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Deng J, Gao L, Liu W, Yin F, Chen C, Jia T, He Y, Mao T, Wu W. Distributions and transformation of polyhalogenated carbazoles in environmental matrices contaminated by printing and dyeing plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124451. [PMID: 38942278 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
As emerging organic contaminants, Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have caused wide concerns due to their wide distribution in the environment and dioxin-like toxicity. Nevertheless, research on the distribution and formation mechanisms of PHCZs in polluted environment of printing and dyeing plants is lacking. Here, 11 PHCZs were detected in samples from the Cao'e River, China, a typical river heavily polluted by printing and dyeing. The PHCZs concentrations in the soil, sediment, and water samples were 8.3-134.5 ng/g (median: 26.3 ng/g), 17.7-348.8 ng/g (median: 64.2 ng/g), and 1.2-41.4 μg/L (median: 4.8 μg/L), respectively. 3,6-dichlorocarbazole was the dominant congener, proved by both analysis results and formation mechanisms. PHCZ migration patterns in water-sediment systems indicated that highly halogenated PHCZs tend to be transferred to sediment. Furthermore, PHCZs are persistent, can undergo long-range transport, and pose high risks to aquatic organisms by models. PHCZs released from dye production into environment can be form through halogenation of carbazole or PHCZs formed during the dye synthesis, heating of halogenated indigo dyes, and photolysis of highly halogenated PHCZs. This is the first comprehensive study to reveal the impact of printing and dyeing plant activities on PHCZs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Deng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Fei Yin
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Chunci Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Tianqi Jia
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Yunchen He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Tianao Mao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
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2
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Hu S, Jiang L, Jiang L, Tang L, Wickrama Arachchige AUK, Yu H, Deng Z, Li L, Wang C, Zhang D, Chen C, Lin S, Chen X, Zhang C. Spatial distribution characteristics of carbazole and polyhalogenated carbazoles in water column and sediments in the open Western Pacific Ocean. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133956. [PMID: 38460258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), an emerging persistent halogenated organic pollutant, have been detected in the environment. However, our understanding of PHCZs in the ocean remains limited. In this study, 47 seawater samples (covering 50 - 4000 m) and sediment samples (49 surface and 3 cores) were collected to investigate the occurrence and spatial distribution patterns of carbazole and its halogenated derivants (CZDs) in the Western Pacific Ocean. In seawater, the detection frequencies of CZ (97.87%) and 3-CCZ (57.45%) were relatively high. In addition, the average concentration of ΣPHCZs in the upper water (< 150 m, 0.23 ± 0.21 ng/L) was significantly lower than that in the deep ocean (1000 - 4000 m, 0.65 ± 0.56 ng/L, P < 0.05), which may indicate the vertical transport of PHCZs in the marine environment. The concentration of ΣCZDs in surface sediment ranges from 0.46 to 6.48 ng/g (mean 1.54 ng/g), among which CZ and 36-CCZ were the predominant components. Results from sediment cores demonstrate a noteworthy negative correlation between the concentration of CZDs and depth, indicating the ongoing natural degradation process occurring in sediment cores over a long period. This study offers distinctive insights into the occurrence, composition, and vertical features of CZDs in oceanic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Hu
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijia Jiang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingbo Jiang
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leiming Tang
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Hao Yu
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaochao Deng
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China; Ocean Research Center of Zhoushan, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Longyu Li
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Chunlei Chen
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiquan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China.
