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Zhou S, Lin H, Liu Z, Lian X, Pan CG, Dong Z, Lin Z, Li C, Hou L, Liang YQ. The impact of co-exposure to polystyrene microplastics and norethindrone on gill histology, antioxidant capacity, reproductive system, and gut microbiota in zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 273:107018. [PMID: 38968675 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.107018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, studies have focused on the combined ecological risks posed by microplastics and other organic pollutants. Although both microplastics and progestin residues are frequently detected in the aquatic environments, their ecological implications remain unknown. Adult zebrafish were exposed to polystyrene microplastics (PS, 200 nm, 200 μg/L), norethindrone (NET, 69.6 ng/L), and their mixture (200 μg/L PS + 63.1 ng/L NET) for 30 days. The results demonstrated that exposure to PS and NET resulted in gill damage. Notably, the PS and PS+NET exhibited a significant decrease in glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content, as well as reduced antioxidase activity in the gills. The oxidative stress in PS+NET primarily originated from PS. The PS, NET, or their mixture resulted in a decrease in testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) levels in female. Furthermore, compared to NET, the PS+NET showed a significant reduction in E2 levels, thereby augmenting the inhibitory effect on reproductive ability mediated by NET. However, males showed an increase in 11-ketodihydrotestosterone (11-KT) content, accompanied by a significant decrease in spermatogonia (Sg) and increase in spermatocytes (Sc). Consequently, it can be inferred that PS enhances the androgenic effect of NET. In female fish brain, NET alone resulted in transcriptional down-regulation of partial hormone receptors; however, co-administration of PS effectively mitigated the interference effects. Furthermore, transcriptional downregulation of 17-alpha-hydroxylase (cyp17), hydroxysteroid 3-beta dehydrogenase (hsd3b), estrogen receptor 1 (esr1), and estrogen receptor 2a (esr2b) genes in the ovary was found to be associated with the androgenic activity induced by NET. Moreover, in comparison to PS or NET alone, PS+NET resulted in a notable decrease in Cetobacterium abundance and an increase in Aeromonas population, suggesting that the co-exposure of PS+NET may exacerbate intestinal burden. The findings highlight the importance of studying the combined toxicity of PS and NET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Zhou
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Hongjie Lin
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ziyun Liu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Xiaoyi Lian
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Chang-Gui Pan
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhongdian Dong
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Zhong Lin
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Chengyong Li
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Liping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Yan-Qiu Liang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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2
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Xu R, Liu S, Pan YF, Wu NN, Huang QY, Li HX, Lin L, Hou R, Xu XR, Cheng YY. Steroid metabolites as overlooked emerging contaminants: Insights from multimedia partitioning and source-sink simulation in an estuarine environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132673. [PMID: 37793261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Steroids have been attracting global attention given potential carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting effects, yet the environmental status of steroids, especially their metabolites, in estuarine environment remain largely unexplored. This study investigated 31 steroids and metabolites in suspended particulate matter (SPM), water phase and sediments of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) during the dry and wet seasons to elucidate their spatiotemporal patterning, partitioning behavior, and environmental fate. The results showed that natural steroids predominated in SPM and sediments while the metabolites predominated in water. The spatial distribution of steroids and metabolites varied seasonally, with hydrophobicity and environmental factors influencing phase partitioning in the estuary. Furthermore, a natural steroid, progesterone (P) could serve as a trustworthy chemical indicator to estimate the concentrations of steroids and metabolites in the PRE. Importantly, the mass budget of P was estimated using an improved multi-box mass balance model, revealing that outflow to the South China Sea was the primary sink of P in water (∼87%) and degradation was the primary sink of P in sediments (∼68%) of the PRE. Overall, this study offers insightful information about the distribution and environmental fate of steroids and metabolites in estuarine environment, with implications for future management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Yun-Feng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nian-Nian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian-Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Heng-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Lang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Yuan-Yue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
