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Vega-Herrera A, Savva K, Lacoma P, Santos LHMLM, Hernández A, Marmelo I, Marques A, Llorca M, Farré M. Bioaccumulation and dietary bioaccessibility of microplastics composition and cocontaminants in Mediterranean mussels. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142934. [PMID: 39053781 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPLs) are contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) ubiquitous in aquatic environments, which can be bioaccumulated along the food chain. In this study, the accumulation of polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics (MPLs) of sizes below 63 μm was assessed in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis spp). Moreover, the potential of mussels to uptake and bioaccumulate other organic contaminants, such as triclosan (TCS) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), was evaluated with and without the presence of MPLs. Then, the modulation of MPLs in the human bioaccessibility of co-contaminants was assessed by in vitro assays that simulated the human digestion process. Exposure experiments were carried out in 15 L marine microcosms. The bioaccumulation and bioaccessibility of PE, PS, PET, and co-contaminants were assessed by means of liquid chromatography -size exclusion chromatography-coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC(SEC)-HRMS). Our outcomes confirm that MPL bioaccumulation in filter-feeding organisms is a function of MPL chemical composition and particle sizes. Finally, despite the lower accumulation and bioaccumulation of PFASs in the presence of MPLs, the bioaccessibility assays revealed that PFASs bioaccessibility was favoured in the presence of MPLs. Since part of the bioaccumulated PFASs are adsorbed onto MPL surfaces by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, these interactions easily change with the pH during digestion, and the PFASs bioaccessibility increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Vega-Herrera
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katerina Savva
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pol Lacoma
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lúcia H M L M Santos
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Alba Hernández
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Isa Marmelo
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Lisbon, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Lisbon, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Llorca
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marinella Farré
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Manjarrés-López DP, Montemurro N, Ulrich N, Ebert RU, Jahnke A, Pérez S. Assessment, distribution, and ecological risk of contaminants of emerging concern in a surface water-sediment-fish system impacted by wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173358. [PMID: 38768727 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The presence of contaminants of emerging concern in aquatic ecosystems represents an ever-increasing environmental problem. Aquatic biota is exposed to these contaminants, which can be absorbed and distributed to their organs. This study focused on the assessment, distribution, and ecological risk of 32 CECs in a Spanish river impacted by effluents from a wastewater treatment plant, analyzing the organs and plasma of common carp. Environmental concentrations in water and sediment were examined at sites upstream and downstream of the wastewater treatment plant. The two downstream sites showed 15 times higher total concentrations (12.4 μg L-1 and 30.1 μg L-1) than the two upstream sites (2.08 μg L-1 and 1.66 μg L-1). Half of the CECs were detected in fish organs, with amantadine having the highest concentrations in the kidney (158 ng g-1 w.w.) and liver (93 ng g-1 w.w.), followed by terbutryn, diazepam, and bisphenol F in the brain (50.2, 3.82 and 1.18 ng g-1 w.w.). The experimental bioaccumulation factors per organ were compared with the bioconcentration factors predicted by a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, obtaining differences of one to two logarithmic units for most compounds. Risk quotients indicated a low risk for 38 % of the contaminants. However, caffeine and terbutryn showed an elevated risk for fish. The mixed risk quotient revealed a medium risk for most of the samples in the three environmental compartments: surface water, sediment, and fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Manjarrés-López
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH) group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nicola Montemurro
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH) group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nadin Ulrich
- Department of Exposure Science, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf-Uwe Ebert
- Department of Exposure Science, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Department of Exposure Science, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH) group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Xiong J, Li Z. Predicting PFAS fate in fish: Assessing the roles of dietary, respiratory, and dermal uptake in bioaccumulation modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:119036. [PMID: 38701889 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
An increasing number of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposed to the environment may pose a threat to organisms and human beings. However, there is a lack of simulations comprehensively addressing and comparing the bioaccumulation of PFAS across all three major exposure routes (oral, inhalation, and dermal), especially for dermal uptake. In this study, we proposed a physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model for PFAS, aiming to predict bioaccumulation factors (BAF) in fish by considering these diverse exposure routes. 15 PFAS were used for model validation, and 11 PFAS from Taihu Lake were used for exposure contribution modeling. Approximately 64% of estimations fell within 10-fold model bias from measurements in Taihu Lake, underscoring the potential efficacy of the developed PBK model in predicting BAFs for fish. The dermal route emerges as a contributor to short-chain PFAS exposure. For example, it ranged widely from 46% to 75% (mean) for all modeling short-chain PFAS (C6-C7) in Taihu Lake. It indicated the criticality of considering dermal exposure for PFAS in fish, highlighting a gap in field studies to unravel cutaneous intake mechanisms and contributions. For longer carbon chains of PFAS (C8-C12), dermal exposure accounted for 2%-27% for all species of aquatic organisms. The fish's lipid fraction and water content played a significant role in the contribution of PFAS intake through cutaneous exposure and inhalation. Kow had a significant positive correlation with skin intake rate (p < 0.05) and gill intake rate (p < 0.001), while having a significant negative correlation with skin intake (p < 0.05) and skin intake contribution (p < 0.001). Based on the proposed modeling approach, we have introduced a simulation spreadsheet for projecting PFAS BAFs in fish tissues, hopefully broadening the predictive operational tool for a variety of chemical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiong
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China.
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Xu S, Zhang C, Zhou Y, Chen F, Chen F, Wang W, Tang H, Gao Y, Meng L. Occurrence and transport of novel and legacy poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in coastal rivers along the Laizhou Bay, northern China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 198:115909. [PMID: 38096694 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The pollution profiles of 25 legacy and emerging poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the estuaries along the Laizhou Bay, northern China were investigated to better understand the new structure of PFASs under international regulations and to estimate the mass loadings of PFASs in coastal rivers. About 39.87 kg/d of PFASs were discharged into the Laizhou Bay by the Xiaoqing, Mi and Zhimai Rivers. Total PFAS concentrations in the Xiaoqing River decreased notably in recent years, but were still greater than the levels in 2011. Contribution of replacement substances exhibited an increasing trend in recent years. However, the long-chain chemicals were still the larger contributors of PFASs. Perfluoromethoxypropionic acid (PFMPA) was first detected with high concentrations ranging from 165.3 to 586.3 ng/L in the Xiaoqing River. The results of this study provided baseline data for ecological risk assessment, environmental management and corresponding development of pollution treatment technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Xu
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, Shandong, China
| | - Cunliang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Eco-environment Monitoring Center, Jinan 250101, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhou
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, Shandong, China
| | - Fanghui Chen
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, Shandong, China
| | - Feiyong Chen
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, Shandong, China.
| | - Wenlei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Eco-environment Monitoring Center, Jinan 250101, Shandong, China.
| | - Hua Tang
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lun Meng
- Shandong Shike Modern Agriculture Investment Co., Ltd, Heze 274000, Shandong, China
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Garcia-Garin O, Borrell A, Colomer-Vidal P, Vighi M, Trilla-Prieto N, Aguilar A, Gazo M, Jiménez B. Biomagnification and temporal trends (1990-2021) of perfluoroalkyl substances in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the NW Mediterranean sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 339:122738. [PMID: 37838318 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are a well-known class of pollutants which can bioaccumulate and biomagnify with a vast majority being highly persistent. This study aims to determine the biomagnification rates of PFAS in sexually mature striped dolphins and to assess temporal trends on PFAS concentrations over the past three decades (1990-2021) in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. Thirteen and 17 of the 19 targeted PFAS were detected in the samples of the dolphins' digestive content and liver, respectively, at concentrations ranging between 43 and 1609 ng/g wet weight, and 254 and 7010 ng/g wet weight, respectively. The most abundant compounds in both types of samples were linear perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (n-PFOS) and perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA), which were present in all samples, followed by perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA). Long-chain PFAS (i.e., PFCAs C ≥ 7 and PFSAs C ≥ 6) biomagnified to a greater extent than short-chain PFAS, suggesting a potential effect on the health of striped dolphins. Environmental Quality Standards concentrations set in 2014 by the European Union were exceeded in half of the samples of digestive content, suggesting that polluted prey may pose potential health risks for striped dolphins. Concentrations of most long-chain PFAS increased from 1990 to 2004-2009, then stabilized during 2014-2021, possibly following country regulations and industrial initiatives. The current study highlights the persistent presence of banned PFAS and may contribute to future ecological risk assessments and the design of management strategies to mitigate PFAS pollution in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odei Garcia-Garin
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, and Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio). Faculty of Biology. Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Asunción Borrell
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, and Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio). Faculty of Biology. Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Colomer-Vidal
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, IQOG-CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Morgana Vighi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, and Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio). Faculty of Biology. Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Trilla-Prieto
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Alex Aguilar
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, and Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio). Faculty of Biology. Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Gazo
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, and Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio). Faculty of Biology. Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, IQOG-CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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Filippi I, Bonansea RI, Butinof M, Fernández RA, Llorca M, Farré M, Muñoz SE, Amé MV. First Report of the Joint Exposure to Glyphosate and Glufosinate of a Male Population in the Province of Córdoba (Argentina). TOXICS 2023; 11:1020. [PMID: 38133421 PMCID: PMC10747456 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11121020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite potential health implications, data on the presence of Glyphosate (GLY) and other non-GLY herbicides in human matrices remain scarce. This study aimed to develop a simple and cost-effective methodology for detecting and quantifying GLY, its primary biodegradation product; aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA); and glufosinate (GLU) in plasma and urine of environmentally and occupationally exposed populations from the province of Córdoba (Argentina). Different alternatives of pre-treatment, derivatization with FMOC-Cl, solid phase extraction, and final sample conditioning steps were evaluated to improve the quantification of the herbicides by a high-performance liquid chromatography system coupled to a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. Recoveries ranged from 39 to 84% in both matrices, while limits of quantification were 3, 1, and 0.3 ng/mL and 3.6, 5.1, and 0.3 ng/mL for AMPA, GLY, and GLU in plasma and urine, respectively. In plasma samples, GLY was the most frequently detected analyte (32%), followed by GLU (10%). In urine samples, GLU was the most frequently detected herbicide (13%), followed by GLY (6%). No differences between group or matrix correlations were found. This study is the first report of GLU in human biological matrices and should be used to establish baseline values for future surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iohanna Filippi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba 5000, Argentina; (I.F.); (R.I.B.); (S.E.M.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Rocío I. Bonansea
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba 5000, Argentina; (I.F.); (R.I.B.); (S.E.M.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
- Escuela de Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina;
| | - Mariana Butinof
- Escuela de Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina;
| | - Ricardo A. Fernández
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina;
| | - Marta Llorca
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Marinella Farré
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Sonia E. Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba 5000, Argentina; (I.F.); (R.I.B.); (S.E.M.)