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Zhang J, Bai Y, Meng H, Zhu Y, Yue H, Li B, Wang J, Wang J, Zhu L, Du Z. Combined toxic effects of polystyrene microplastics and 3,6-dibromocarbazole on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169787. [PMID: 38181941 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are widely detected in the aquatic environment, and their ecological risks have become a research focus. Although there is an extensive co-distribution of MPs and PHCZs, their combined toxicity to aquatic organisms is still unclear. This study investigated the toxic effects of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) and 3,6-dibromocarbazole (3,6-DBCZ) on zebrafish embryos by individual/combined exposure. This study showed that individual or combined exposure of PS-MPs (10 mg/L) and 3,6-DBCZ (0.5 mg/L) could significantly increase the rate of zebrafish embryo deformity, whereas no significant effect was observed on mortality and hatching rate. Furthermore, exposure to 3,6-DBCZ or PS-MPs increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in zebrafish embryos, and the resulting oxidative stress induced apoptosis. Comparably, the levels of oxidative stress and apoptosis in zebrafish embryos were significantly reduced with the combined exposure of 3,6-DBCZ and PS-MPs. These observations suggest that the combined exposure of 3,6-DBCZ and PS-MPs has an antagonistic effect on oxidative stress and apoptosis. Fluorescence PS-MPs tracing and 3,6-DBCZ enrichment analysis showed that, with the protection of chorion, the entry of PS-MPs (5 and 50 μm) into the embryonic stage (55 hpf) of zebrafish was prevented. Moreover, after exposure for 96-144 hpf, PS-MPs served as a carrier to promote the 3,6-DBCZ accumulation and its dioxin-like toxicity in zebrafish larvae through ingestion. Compared with 5-μm PS-MPs, 50-μm PS-MPs promoted higher accumulation and dioxin-like toxicity of 3,6-DBCZ in zebrafish larvae. These findings provide that MPs can be used as an important carrier of PHCZs, influencing their toxicity and bioaccumulation in the organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yao Bai
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Haoran Meng
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yangzhe Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Huizhu Yue
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
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Mustafa SFZ, Mat Deris M, Abd Manan TSB, Beddu S, Mohd Kamal NL, Mohamad D, Yavari S, Qazi S, Hanafiah Z, Omar Abu Nassar S, Yeoh KL, Sheriff I, Wan Mohtar WHM, Isa MH, Yusoff MS, Abdul Aziz H. Modelling of similarity characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sungai Perak, Malaysia via rough set theory and principal component analysis (PCA). Chem Phys Lett 2023; 828:140721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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5
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Ma L, Li Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Niu Z. Pollution characteristics, distribution, and source analysis of carbazole and polyhalogenated carbazoles in coastal areas of Bohai Bay, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122103. [PMID: 37356794 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are a class of emerging environmental contaminants formed by the substitution of hydrogen on carbazole (CZ) benzene rings with halogens (Cl, Br, I) with potential dioxin-like toxicity, and they have been frequently detected in various environmental media and organisms recently. Nevertheless, co-research of CZ/PHCZs with PAHs is very limited. In addition, I-PHCZs, which are believed to be much more toxic than CZ, Cl-PHCZs and Br-PHCZs, have a few data in sediments previously. The concentration and distribution of CZ/PHCZs and PAHs were analyzed in 18 surface sediments of Bohai Bay, China. There is a significant correlation (R = 0.64, P<0.05) between PHCZs and PAHs, and principal component analysis (PCA) also indicating that they may have a certain similarity in origin. Additionally, total CZ and PHCZs was up to 230.57 ng/g dw in the studied samples, which was approximately 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than PAHs and other common persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The compositions of the CZ/PHCZs in our study were dominated by CZ (2.74-18.28, median 2.92 ng/g dw), 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (n.d-6.78, median 0.97 ng/g dw) and 3,6-iodocarbazole (n.d-12.68, median 1.65 ng/g dw). Results of this study discovered the varying origins of CZ and PHCZs and/or a complexity of anthropogenic influences and natural sources processes, and revealed a wide distribution of CZ/PHCZs across the studied. Moreover, more attention should be paid by comparing CZ/PHCZs with other widely distributed POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yuna Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; The International Joint Institute of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, 350207, China
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6
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Zhou S, Su Q, Zhong D, Guo J, Liu J, Li A. Mutual interference between 3,6-dichlorinated carbazole and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1195. [PMID: 37698675 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The widespread contamination of the environment by polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) has been increasingly observed during the past decade. Among numerous PHCZ congeners, 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ) is often among the most frequently detected at higher concentrations. Although the environmental level of the legacy pesticide p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) has been declining, it continues to be ubiquitously detected. These two compounds were found to interfere with each other during analyses using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with single- or triple-quadrupole low-resolution mass spectrometry (MS or MS/MS). The base peak in the mass spectra was that of m/z 235 for both compounds. In MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), the same transitions (235 → 200 and 235 → 165) were often used. Under the same GC operating conditions, the SH-I-5MS capillary column used in this work did not resolve the two compounds at baseline. Pre-treatment using cleanup column chromatography can fractionate the sample extract, with the two compounds separated in different fractions before instrumental analyses. Reversed-phase HPLC columns also work for resolving 36-CCZ and p,p'-DDT. Possible overlaps in GC retention and similarity in MS spectra might have caused data inaccuracy for 36-CCZ as well as p,p'-DDT in some studies published to date, and steps to avoid the interference should be taken into quality control protocols in future research and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Qi Su