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Liu S, Xu R, Pan YF, Huang QY, Wu NN, Li HX, Lin L, Hou R, Xu XR. Free and conjugated forms of metabolites are indispensable components of steroids: The first evidence from an estuarine food web. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119913. [PMID: 36996753 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Steroids have attracted particular attention as environmental contaminants because of their severe endocrine-disrupting effects. Previous studies have predominantly focused on parent steroids; however, the levels and proportions of the free and conjugated forms of their metabolites remain largely unclear, especially in food webs. Here, we first characterized the free and conjugated forms of parent steroids and their metabolites in 26 species in an estuarine food web. The steroids were dominated by their metabolites in water samples, whereas parent compounds were predominant in sediment samples. The total mean steroid concentrations in the biota samples that underwent non-enzymatic hydrolysis decreased in the following order: crabs (27 ng/g) > fish (5.9 ng/g) > snails (3.4 ng/g) > shrimps and sea cucumbers (1.2 ng/g); and those in the biota samples that underwent enzymatic hydrolysis decreased in the following order: crabs (57 ng/g) > snails (9.2 ng/g) > fish (7.9 ng/g) > shrimps and sea cucumbers (3.5 ng/g). The proportion of metabolites in the enzymatic hydrolysis biota samples was higher (38-79%) than that (2.9-65%) in non-enzymatic ones, indicating that the free and conjugated forms of metabolites in aquatic organisms were not negligible. Most synthetic steroids were either bioaccumulative or highly bioaccumulative. Importantly, in the invertebrate food web, 17α-methyltestosterone was biomagnified, while 17β-boldenone underwent trophic dilution. Although the estuarine water had a median ecological risk level, the health risks via aquatic product consumption were very low. This study provides novel insights into the composition and trophic transfer of steroids in an estuarine food web for the first time and highlights that free and conjugated metabolites should receive more attention, particularly in biota samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Ru Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yun-Feng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian-Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nian-Nian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Heng-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Lang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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Yang G, Guo J, Yuan H, Sun L, Sha L. Determination of selected glucocorticoids in healthy foods by ultra-performance convergence chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1694:463924. [PMID: 36933464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of glucocorticoids in healthy foods has recently become a topic of concern because of their side effects. In this study, we developed a method based on ultra-performance convergence chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPC2-MS/MS) to detect 63 glucocorticoids in healthy foods. The analysis conditions were optimized, and the method was validated. We further compared the results of this method with those of the RPLC-MS/MS method. Glucocorticoids were separated on an Acquity Torus 2-picolylamine column (100 mm × 3.0 mm, 1.7 µm) and detected via MS/MS. CO2 and methanol (containing 0.1% formic acid) were used as mobile phases. The method demonstrated good linear relationships between 1 and 200 µg·L-1 (R2 ≥ 0.996). The limits of detection in different types of samples were 0.3-1.5 µg·kg-1 (S/N = 3). The average recoveries (n = 9) and RSDs in different types of samples were 76.6-118.2% and 1.1-13.1%, respectively. The matrix effect, calculated as the ratio between calibration curves built in matrix and pure solvent, was less than 0.21 for both a fish oil and a protein powder. This method exhibited better selectivity and resolution than RPLC-MS/MS method. Lastly, it could realize the baseline separation of 31 isomers of 13 groups, including four groups of eight epimers. This study provides new technical support for assessing the risk of exposure to glucocorticoids in healthy foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyong Yang
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Jingxi Guo
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Lina Sha
- Urumqi Berun Tiancheng Electronic Technology Co., Ltd, Urumqi 830054, China.
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A Simple, Efficient, Eco-Friendly Sample Preparation Procedure for the Simultaneous Determination of Hormones in Meat and Fish Products by Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2022; 11:foods11193095. [PMID: 36230170 PMCID: PMC9562678 DOI: 10.3390/foods11193095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Food safety can be severely compromised by the presence of chemical contaminants. This has raised a pressing need to develop efficient analytical methods for their determination at very low levels in complex food matrices. In this manuscript, we developed a simple, sensitive, fast, green analytical method for the determination of thirteen natural and synthetic hormones from different families including progestogens, estrogens and androgens in meat and fish products. The method involves direct extraction with a (9:1) acetonitrile–water mixture and subsequent purification of the extract by semi-automated solid-phase extraction on a sorbent column (hydrophilic–lipophilic copolymer of N-vinylpyrrolidone and divinylbenzene). This treatment enriches samples with the target compounds while removing proteins, lipids and other potential interferences from their matrix for the accurate determination of the analytes by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, all within 15 min. The proposed method exhibits good linearity (r ≥ 0.996), low limits of detection (0.4–15 ng/kg), acceptable recoveries (90–105%) and relative standard deviations (≤7%); in addition, it is scarcely subject to matrix effects (1–20%). The method was successfully used to determine natural and synthetic hormones in meat and fish products from Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Greece, Norway, Morocco and the USA. The analytes were found at especially high levels (30–1900 ng/kg) in mussels, beef and pork.