- Escuela de Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina;
| | - María V. Amé
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba 5000, Argentina
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Marín-García M, Fàbregas C, Argenté C, Díaz-Ferrero J, Gómez-Canela C. Accumulation and dietary risks of perfluoroalkyl substances in fish and shellfish: A market-based study in Barcelona. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:117009. [PMID: 37652217 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1940s, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been widely produced and used in various applications due to their unique properties. Consequently, the principal exposure routes of PFAS have been broadly studied, leading to the conclusion that dietary exposure (more specifically, the consumption of fish and seafood) was one of their main contributors. Thus, developing an analytical method that determines the level of PFAS in fish and seafood has become a relevant subject. In this work, a previous analytical method has been optimized to determine 12 PFAS in fish muscle from salmon, tuna, cod, hake, sardine, anchovy, and sole, as well as in seven different seafood species (i.e., cuttlefish, octopus, squid, shrimp, Norway lobster, prawn, and mussel) by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Subsequently, the PFAS profile of the different species was studied to determine if it was consistent with that previously reviewed in the literature and to know the most relevant contribution of PFAS for each species. Finally, human exposure to PFAS through their consumption was estimated by the daily intake for seven different age/gender groups. PFAS were obtained from 0.014 to 0.818 ng g-1 wet weight in fish samples. Sardines, anchovies, and soles presented the highest PFAS levels. However, cod samples also showed some PFAS traces. Regarding seafood, PFAS levels range from 0.03 to 36.7 ng g-1 dry weight for the studied species. A higher concentration of PFAS has been found in the cephalopods' spleens and the crustaceans' heads. PFOS and PFBS were the predominant compounds in each seafood species, respectively. On the other hand, in the case of mussels, which are the less polluted species of the study, contamination by longer-chained PFAS was also observed. Finally, the total intake of PFAS due to fish and shellfish consumption for the Spanish adult population was estimated at 17.82 ng day-1. Nevertheless, none of the analyzed samples exceeded the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) risk value for the supervised PFAS in any age/gender group reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Marín-García
- Department of Analytical and Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull (IQS-URL), Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Céline Fàbregas
- Department of Analytical and Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull (IQS-URL), Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Argenté
- Department of Analytical and Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull (IQS-URL), Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Díaz-Ferrero
- Department of Analytical and Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull (IQS-URL), Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian Gómez-Canela
- Department of Analytical and Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull (IQS-URL), Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain.
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Zhang Y, Thomas A, Apul O, Venkatesan AK. Coexisting ions and long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) inhibit the adsorption of short-chain PFAS by granular activated carbon. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132378. [PMID: 37643572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the competitive adsorption between long-chain and short-chain PFAS and the impact of coexisting ions to understand the mechanisms leading to the early breakthrough of short-chain PFAS from granular activated carbon (GAC) filters. Three pairs of short-chain and long-chain PFAS representing different functional groups were studied using GAC (Filtrasorb 400) in batch systems. In bisolute systems, the presence of long-chain PFAS decreased the adsorption of short-chain PFAS by 30-50% compared to their single solute adsorption capacity (0.22-0.31 mmol/g). In contrast to the partial decrease observed in bisolute systems, the addition of long-chain PFAS to GAC pre-equilibrated with short-chain PFAS completely desorbed all short-chain PFAS from GAC. This suggested that the outermost adsorption sites on GAC were preferentially occupied by short-chain PFAS in the absence of competition but were prone to displacement by long-chain PFAS. The presence of inorganic/organic ions inhibited the adsorption of short-chain PFAS (up to 60%) but had little to no impact on long-chain PFAS, with the inhibitory trend inversely correlated with Kow values. Study results indicated that the displacement of short-chain PFAS by long-chain PFAS and charge neutralization are important mechanisms contributing to the early breakthrough of short-chain PFAS from GAC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Amanda Thomas
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Onur Apul
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Arjun K Venkatesan
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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Bayo J, López-Castellanos J, Olmos S, Rojo D. A holistic approach on the impact of microplastic discharge from WWTPs to the neighboring environment in Southeast Spain. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 244:120516. [PMID: 37651865 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the release of microplastics (MPs) from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to the neighboring environment, including marine and coastal sediments, and fish. Here, we comprehensively investigated MP abundance in 34 samples of marine sediment, corresponding to 5,530.5 g of sediment (d.w.) collected at -8.0 m, -12.5 m, and -24.0 m, 69 samples of coastal sediment, accounting for 13,617.4 g (d.w.) from 17 different beaches from Mar Menor, and stomach and intestine of 17 fish samples of Sparus aurata, in the vicinity of Cartagena, a port city in Southeast Spain. The results showed that MPs were detected in all marine sediment samples, with an average abundance of 19.4 ± 2.4 items/kg (d.w.), in coastal sediments, with an average abundance of 52.5 ± 5.3 items/kg (d.w.), and fish samples, with an average of 8.2 ± 1.4 items per individual. The contribution of MPs from WWTPs to marine sediments is expected to be slow, as effluents were mostly dominated by fiber and film shapes, and by polymers less dense than seawater. There were no significant variations in the MP abundance of marine sediments after the atmospheric phenomenon named DANA, although a significant smaller MP size was reported, indicating a high mobility for tiny sizes. The same results were revealed for coastal sediment, although variations after DANA were statistically significant. Coastal sediment samples closer to WWTPs and agricultural fields with plastic mulching displayed higher MP concentrations, and an increase in the removal rate of MPs from WWTP effluents was negatively correlated with a decrease in MPs from fish collected. This study highlights the importance of sewage treatment plants in transporting MPs to the aquatic and terrestrial surrounding environment, which warrants further research on human health risks associated to MP pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Bayo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 44 E-30203, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - Joaquín López-Castellanos
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 44 E-30203, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Sonia Olmos
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 44 E-30203, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Dolores Rojo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 44 E-30203, Cartagena, Spain
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Ogunbiyi OD, Ajiboye TO, Omotola EO, Oladoye PO, Olanrewaju CA, Quinete N. Analytical approaches for screening of per- and poly fluoroalkyl substances in food items: A review of recent advances and improvements. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 329:121705. [PMID: 37116565 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemicals characterized by their ubiquitous nature in all environmental compartments which makes them of increasing concern due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT). Several instrumental methodologies and separation techniques have been identified in the literature for the detection and quantification of PFAS in environmental samples. In this review, we have identified and compared common separation techniques adopted for the extraction of PFAS in food items, and analytical methodologies for identification and quantification of PFAS in food items of plant and animal origin, highlighting recent advances in tandem techniques for the high selectivity and separation of PFAS related compounds as well as knowledge gaps and research needs on current analytical methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olutobi Daniel Ogunbiyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Modesto Maidique Campus, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Modesto Maidique Campus, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Timothy Oladiran Ajiboye
- Chemistry Department, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, 6019, Gqeberha, South Africa; Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | | | - Peter Olusakin Oladoye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Modesto Maidique Campus, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Modesto Maidique Campus, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Clement Ajibade Olanrewaju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Modesto Maidique Campus, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Modesto Maidique Campus, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Natalia Quinete
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Modesto Maidique Campus, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Modesto Maidique Campus, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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11
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Brown AS, Yun X, McKenzie ER, Heron CG, Field JA, Salice CJ. Spatial and temporal variability of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in environmental media of a small pond: Toward an improved understanding of PFAS bioaccumulation in fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163149. [PMID: 37011692 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are highly fluorinated compounds with many industrial applications, for instance as ingredients in fire-suppressing aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF). Several PFAS have been demonstrated to be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic. This study better characterizes the bioaccumulation of PFAS in freshwater fish through a spatial and temporal analysis of surface water and sediment from a stormwater pond in a former Naval air station (NAS) with historic AFFF use. We sampled environmental media from four locations twice per week for five weeks and sampled fish at the end of the sampling effort. The primary PFAS identified in surface water, sediment, and biota were perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) followed by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in environmental media and perfluoroheptane sulfonate (PFHpS) in biota. We observed significant temporal variability in surface water concentrations at the pond headwaters following stochastic events such as heavy rainfall for many compounds, particularly PFHxS. Sediment concentrations varied most across sampling locations. In fish, liver tissue presented the highest concentrations for all compounds except PFHxS, which was highest in muscle tissue, suggesting the influence of fine-scale aqueous PFAS fluctuations on tissue distribution. Calculated log bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) ranged from 0.13 to 2.30 for perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCA) and 0.29-4.05 for perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSA) and fluctuated greatly with aqueous concentrations. The variability of PFAS concentrations in environmental media necessitates more frequent sampling efforts in field-based studies to better characterize PFAS contamination in aquatic ecosystems as well as exercising caution when considering single time-point BAFs due to uncertainty of system dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbi S Brown
- Environmental Science and Studies Program, Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Yun
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erica R McKenzie
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher G Heron
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer A Field
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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12
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Giari L, Guerranti C, Perra G, Cincinelli A, Gavioli A, Lanzoni M, Castaldelli G. PFAS levels in fish species in the Po River (Italy): New generation PFAS, fish ecological traits and parasitism in the foreground. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162828. [PMID: 36924966 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are resistant to breakdown and are now considered ubiquitous and concerning contaminants. Although scientific and legislative interest in these compounds has greatly increased in recent decades, our knowledge about their environmental fate and their effects on organisms is still incomplete, especially those of the new generation PFAS. In this study, we analysed the level of PFAS contamination in the fish fauna of the Po River, the most important waterway in Italy, to evaluate the influence of different factors (such as fish ecological traits and parasitism) on the accumulation of 17 PFAS. After solvent extraction and purification, hepatic or intestinal tissues from forty specimens of bleak, channel catfish, and barbel were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LOQ = 2.5 ng/g w.w.). The prevalent PFAS were perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), present in all samples at the highest concentration (reaching a maximum of 126.4 ng/g and 114.4 ng/g in bleak and channel catfish, respectively), and long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFDA and PFUnDA). Perfluorooctanoic acid and new generation PFAS (Gen X and C6O4) were not detected. Comparison of the hepatic contamination between the benthic channel catfish and the pelagic bleak showed similar concentrations of PFOS (p > 0.05) but significantly higher concentrations of other individual PFAS and of the sum of all measured PFAS (p < 0.05) in bleak. No correlation was found between the hepatic level of PFAS and fish size in channel catfish. For the first time, PFAS partitioning in a parasite-fish system was studied: intestinal acanthocephalans accumulated PFOS at lower levels than the intestinal tissue of their host (barbel), in contrast to what has been reported for other pollutants (e.g., metals). The infection state did not significantly alter the level of PFAS accumulation in fish, and acanthocephalans do not appear to be a good bioindicator of PFAS pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Giari
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, St. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - C Guerranti
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - G Perra
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, St. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - A Cincinelli
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy; Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - A Gavioli
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, St. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - M Lanzoni
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, St. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - G Castaldelli
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, St. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
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13
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Macorps N, Labadie P, Lestremau F, Assoumani A, Budzinski H. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface sediments: Occurrence, patterns, spatial distribution and contribution of unattributed precursors in French aquatic environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162493. [PMID: 36863581 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are ubiquitous in aquatic environments, non-targeted methods have recently revealed the presence of numerous unidentified per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Besides those methods, the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay has proved useful to estimate the contribution of unattributed perfluoroalkyl acids precursors (pre-PFAAs). In this study, an optimized extraction method was developed to examine the spatial distribution of 36 targeted PFAS in surface sediments collected at French nationwide scale (n = 43), including neutral, anionic and zwitterionic molecules. In addition, a TOP assay procedure was implemented to estimate the contribution of unattributed pre-PFAAs in these samples. Conversion yields of targeted pre-PFAAs were determined for the first time under realistic conditions and led to differences in oxidation profiles compared to the common spiked ultra-pure water method. PFAS were detected in 86 % of samples and ∑PFAStargeted was in the range < Limit of Detection - 23 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) (median: 1.3 ng g-1 dw), with ∑pre-PFAAstargeted representing on average 29 ± 26 % of ∑PFAS. Among pre-PFAAs, compounds of emerging interest such as the fluorotelomer sulfonamidoalkyl betaines 6:2 FTAB and 8:2 FTAB were respectively detected in 38 % and 24 % of samples, with levels similar to those of L-PFOS (<0.36-2.2, <0.50-6.8 and < 0.08-5.1 ng g-1 dw, respectively). A hierarchical cluster analysis coupled with a geographic information system-based approach revealed similarities between groups of sampling sites. For instance, elevated contribution of FTABs were associated with the proximity to airport activities where betaine-based aqueous film-forming foam (AFFFs) might have been used. In addition, unattributed pre-PFAAs were strongly correlated with ∑PFAStargeted and they accounted for 58 % of ∑PFAS (median value); they were generally found in larger quantity near industrial and urban areas where the highest ∑PFAStargeted were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Labadie
- CNRS/Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Talence, France.
