter ecosystems of these vulnerable regions by deposition on terrestrial surfaces. An interesting object for tracking transboundary contamination processes in high mountain ecosystems is called cryoconite. Cryoconite, a dark-coloured supraglacial sediment which is abundant in polar and mountain environments, is considered as a storage of various pollutants, including PAHs. Thus, it may pose a risk for local human health and ecosystem through short-distance transfer. Studied cryoconite sediments were collected at the surface of Skhelda and Garabashi glaciers, Central Caucasus high-mountain region, as well as mudflow, moraine material and local soils at the Baksan Gorge in order to examine levels of their contamination. We analysed the content of 15 priority polyaromatic compounds from the US EPA list and used the method of calculation of PAHs isomer ratios with the purpose of identifying their source. To estimate their potential toxicity, Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) equivalents were calculated. Maximum concentration was defined for NAP (84 ng×g-1), PHE (40 ng×g-1) and PYR (47 ng×g-1), with the minimum concentration for ANT (about 1 ng×g-1). The most polluted material is a cryoconite from Garabashi glacier because of local anthropogenic activities and long-distance transfer. High-molecular weight PAHs are dominated in PAHs composition of almost all samples. The most common sources of PAHs in studied materials are combustion processes and mixed pyrolytic/petrogenic origin. Toxicity levels of separate PAHs did not exceed the maximum permissible threshold concentrations values in most cases. However, the sum of PAHs in BaP equivalents exceed the threshold values in all samples, in some of them more than twice.
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Chen Z, Tian Z, Liu X, Sun W. The potential risks and exposure of Qinling giant pandas to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118294. [PMID: 34626712 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid industrialization and urbanization have created a substantial urban-rural gradient for various pollutants. The Qinling Mountains are highly important in terms of biodiversity, providing habitat for giant pandas, which are endemic to China and are a widely recognized symbol for conservation. Whether polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure risks regarding in situ animal conservation zones are affected by environmental pollution or even enhanced by the mountain-trapping effect requires further research. Our group carried out a large-scale investigation on the area ranging from Xi'an to Hanzhong across the giant panda habitat in the Qinling Mountains by collecting atmosphere, soil, bamboo, and fecal samples from different sites over a two-year period. The total toxicity of atmospheric PAHs and the frequencies of soil PAHs above effect range low (ERL) values showed a decreasing trend from urban areas to the central mountains, suggesting a distance effect from the city. The proportions of total 5- and 6-ring PAHs in the atmosphere were higher in the central mountainous areas than in the urban areas, while this difference was reversed in the soil. Health risk assessments showed that the incremental lifetime carcinogenic risks (ILCR) of PAH exposure by bamboo ingestion ranged from 2.16 × 10-4 to 3.11 × 10-4, above the critical level of 10-4. Bamboo ingestion was the main driver of the PAH exposure risks. The concentration difference between bamboo and fecal samples provided a reference for the level of PAHs absorbed by the panda digestive system. Since the Qinling Mountains possess the highest density of giant pandas and provide habitats to many other endangered animal and plant species, we should not ignore the probability of health risks posed by PAHs. Monitoring the pollution level and reducing the atmospheric emissions of toxic pollutants are recommended actions. Further detailed research should also be implemented on pandas' health effects of contaminant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, And School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhaoxue Tian
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, And School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xuehua Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, And School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Wanlong Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, And School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Li Y, Zang S, Zhang K, Sun D, Sun L. Occurrence, sources and potential risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a permafrost soil core, northeast China. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:1315-1324. [PMID: 33064254 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an AMS 14C-dated permafrost soil core extracted from continuous permafrost zone were measured to reconstruct the pollution history from the early Holocene (ca. 15480 a BP) and its potential risks under climate changes were evaluated in northeast China. Total PAH concentrations varied from 209 to 2161 ng/g through the core, which were moderately contaminated in the surface but heavily contaminated historically. Factor analysis indicated that volcanic activity, diagenesis from biological precursors and palaeo forest fires were dominant PAH sources, while petroleum emission was identified in the active layer due to the construction of China-Russia oil pipeline. Significant increases in 5-ring, 6-ring and 7 carcinogenic PAHs (p < 0.05) were observed from surface to the interface of the active layer and ice-rich permafrost layer, showing a selective downward migration in the active layer which might be effected by the repetitive cycles of freezing and thawing. Results implied that PAHs in the ice-rich permafrost layer could lead to an unpredictably serious consequence under the further climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Shuying Zang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