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6
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Zakaria KA, Yatim NI, Ali N, Rastegari H. Recycling phosphorus and calcium from aquaculture waste as a precursor for hydroxyapatite (HAp) production: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:46471-46486. [PMID: 35508846 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20521-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water contaminated with phosphorus needs to be managed efficiently to ensure that clean water sources will be preserved. Aquaculture plays an essential role in supplying food and generating high revenue. However, the quantity of phosphorus released from aquaculture effluents is among the major concerns for the environment. Phosphorus is a non-renewable, spatially concentrated material essential for global food production. Phosphorus is also known as a primary source of eutrophication. Hence, phosphorus recovery and separation from different wastewater streams are mandatory. This paper reviews the source of phosphorus in the environment, focusing on aquaculture wastewater as a precursor for hydroxyapatite formation evaluates the research progress on maximizing phosphorus removal from aquaculture wastewater effluents and converting it into a conversion. Shrimp shell waste appears to be an essential resource for manufacturing high-value chemicals, given current trends in wealth creation from waste. Shrimp shell waste is the richest source of calcium carbonate and has been used to produce hydroxyapatite after proper treatment is reviewed. There have been significant attempts to create safe and long-term solutions for the disposal of shrimp shell debris. Through the discussion, the optimum condition of the method, the source of phosphorus, and the calcium are the factors that influence the formation of hydroxyapatite as a pioneer in zero-waste management for sustainability and profitable approach. This review will provide comprehensive documentation on resource utilization and product development from aquaculture wastewater and waste to achieve a zero-waste approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalia A Zakaria
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology & Informatics, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Norhafiza I Yatim
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Nora'aini Ali
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology & Informatics, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Hajar Rastegari
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
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Dong Z, Chen Y, Li X, Zhang N, Guo Y, Liang YQ, Wang Z. Norethindrone alters growth, sex differentiation and gene expression in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:1211-1221. [PMID: 35098644 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Norethindrone (NET) is a widely used synthetic progestin, which appears in water environments and threatens aquatic organisms. In this study, marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) larvae were exposed to 7.6 and 80.1 ng/L NET for 190 days. The effects of NET on growth, sex differentiation, gonad histology and transcriptional expression profiles of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis-related genes were determined. The results showed that exposure to 80.1 ng/L NET caused an all-male marine medaka population and significantly decreased the growth of males. Exposure to 7.6 ng/L NET increased the ratio of males/females in the marine medaka population, decreased the growth of males and delayed the ovary maturation in females. However, the sperm maturation was accelerated by 7.6 or 80.1 ng/L NET. In females, the transcription levels of cytochrome P450 aromatase (cyp19a1a) and progesterone receptor (pgr) in ovaries, glucocorticoid receptor (gr) and vitellogenin (vtg) in livers were suppressed after exposure to 7.6 ng/L NET, which may cause delayed ovary maturation. In males, NET significantly decreased the transcription levels of follicle stimulating hormone β (fshβ) and Luteinizing hormone β (lhβ)in the brain, Estrogen receptor β (erβ),gr and pgr in the liver, and vitellogenin receptor (vtgr) in the testes, while NET of 80.1 ng/L led to a significant up-regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (star) in the testes of males. These results showed that NET could influence growth, sex differentiation and gonadal maturation and significantly alter the transcriptional expression levels of HPG axis-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongdian Dong
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuebi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xueyou Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yusong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Liang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhongduo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- State Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University School, Changsha, China
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Delbes G, Blázquez M, Fernandino JI, Grigorova P, Hales BF, Metcalfe C, Navarro-Martín L, Parent L, Robaire B, Rwigemera A, Van Der Kraak G, Wade M, Marlatt V. Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on gonad development: Mechanistic insights from fish and mammals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112040. [PMID: 34509487 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past century, evidence has emerged that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have an impact on reproductive health. An increased frequency of reproductive disorders has been observed worldwide in both wildlife and humans that is correlated with accidental exposures to EDCs and their increased production. Epidemiological and experimental studies have highlighted the consequences of early exposures and the existence of key windows of sensitivity during development. Such early in life exposures can have an immediate impact on gonadal and reproductive tract development, as well as on long-term reproductive health in both males and females. Traditionally, EDCs were thought to exert their effects by modifying the endocrine pathways controlling reproduction. Advances in knowledge of the mechanisms regulating sex determination, differentiation and gonadal development in fish and rodents have led to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of early exposure to EDCs on reproduction. In this manuscript, we review the key developmental stages sensitive to EDCs and the state of knowledge on the mechanisms by which model EDCs affect these processes, based on the roadmap of gonad development specific to fish and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Delbes
- Centre Armand Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, Canada.