| | - François Lestremau
- INERIS, Unité Méthodes et développements en Analyses pour l'Environnement, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Hydrosciences Montpellier, Univ. Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, IRD, CNRS, Ales, France
| | - Azziz Assoumani
- INERIS, Unité Méthodes et développements en Analyses pour l'Environnement, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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14
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Long Y, Song L, Shu Y, Li B, Peijnenburg W, Zheng C. Evaluating the spatial and temporal distribution of emerging contaminants in the Pearl River Basin for regulating purposes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 257:114918. [PMID: 37086620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Little information is available on how the types, concentrations, and distribution of chemicals have evolved over the years. The objective of the present study is therefore to review the spatial and temporal distribution profile of emerging contaminants with limited toxicology data in the pearl river basin over the years to build up the emerging contaminants database in this region for risk assessment and regulatory purposes. The result revealed that seven groups of emerging contaminants were abundant in this region, and many emerging contaminants had been detected at much higher concentrations before 2011. Specifically, antibiotics, phenolic compounds, and acidic pharmaceuticals were the most abundant emerging contaminants detected in the aquatic compartment, while phenolic compounds were of the most profound concern in soil. Flame retardants and plastics were the most frequently studied chemicals in organisms. The abundance of the field concentrations and frequencies varied considerably over the years, and currently available data can hardly be used for regulation purposes. It is suggested that watershed management should establish a regular monitoring scheme and comprehensive database to monitor the distribution of emerging contaminants considering the highly condensed population in this region. The priority monitoring list should be formed in consideration of historical abundance, potential toxic effects of emerging contaminants as well as the distribution of heavily polluting industries in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Long
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lan Song
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yaqing Shu
- School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
| | - Bing Li
- Water Research Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Willie Peijnenburg
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden RA 2300, the Netherlands
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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15
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Castellani F, Galletti M, Charavgis F, Cingolani A, Renzi S, Nucci M, Protano C, Vitali M. Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs) in River Waters of Central Italy: Monthly Variation and Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 84:332-346. [PMID: 37022436 PMCID: PMC10130131 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-00993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a wide class of emerging pollutants. In this study, we applied the US EPA method 533 for the determination of 21 PFCs in river water samples. In particular, this method was used to investigate the presence of the target PFCs in six rivers in central Italy during a 4-month-long monitoring campaign. In 73% of the analyzed samples, at least some of the target PFCs were detected at concentrations higher than the limit of detection (LOD). The sum of the 21 target analytes (∑21PFCs) ranged from 4.3 to 68.5 ng L-1, with the highest concentrations measured in the month of June, probably due to a minor river streamflow occurring in the warmer summer months. Considering the individual congeners, PFBA and PFPeA, followed by PFHxA and PFOA, were the predominantly detected compounds. Short- and medium-chain PFCs (C4-C9) prevail over the long-chain PFCs (C10-C18), likely due to the increased industrial use and the higher solubility of short-chain PFCs compared to long-chain PFCs. The ecological risk assessment, conducted by using the risk quotient method, highlighted that the risk for aquatic environments associated with PFBA, PFPeA, PFBS, PFHxA and PFOA was low or negligible. Only for PFOA, there was a medium level of risk in two rivers in the month of June. With regard to PFOS, 54% of the river water samples were classified as "high risk" for the aquatic environment. The remaining 46% of the samples were classified as "medium risk."
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Castellani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome la Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Mara Galletti
- ARPA Umbria, Via Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, 23, 05100, Terni, Italy
| | | | | | - Sonia Renzi
- ARPA Umbria, Via Pievaiola 207/B-3, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mirko Nucci
- ARPA Umbria, Via Pievaiola 207/B-3, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome la Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome la Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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16
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Tapper MA, Denny JS, Sheedy BR, Johnson B, Kolanczyk RC. Estrogenic Activity of Perfluoro Carboxylic and Sulfonic Acids in Rainbow Trout Estrogen Receptor Binding and Liver Slice Vtg mRNA Expression Assays. APPLIED IN VITRO TOXICOLOGY 2023; 9:13-22. [PMID: 38840692 PMCID: PMC11151740 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2022.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) such as carboxylic acids, and sulfonic acids were manufactured in high quantities and are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. These chemicals persist in the environment and tend to bioaccumulate. In the current study, the estrogenic potential of a series of perfluoro carboxylic acids and select perfluoro sulfonic acids were assessed in an in vitro rainbow trout estrogen receptor (rtER) binding assay and an ex vivo rtER dependent vitellogenin (Vtg) expression rainbow trout liver slice assay. Perfluoro carboxylic acids with perfluoroalkyl chain lengths of four to six did not significantly bind to the rtER or induce Vtg expression in liver slices. Perfluoro carboxylic acids with chain lengths of seven to ten, and sulfonic acids with seven and eight carbon chains bound to the rtER, but with low relative binding affinities. While affinity for the rtER increased with increasing chain length the highest affinity measured was only 0.0025% relative to the endogenous hormone 17ß-estradiol at 100%. Both the eight-carbon carboxylic acid and eight-carbon sulfonic acid induced Vtg expression in ex vivo liver slices. However, toxicity did not allow expression to achieve maximum efficacy relative to estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Tapper
- USEPA, ORD, CCTE, GLTED, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804
| | - Jeffrey S Denny
- USEPA, ORD, CCTE, GLTED, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804
| | - Barbara R Sheedy
- USEPA, ORD, CCTE, GLTED, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804
| | - Ben Johnson
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 445 Easterday Ln. Madison, WI 53706
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17
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García-Pimentel M, Campillo JA, Castaño-Ortiz JM, Llorca M, León VM. Occurrence and distribution of contaminants of legacy and emerging concern in surface waters of two Western Mediterranean coastal areas: Mar Menor Lagoon and Ebro Delta. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 187:114542. [PMID: 36669297 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of UV filters, plastic additives, synthetic musks, other personal care products (Other PCPs), triazines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other current-use pesticides (Other CUPs) were characterised during summer 2018 and winter 2019 in surface waters of two sensitive areas of the Spanish coast located on the Mediterranean Sea (Mar Menor lagoon and Ebro Delta). Sixty-three organic contaminants out of a total of 100 compounds were detected, thus confirming the presence of all groups of pollutants studied in surface water at concentrations of ng/L. Both areas are affected by agricultural, urban and recreational activities, PCPs (mainly UV filters) being the predominant compounds found in both seasons which showed significant increases in concentrations in summer. The contaminants found at the highest concentrations were octocrylene, homosalate and ethylhexyl salicylate, which showed risk quotients higher than 1, indicating a potential risk to aquatic organisms, particularly in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M García-Pimentel
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - J A Campillo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - J M Castaño-Ortiz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - M Llorca
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - V M León
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
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18
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Cao X, Xin S, Liu X, Wang S. Occurrence and behavior of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and conversion of oxidizable precursors in the waters of coastal tourist resorts in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120460. [PMID: 36273687 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorolkyl substances (PFAS) were measured in the water and fish from 20 coastal tourist resorts in China, to investigate their sources, seasonal differences, and bioconcentration. An oxidative method with hydroxyl radicals was used to extract potential perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors in the water of resorts. The results indicated that the total concentrations of target chemicals (i.e., ΣPFAS) in the original water were 59.4-138, 32.7-77.2, and 14.6-29.9 ng L-1 in December, April, and August, respectively. C4-C10 perfluorocarboxlate (PFCA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) accounted for 67%-92% of the ΣPFAS contents in all water samples. The PFAS concentrations in the muscles and liver of fish were 16.0-162 ng g-1 ww and 186-1240 ng g-1 ww, respectively. The dominant compounds were perfluorobutanoate acid (PFBA) and PFOS in the water, and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and PFOS in fish tissues. High bioconcentration were observed for PFCA (C ≥ 8) and perfluorosulfonate (PFSA, C ≥ 6). After oxidative conversion, the water exhibited a noticeable increase in the ΣPFAS value. Precursors that generated C4-C9 PFCA were more prevalent than precursors that generated other PFCA upon oxidation. The concentration of C8-based precursor was higher than that of C6-based precursor in wet and dry seasons. This study is the first to apply an oxidative method to investigate PFAS pollution in the water of coastal tourist resorts. The results verified that PFAA precursors exist in the water of coastal tourist resorts, and more attention should be given to the existence of PFAA precursors and the safety of water in coastal tourist resorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Cao
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, 276826, Shandong, China; School of History and Culture, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Shuhan Xin
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Shiliang Wang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China.