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Dan Zhong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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7
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Zuo P, Wang C, Li Z, Lu D, Xian H, Lu H, Dong Y, Yang R, Li Y, Pei Z, Zhang Q. PM 2.5-bound polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) in urban Beijing, China: Occurrence and the source implication. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 131:59-67. [PMID: 37225381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are recently raising much attention due to their toxicity and ubiquitous environmental distribution. However, little knowledge is known about their ambient occurrences and the potential source. In this study, we developed an analytical method based on GC-MS/MS to simultaneously determine 11 PHCZs in PM2.5 from urban Beijing, China. The optimized method provided low method limit of quantifications (MLOQs, 1.45-7.39 fg/m3) and satisfied recoveries (73.4%-109.5%). This method was applied to analyze the PHCZs in the outdoor PM2.5 (n = 46) and fly ash (n = 6) collected from 3 kinds of surrounding incinerator plants (steel plant, medical waste incinerator and domestic waste incinerator). The levels of ∑11PHCZs in PM2.5 ranged from 0.117 to 5.54 pg/m3 (median 1.18 pg/m3). 3-chloro-9H-carbazole (3-CCZ), 3-bromo-9H-carbazole (3-BCZ), and 3,6-dichloro-9H-carbazole (36-CCZ) were the dominant compounds, accounting for 93%. 3-CCZ and 3-BCZ were significantly higher in winter due to the high PM2.5 concentration, while 36-CCZ was higher in spring, which may be related to the resuspending of surface soil. Furthermore, the levels of ∑11PHCZs in fly ash ranged from 338 to 6101 pg/g. 3-CCZ, 3-BCZ and 36-CCZ accounted for 86.0%. The congener profiles of PHCZs between fly ash and PM2.5 were highly similar, indicating that combustion process could be an important source of ambient PHCZs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research providing the occurrences of PHCZs in outdoor PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zengwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dawei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yin Dong
- The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Yuhuan 317600, China.
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
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Sun Y, Yang L, Zheng M, Weber R, Falandysz J, Lammel G, Zhao C, Chen C, Yang Q, Liu G. Industrial source identification of polyhalogenated carbazoles and preliminary assessment of their global emissions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3740. [PMID: 37349341 PMCID: PMC10287696 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are emerging global pollutants found in environmental matrices, e.g., 3000 tonnes of PHCZs have been detected in the sediments of the Great Lakes. Recognition of PHCZ emissions from ongoing industrial activities worldwide is still lacking. Here, we identify and quantify PHCZ emissions from 13 large-scale industries, 12 of which previously have no data. Congener profiles of PHCZs from investigated industrial sources are clarified, which enables apportioning of PHCZ sources. Annual PHCZ emissions from major industries are estimated on the basis of derived emission factors and then mapped globally. Coke production is a prime PHCZ emitter of 9229 g/yr, followed by iron ore sintering with a PHCZ emission of 3237 g/yr. China, Australia, Japan, India, USA, and Russia are found to be significant emitters through these industrial activities. PHCZ pollution is potentially a global human health and environmental issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Sun
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Lindenfirststr. 23, 73527, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Medical University of Lodz, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Łódź, Poland
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 60177, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Chenyan Zhao
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Changzhi Chen
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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9
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Hou Z, Li Y, Zheng M, Liu X, Zhang Q, Wang W. Regioselective oxidation of heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons catalyzed by cytochrome P450: A case study of carbazole. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 258:114964. [PMID: 37121081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recently there are increasing interests in accurately evaluating the health effects of heterocyclic PAHs. However, the activation mechanism and possible metabolites of heterocyclic PAHs catalyzed by human CYP1A1 is still elusive to a great extent. Here, leveraged to high level QM/MM calculations, the corresponding activation pathways of a representative heterocyclic PAHs, carbazole, were systematically explored. The first stage is electrophilic addition or hydrogen abstraction from N-H group. Electrophilic addition was evidenced to be more feasible and regioselectivity at C3 and C4 sites were identified. Correlations between energy barriers and key structural/electrostatic parameters reveal that O-Cα distance and Fe-O-Cα angle are the main origin for the catalytic regioselectivity. Electrophilic addition was determined as the rate-determining step and the subsequent possible reactions include epoxidation, NIH shift (the hydrogen migration from the site of hydroxylation to the adjacent carbon) and proton shuttle. The corresponding products are epoxides, ketones and hydroxylated carbazoles, respectively. The main metabolites (hydroxylated carbazoles) are estimated to be more toxic than carbazole. The regioselectivity of carbazole activated by CYP1A1 is different from the environmental processes (gas and aqueous phase). Collectively, these results will inform the in-depth understanding the metabolic processes of heterocyclic PAHs and aid the accurate evaluation of their health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexi Hou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, PR China.