| | - M Blázquez
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J I Fernandino
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | | | - B F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - C Metcalfe
- School of Environment, Trent University, Trent, Canada
| | - L Navarro-Martín
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Parent
- Université TELUQ, Montréal, Canada
| | - B Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - A Rwigemera
- Centre Armand Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, Canada
| | - G Van Der Kraak
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - M Wade
- Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - V Marlatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
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9
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Chen Y, Xie H, Junaid M, Xu N, Zhu Y, Tao H, Wong M. Spatiotemporal distribution, source apportionment and risk assessment of typical hormones and phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in environmental and biological samples from the mariculture areas in the Pearl River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150752. [PMID: 34619214 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present work studied the levels, distribution, potential sources, ecological and human health risks of typical hormones and phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the mariculture areas of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. The environmental levels of 11 hormones (6 estrogens, 4 progestogens, and 1 androgen) and 2 phenolic EDCs were quantified in various matrices including water, sediment, cultured fish and shellfish. Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry analyses showed that all the 13 target compounds were detected in biotic samples, whereas 10 were detected in water and sediment, respectively. The total concentrations ranged from 35.06-364.53 ng/L in water and 6.31-29.30 ng/g in sediment, respectively. The average contaminant levels in shellfish (Ostrea gigas, Mytilus edulis and Mimachlamys nobilis) were significantly higher than those in fish (Culter alburnus, Ephippus orbis and Ephippus orbis). Source apportionment revealed that the pollution of hormones and phenolic EDCs in PRD mariculture areas was resulted from the combination of coastal anthropogenic discharges and mariculture activities. The hazard quotient values of the contaminants were all less than 1, implying no immediate human health risk. Overall, the present study is of great significance for scientific mariculture management, land-based pollution control, ecosystem protection, and safeguarding human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Haiwen Xie
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Youchang Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huchun Tao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Minghung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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10
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Liu S, Tian F, Pan YF, Li HX, Lin L, Hou R, Zhang LB, Zhang Z, Liu SS, Xu XR, Cheng YY, Chen HG. Contamination and ecological risks of steroid metabolites require more attention in the environment: Evidence from the fishing ports. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150814. [PMID: 34626635 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to strong endocrine disrupting effects, steroids in the environment have attracted substantial attention, with studies mostly focusing on the parent steroids. Here, we conducted the first investigation on the contamination profiles, possible sources, mass inventories, and ecological risks of 27 steroids and their metabolites in 15 typical fishing ports in Southeast China. Twelve steroids were detectable in the sediment samples with the total mean concentrations of 4.6-35 ng/g. High proportions of steroid metabolites were measured in the sediments and five metabolites were newly observed. Untreated municipal sewage and aquaculture wastes constitute the possible steroid sources in the studied fishing ports. The total inventories of steroids in fishing ports ranged from 2.1-16 mg/m2, with their metabolites being important contributors. The ecological risk analysis indicated high risks across all sampling sites mainly due to the contributions of parent steroids. Furthermore, our results found that progesterone is an acceptable chemical indicator for various steroids in sediments. This study provides the first evidence of steroid metabolites in the marine environment, calling for more studies in environmental behavior and ecotoxicology of steroid metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Fei Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Scientific Observation and Research Field Station of Zhujiang Estuary Ecosystem, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Yun-Feng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Heng-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Lang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Lin-Bao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Scientific Observation and Research Field Station of Zhujiang Estuary Ecosystem, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Scientific Observation and Research Field Station of Zhujiang Estuary Ecosystem, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Scientific Observation and Research Field Station of Zhujiang Estuary Ecosystem, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Yuan-Yue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Hai-Gang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Scientific Observation and Research Field Station of Zhujiang Estuary Ecosystem, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China.
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11
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Wang S, Huo Z, Gu J, Xu G. Benzophenones and synthetic progestin in wastewater and sediment from farms, WWTPs and receiving surface water: distribution, sources, and ecological risks. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31766-31775. [PMID: 35496845 PMCID: PMC9041579 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05333g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Farms and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important sources of endocrine disruptors, which may have potential adverse effects on the nearby receiving river and potential human health risks. Benzophenone (BPs) and synthetic progestin were determined in water and sediment samples of the discharge source and receiving river. BPs and synthetic progestin ranged from not detected (N.D.) to 400.53 ng L−1 in water samples and from N.D. to 359.92 ng g−1 dw in sediment, respectively, and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and ethinyl estradiol (EE2) were the main detected objects. Correlation analysis showed that pollutants discharged from livestock farms were the main contributor to the receiving river. The distribution of pollutants in different regions was related to higher population density and livestock activities. Predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) were investigated for ecological risk assessment in the study area, and 86% of the samples exceeded the baseline value of chronic toxicity. Benzophenone-1 (BP-1), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-OH-BP) and benzophenone (BP) were identified as the main substances that caused medium risk in the aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, BPs and synthetic progesterone should be given more attention in the future. The occurrence, source and ecological risk of BPs and synthetic progestin in farms, WWTPs and their receiving river were investigated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Zhuhao Huo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Gu