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19
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Dulsat-Masvidal M, Bertolero A, Mateo R, Lacorte S. Legacy and emerging contaminants in flamingos' chicks' blood from the Ebro Delta Natural Park. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137205. [PMID: 36368533 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Ebro Delta is a wetland of international importance for waterbird conservation but severally affected by intensive agriculture, toxic waste discharges from a past chloro-alkali industry and affluence of tourism. The discharge of contaminants associated to these activities pose waterbirds breeding in the Ebro Delta at risk. The aim of this study is to evaluate the exposure of 91 emerging and legacy micropollutants in flamingo chicks (Phoenicopterus roseus), an emblematic species of the area. Fifty chicks of 45-60 days were captured, biometric parameters measured and whole blood collected. Compounds analyzed included perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), pharmaceuticals, organophosphate esters (OPEs), in-use pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results indicate a multi-exposure of flamingo's chicks from a very young age. PFASs were the most ubiquitous compounds with ∑PFASs ranging from 9.34 to 576 ng/mL, being PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS detected in all samples. ∑PAHs ranged from 0.19 to 423 ng/mL, ∑PCBs from 0.5 to 15.6 ng/mL and ∑OCs from 1.35 to 37.8 ng/mL. Pharmaceuticals, OPEs and in-use pesticides were not detected. The flamingo's filtering behavior on mud and maternal ovo-transference are the more likely routes of exposure of organic micropollutants to flamingos' chicks. The reported levels of micropollutants were not associated with any alteration in the body condition of chicks. This is the first study to describe flamingos chicks' exposure to multiple contaminants, highlighting the importance of biomonitoring for wildlife conservation and biodiversity preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dulsat-Masvidal
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Bertolero
- Associació Ornitològica Picampall de les Terres de l'Ebre, Trinquet 8, 43580, Deltebre, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Institute for Game and Wildlife Research (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo, 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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20
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Cai L, Hu J, Li J, Cao X, Lyu Y, Sun W. Occurrence, source apportionment, and pollution assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in a river across rural and urban areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155505. [PMID: 35487461 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Forty-three novel and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water and sediments from the Chaobai River (Beijing) were quantified. The total PFASs concentrations varied from 0.04 to 31.3 ng/L in water with significant spatial but insignificant seasonal variations, and changed from 0.03 to 4.29 ng/g in sediment with insignificant spatial but significant seasonal variations. The PFASs concentrations in water from the upstream across the rural area reflected the background level due to the extremely low concentration and very few detected PFASs. The consumer products and metal plating/textile were the predominant pollution sources of PFASs in winter and summer, respectively, for both water and sediment samples. Integrating the determined baseline value, the distribution of PFASs concentrations, and the ecological risks of PFASs, three criteria were proposed, which divide the PFASs concentrations in water into four pollution levels, i.e., insignificant, low, medium, and high. According to the suggested criteria, 96.4% of the PFASs levels in upstream was insignificant pollution, which decreased to 50.4% in downstream and 50.8% in reservoirs. The PFASs in China's and world's surface waters demonstrated similar pollution patterns, with PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxA being the top 3 polluted PFASs. This study makes a small step forward the development of water quality standard for PFASs, which is of great importance for pollution control and risk management of PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Cai
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
| | - Jingrun Hu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Cao
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
| | - Yitao Lyu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weiling Sun
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China.
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21
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Rapid target and non-target screening method for determination of emerging organic chemicals in fish. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Xing SY, Li ZH, Li P, You H. A Mini-review of the Toxicity of Pollutants to Fish Under Different Salinities. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 108:1001-1005. [PMID: 35486156 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, with the development of the global economy, water pollution has increased. Pollutants migrate, accumulate, and diffuse in aquatic environments. Most of the pollutants eventually enter aquatic organisms. The accumulation of pollutants affects the development and reproduction of organisms, and many pollutants have teratogenic, carcinogenic, and/or mutagenic effects. Aquatic organisms in estuaries and coastal areas are under pressure due to both salinity and pollutants. Among them, salinity, as an environmental factor, may affect the behavior of pollutants in the aquatic environment, causing changes in their toxic effects on fishes. Salinity also directly affects the growth and development of fishes. Therefore, this paper focuses on metals and organic pollutants and discusses the toxic effects of pollutants on fish under different salinities. This research is of great significance to environmental protection and ecological risk assessment of aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ying Xing
- Marine College, Shandong University, 264209, Weihai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hua Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, 264209, Weihai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, 264209, Weihai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Hong You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150090, Harbin, P. R. China.
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23
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Tang A, Zhang X, Li R, Tu W, Guo H, Zhang Y, Li Z, Liu Y, Mai B. Spatiotemporal distribution, partitioning behavior and flux of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in surface water and sediment from Poyang Lake, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133855. [PMID: 35124087 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-five legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were analyzed in surface water and sediments collected from Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China. The ƩPFAS concentrations ranged from 23 to 1000 ng/L in water dissolved phase, 1.3-9.8 ng/L in suspended particulate matters, and 0.26-2.9 ng/g dry weight in sediments. Short-chain and emerging PFAS were predominant in surface water and sediments, rather than legacy perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer/trimer acid (HFPO-DA/TA), 6:2 and 8:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acids (6:2 and 8:2 Cl-PFESAs), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), and sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) were detected in all samples, indicating that these emerging PFAS have been widely produced and used in this region. The high concentrations of HFPO-DA/TA, 6:2 FTS, 6:2, 8:2 Cl-PFESAs, and OBS in sediments and their higher water-sediment distribution coefficients than those of predecessors (PFOA or PFOS) suggest that lake sediments could be an important long-term sink for these emerging alternatives. The positive matrix factorization model demonstrated that food packaging and textile treatments (50%) and fluoropolymer manufacturing (26% for alternative sources and 8.2% for legacy sources) were the two major sources of PFAS in Poyang Lake. The influx and outflux of total PFAS in Poyang Lake were 9.0 and 12.8 ton/year, respectively, and the OBS flux was estimated for the first time. The results provide insights into the environmental behavior and fate of emerging PFAS in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Tang
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Xinghui Zhang
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China; Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, China
| | - Rongfu Li
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, China
| | - Wenqing Tu
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, China
| | - Huiqin Guo
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Fisheries Research Institute, Nanchang, 330096, China
| | - Zongrui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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24
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Pellicer-Castell E, Belenguer-Sapiña C, El Haskouri J, Amorós P, Herrero-Martínez JM, Mauri-Aucejo AR. Iron-Doped Bimodal Mesoporous Silica Nanomaterials as Sorbents for Solid-Phase Extraction of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Environmental Water Samples. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091441. [PMID: 35564150 PMCID: PMC9105103 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, sorbets based on UVM-7 mesoporous silica doped with Fe were synthesized and applied to solid-phase extraction of perfluoroalkyl substances from environmental water samples. These emerging pollutants were then determined by liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry detector. Thus, Fe-UVM-7 mesoporous silica materials with different contents of iron, as well as different pore sizes (by using alkyltrimethilamonium bromide surfactants with different organic tail lengths) were synthesized, and their structure was confirmed for the first time by transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. After comparison, Fe50-UVM-7-C12 was selected as the best material for analyte retention, and several extraction parameters were optimized regarding the loading and elution step. Once the method was developed and applied to real matrices, extraction efficiencies in the range of 61–110% were obtained for analytes with C8–C14 chain length, both perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates. Likewise, limits of detection in the range of 3.0–8.1 ng L−1 were obtained for all target analytes. In the analysis of real well-water samples, no target compounds were detected. Spiked samples were analyzed in comparison to Oasis WAX cartridges, and statistically comparable results were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Pellicer-Castell
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; (E.P.-C.); (C.B.-S.); (J.M.H.-M.)
| | - Carolina Belenguer-Sapiña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; (E.P.-C.); (C.B.-S.); (J.M.H.-M.)
| | - Jamal El Haskouri
- Institute of Material Science (ICMUV), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (J.E.H.); (P.A.)
| | - Pedro Amorós
- Institute of Material Science (ICMUV), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (J.E.H.); (P.A.)
| | - José Manuel Herrero-Martínez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; (E.P.-C.); (C.B.-S.); (J.M.H.-M.)
| | - Adela R. Mauri-Aucejo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; (E.P.-C.); (C.B.-S.); (J.M.H.-M.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Rüdel H, Radermacher G, Fliedner A, Lohmann N, Koschorreck J, Duffek A. Tissue concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in German freshwater fish: Derivation of fillet-to-whole fish conversion factors and assessment of potential risks. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133483. [PMID: 34979204 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The European Water Framework Directive requires monitoring of bioaccumulative contaminants in fish to assess risks to human health by fish consumption and wildlife by secondary poisoning of predators. The list of priority substances for which environmental quality standards (EQSs) have been derived covers also perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). No EQSs have yet been set for other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that are frequently detected in fish and of which some have a non-negligible risk potential compared to PFOS. As a case study, burdens for a set of PFAS were investigated for different fish species from five German freshwater sites and a Baltic Sea lagoon. PFAS concentrations were determined for composite samples of both, fillet and whole fish. On average, sum concentrations of C9-C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, which will be banned in the European Union in 2023, reached 87% and 82% of the PFOS burdens in fillet and whole fish, respectively. The potential risk of several PFAS other than PFOS was assessed using a previously suggested relative potency factor approach, which is also applied for a proposed EQS revision. Only five of 36 fillet samples (mostly perch) exceeded the current EQS for PFOS alone. By contrast, all fillet samples exceeded the newly proposed draft EQS, which considers potential effects of further PFAS but also a lower tolerable intake value. Additionally, the dataset was used to derive fillet-to-whole fish conversion factors, which can be applied to assess human health risks by consumption of fillet if only whole fish concentrations are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Rüdel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), Department Environmental Specimen Bank and Elemental Analysis, 57392, Schmallenberg, Germany.