| | - Mingna Zheng
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xinning Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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10
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Zhang M, Li P, Wang Q, Huang L, Lin K. Production of Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Marine Red Alga Corallina officinalis: A Possible Natural Source. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6673-6681. [PMID: 37053377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been increasingly detected in the environment as a result of anthropogenic and natural origin. However, it is unclear how PHCZs are naturally produced. In this study, the formation of PHCZs from bromoperoxidase (BPO)-mediated halogenation of carbazole was investigated. A total of six PHCZs were identified in reactions under different incubation conditions. The presence of Br- significantly influenced the formation of PHCZs. The products were first dominated by 3-bromocarbazole and then 3,6-dibromocarbazole as the reactions proceeded. Both bromo- and chlorocarbazoles were identified in the incubations with trace Br-, suggesting the co-occurrence of BPO-catalyzed bromination and chlorination. However, BPO-catalyzed chlorination of carbazole was much weaker than that of bromination. The formation of PHCZs could be attributable to the halogenation of carbazole by reactive halogen species generated from BPO-catalyzed oxidation of Br- and Cl- by H2O2. The halogenation was found to follow a successive substitution order of C-3, C-6, and C-1 on the carbazole ring, forming 3-, 3,6-, and 1,3,6-isomers. Similar to the incubation experiments, six PHCZs were for the first time detected in red algal samples collected from the South China Sea, China, suggesting the biogenesis of PHCZs in marine red algae. Given the widespread distribution of red algae in the marine environment, BPO-catalyzed halogenation of carbazole may be a natural origin for PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Peng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qifang Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lingfeng Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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11
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Peng L, Liu L, Li P, Lin K. Spatial and temporal distribution of polyhalogenated carbazoles in sediments from the Yangtze River estuary and adjacent East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 319:120957. [PMID: 36596377 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been increasingly detected in marine sediment, raising concerns in recent years. In this study, sediment samples (42 surface and one core) were collected from the Yangtze River estuary and the adjacent East China Sea, and eleven PHCZs and unsubstituted carbazole were measured. The total concentration of PHCZs in surface sediments ranged from 0.19 to 2.49 ng/g dry weight (d.w.) (median 1.03 ng/g d. w.). The congener compositions of PHCZs in the surface sediment were dominated by 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ, 53.2%), followed by 3-chlorocarbazole (14.9%) and 3,6-dibromocarbazole (36-BCZ, 11.8%). Carbazole in the surface sediment ranged from not detected to 9.89 ng/g (median 1.25 ng/g), with a detection frequency of 81.0%. The spatial distribution of 36-CCZ in surface sediments exhibited a clear decline from the coast to offshore, while 36-BCZ showed the opposite trend. The depth profile of 36-CCZ was maintained at a relatively low and stable concentration (about 0.36 ng/g) in core segments from 1903 to 1951, followed by a steady increase to 1.5 ng/g in 2006. This increase coincides with the industrial and agricultural development in China that began in the 1950s. In contrast, the other detected PHCZs and carbazole maintained stable, low concentrations over time. These spatial and temporal patterns suggest that 36-CCZ in this area is predominantly from anthropogenic sources, while 36-BCZ has a natural origin. Toxic equivalent estimations indicated that dioxin-like effects for the observed PHCZs were low. These results provide useful information for understanding the origin of PHCZs and carbazole in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Peng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Lili Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Peng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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12
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Zhou H, Dong X, Zhao N, Zhao M, Jin H. Polyhalogenated carbazoles in indoor dust from Hangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:159971. [PMID: 36356764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbazoles (CZ) and polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), showing dioxin-like toxicity, have gained increasing attention in recent years as novel persistent organic pollutants. However, the occurrence of these chemicals in indoor dust from China remains not well known. In this study, CZ and 11 chloro/bromo CZs were analyzed in indoor dust samples collected from residential houses in rural (n = 51) and urban (n = 55) regions of Hangzhou, China. CZ was detected in all indoor dust samples, with the concentrations of 0.81-18 ng/g (mean 5.4 ng/g). All 11 measured PHCZs were detected in indoor dust samples, showing the detection frequency of 7.3-96 %. This means that general populations had wide exposure to CZ and PHCZs through indoor dust ingestion. 3,6-dichlorocarbzole (36-CCZ) and 3,6-dibromocarbazole (36-BCZ) were the predominant PHCZs in indoor dust, having comparable mean concentrations of 1.2 ng/g, followed by 3-monobromocarbazole (3-BCZ; mean 0.66 ng/g, range < LOD-2.1 ng/g) and 1,3,6-tribromocarbazole (136-BCZ; 0.36 ng/g, < LOD-1.0 ng/g). Indoor dust concentrations of 3-BCZ, 36-BCZ, and 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole in urban regions were significantly (p ≤ 0.01-0.035) higher than that in rural regions. Daily intakes (DIs) of CZ and PHCZs through indoor dust ingestion were estimated for general Chinese population. Among PHCZs, 36-CCZ and 36-BCZ (mean 1.4-3.4 pg/kg bw/day) had the highest mean DIs, followed by 3-BCZ (0.77-1.9 pg/kg bw/day) and 136-BCZ (0.42-1.0 pg/kg/day). To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the concentrations of CZ and PHCZs in indoor dust from China, which contributes to the better understanding of the sources of human exposure to CZ and PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Dong
- Jinhua Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, PR China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China.