| | - Ke Zhang
- Tian Rong Environment S&T Development Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300380, China
| | - Deyao Sun
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Normal University for Nationalities, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Li Sun
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
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Lin L, Dong L, Wang Z, Li C, Liu M, Li Q, Crittenden JC. Hydrochemical composition, distribution, and sources of typical organic pollutants and metals in Lake Bangong Co, Tibet. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:9877-9888. [PMID: 33155115 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11449-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lake Bangong Co is a special lake in western Tibet, with characteristics of increased salinity from the eastern area to the western area. Due to its remote location and poor environmental conditions, there are few background data on the water environment of this lake. In this study, the water chemical composition of Lake Bangong Co was studied, and the concentration levels, distribution characteristics, and pollution sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalic acid esters (PAEs), and metals (As, Pb, Cr, Mn, Cu, Cd, Ni, and Zn) were investigated. The hydrochemical characteristics of the lake showed significant spatial differences. Conductivity, salinity, degree of mineralization, total hardness, Cl-, and SO42- generally increased from the eastern part to the western part. Most water quality parameters met the class III standards of the Chinese surface water standards; however, the Cl- and SO42- concentrations in the western part exceeded the surface water standard limits. ΣPAH and ΣPAE concentrations in lake water have no significant relationship with hydrochemical parameters. Among the 16 target PAHs, 4 PAH monomers with a (5 + 6)-ring were not detected in the lake water. The main sources of PAHs included emissions from biomass combustion, petroleum volatilization, and automobile exhaust. Six PAE monomers were detected at all sampling sites with relatively low concentrations, and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were the main pollutants. The main source of PAEs was domestic waste, which might be related to increasing human activities in this area recently. In general, the concentrations of metals in the water of Lake Bangong Co were lower than those in the regions affected by anthropogenic activities except As. The results of PCA showed that As, Cu, and Cr mainly originated from natural sources; Pb, Mn, and Cr came from both natural and anthropogenic sources; and Cd was highly likely from anthropogenic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
- Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Dong
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Li
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - John C Crittenden
- Brook Byers Institute of Sustainable Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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Liu S, Zhan C, Zhang J, Liu H, Xiao Y, Zhang L, Guo J, Liu X, Xing X, Cao J. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in railway stations dust of the mega traffic hub city, central China: Human health risk and relationship with black carbon. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 205:111155. [PMID: 32846298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Twenty dust samples collected from Wuchang and Wuhan Railway Stations, the biggest transport stations in the mega traffic hub city in Central China, were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to investigate the concentration, sources apportionment, and relationship with black carbon (BC) and assess the health risk. The results suggested that the concentrations of PAHs, BC and TOC in Wuhan Railway Station (WHRS) (PAHs = 5940 ± 1920 ng g-1, BC = 53.2 ± 23.1 mg g-1 and TOC = 80.7 ± 44.4) were twice higher than those in Wuchang Railway Station (WCRS) (PAHs = 2580 ± 1630 ng g-1, BC = 20.4 ± 14.3 mg g-1 and TOC = 33.9 ± 20.1 mg g-1). Moreover, the 3 - and 4 - rings PAHs were major PAHs in railway station dust. The composition pattern of PAHs in these railway station dusts had a common characteristic with HMW-PAHs contribution. The results of source identification revealed that different local development features and energy consumption of trains would influence the sources of PAHs and BC. PAHs and BC were most likely related to industrial activities in WHRS. Coal and biomass combustion may influence the PAHs components and BC distribution in WCRS. Moreover, BC had played an important role in retaining PAHs in urban railway stations. Especially in WHRS, BC would more likely to absorb the high molecular weight PAHs, such as 4 -ring (p<0.05), 5 -ring (p<0.05) and 6 -ring (p<0.05) PAHs; while BC just played limited roles in the binding of volatile and semi-volatile organic pollutants, such as 2 -ring and 3 -ring PAHs. With the coexistence of BC and PAHs, passengers would face significant potential health risks by exposure to toxic dust in railway stations, especially for children. The cancer risk in WHRS was almost twice higher than that in WCRS, and it would tend to be stable by a semi-confined structure in the platform area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Changlin Zhan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Jiaquan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China.