| | - Georg Radermacher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), Department Environmental Specimen Bank and Elemental Analysis, 57392, Schmallenberg, Germany.
| | - Annette Fliedner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), Department Environmental Specimen Bank and Elemental Analysis, 57392, Schmallenberg, Germany.
| | - Nina Lohmann
- Eurofins GfA Lab Service GmbH, 21079, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anja Duffek
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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26
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Li W, Li H, Zhang D, Tong Y, Li F, Cheng F, Huang Z, You J. Legacy and Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Behave Distinctly in Spatial Distribution and Multimedia Partitioning: A Case Study in the Pearl River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3492-3502. [PMID: 35199510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have attracted worldwide attention due to their ubiquitous occurrence, bioaccumulation, and toxicological effects, yet the fate of PFASs in a lotic ecosystem is largely unknown. To elucidate spatial distribution and multimedia partitioning of legacy and emerging PFASs in a lotic river flowing into an estuary, PFASs were synchronously analyzed in water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediment, and biota samples collected along Guangzhou reach of the Pearl River, South China. Geographically, the concentrations of PFASs in the water phase showed a decreasing trend from the upper and middle sections (urban area) to the down section (suburban area close to estuary) of the river. While perfluorooctanoic acid predominated in water and SPM, more diverse compositions were observed in sediment and biota with the increase in contributions of long-chain PFASs. Field-derived sediment-water partitioning coefficients (Kd) and bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of PFASs increased with the increase in perfluorinated carbons. Besides hydrophobicity, water pH and salinity significantly affected the multimedia partitioning of PFASs in a lotic ecosystem. In addition, 87 homologues (63 classes) were identified as emerging PFASs in four media using suspect analysis. Interestingly, Kd and BAF of the emerging PFASs were often higher than legacy PFASs containing the same perfluorinated carbons, raising a special concern on the environmental risk of emerging PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizong Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Dainan Zhang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yujun Tong
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Faxu Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Fei Cheng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zhoubing Huang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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27
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Kurwadkar S, Dane J, Kanel SR, Nadagouda MN, Cawdrey RW, Ambade B, Struckhoff GC, Wilkin R. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151003. [PMID: 34695467 PMCID: PMC10184764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a family of fluorinated organic compounds of anthropogenic origin. Due to their unique chemical properties, widespread production, environmental distribution, long-term persistence, bioaccumulative potential, and associated risks for human health, PFAS have been classified as persistent organic pollutants of significant concern. Scientific evidence from the last several decades suggests that their widespread occurrence in the environment correlates with adverse effects on human health and ecology. The presence of PFAS in the aquatic environment demonstrates a close link between the anthroposphere and the hydrological cycle, and concentrations of PFAS in surface and groundwater range in value along the ng L-1-μg L-1 scale. Here, we critically reviewed the research published in the last decade on the global occurrence and distribution of PFAS in the aquatic environment. Ours is the first paper to critically evaluate the occurrence of PFAS at the continental scale and the evolving global regulatory responses to manage and mitigate the adverse human health risks posed by PFAS. The review reports that PFAS are widespread despite being phased out-they have been detected in different continents irrespective of the level of industrial development. Their occurrence far from the potential sources suggests that long-range atmospheric transport is an important pathway of PFAS distribution. Recently, several studies have investigated the health impacts of PFAS exposure-they have been detected in biota, drinking water, food, air, and human serum. In response to the emerging information about PFAS toxicity, several countries have provided administrative guidelines for PFAS in water, including Canada, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Norway, Germany, and Australia. In the US, additional regulatory measures are under consideration. Further, many PFAS have now been listed as persistent organic pollutants. This comprehensive review provides crucial baseline information on the global occurrence, distribution, and regulatory framework of PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Kurwadkar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California State University, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 919 Kerr Research Drive, Ada, OK 74820, USA.
| | - Jason Dane
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California State University, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Sushil R Kanel
- Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glen Highway, Dayton, OH 45435, USA; Pegasus Technical Services, Inc., 46 E. Hollister Street, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Mallikarjuna N Nadagouda
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Ryan W Cawdrey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California State University, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Balram Ambade
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur 831014, Jharkhand, India
| | - Garrett C Struckhoff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California State University, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Richard Wilkin
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 919 Kerr Research Drive, Ada, OK 74820, USA.
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28
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PFAS Molecules: A Major Concern for the Human Health and the Environment. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10020044. [PMID: 35202231 PMCID: PMC8878656 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of over 4700 heterogeneous compounds with amphipathic properties and exceptional stability to chemical and thermal degradation. The unique properties of PFAS compounds has been exploited for almost 60 years and has largely contributed to their wide applicability over a vast range of industrial, professional and non-professional uses. However, increasing evidence indicate that these compounds represent also a serious concern for both wildlife and human health as a result of their ubiquitous distribution, their extreme persistence and their bioaccumulative potential. In light of the adverse effects that have been already documented in biota and human populations or that might occur in absence of prompt interventions, the competent authorities in matter of health and environment protection, the industries as well as scientists are cooperating to identify the most appropriate regulatory measures, substitution plans and remediation technologies to mitigate PFAS impacts. In this review, starting from PFAS chemistry, uses and environmental fate, we summarize the current knowledge on PFAS occurrence in different environmental media and their effects on living organisms, with a particular emphasis on humans. Also, we describe present and provisional legislative measures in the European Union framework strategy to regulate PFAS manufacture, import and use as well as some of the most promising treatment technologies designed to remediate PFAS contamination in different environmental compartments.
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29
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Roscales JL, Suárez de Puga BR, Vicente A, Muñoz-Arnanz J, Sánchez AI, Ros M, Jiménez B. Levels and trends of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in water (2013-2020) and fish from selected riverine basins in Spain. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131940. [PMID: 34435575 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the presence of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), namely perfluoroalkane sulfonates and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, in Spanish river basins in order to: identify potential spatiotemporal variations; evaluate the effectiveness of the measures implemented for the reduction/elimination of these pollutants; verify the fulfillment of the Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) in the European Union. PFOS and PFOA were determined in 116 water samples from four sites in the Duero basin, the largest in the Iberian Peninsula, collected seasonally from 2013 to 2020. In addition, 30 fish sample composites from the sample banks of Duero, Tagus, Ebro, Eastern Cantabrian and Catalonian basins were analyzed for 15 PFAAs. Median PFOS and PFOA concentrations were 0.72 and 0.42 ng/L, ranging from values below the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 81 and 22 ng/L, respectively. During the studied period, 51% of water samples were above the EQS of 0.65 ng/L for PFOS. In the case of fish, the PFOS range was <LOQ-59 with 33% of the samples above the EQS of 9.1 ng/g wet weight. Moreover, fish from the Tagus and Catalonian basins showed median concentrations above the EQS. Particularly, fish collected around highly populated areas such as Madrid and Barcelona showed the greatest PFAA concentrations. Overall, PFAA concentrations in water and fish increased significantly with population density suggesting urban areas as their main source. Although our results suggested decreasing tendencies for PFOS and PFOA in water, significant trends only could be confirmed at two sampling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Roscales
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC). Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén R Suárez de Puga
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC). Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Vicente
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC). Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Muñoz-Arnanz
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC). Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Sánchez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC). Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ros
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC). Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC). Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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30
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Chen CE, Yang YY, Zhao JL, Liu YS, Hu LX, Li BB, Li CL, Ying GG. Legacy and alternative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the West River and North River, south China: Occurrence, fate, spatio-temporal variations and potential sources. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 283:131301. [PMID: 34182652 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are contaminants of global concern. Studies in Pearl River, south China have focused on the delta area, while the upstream contributions are unclear. Here, we systematically investigated the fate, trends and potential sources of 57 PFASs in river water, sediment and fish of the North and West Rivers of the Pearl River system. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (6:2Cl-PFESA) were frequently found compounds in waters, sediments and fish, suggesting their wide usage in this area and potential for bioaccumulation. Waters showed a higher ∑PFASs in the wet season compared to the dry season, but sediments did not. The North River contributed higher PFAS loads to the Pearl River Delta. Our results also reflect the current shift in PFAS usage from legacy substances to alternatives. This study, for the first time, reports data on PFASs in two upstream rivers of the Pearl River and on alternative PFASs such as PFESA in this area, which can better the understanding of their use, fate, risk assessment and further controls and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Er Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bei-Bei Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Cai-Lin Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Huang C, Zhang J, Hu G, Zhang L, Chen H, Wei D, Cai D, Yu Y, Li X, Ding P, Li J. Characterization of the distribution, source, and potential ecological risk of perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in the inland river basin of Longgang District, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117642. [PMID: 34182383 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies of perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in receiving water bodies of typical industrial parks under the low-carbon development mode are scarce. In the present study, 18 PFASs were analyzed in surface water and sediment samples of the inland river basin in Longgang District in 2017. The ΣPFAS concentrations in surface water (drought and rainy periods) and sediment ranged from 15.17 to 948.50 ng/L, 11.56-561.14 ng/L, and 1.07-28.94 ng/g dw, respectively. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) were the dominant pollutants in surface water, with maximum concentrations of 867.68 ng/L, 288.28 ng/L, and 245.09 ng/L, respectively. Meanwhile, PFOS, perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA), PFBS, and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) were the major PFASs in the sediment samples, with maximum concentrations of 9.83 ng/g dw, 11.86 ng/g dw, 5.30 ng/g dw, and 5.23 ng/g dw, respectively. In addition, PFOA and PFOS resulted from similar sources in sediment and surface water samples (P < 0.05). The risk quotient value (RQ) results showed that the control of PFOS in the treatment of pollutants in the inland river basin of Longgang District deserves more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chushan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - Jiaji Zhang
- Central and Southern China Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd, Haikou, 570100, China
| | - Guocheng Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Haibo Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China; Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Dongyang Wei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Dan Cai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Ping Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Jing Li