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13
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Deng Z, Hu S, Tang L, Jiang L, He J, Shen K, Xu Y, Jiang R, Li T, Chen C, Chen B, Zhou H, Zhang D, Chen J, Zhang C. Carbazole and polyhalogenated carbazoles in the marine environment around the Zhoushan Archipelago: Distribution characteristics, environmental behavior, and sources. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:129999. [PMID: 36152549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The distribution characteristics and drivers of carbazole (CZ) and polyhalogenated carbazoles are still poorly understood. In this study, 96 samples were collected around the Zhoushan Archipelago, and their distribution characteristics were assessed. The results showed that CZ, 36-CCZ, and 36-BCZ were the top three abundant congeners in most collected samples. The bioaccumulation analysis revealed that marine plants prefer to accumulate CZ and bromocarbazoles rather than chlorocarbazoles. Both the mean concentrations of total carbazole and its derivants (ΣCZDs), as well as individual congeners, are the highest in sediments around the berthing areas of cargo ships and oil tankers. Meanwhile, ΣCZDs of these sediments are significantly influenced by the geo-weighted displacement of ships (r = 0.61; p < 0.05), indicating the ballast water from these ships as potential contributor for marine CZDs. Moreover, the accumulation of CZ in plankton, planktonic origin of sedimentary organic matter, and relationship between CZ and C/N ratio (p < 0.05) in sediments support the scenario that plankton absorbs and takes CZ into the sediments. These findings will promote the understanding of the sources, environmental behaviors, and fates of marine CZDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochao Deng
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Songtao Hu
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leiming Tang
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingbo Jiang
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junyu He
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Keyu Shen
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongjiu Xu
- College of Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rijin Jiang
- Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunlei Chen
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bairu Chen
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hanghai Zhou
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiawang Chen
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China.
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14
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Su Q, Li C, Dong M, Liu X, Zhong D, Zhou S. Soil to earthworm bioaccumulation of polyhalogenated carbazoles and related compounds: Lab and field tests. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120475. [PMID: 36272614 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are an emerging group of organic contaminants that have attracted attention because of their ubiquity, resistance to biodegradation, and toxicities. However, studies on the bioaccumulation of PHCZs in terrestrial organisms are limited. In the present study, bioaccumulation of 11 PHCZs and two related compounds, carbazole (CZ) and benzocarbazole (BZCZ), from soil to earthworms was investigated by paired soil-earthworm samples from Hangzhou, China and a laboratory bioaccumulation test. The sum of the concentrations of the 11 polyhalogenated carbazoles (Σ11PHCZs), CZ and BZCZ in soils from Hangzhou were 1.78-67.27 ng/g dry weight, 1.11-57.90 ng/g dry weight, and 22.87-171.98 ng/g dry weight, respectively, while those in the earthworms were 179.49-892.90 ng/g lipid weight, 42.90-2140.42 ng/g lipid weight, and not detectable-2514.76 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. The average in situ biota-to-soil accumulation factors (BSAFs) ranged from 0.38 to 13.23, comparable to those in some reports for polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenlethers. Site-independence of BSAFs and no correlation between log Cworm and log Csoil together support the hypothesis that distribution of PHCZs between soil and worms in Hangzhou didn't reach equilibrium. In the laboratory test, the accumulation trends of CZ, BZCZ, 3-bromocarbazole, 3,6-dichlorocarbazole, and 2,7-dibromocarbazole well fit to the first-order kinetics, with r2 ranging from 0.796 to 0.997. The BSAFs under two exposure concentration groups at steady-state conditions were 38.8-56.0 and 2.1-4.4, respectively, suggesting the capacity of bioaccumulation for these compounds. Enhancement of concentrations and resident time of the chemicals in soil would reduce the BSAF values, which may be related to the change of uptake process of the compound or redistribution of compound between soil and earthworm. A comparison of the theoretical steady-state concentrations with the nonlinear regression-based concentrations indicates that increasing the exposure time beyond 28 days is beneficial for studying the bioaccumulation of PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Chaojie Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Minfeng Dong
- Eco-Environmental Science & Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Xincheng Liu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Dan Zhong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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15