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Gang Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China .,Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
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12
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Jiafeng Y, Decheng S, Xiaoyong L, Yang L, Guangyu L, Min BS. Multiresidue determination of 19 anabolic steroids in animal oil using enhanced matrix removal lipid cleanup and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:2374-2383. [PMID: 34027940 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00437a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A method for sensitive analysis of 19 anabolic steroids (AS) in animal oil using enhanced matrix removal lipid (EMR-Lipid) cleanup and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed. Oil samples were extracted with 20 mL of acetonitrile aqueous solution and purified using EMR-Lipid cartridges. The eluent was evaporated to dryness under nitrogen and analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS using 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid-water solutions as the mobile phase via gradient elution. The method effectively removed unwanted matrix co-extractives better than other extraction cleanup techniques while still delivering acceptable recovery results for most of the AS. The established quantification method showed AS recovery in the range of 72.9-110.7% with good precision (relative standard deviation < 15%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiafeng
- Liaoning Provincial Inspection and Testing Certification Center, Shenyang 110016, China
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13
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Astrahan P, Korzen L, Khanin M, Sharoni Y, Israel Á. Seaweeds fast EDC bioremediation: Supporting evidence of EE2 and BPA degradation by the red seaweed Gracilaria sp., and a proposed model for the remedy of marine-borne phenol pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 278:116853. [PMID: 33740605 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) have taken significant roles in creating harmful effects to aquatic organisms. Many proposed treatment applications are time consuming, expensive and focus mainly on waste water treatment plants (WWTP), which are indeed a major aquatic polluting source. Nonetheless, the marine environment is the ultimate sink of many pollutants, e.g. EDCs, and has been largely neglected mainly due to the challenge in treating such salty and immense open natural ecosystems. In this study we describe the bromination and the yet unpresented degradation process of high concentrations (5 mg/L) of phenolic EDCs, by the marine red macroalgaeGracilaria sp. As shown, 17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2), a well-known contraceptive drug, and one of the most persistent phenol EDCs in the environment, was eliminated from both the medium and tissues of the macroalga, in addition to the degradation of all metabolites as verified by the nil estrogenic activity recorded in the medium. Validation of the proposed bromination-degradation route was reinforced by identifying Bisphenol A (BPA) brominated degradation products only, following 168H of incubation in the presence of Gracilaria sp. As demonstrated in this assay for EE2, BPA and finally for paracetamol, it is likely that the phenol scavenging activity is nonspecific and, thus, possibly even a wider scope of various other phenol-based pollutants might be treated in coastal waters. As far as we know, Gracilaria sp. is the only marine sessile organism able of degrading various phenol based pollutants. The worldwide distribution of many Gracilaria species and their wide aquaculture knowhow, suggest that bioremediation based on these seaweeds is a possible cost effective progressive solution to the treatment of a wide scope of phenols at the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peleg Astrahan
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, Ltd. The Yigal Alon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel.
| | - Leor Korzen
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, Ltd. The National Institute of Oceanography. Tel Shikmona 8030, Haifa, 31080, Israel
| | - Marina Khanin
- Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Ben-Gurion Blvd, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Yoav Sharoni
- Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Ben-Gurion Blvd, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Álvaro Israel
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, Ltd. The National Institute of Oceanography. Tel Shikmona 8030, Haifa, 31080, Israel
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14
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Lin C, Gong J, Zhou Y, Chen D, Chen Y, Yang J, Li Q, Wu C, Tang H. Spatiotemporal distribution, source apportionment, and ecological risk of corticosteroids in the urbanized river system of Guangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:135693. [PMID: 31791762 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence and distribution of 24 selected corticosteroids (CSs) in the surface water of the Zhujiang River (ZR) system in Guangzhou, a highly urbanized river system receiving both treated and untreated municipal wastewater effluents. Twenty-two and sixteen CSs were detected in the tributaries and the main stream of the ZR system, and their concentrations ranged from less than the method quantification limit (fluticasone propionate) to 94 ng/L (clobetasone butyrate) and from 0.24 ng/L (cortisol) to 7.2 ng/L (clobetasone butyrate), respectively. We observed higher total CSs (∑CSs) concentrations in the tributaries (11-396 ng/L) relative to the main stream (5.5-33 ng/L) due to their proximity to densely populated residential areas. ∑CSs concentrations in the dry season were generally higher than those in the wet season due to low dilution from decreased river discharge. Principal component analysis