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, PR China
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Borrull J, Colom A, Fabregas J, Borrull F, Pocurull E. Presence, behaviour and removal of selected organic micropollutants through drinking water treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130023. [PMID: 33744648 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the occurrence and removal of 60 organic micropollutants (OMPs) including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) treating raw water from the Ebro River (NE Spain). The behaviour of the OMPs was evaluated in each treatment: pre-ozonation, flocculation-coagulation-decantation-sand filtration, post-ozonation and granular activated carbon filtration. Thirty-one of the sixty OMPs studied were detected in source water with individual median concentrations below 10 ng L-1 for all the compounds except for caffeine (64.1 ng L-1). The highest concentration peaks in the source water were found for caffeine (124.5 ng L-1), terbuthylazine (52.0 ng L-1), imidacloprid (30.2 ng L-1) and paracetamol (25.6 ng L-1). Of the 31 compounds detected in the source water, 17 were also detected in the finished drinking water. Of these 17 compounds, 10 were PFASs, which indicated that this group of compounds had not been effectively removed throughout the drinking water treatments. The overall removal efficiencies of OMPs in the DWTP ranged from -50.9% to 100%. The most efficient removal technologies were ozonation and granular activated carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Borrull
- Consorci d'Aigües de Tarragona, N-340 km 1.094. 43895 L'Ampolla, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Marcel·lí Domingo s/n. Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Agustí Colom
- Consorci d'Aigües de Tarragona, N-340 km 1.094. 43895 L'Ampolla, Spain
| | - Josepa Fabregas
- Consorci d'Aigües de Tarragona, N-340 km 1.094. 43895 L'Ampolla, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Marcel·lí Domingo s/n. Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Marcel·lí Domingo s/n. Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Olisah C, Adams JB, Rubidge G. The state of persistent organic pollutants in South African estuaries: A review of environmental exposure and sources. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 219:112316. [PMID: 33993093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The long-term health of many South African estuaries is impacted by pollutants entering these systems through industrial and agricultural runoff, sewage outfalls, contaminated storm water drainage, flows from informal settlements, and plastic materials in marine debris. Uncontrolled inputs combined with poor environmental management often result in elevated levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in affected estuaries. Data on POPs research from 1960 to 2020 were analysed in terms of their sources, environmental investigations, and health implications. The outcome showed polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl sulphonates (PFASs) to exceed the US EPA health advisory levels for drinking water. Concentration of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water were below the WHO limits, while those in fish tissues from most estuaries were found to be below the US FDA limits. Although environmental compartments in some estuaries (e.g. Rooiels and uMngeni estuaries) seem to be less contaminated relative to other marine systems around the world, many others were polluted and critically modified (e.g. Durban Bay, Swartkops, Sundays, and Buffalo systems). Due to inconsistent monitoring methods coupled with limited data availability, temporal trends were unclear. Of the 290 estuaries in South Africa, 65 were prioritised and recommended for POPs evaluation based on their pollution sources, and a monitoring strategy was defined in terms of sampling. Government policies to curb marine pollution need to be enforced to prevent chronic contamination that leads to water quality deterioration and loss of ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chijioke Olisah
- Department of Botany and the Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; DSI/NRF Research Chair in Shallow Water Ecosystem, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa.
| | - Janine B Adams
- Department of Botany and the Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; DSI/NRF Research Chair in Shallow Water Ecosystem, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Gletwyn Rubidge
- Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
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Commercial Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata L.) from the Mar Menor Coastal Lagoon as Hotspots of Microplastic Accumulation in the Digestive System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136844. [PMID: 34202236 PMCID: PMC8297190 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the results on the presence and characterization of microplastics (MP) in the gastrointestinal tract of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.), a species of commercial interest from the Mar Menor coastal lagoon in Southeast Spain. This is the first time that microplastic ingestion is recorded in any species from this semi-enclosed bay. Stomach and intestine from a total of 17 specimens captured by local fishermen were processed, and microplastic particles and fibers found in all of them were displayed. Overall, 40.32% (279/692) of total isolated microparticles proved to be microplastics; i.e., <5 mm, as identified by FTIR spectroscopy. The average value by fish was 20.11 ± 2.94 MP kg-1, corresponding to average concentrations of 3912.06 ± 791.24 and 1562.17 ± 402.04 MP by kg stomach and intestine, respectively. Four MP forms were isolated: fiber (71.68%), fragment (21.15%), film (6.81%), and microbead (0.36%), with sizes ranging from 91 µm to 5 mm, an average of 0.83 ± 0.04 mm, and no statistically significant differences between mean sizes in stomach and intestine samples (F-test = 0.004; p = 0.936). Nine polymer types were detected, although most of fibers remained unidentified because of their small size, the presence of polymer additives, or closely adhered pollutants despite the oxidizing digestion carried out to eliminate organic matter. No significant correlation was found between main biological parameters and ingested microplastics, and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyethylene polypropylene (PEP), and polyvinyl (PV) were identified as the most abundant polymers. The average microplastic ingestion in this study area was higher than those reported in most studies within the Mediterranean Sea, and closely related to microplastic pollution in the surrounding area, although with a predominance of fiber form mainly due to fishery activities.
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Liu L, Aljathelah NM, Hassan H, Giraldes BW, Leitão A, Bayen S. Targeted and suspect screening of contaminants in coastal water and sediment samples in Qatar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:145043. [PMID: 33609843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) combined with separation techniques has allowed comprehensive analysis of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) as well as their metabolites and transformation products in various environmental samples via retrospective screening. However, to date, only a few suspect or non-targeted studies on the occurrence of CECs in marine aquatic system are reported. In this study, two methods, based on direct injection for seawater, or ultrasound-assisted extraction for sediments, followed by LC-Q-TOF-MS analysis were developed and applied for the simultaneous targeted and screening of contaminants in coastal samples (seawater, particulates and sediment) from Qatar collected in 2017-2018. Among the twenty-one target analytes (pesticides, PPCPs and a plasticizer), two compounds only were detected in seawater. Caffeine was detected in seawater samples at all sampling sites, and cotinine was detected in seawater samples collected in Umm Bab in 2018 and seawaters receiving stormwater. Traces of trimethoprim and carbamazepine were detected in sediment samples collected at four sites in 2017. These results suggest some inputs of domestic wastewater in the coastal waters in Qatar. In total, twelve molecular features were tentatively identified from suspect screening at concentration levels significantly higher than that in procedure blanks. The presence of four plasticizers and one pesticide were further confirmed using reference standards: diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and tributyl phosphate (TBP) in seawater samples; bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in sediment and particulate samples; and dinoterb in seawater after storm event and particulate samples. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential of high resolution LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS for combined targeted and non-targeted analyses of trace contaminants in marine systems over a broad range of log P values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Canada
| | | | - Hassan Hassan
- Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, Qatar
| | | | | | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Canada.
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Wang W, Lee J, Oh JK, Lee SJ, Choi SD, Oh JE. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and their alternatives in black-tailed gull (Larus crassirostris) eggs from South Korea islands during 2012-2018. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 411:125036. [PMID: 33429310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.125036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The temporal and spatial trends of sixteen per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and their three alternatives, chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid (F-53B), hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX), and dodecafluoro-3H-4,8-dioxanonanoate (ADONA) in whole eggs of black-tailed gulls from two South Korean islands, Baengnyeongdo (BLD) and Hongdo (HD), were investigated during 2012-2018. A total of 16 analyzed compounds were detected at concentrations of 21.3-47.8 ng/g ww in BLD and 11.2-40.0 ng/g ww in HD. Meanwhile, the mean levels of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were detected at 6.92 ± 4.72 ng/g ww and 0.674 ± 0.993 ng/g ww, respectively. In particular, F-53B, a major alternative to PFOS was detected in each year of the study period with a level of up to 6.66 ng/g ww in all egg samples. Significant increasing temporal trends were observed for PFOS, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and one alternative (F-53B) during the investigated period suggesting continuous use or accumulation of these in the Korean environment. Moreover, distinctive spatial distribution patterns such as a significantly higher F-53B level in HD and an increased PFAS (< C11) in BLD were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangho Lee
- National Environmental Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Keun Oh
- National Environmental Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Lertassavakorn T, Pholphana N, Rangkadilok N, Suriyo T, Satayavivad J. Determination of perfluorooctane sulphonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in seafood and water from Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate area, Thailand. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1-16. [PMID: 34077336 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1921281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This initial study aimed to determine the concentrations of perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in seafood, bottled drinking water, and surface and tap water collected from Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate in Rayong province, Thailand. Samples were collected during dry (January) and wet (June) seasons, 2019. The perfluorinated compounds were cleaned up by solid phase extraction and analysed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with stable isotopic labelled internal standards (13C8-PFOS and 13C8-PFOA). This study reports concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in seafood at levels between 29-6724 and <48-421 ng/kg wet weight, respectively. Surface water samples from rivers and the coastal sea had PFOS and PFOA between 0.60-465.65 and <0.25-59.29 ng/L, respectively. Contamination of PFOS and PFOA in bottled drinking water (<0.125-0.454 and <0.25-0.621 ng/L, respectively) did not exceed the USEPA standard of 70 ng/L. Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in seafood and water samples between seasons did not show any definite trend. Seafood dietary assessments of PFOS exposure in the seafood eater population raised a health concern, as the exposure exceeded the latest EFSA tolerable weekly intake value for PFAS mixtures (4.4 ng/kg body weight/week). Therefore, environmental and food samples from Map Ta Phut area should be closely monitored to ensure the safety of people living in and around this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teerapong Lertassavakorn
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute (CGI), Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nanthanit Pholphana
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuchanart Rangkadilok
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), CHE, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tawit Suriyo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), CHE, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jutamaad Satayavivad
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute (CGI), Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), CHE, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
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Shahabi Nejad M, Soltani Nejad H, Arabnejad S, Sheibani H. Enhanced adsorption of perfluorooctanoic acid using functionalized imidazolium iodide ionic
liquid‐based
poly (glycidyl methacrylate). J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saeid Arabnejad
- Department of Chemistry Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
- Research and Development R&D of Dandehkar Company Kerman Iran
| | - Hassan Sheibani
- Department of Chemistry Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