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Zhao N, Zhu J, Zhao M, Jin H. Twenty bisphenol analogues in take-out polystyrene-made food containers: concentration levels, simulated migration, and risk evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:10516-10526. [PMID: 36083374 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22890-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is mainly used to produce polycarbonate consumer products. However, the occurrence of BPA and other bisphenol analogues (BPs) in polystyrene-made plastic products, such as white foam take-out containers (WFTOCs), has not been well investigated. In this study, occurrence of 20 BPs in WFTOC samples collected from China, Canada, and Poland were investigated with a sample size of 152. Results showed that 11 out of 20 BPs have been detected at least in one WFTOC sample. Among them, BPA was the most frequently detected BP, followed by bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol AF, while BPF was the least detected BP. Very high concentrations of BPA and BPS were detected in WFTOCs from China (mean 2694 and 552 ng/g), compared with Canada (81 and 45 ng/g, respectively) and Poland (95 and 16 ng/g). Other BPs, such as bisphenol TMC (BPTMC; detection frequency 65%, range < LOQ - 224 ng/g), bisphenol G (17%, < LOQ - 11 ng/g), and bisphenol BP (11%, < LOQ - 1.6 ng/g), were also detected in Chinese WFTOC samples. The mean partitioning coefficients of BPA, BPS, bisphenol AP, and BPTMC between WFTOCs and tap water, 10% ethanol, 50% ethanol, corn oil, or steamed rice were 0.22 - 2.9%, 0.16 - 5.1%, 0.11 - 7.5%, 2.3 - 6.5%, or 0.19 - 0.36%, respectively. The estimated daily intake of BPA, BPS, and BPTMC through using WFTOCs were 0.50 - 547, 0.054 - 229, and < 0.66 ng/kg bw/day, respectively, for general population in China, Canada, and Poland. Overall, this study first reveals the unexpected presence of BPs in WFTOCs made of polystyrene, which contributes to the better understanding of the sources of human exposure to BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
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Xu T, Jiang Y, Hu X, Yang G, Chen Y, Zhang S, Zhang Q, Zheng L, Xie HQ, Xu L, Zhao B. Effects of the emerging contaminant 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole on the NF-κB and correlated mechanism in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114199. [PMID: 36274317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
1,3,6,8-Tetrabromocarbazole (1368-BCZ) is identified as an emerging contaminant that exerts angiogenic effects. Multiple studies indicated there was a positive correlation between angiogenesis and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation. While the role of NF-κB in inflammation and apoptosis has been well known, the potential biological effects of 1368-BCZ on NF-κB signaling and related mechanism remain unclear. We, therefore, explored the possible effects of 1368-BCZ on the NF-κB pathway at the gene and protein levels and confirmed that NF-κB activation by 1368-BCZ exposure caused an augmented phosphorylated protein level, induction of NF-κB response element (κBRE)-driven luciferase activity and upregulation of transcriptional level of downstream responsive genes. Although 1368-BCZ did not produce detectable changes in hepatic fibrosis in vivo, it obviously altered the apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Furthermore, the induction of apoptosis was confirmed by the increased cleaved caspase-3 level. These data revealed the activating effects of 1368-BCZ on NF-κB and its involvement in the underlying mechanisms, providing additional information for toxicology studies of emerging contaminants and introducing a mechanism-based toxicological evaluation of emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Xiaoxu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guanglei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yangsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Songyan Zhang
- Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Liping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Heidi Qunhui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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17
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Sun Y, Zheng M, Yang L, Jin R, Lin B, Li C, Liu G. Progress of congener specific analysis of polyhalogenated carbazoles in the environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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18
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Castañeda-Chávez MDR, Isidoro-Pio ADJ, Lango-Reynoso F, Lizardi-Jiménez MA. Bubble Column Bioreactor using native non-genetically modified organisms: a remediation alternative by hydrocarbon-polluted water from the Gulf of Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2022-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Notwithstanding the benefits that oil provides as a source of energy, society also recognizes the environmental problems caused by its use. We evaluated eight coastal sites in the central area of the Gulf of Mexico. At these sites, 14 hydrocarbons were detected which belong to compounds formed by carbons ranging from C9 to C27. The hydrocarbons with the highest concentrations were n-nonane (3.07 ± 1.60 mg L−1), carbazole (0.93 ± 0.12 mg L−1) and benzo [a] pyrene (1.33 ± 0.71 mg L−1). The hydrocarbons found belong mostly to medium fraction hydrocarbons, which are mostly found in fuels such as diesel. Therefore, this fuel was used as a carbon source or substrate in bubble column bioreactors. The capacity of non-genetically modified organisms to degrade microbial hydrocarbons was evaluated using a mineral medium for a period of 14 days. Suspended solids increased from 0.8 to 2.94 g L−1. Diesel consumption was achieved in 12 days of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabiola Lango-Reynoso