and multiple linear regression analysis identified untreated domestic sewage to be the dominant source of CSs (t2, contribution rate: 42.7%) in the urban rivers. Additional source contributions were from naturally attenuated treated and/or raw sewage (t1, 21.5%) and effluents from wastewater treatment plants (t3, 26.7%). CSs contribution was dominated by t2 in the dry season, and the contributions from t1, t2, and t3 showed no significant difference in the wet season. Risk assessment inferred that the ZR system is at medium to high ecological risk from CSs and is therefore a potential threat to the health of aquatic ecosystems. To prevent CSs pollution, our results demonstrate the need to develop effective control strategies to minimize the discharge of untreated waste to nearby rivers and to improve the capacity of wastewater treatment plants in Guangzhou. Further, we demonstrate that the concentrations of cortisone and fludrocortisone acetate are effective chemical indicators to estimate the level of natural and synthetic CSs contamination in urban rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canyuan Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yongshun Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Diyun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Cuiqin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongmei Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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15
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Liu SS, Chen J, Zhang JN, Liu YS, Hu LX, Chen XW, Liu S, Xu XR, Ying GG. Microbial transformation of progesterone and dydrogesterone by bacteria from swine wastewater: Degradation kinetics and products identification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 701:134930. [PMID: 31726410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic progestogens in livestock environments have become a concern due to the frequent presence and potential adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Here we investigated the biotransformation of progestogens by wastewater-borne bacteria in the field and laboratory under oxic and anoxic conditions. The results showed that all progestogens dissipated faster under oxic conditions than under anoxic conditions, and natural progesterone transformed faster than synthetic progestogens. Meanwhile, dozens of bacterial strains capable of degrading progestogens were successfully isolated from the swine wastewater, and Bacillus sp. P19 and Bacillus sp. DGT2 were found the best for progesterone and dydrogesterone transformation, respectively. In the degradation experiments using a single bacterial strain, progesterone and dydrogesterone dissipated under oxic conditions with half-lives of 11.6 h and 18.2 h, respectively. The transformation pathways were proposed based on the identified transformation products. The findings from this study showed that progestogens can be biotransformed, but not fully mineralized in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Shuang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin-Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shan Liu
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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16
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Faltermann S, Hettich T, Küng N, Fent K. Effects of the glucocorticoid clobetasol propionate and its mixture with cortisol and different class steroids in adult female zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 218:105372. [PMID: 31812088 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological effects of glucocorticoids and steroid mixtures in the environment are not sufficiently known. Here we investigate effects of 11-14 days exposure of female zebrafish to the glucocorticoid clobetasol propionate (Clo), cortisol (Cs), their mixture and mixtures with five different class steroids (Clo + triamcinolone + estradiol + androstenedione + progesterone) in liver, brain and gonads. Cs showed little activity, while Clo reduced the condition factor at 0.57 and 6.35 μg/L. Clo induced differential expression of genes in the liver at 0.07-6.35 μg/L, which were related to circadian rhythm (per1, nr1d2), glucose metabolism (g6pca, pepck1), immune system response (fkbp 5, socs3, gilz), nuclear steroid receptors (pgr and pxr), steroidogeneses and steroid metabolism (hsd11b2, cyp2k22). Clo caused strong transcriptional down-regulation of vtg. Similar upregulations occurred in the brain for pepck1, fkbp5, socs3, gilz, hsd11b2, and nr1d2a, while cyp19b was down-regulated. Effects of Clo + Cs mixtures were similar to Clo alone. Transcriptional alterations were different in mixtures of five steroids with no alteration of vtg in the liver due to counteraction of Clo and estradiol. Induction of fkbp5 (brain) and sult2st3 (liver) and downregulation of cyp19a (gonads) occurred at 1 μg/L. Histological effects of the five steroids mixture in gonads were characterized by a decrease of mature oocytes. Our data indicate that effects of steroids of different classes sum up to an overall joint effect driven by the most potent steroid Clo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Faltermann
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Hofackerstrasse 30, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Timm Hettich
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Hofackerstrasse 30, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Noemi Küng
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Hofackerstrasse 30, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Karl Fent
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Hofackerstrasse 30, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollution Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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17
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Ojemaye CY, Petrik L. Occurrences, levels and risk assessment studies of emerging pollutants (pharmaceuticals, perfluoroalkyl and endocrine disrupting compounds) in fish samples from Kalk Bay harbour, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:562-572. [PMID: 31181501 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of 15 target chemical compounds (pharmaceuticals and personal care product, perfluoroalkyl compounds and industrial chemicals) were carried out to determine their concentrations in selected commercially exploited, wild caught small and medium sized pelagic fish species and their organs (Thyrsites atun (snoek), Sarda orientalis (bonito), Pachymetopon blochii (panga) and Pterogymnus laniarius (hottentot)) obtained from Kalk Bay harbour, Cape Town. Solid phase extraction (SPE) method based on Oasis HLB cartridges were used to concentrate and clean-up the samples. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of these chemical compounds revealed the simultaneous presence of at least 12 compounds in different parts of the selected fish species in nanogram-per-gram dry weight (ng/g dw) concentrations. The results revealed that perfluorodecanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid and perfluoroheptanoic acid were the most predominant among the perfluorinated compounds and ranged between: (20.13-179.2 ng/g), (21.22-114.0 ng/g) and (40.06-138.3 ng/g). Also, diclofenac had the highest concentration in these edible fish species out of all the pharmaceuticals detected (range: 551.8-1812 ng/g). The risk assessment values were above 0.5 and 1.0 for acute and chronic risk respectively which shows that these chemicals have a high health risk to the pelagic fish, aquatic organisms and to humans who consume them. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a precautionary approach and the adequate regulation of the use and disposal of synthetic chemicals that persist in aquatic/marine environment in this province and other parts of South Africa, to prevent impacts on the sustainability of our marine environment, livelihood and lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Y Ojemaye
- Environmental and Nano Science Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Leslie Petrik
- Environmental and Nano Science Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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18
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Gong J, Lin C, Xiong X, Chen D, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Wu C, Du Y. Occurrence, distribution, and potential risks of environmental corticosteroids in surface waters from the Pearl River Delta, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:102-109. [PMID: 31071626 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence, spatiotemporal distribution, and potential risks of 21 glucocorticoids (GCs) and 3 mineralocorticoids (MCs) in four rivers were studied by investigating the surface waters from the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China. These environmental corticosteroids (ECs) were commonly present in the river surface waters with average concentrations varying from <0.17 ng/L for fluticasone propionate to 5.6 ng/L for clobetasone butyrate; and cortisone had the highest concentration, 32.9 ng/L. The total ECs ranged in concentration from undetectable to 83.3 ng/L, with a mean and median of 8.1 ng/L and 4.8 ng/L, respectively. Spatially the total EC concentration levels in the Pearl River system occurred in the following order: Zhujiang River (ZR) > Dongjiang River (DR) > Shiziyang waterway (SW) > Beijiang River (BR). These levels generally demonstrated a trend of increasing from upstream to midstream or downstream then attenuating toward the estuary. Considerable seasonal variations in the ECs differed among rivers. Higher ECs concentrations in winter were mostly found in the ZR, whereas lower levels were found in the DR. Moreover, the temporal variations of the ECs were marginal in the BR and SW. These spatiotemporal distributions of the ECs might have been simultaneously influenced by pollution sources derived from anthropogenic activities and river hydrologic conditions. Correlation analyses indicated that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) could play a key role in the occurrence and distribution of ECs in an aquatic environment. Risk assessment demonstrated that the occurrence of ECs might have posed medium to high risk to aquatic organisms in the Pearl River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Canyuan Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoping Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Diyun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongshun Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Cuiqin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongming Du
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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19
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Liu S, Su H, Li HX, Liu JJ, Lin L, Xu XR, Zuo LZ, Zhao JL. Uptake, Elimination, and Biotransformation Potential of a Progestagen (Cyproterone Acetate) in Tilapia Exposed at an Environmental Concentration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6804-6813. [PMID: 31117546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although the distribution of progestagens in aquatic environments has been widely reported, details on their uptake, elimination, and biotransformation in fish have received little attention. This study investigated the uptake, elimination, and biotransformation potential of a progestagen, cyproterone acetate (CPTA), in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to an environmentally relevant concentration under semistatic regimes. CPTA in tilapia tissues followed a similar pattern, reaching a concentration plateau within 4 days of exposure, and dropping to below limits of quantitation within 4 days of elimination. The calculated steady-state bioconcentration factors suggest a low bioconcentration potential of CPTA in juvenile tilapia. Results of enzymatic hydrolysis treatments revealed that no conjugates of CPTA were present in tissues, but conjugated biotransformation products of CPTA were found in bile, liver, and muscle. Most CPTA entered tissues and then was biotransformed into seven different products by phase I and phase II metabolism. The concentrations of endogenous cortisol were significantly influenced by CPTA in plasma and liver during the uptake period. These findings suggest that biotransformation products of CPTA should be considered for the assessment of the bioconcentration potential and ecological effects of progestagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology , South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510301 , P. R. China
| | - Haochang Su
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Guangzhou 510300 , P. R. China
| | - Heng-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology , South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510301 , P. R. China
| | - Jin-Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology , South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510301 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Lang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology , South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510301 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology , South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510301 , P. R. China
| | - Lin-Zi Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology , South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510301 , P. R. China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
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20