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Mousavi SE, Delgado-Saborit JM, Godderis L. Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and premature skin aging. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124256. [PMID: 33129602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a ubiquitous group of persistent chemicals distributed globally in the environment. Skin aging is a notorious process that is prematurely induced by the interaction between endogenous and exogenous factors, including exposure to environmental chemicals. The existing evidence suggests that skin absorption of PFASs through dermal contact may be an important route of exposure to these chemicals in humans. On the other hand, PFASs intake by other routes may lead to PFASs bioaccumulation in the skin via tissue bio-distribution. Additionally, the presence of PFASs in consumer and cosmetic products combined with their daily close contact with the skin could render humans readily susceptible to dermal absorption. Therefore, chronic low-dose dermal exposure to PFASs can occur in the human population, representing another important route of exposure to these chemicals. Studies indicate that PFASs can threaten skin health and contribute to premature skin aging. Initiation of inflammatory-oxidative cascades, induction of DNA damage such as telomere shortening, dysregulation of genes engaged in dermal barrier integrity and its functions, signaling of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and last but not least the down-regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components are among the most likely mechanisms by which PFASs can contribute to premature skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Esmaeil Mousavi
- Department of Water and Wastewater Treatment, Water and Wastewater Consulting Engineers (Design & Research), Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit
- Universitat Jaume I, Perinatal Epidemiology, Environmental Health and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, Castellon, Spain; ISGlobal Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain; Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lode Godderis
- Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Interleuvenlaan 58, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Greggio N, Capolupo M, Donnini F, Birke M, Fabbri E, Dinelli E. Integration of physical, geochemical and biological analyses as a strategy for coastal lagoon biomonitoring. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 164:112005. [PMID: 33517082 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coastal lagoons are complex environments threatened by natural and anthropogenic stressors. Here, we tested the effectiveness of combining physical, geochemical and chemical measurements with biomarker data obtained in field-exposed marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) as a biomonitoring strategy for a highly pressured lagoon (Pialassa Baiona, Ravenna, Italy). Data showed a spatial trend of sediment contamination by Hg, Pt, Au, Ag, Mo, Re, Cd, Pd and Zn. Local conditions of high water temperature/low conductivity were detected among selected sites. After a 30-day in situ exposure, Ag and Hg were the most bioaccumulated elements (10 and 5 folds, respectively) in mussels followed by Sb, Al, Ti and Fe. Decreased survival, lysosomal dysfunctions, increased metallothionein content and peroxisome proliferation were observed in mussels in relation to metal spatial distribution and physico-chemical fluctuations. Overall, this study provides a further confirmation of the role of biomonitoring to reliably assess the environmental quality of highly pressured lagoons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Greggio
- University of Bologna, Inter-Departmental Research Centre for Environmental Science (CIRSA), Via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy; University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Piazza S. Donato 1, 40100 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Capolupo
- University of Bologna, Inter-Departmental Research Centre for Environmental Science (CIRSA), Via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy; University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Piazza S. Donato 1, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| | - Filippo Donnini
- University of Bologna, Inter-Departmental Research Centre for Environmental Science (CIRSA), Via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Manfred Birke
- Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany
| | - Elena Fabbri
- University of Bologna, Inter-Departmental Research Centre for Environmental Science (CIRSA), Via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy; University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Piazza S. Donato 1, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Dinelli
- University of Bologna, Inter-Departmental Research Centre for Environmental Science (CIRSA), Via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy; University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Piazza S. Donato 1, 40100 Bologna, Italy
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Čelić M, Jaén-Gil A, Briceño-Guevara S, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Gros M, Petrović M. Extended suspect screening to identify contaminants of emerging concern in riverine and coastal ecosystems and assessment of environmental risks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124102. [PMID: 33049635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A suspect screening methodology was developed for the fast and reliable identification of 360 contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) of anthropogenic origin in the vulnerable area of the Ebro Delta (Catalonia, Spain) and to track for potential contamination sources. The suspect screening methodology was combined with a risk assessment approach to prioritize the most ecologically relevant CECs. Out of the 360 suspects, 37 compounds were tentatively identified, 22 of which were fully confirmed using isotopically labelled standards. The detected suspect compounds included pesticides, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, stimulants and their metabolites. Pesticides were more ubiquitous in irrigation and drainage channels, while pharmaceuticals, stimulants, and personal care products were the most common in effluent wastewaters, in the receiving freshwater systems as well as in the marine environment. Ten compounds were found to be of high ecological concern, including the pharmaceuticals telmisartan, venlafaxine, and carbamazepine, the herbicides terbuthylazine, desethylterbuthylazine, and terbutryn, the fungicides azoxystrobin, tebuconazole and prochloraz and the insecticide tebufenozide. These compounds could be used as markers of anthropogenic contamination in riverine and coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Čelić
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Plaça de Sant Domenec, 3, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Adrián Jaén-Gil
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Plaça de Sant Domenec, 3, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | | | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Plaça de Sant Domenec, 3, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Gros
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Plaça de Sant Domenec, 3, 17004 Girona, Spain.
| | - Mira Petrović
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Llorca M, Vega-Herrera A, Schirinzi G, Savva K, Abad E, Farré M. Screening of suspected micro(nano)plastics in the Ebro Delta (Mediterranean Sea). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124022. [PMID: 33049636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This is the first work reporting the use of a double suspect-screening to assess most common polymers and additives in micro(nano)plastics (NPLs/MPLs) found in environmental waters. The method consisted of water filtration followed by ultrasonic-assisted extraction with toluene and analysis employing size exclusion chromatography using an advanced polymer chromatography column coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with an atmospheric pressure photoionisation source by negative ionisation conditions (LC(APC)-APPI(-)-HRMS). The identification of NPL/MPLs polymers has been based on increasing confirmation level, including the monomers characterisation by the Kendrick Mass Defect and confirmation and quantification when standards were available. In parallel, the identification of main additives in NPL/MPLs composition, as well organic contaminants adsorbed onto the plastic particles were carried out by analysis of the extracts by LC(C18)-APPI (+/-)-HRMS. To assess the impact of plastic pollution it is necessary to assess the composition in terms of polymers but also the additives. This screening approach has been employed to study composition of NPL/MPLs in the Ebro Delta. Two sampling campaigns including freshwater and seawater samples have been investigated to assess plastic composition in the top 5 cm. Polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polyisoprene (PI), polybutadiene (PBD), polypropylene (PP) and polysiloxanes were the most detected polymers and PP and PE, sizing between < 1000 and 2000 Da, were found at concentrations reaching up to 7000 ng/L in some areas. The pentadecanoic acid, 1,2,3-benzotriazoles, 2-ethylhexanoic acid (2-EHA), and phthalates such as dimethyl phthalate, mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and the phthalimide were more frequently detected plastic additives. Finally, series of organic contaminants were as well detected in the particulate fraction. These organic contaminants cannot be associated to plastic compositions but can be associated to their adsorption to the particulate matter, in particular to NPL/MPLs, due to their non-polar character. Among these organic contaminants, the more frequently detected were pharmaceutical compounds, food additives and pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Llorca
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Vega-Herrera
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gabriella Schirinzi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Katerina Savva
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marinella Farré
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Köck-Schulmeyer M, Ginebreda A, Petrovic M, Giulivo M, Aznar-Alemany Ò, Eljarrat E, Valle-Sistac J, Molins-Delgado D, Diaz-Cruz MS, Monllor-Alcaraz LS, Guillem-Argiles N, Martínez E, Miren LDA, Llorca M, Farré M, Peña JM, Mandaric L, Pérez S, Majone B, Bellin A, Kalogianni E, Skoulikidis NT, Milačič R, Barceló D. Priority and emerging organic microcontaminants in three Mediterranean river basins: Occurrence, spatial distribution, and identification of river basin specific pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142344. [PMID: 33254885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a worldwide growing use of chemicals by our developed, industrialized, and technological society. More than 100,000 chemical substances are thus commonly used both by industry and households. Depending on the amount produced, physical-chemical properties, and mode of use, many of them may reach the environment and, notably, the aquatic receiving systems. This may result in undesirable and harmful side-effects on both the human and the ecosystem's health. Mediterranean rivers are largely different from Northern and Central European rivers in terms of hydrological regime, climate conditions (e.g. air temperature, solar irradiation, precipitation), and socio-economics (e.g. land use, tourism, crop types, etc.), with all these factors leading to differences in the relative importance of the environmental stressors, in the classes and levels of the pollutants found and their environmental fate. Furthermore, water scarcity might be critical in affecting water pollution because of the lowered dilution capacity of chemicals. This work provides raw chemical data from different families of microcontaminants identified in three selected Mediterranean rivers (the Sava, Evrotas, and Adige) collected during two sampling campaigns conducted in 2014 and 2015 in three different matrices, namely, water, sediments, and biota (fish). More than 200 organic micropollutants were analyzed, including relevant groups like pharmaceuticals, personal care products, perfluorinated compounds, pesticides, pyrethroid insecticides, flame retardants, and persistent organic pollutants. Data obtained were summarized with some basic statistics for all compound families and matrices analyzed. Observed occurrence and spatial patterns were interpreted both in terms of compound physical-chemical properties and local environmental pressures. Finally, their spatial distribution was examined and their ecotoxicological risk in the water phase was assessed. This allowed locating, at each basin, the most polluted sites ("hot spots") and identifying the respective river basin specific pollutants (RBSPs), prioritizing them in terms of the potential ecotoxicological risk posed to the aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoni Ginebreda
- Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mira Petrovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit, 101, Edifici H(2)O, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and advanced studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Giulivo
- Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Òscar Aznar-Alemany
- Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jennifer Valle-Sistac
- Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Molins-Delgado
- Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Nuria Guillem-Argiles
- Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez
- Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - López de Alda Miren
- Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Llorca
- Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marinella Farré
- Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Peña
- Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ladislav Mandaric
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit, 101, Edifici H(2)O, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bruno Majone
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, I-38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Alberto Bellin
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, I-38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Eleni Kalogianni
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters (IMBRIW), Hellenic Center for Marine Research (HCMR), 46.7 km Athens-Souniou Av., 190 13, P.O. Box 712, Anavissos, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Th Skoulikidis
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters (IMBRIW), Hellenic Center for Marine Research (HCMR), 46.7 km Athens-Souniou Av., 190 13, P.O. Box 712, Anavissos, Greece
| | - Radmila Milačič
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damià Barceló
- Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit, 101, Edifici H(2)O, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