| | - Hongxia Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Yulun Xiao
- Faculty of science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Jianlin Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Xianli Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Xinli Xing
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
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12
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Zheng H, Kang S, Chen P, Li Q, Tripathee L, Maharjan L, Guo J, Zhang Q, Santos E. Sources and spatio-temporal distribution of aerosol polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons throughout the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114144. [PMID: 32062463 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the recent rapid development of urbanization, atmospheric pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have attracted wide attention, particularly in remote regions. The Tibetan Plateau (TP), known as the third pole is adjacent to areas with heavy atmospheric pollution, such as South and East Asia. However, the spatial distribution and sources of PAHs on the TP remain unclear. Thus, we investigated the sources and spatio-temporal distributions of PAHs on the TP by combining aerosol sample data from six sites, including Ngari (NG), Laohugou (LHG), Beiluhe (BLH), Nam Co (NMC), Everest (EV), and Yulong (YL), in 2014 and 2016. The average concentrations of 15 PAHs at the six sites ranged from 3.4 to 15.2 ng m-3, with a decreasing trend from the marginal to inner areas of the plateau. The highest concentration was that in YL in the southeastern part of the TP, with an average of 15.2 ng m-3. The PAH concentrations in NG, NMC, and YL were higher in autumn and winter and lower in summer. High molecular weight PAHs usually exists in the particulate phase whereas tricyclic PAHs can change from particulate to gaseous phase, therefore it can indicate long-range transport. Tricyclic PAHs were the dominant PAHs on the TP (44%-58%), indicating long-range atmospheric transport as the major source of PAHs. Principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratio analysis showed that biomass and coal combustion were the major sources of PAHs in inland areas of the TP; however, marginal plateau areas were affected by fossil fuel emissions. Compared with levels in Beijing and other urban sites, the toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) was low (0.36-1.06 ng m-3), suggesting a low risk to human and ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Quanlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Linda Maharjan
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qianggong Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ewerton Santos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
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Wang X, Wang C, Zhu T, Gong P, Fu J, Cong Z. Persistent organic pollutants in the polar regions and the Tibetan Plateau: A review of current knowledge and future prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:191-208. [PMID: 30784838 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to their low temperatures, the Arctic, Antarctic and Tibetan Plateau are known as the three polar regions of the Earth. As the most remote regions of the globe, the occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in these polar regions arouses global concern. In this paper, we review the literatures on POPs involving these three polar regions. Overall, concentrations of POPs in the environment (air, water, soil and biota) have been extensively reported, with higher levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) detected on the Tibetan Plateau. The spatial distribution of POPs in air, water and soil in the three polar regions broadly reflects their distances away from source regions. Based on long-term data, decreasing trends have been observed for most "legacy POPs". Observations of transport processes of POPs among multiple media have also been carried out, including air-water gas exchange, air-soil gas exchange, emissions from melting glaciers, bioaccumulations along food chains, and exposure risks. The impact of climate change on these processes possibly enhances the re-emission processes of POPs out of water, soil and glaciers, and reduces the bioaccumulation of POPs in food chains. Global POPs transport model have shown the Arctic receives a relatively small fraction of POPs, but that climate change will likely increase the total mass of all compounds in this polar region. Considering the impact of climate change on POPs is still unclear, long-term monitoring data and global/regional models are required, especially in the Antarctic and on the Tibetan Plateau, and the fate of POPs in all three polar regions needs to be comprehensively studied and compared to yield a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the global cycling of POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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14
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Xue S, Sun J, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Lin Y, Liu Q. Effect of dissolved organic matter fractions on photodegradation of phenanthrene in ice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 361:30-36. [PMID: 30176413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) fractions on photodegradation of phenanthrene (PHE) in ice was investigated. DOM in surface water and wastewater samples was fractionated using XAD-8/XAD-4 resins into five fractions: hydrophobic acid (HPO-A), hydrophobic neutral (HPO-N), transphilic acid (TPI-A), transphilic neutral (TPI-N) and hydrophilic fraction (HPI). The photodegradation rate of PHE in ice was about 40% greater than that in water. The screening effect and quenching effect contributed 3-12% and 88-97% toward the inhibition of DOM fractions on PHE photodegradation in ice, respectively. The contribution ratios of singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radical (OH) produced from DOM fractions to PHE photodegradation rates in ice were 9-31% and 2-13%, respectively. Among five DOM fractions, HPO-A was most efficient in advancing PHE photodegradation in ice through 1O2 mechanism. When excluding the photosensitized effect of 1O2 and OH produced from DOM fractions, the quencing effect of DOM fractions on PHE photodegradation in ice was closely related to their PHE binding ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Xue