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Yu Q, Geng J, Zong X, Zhang Y, Xu K, Hu H, Deng Y, Zhao F, Ren H. Occurrence and removal of progestagens in municipal wastewater treatment plants from different regions in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:1191-1199. [PMID: 31018459 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Progestagens discharged from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have increasingly gained attention due to their potential risks to the aquatic organisms. However, limited information is available on the occurrence and removal of various progestagens in WWTPs in different cities of China. This work investigated the occurrence and removal of 11 progestagens in 21 WWTPs from 19 Chinese cities. Results showed that progestagens are widely distributed in the investigated WWTPs, with higher influent concentrations of total progestagens in northern WWTPs. The concentration of progestagens in WWTP influent were closely correlated with influent quality, service population and daily service volume of the WWTPs. Additionally, progesterone (PGT) and dydrogesterone (DDT) were two predominant progestagens in influent, effluent and excess sludge. Up to 5 of 11 progestagens showed high aqueous removal efficiencies (median removal efficiency >90%), whereas megestrol acetate (MTA), chlormadinone acetate (CMA), drospirenone (DSP) and levonorgestrel (LNG) had a removal efficiency of below 50%. Specially, the behaviors of progestagens along the anaerobic-anoxic-oxic of a WWTP were further explored and the aerobic tank is the main contributor to the removal of progestagens. Finally, in the effluent of these 21 WWTPs, daily mass loadings of the total progestagens ranged from 0.51 to 10.4 g d-1. Notably, LNG exhibited high potential risk to the fish base on risk quotient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jinju Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xueying Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Haidong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yongfeng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Fuzheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
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21
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Chen J, Liu YS, Deng WJ, Ying GG. Removal of steroid hormones and biocides from rural wastewater by an integrated constructed wetland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:358-365. [PMID: 30640104 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones and biocides are regarded as emerging contaminants in rural wastewater in China, owing to their widespread occurrence and adverse effects on both aquatic organisms and humans. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are an alternative technology for cost-effective and efficient decentralized rural sewage treatment. In this study, an integrated constructed wetland (ICW) system was built and used to treat a typical rural wastewater mixture composed of domestic sewage and livestock wastewater from a small village. As expected, five steroid hormones (ADD, AED, 19-NTD, T, and P) and four biocides (DEET, TCS, CBD, and MP) were detected in the influent in concentrations ranging from 30.5 ± 1.25 ng/L to 105 ± 5.14 ng/L and from 63.4 ± 2.85 ng/L to 515 ± 19.7 ng/L, respectively. The ICW system effectively removed the detected steroid hormones (97.4 ± 0.09%) and biocides (92.4 ± 0.54%). Based on the measured concentrations, the total pollution loadings of the detected steroid hormones and biocides in the influent were calculated to be 2330 ± 26.5 μg/day and 5710 ± 196 μg/day, which decreased to 60.8 ± 1.44 μg/day and 433 ± 25.6 μg/day in the final effluent. The risk quotients for these steroid hormones and biocides in the effluent from the ICW system were lower than those from reported wastewater treatment plants, indicating that CWs are a promising technology for removing contaminants including steroid hormones and biocides in rural wastewater, although additional efforts are required to optimize and improve the design of CWs before the steroid hormones and biocides present in the effluent can be safely and directly discharged into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Jing Deng
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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22
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Wei Y, Zheng X, Shohag MJI, Gu M. Bioaccessibility and Human Exposure Assessment of Cadmium and Arsenic in Pakchoi Genotypes Grown in Co-Contaminated Soils. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14090977. [PMID: 28850097 PMCID: PMC5615514 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14090977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In many countries cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) commonly coexist in soils contaminated by mining activities, and can easily enter the human body via consumption of leafy vegetables, like the popularly consumed pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.), causing major health concerns. In the present study, bioaccessibility and human exposure of Cd and As were assessed in twenty genotypes of pakchoi cultured at two different levels of co-contamination to identify low health risk genotypes. The bioaccessibilities of Cd and As represent a fraction of the total metals content could be bioaccessible for human, in the present study, significant differences in pakchoi Cd and As bioaccessibility were observed among all tested genotypes and co-contaminated levels. Cd and As bioaccessibility of pakchoi were in the ranges of 24.0-87.6% and 20.1-82.5%, respectively, for in the high level co-contaminated soils, which was significantly higher than for low level co-contaminated soils with 7.9-71.8% for Cd bioaccessibility and 16.1-59.0% for As bioaccessibility. The values of bioaccessible established daily intakes (BEDI) and the total bioaccessible target hazard quotients (TBTHQ) of Cd and As were also considerably higher in high level co-contaminated soils than in low level co-contaminated soils. Two genotypes (Meiguanqinggengcai and Zhenqing60F1) contained relatively low concentrations and bioaccessible Cd and As and, their BEDI and TBTHQ for Cd and As ranged below the tolerable limits set by the FAO/WHO (BEDI of Cd < 0.83 μg kg-1 bw day-1, BEDI of As < 3 μg kg-1 bw day-1) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (TBTHQ for Cd and As < 1), this applied for both levels of co-contaminated soils for adults and children. Consequently, these findings suggest identification of safe genotypes in leafy vegetable with low health risk via genotypic screening and breeding methods could be a useful strategy to ensure the safety of food crops grown in those Cd and As co-contaminated fields due to mining activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Xiaoman Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Md Jahidul Islam Shohag
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Department of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh.
| | - Minghua Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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