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Ali AM, Higgins CP, Alarif WM, Al-Lihaibi SS, Ghandourah M, Kallenborn R. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in contaminated coastal marine waters of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea: a baseline study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:2791-2803. [PMID: 32894446 PMCID: PMC7788036 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are today considered important constituents of the continuously growing substance group of persistent contaminants of emerging environmental concern (PCEC). Here, we report for the first time the concentrations of 12 relevant PFASs in 28 marine water samples from the Saudi Arabian coastal waters of the Red Sea. The sum levels of 12 PFASs (Σ12 PFAS) in surface seawater ranged from <LOQ to 956 ngL-1. For the reference background site of this study, Σ12 PFAS levels ranged from <LOQ to 10.9 ng/L. The highest PFAS levels have been found in Al-Arbaeen and Al-Shabab, two lagoons continuously receiving treated sewage effluents. PFHxA, PFHxS, and 6:2 FTS were the most prevalent PFASs with relatively high concentrations. Discharge of municipal and industrial wastewaters is considered an important source of PFASs. The pattern of PFASs observed here suggests that the usage of PFAS-containing aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) is a potential additional source for these compounds in Al-Arbaeen and Al-Shabab lagoons. However, a systematic elucidation of local PFASs sources is needed. Contamination of the Red Sea waters with PFASs poses a potential imminent risk to the marine environment of the Red Sea and ultimately may even affect the health of human consumers through the consumption of local seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasim M Ali
- Section of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), P.O 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Walied M Alarif
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80207, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan S Al-Lihaibi
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80207, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ghandourah
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80207, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Arctic Technology Department (AT), University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), P.O. Box 156, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, Christian M. Falsen veg 1, No-1432, Ås, Norway
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Ahmed MB, Johir MAH, McLaughlan R, Nguyen LN, Xu B, Nghiem LD. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in soil and sediments: Occurrence, fate, remediation and future outlook. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:141251. [PMID: 32805564 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are contaminants of great concern due to their wide-spread occurrence and persistence in the environments (i.e., in water, soil and sediment) and potential toxicology even at very low concentration. The main focus of this review is on the PFASs in soil and sediments. More specifically, this review systematically examines the occurrence and toxicological effects with associated risks, fate (i.e., PFASs adsorption by soil and sediment, transportation and transformation, and bioaccumulation), and remediation practices of PFASs in soil and sediment. Various models and equations such as fugacity-based multimedia fate and hydrodynamic models are used to study the fate, transport, and transformation of PFASs. Among different remediation practices, sorption is the dominant process for the removal of PFASs from soil and sediments. Results also indicate that PFASs adsorption onto activated carbon decrease with the increase of carbon chain length in the PFASs. The longer-chain PFASs have larger partition coefficient values than shorter-chained PFASs. Sorption of PFASs to soil and sediments are mainly governed by different electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds formation, hydrophobic interactions, organic content in soil and sediments, and ligand exchange. Other technology such as thermal treatment might be potential in the removal of PAFSs, but need further study to elucidate a conclusion. Finally, the associated challenges and future outlook have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Ahmed
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - M A H Johir
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Robert McLaughlan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Luong N Nguyen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Bentuo Xu
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Long D Nghiem
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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León VM, Viñas L, Concha-Graña E, Fernández-González V, Salgueiro-González N, Moscoso-Pérez C, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Campillo JA. Identification of contaminants of emerging concern with potential environmental risk in Spanish continental shelf sediments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140505. [PMID: 32721718 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), alkylphenols, organotin compounds, phthalates, alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, current-use pesticides (CUPs) and personal care products (PCPs) was characterized in 29 surface sediments from two Spanish Iberian continental shelf areas (14 on the Atlantic and 15 on the Mediterranean coasts). Concretely, 115 organic contaminants were determined and a specific methodology was used for each contaminant group, including contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and traditional ones, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs). PAHs, alkylated PAHs, alkylphenols and phthalates were found in all samples, showing mean concentrations per group higher than 20 ng/g (16-4974 ng/g d.w.) in the subregions under consideration (Galician, Cantabrian, Levantine-Balearic and Strait-Alboran). CUPs and PCPs were found in the majority of samples at very low concentrations of ng/g (1.4-46.8 ng/g d.w.), whereas organotins and PFAS were found principally in sediments from the Mediterranean subregions (2.5-3.9 ng/g d.w.). Different distribution patterns were observed for the contaminant groups and subregions under consideration as a consequence of the diverse predominant sources (industrial, urban, transport and agricultural activities) and environmental behavior (mainly hydrophobicity and persistence). Risk assessment confirmed the impact of phthalates, alkylphenols, PAHs and PCBs on Atlantic ecosystems and of alkylphenols, chlorpyrifos, phthalates, TBT, PAHs, OCPs and PCBs on the Mediterranean ones. Furthermore, the presence of CUPs, PCPs and PFAS in sediments from the Spanish continental shelf located between 2 and 31 km from the coast suggested that those contaminants may also provoke adverse effects on coastal marine ecosystems between their sources and their depositional areas. CAPSULE: Alkylphenols, phthalates and organotins may provoke adverse effects on Spanish coastal marine ecosystems from their sources to the sediment depositional areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M León
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, C/Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Lucía Viñas
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Estefanía Concha-Graña
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Verónica Fernández-González
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-González
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Moscoso-Pérez
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Juan A Campillo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, C/Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
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Navarro I, de la Torre A, Sanz P, Martínez MDLÁ. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs): Distribution, trends and aquatic ecological risk assessment in surface water from Tagus River basin (Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113511. [PMID: 31706767 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Rivers can receive the input of treated or untreated sewage effluents from wastewater treatment plants, urban and industrial discharges and agricultural run-off, becoming an important pathway for the transport and mobilization of pollutants to the oceans. In the present study, the occurrence of 20 PFAAs was determined in the water of Tagus River basin (Spain). PFAAs were detected in 76 out of 92 water samples collected during 5 years (2013-2018), being perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) the predominant compound (<0.01-34 ng/L). The annual average PFOS concentrations (2.9-11 ng/L) detected in Tagus River were above the annual average environmental quality standards (AA-EQS) established in the Directive, 2013/39/EU (0.65 ng/L for inland surface waters) but below the maximum allowable concentration (MAC-EQS; 36000 ng/L). The levels of PFAAs detected in urban and industrial areas were statistically higher (p < 0.01) than those at background or remote areas. The mass flow rates amounted to <0.01-46 kg/y for PFOS and <0.01-22 kg/y for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). A quantitative ecotoxicological risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the environmental potential risk related to PFAAs in the aquatic ecosystem. Risk characterization ratios (RCRwater, RCRsed and RCRoral, fish) were below 1 in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Navarro
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Adrián de la Torre
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Sanz
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María de Los Ángeles Martínez
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Wang S, Ma L, Chen C, Li Y, Wu Y, Liu Y, Dou Z, Yamazaki E, Yamashita N, Lin BL, Wang X. Occurrence and partitioning behavior of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water and sediment from the Jiulong Estuary-Xiamen Bay, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124578. [PMID: 31524601 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-four per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were analyzed in water and sediment from the Jiulong Estuary-Xiamen Bay to study their seasonal variations, transport, partitioning behavior and ecological risks. The total concentration of PFASs in water ranged from 11 to 98 ng L-1 (average 45 ng L-1) during the dry season, 0.19-5.7 ng L-1 (average 1.5 ng L-1) during the wet season, and 3.0-5.4 ng g-1 dw (average 3.9 ng g-1 dw) in sediment. In water samples, short-chain PFASs were dominated by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFBA) in the dry season and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) in the wet season, while long chain PFASs, such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), dominated in the sediment. The highest concentration of PFASs in water were found in the estuary; in contrast, the highest level of PFASs in sediment were found in Xiamen Bay. These spatial distributions of PFASs indicate that river discharge is the main source of PFASs in estuarine water, while the harbor, airport and wastewater treatment plant near Xiamen Bay may be responsible for the high PFBS and PFOS concentrations in water and sediment. The partition coefficients (log Kd) of PFASs between sediment and water (range from 1.64 to 4.14) increased with carbon chain length (R2 = 0.99) and also showed a positive relationship with salinity. A preliminary environmental risk assessment indicated that PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in water and sediment pose no significant ecological risk to organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Liya Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Can Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yuling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yihao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhiyuan Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Eriko Yamazaki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Yamashita
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Bin-Le Lin
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Xinhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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Feng H, Ruan Y, Zhang K, Lam PK. Current analytical methodologies and gaps for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances determination in the marine environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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50
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Ünlü Endirlik B, Bakır E, Boşgelmez İİ, Eken A, Narin İ, Gürbay A. Assessment of perfluoroalkyl substances levels in tap and bottled water samples from Turkey. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:1162-1171. [PMID: 31561307 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) draw considerable attention for their potential toxic effects in humans and environment. Drinking water is accepted as one of the major exposure pathways for PFASs. In this study, we measured concentrations of 10 perfluoroalkyl substances in 94 tap water samples collected in two different sampling periods (August 2017 and February 2018) from 33 provinces of Turkey, as well as in 26 different brands of plastic and glass-bottled water samples sold in supermarkets in Turkey. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) were the most frequently detected PFASs in the samples of tap waters. The maximum concentrations in tap waters were measured as 2.90, 2.37, 2.18, 2.04, and 1.93 ng/L, for PFHxA, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), respectively. The most abundant perfluorinated chemical in tap water samples was PFBA with 17%, followed by PFOS (13%), PFBS (12%), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) (11%), PFHxA (11%), and PFOA (11%). The total PFASs concentration in tap water ranged from 0.08 to 11.27 ng/L. As regards bottled waters, the concentrations of PFASs were generally lower than those in tap water samples. These results revealed that tap water samples in Turkey might be considered generally safe based on the established guidelines around the world. However, due to their persistence and potential to accumulate and reach higher concentrations in the environment, careful monitoring of PFASs in all types of water is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Ünlü Endirlik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Elçin Bakır
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - İffet İpek Boşgelmez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey; Ziya Eren Drug Application and Research Center, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Eken
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Narin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Aylin Gürbay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
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