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
| | - Jijun Sun
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Zhaohong Zhang
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Yingzi Lin
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
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15
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Li Q, Wang N, Barbante C, Kang S, Callegaro A, Battistel D, Argiriadis E, Wan X, Yao P, Pu T, Wu X, Han Y, Huai Y. Biomass burning source identification through molecular markers in cryoconites over the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:209-217. [PMID: 30340167 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cryoconite is a dark, dusty aggregate of mineral particles, organic matter, and microorganisms transported by wind and deposited on glacier surfaces. It can accelerate glacier melting and alter glacier mass balances by reducing the surface albedo of glaciers. Biomass burning in the Tibetan Plateau, especially in the glacier cryoconites, is poorly understood. Retene, levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan can be generated by the local fires or transported from the biomass burning regions over long distances. In the present study, we analyzed these four molecular markers in cryoconites of seven glaciers from the northern to southern Tibetan Plateau. The highest levels of levoglucosan and retene were found in cryoconites of the Yulong Snow Mountain and Tienshan glaciers with 171.4 ± 159.4 ng g-1 and 47.0 ± 10.5 ng g-1 dry weight (d.w.), respectively. The Muztag glacier in the central Tibetan Plateau contained the lowest levels of levoglucosan and retene with mean values of 59.8 ng g-1 and 0.4 ± 0.1 ng g-1 d.w., respectively. In addition, the vegetation changes and the ratios of levoglucosan to mannosan and retene indicate that combustion of conifers significantly contributes to biomass burning of the cryoconites in the Yulong Snow Mountain and Tienshan glacier. Conversely, biomass burning tracers in cryoconites of Dongkemadi, Yuzhufeng, Muztag, Qiyi and Laohugou glaciers are derived from the combustion of different types of biomass including softwood, hardwood and grass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Ninglian Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Xi'an, 710127, China; Institute of Earth Surface System and Hazards, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China; College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari, University of Venice, Venice, 30172, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, Venice, 30172, Italy
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Alice Callegaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari, University of Venice, Venice, 30172, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, Venice, 30172, Italy
| | - Dario Battistel
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari, University of Venice, Venice, 30172, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, Venice, 30172, Italy
| | - Elena Argiriadis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari, University of Venice, Venice, 30172, Italy
| | - Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ping Yao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tao Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaobo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yu Han
- Surveying and Mapping Engineering Institute of Gansu Province, China
| | - Yanping Huai
- Surveying and Mapping Engineering Institute of Gansu Province, China
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16
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Yang R, Zhou R, Xie T, Jing C. Historical record of anthropogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a lake sediment from the southern Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:1899-1906. [PMID: 28417281 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9956-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High-altitude lake sediments can be used as natural archives to reconstruct the history of pollutants. In this work, the temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was determined in a sediment core collected from the southern Tibetan Plateau (TP), which was dated by using the 210Pb dating method and validated with the 137Cs fallout peak. The concentrations of the anthropogenic PAHs (Σ8PAH) in the sediment core ranged from 0.83 to 12 ng/g dw, and the fluxes of the Σ8PAH were in the range of 2.1-27 g/cm2/year. The temporal variations in the concentration and input flux of anthropogenic PAHs were low with little variability before the 1950s, and then gradually increased from the 1950s to the 1980s, and an accelerated increase was observed after the early 1980s. The content of total organic carbon played an insignificant role in affecting the time trends of PAHs in the sediment core. Diagnostic concentration fractions of PAH components indicate PAHs in the lake sediment of the southern TP which are mainly from biomass burning and/or from long-range atmospheric transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ruichen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Chuanyong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China.