- Tecnológico de Boca del Río , Carretera Veracruz-Córdoba Km.12 C.P. 94290 , Boca del Río , Veracruz
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19
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Sun Y, Yang L, Chen C, Li C, Zheng M, Jin R, Wang W, Yang N, Li Y, Liu G. Method development for determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in industrial waste through gas chromatography/triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9324. [PMID: 35560965 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are dioxin-like compounds that are ubiquitous in the environment. However, their unintentional emissions from industrial sources have received little attention and there is no method available for determination of PHCZs in industrial waste. This research develops a method for determination of PHCZs in industrial waste. METHODS In this research, a glass column packed with activated silica serves as a rapid and efficient clean-up pretreatment for purification. An isotope dilution gas chromatography/triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry method was established for simultaneous determination of eleven PHCZs in industrial samples. RESULTS The regression coefficients of the standard curves for the congeners were all >0.99. The method detection limit ranged from 1.46 to 3.82 ng/mL for liquid samples and from 0.009 to 0.021 ng/g for solid samples. The precision described by the relative standard deviation ranged from 2.4% to 18.4% for liquid samples and from 5.5% to 35.8% for solid samples. The recovery ranges for the liquid and solid samples were 82%-123% and 83%-137%, respectively. 3-Chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ) and 36-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ) can be detected in both chemical bottom liquid from vinyl chloride production and fly ash from medical waste incineration by this method. CONCLUSIONS An efficient method is established for determination of PHCZs from industrial waste. The discovery of 3-CCZ and 36-CCZ highlights the importance of identification of potential industrial sources of PHCZs and clarification of their contribution to environmental risks. Our method could be applied to investigate industrial emission of PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Sun
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changzhi Chen
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Jin
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Agilent Technologies (China) Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Nan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials, Beijing Building Materials Academy of Science Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials, Beijing Building Materials Academy of Science Research, Beijing, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Theoretical Perspectives on the Gas-Phase Oxidation Mechanism and Kinetics of Carbazole Initiated by OH Radical in the Atmosphere. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13071129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbazole is one of the typical heterocyclic aromatic compounds (NSO-HETs) observed in polluted urban atmosphere, which has become a serious environmental concern. The most important atmospheric loss process of carbazole is the reaction with OH radical. The present work investigated the mechanism of OH-initiated atmospheric oxidation degradation of carbazole by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the M06-2X/6-311++G(3df,2p)//M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p) level. The rate constants were determined by the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) theory. The lifetime of carbazole determined by OH was compared with other typical NSO-HETs. The theoretical results show that the degradation of carbazole initiated by OH radical includes four types of reactions: OH additions to “bend” C atoms, OH additions to “benzene ring” C atoms, H abstractions from C-H bonds and the H abstraction from N-H bond. The OH addition to C1 atom and the H abstraction from N-H bond are energetically favorable. The main oxidation products are hydroxycarbazole, dialdehyde, carbazolequinone, carbazole-ol, hydroxy-carbazole-one and hydroperoxyl-carbazole-one. The calculated overall rate constant of carbazole oxidation by OH radical is 6.52 × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and the atmospheric lifetime is 37.70 h under the condition of 298 K and 1 atm. The rate constant of carbazole determined by OH radical is similar with that of dibenzothiophene oxidation but lower than those of pyrrole, indole, dibenzofuran and fluorene. This work provides a theoretical investigation of the oxygenated mechanism of NSO-HETs in the atmosphere and should help to clarify their potential health risk for determining the reaction pathways and environmental influence of carbazole.