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17
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Post-Depositional Biodegradation Processes of Pollutants on Glacier Surfaces. CONDENSED MATTER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/condmat3030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glaciers are important fresh-water reservoirs for our planet. Although they are often located at high elevations or in remote areas, glacial ecosystems are not pristine, as many pollutants can undergo long-range atmospheric transport and be deposited on glacier surface, where they can be stored for long periods of time, and then be released into the down-valley ecosystems. Understanding the dynamics of these pollutants in glaciers is therefore important for assessing their environmental fate. To this aim, it is important to study cryoconite holes, small ponds filled with water and with a layer of sediment, the cryoconite, at the bottom, which occur on the surface of most glaciers. Indeed, these environments are hotspots of biodiversity on glacier surface as they host metabolically active bacterial communities that include generalist taxa able to degrade pollutants. In this work, we aim to review the studies that have already investigated pollutant (e.g., chlorpyrifos and polychlorinated-biphenyls (PCBs)) degradation in cryoconite holes and other supraglacial environmental matrices. These studies have revealed that bacteria play a significant role in pollutant degradation in these habitats and can be positively selected in contaminated environments. We will also provide indication for future research in this field.
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18
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Ferrario C, Pittino F, Tagliaferri I, Gandolfi I, Bestetti G, Azzoni RS, Diolaiuti G, Franzetti A, Ambrosini R, Villa S. Bacteria contribute to pesticide degradation in cryoconite holes in an Alpine glacier. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:919-926. [PMID: 28738304 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic contaminants deposited on glacier snow and ice are subject to partitioning and degradation processes that determine their environmental fate and, consequently, their accumulation in ice bodies. Among these processes, organic compound degradation by supraglacial bacteria has been investigated to a lesser extent than photo- and chemical degradation. We investigated biodegradation of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF), a xenobiotic tracer that accumulates on glaciers after atmospheric medium- and long-range transport, by installing in situ microcosms on an Alpine glacier to simulate cryoconite hole systems. We found that biodegradation contributed to the removal of CPF from the glacier surface more than photo- and chemical degradation. The high concentration of CPF (2-3 μg g-1 w.w.) detected in cryoconite holes and the estimated half-life of this compound (35-69 days in glacier environment) indicated that biodegradation can significantly reduce CPF concentrations on glaciers and its runoff to downstream ecosystems. The metabolic versatility of cryoconite bacteria suggests that these habitats might contribute to the degradation of a wide class of pollutants. We therefore propose that cryoconite acts as a "biofilter" by accumulating both pollutants and biodegradative microbial communities. The contribution of cryoconite to the removal of organic pollutants should be included in models predicting the environmental fate of these compounds in cold areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ferrario
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Pittino
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Ilario Tagliaferri
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Isabella Gandolfi
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Bestetti
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Franzetti
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
| | - Roberto Ambrosini
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Villa
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
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Feng L, Xu J, Kang S, Li X, Li Y, Jiang B, Shi Q. Chemical Composition of Microbe-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter in Cryoconite in Tibetan Plateau Glaciers: Insights from Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13215-13223. [PMID: 27993037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cryoconite in mountain glaciers plays important roles in glacial ablation and biogeochemical cycles. In this study, the composition and sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in cryoconite from the ablation regions of two Tibetan Plateau glaciers were determined using electrospray ionization (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) and fluorescence spectrometry. A marked absorbance between 300 and 350 nm in the DOM absorption spectra was observed which was consistent with microbe-derived mycosporine-like amino acids. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrices showed that DOM had intense signals at protein-like substance peaks and weak signals at humic-like substance peaks. The high-resolution mass spectra of FT-ICR-MS showed cryoconite DOM from both glaciers contained diverse lignins, lipids, proteins, and unsaturated hydrocarbons. The lipids and proteins were consistent with material from microbial sources, and the lignins and unsaturated hydrocarbons were probably from vascular plant material supplied in atmospheric aerosols and debris from around the glaciers. Almost one-third of the identified DOM molecules had low C/N ratios (≤20), indicating their high bioavailability. Using a conservative cryoconite distribution on Chinese mountain glacier surfaces (6%) and an average debris mass per square meter of cryoconite (292 ± 196 g m-2), we found that the amount of DOC produced in cryoconite on Chinese glaciers as much as 0.23 ± 0.1 Gg per cryoconite formation process. This dissolved organic carbon may absorb solar radiation, accelerate glacial melting, and be an important source of bioavailable DOM to proglacial and downstream aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum , Beijing 102249, China
| | - Quan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum , Beijing 102249, China
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