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21
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Liu M, Huang L, Li X, Liu F, Zhang W, Wang Z, Xu Y, Ke R, He H, Lou Y. Occurrence and distribution of polyhalogenated carbazoles in eastern Tibetan Plateau soils along the slope of Mt. Qionglai. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134200. [PMID: 35278447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), are considered as potential persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which have been frequently detected in the environment. However, the altitudinal distribution characteristics and possible sources of PHCZs in high mountain soils are still unknown. The present study was the first to analyze PHCZs in soil samples collected along the eastern slope of Mt. Qionglai (MQ), the east edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The concentration of ΣPHCZs (based on dry weight) ranges from 14.4 to 107 ng/g (median value of 40.9), which was at high end of the range reported in soils and sediments to date in the literature. The composition profiles of PHCZs in the soils of MQ were dominated by 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ), 3-chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ), and 2-bromocarbazole (2-BCZ). The mean TOC-normalized concentrations of ΣPHCZs in soil samples from below-treeline (2092 ng/g TOC) were higher than those from alpine meadow (1124 ng/g TOC), probably due to the forest filter effect. The decreasing trend of the PHCZs TOC-normalized concentrations with altitude shows that accumulation of PHCZs from the alpine meadow samples was not affected by the mountain cold-trapping effect. Significantly positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of more than half of detected PHCZ congeners and TOC. In addition, PHCZs show the potential to represent a class of POPs with the frequent occurrence and wide distribution, as the abundance and environmental behavior of PHCZs are similar to some POPs in MQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Longhua Huang
- College of Textiles&Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Runhui Ke
- China National Research Institute of Food&Fermentation Industries, Beijing, 10001, China
| | - Hongping He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Yinghua Lou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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22
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Xu T, Hu X, Yang G, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Yu S, Chen G, Li Y, Sha R, Chen Y, Xie HQ, Guo TL, Xu L, Zhao B. HIF-1alpha/VEGF pathway mediates 1,3,6,8-tetrabromo-9 H-carbazole-induced angiogenesis: a potential vascular toxicity of an emerging contaminant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128718. [PMID: 35338935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The dioxin-like substances polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) may trigger the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathway. Although the crosstalk between AhR and the hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) pathways is generally believed to occur, the exact mechanisms of the HIF-1 pathway in PHCZ toxicity have not been determined. We aimed to elucidate the effect of PHCZs on the HIF-1 pathway and its involvement in the regulation of target genes of HIF-1. Herein, we employed human HepG2 cells transiently transfected with a hypoxia response element (HRE) luciferase reporter to identify PHCZs that could influence HIF-1 pathway. We found that exposure to one of the four selected PHCZs, specifically 1,3,6,8-tetrabromo-9 H-carbazole (1368-BCZ), induced a significant enhancement of the activity of HRE activity. In silico data supported 1368-BCZ-induced HIF-1α activity preferentially. Moreover, 1368-BCZ significantly upregulated the expression of HIF-1 target genes, including endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin. Importantly, the stimulated secretion of VEGF by 1368-BCZ promoted the angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Therefore, the present experimental and computational studies provide new and direct evidence of 1368-BCZ - HIF-1 interaction, which sheds light on the HIF-mediated cardiovascular toxicity and allows a knowledge-based risk assessment of emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guanglei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shuyuan Yu
- Environment and Health Department, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Guomin Chen
- Environment and Health Department, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunping Li
- School of environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Rui Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yangsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Heidi Qunhui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tai L Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-0002, USA
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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23
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Shi B, Cheng C, Zhang Y, Du Z, Zhu L, Wang J, Wang J, Li B. Effects of 3,6-dichlorocarbazole on microbial ecology and its degradation in soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127315. [PMID: 34601412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The emerging contaminants polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been verified to be present in soils and sediments globally, and they show dioxin-like toxicity. However, there is a lack of soil ecological risk assessments on PHCZs despite their high detection rate and concentration in soils. The present study investigated the degradation and soil microbial influence of 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (3,6-DCCZ, a frequently detected PHCZ) in soil. The results showed that the half-lives of 3,6-DCCZ at concentrations of 0.100 mg/kg and 1.00 mg/kg were 7.75 d and 16.73 d, respectively. We found that 3,6-DCCZ was transformed into 3-chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ) by dehalogenation in soil. Additionally, intermediate products with higher molecular weights were detected, presumably because the -H on the carbazole ring was replaced by -CH3, -CH2-O-CH3, or -CH2-O-CH2CH3. 3,6-DCCZ exposure slightly increased the soil bacterial abundance and diversity and clearly changed the soil bacterial community structure. Through a comprehensive analysis of FAPROTAX, functional gene qPCR and soil enzyme tests, we concluded that 3,6-DCCZ exposure inhibited nitrification and nitrogen fixation but promoted denitrification, carbon dioxide fixation and hydrocarbon degradation processes in soil. This study provides valuable data for clarifying the PHCZ ecological risk in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihui Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Chao Cheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Yuanqing Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China.
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24
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Hu H, Zhao M, Guo Y, Zhou Y, Li T, Zhu W, Jin H. Occurrence, bioaccumulation and potential risk of polyhalogenated carbazoles in marine organisms from the East China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150643. [PMID: 34597545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As well-known emergent environmental contaminants, polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have recently received increasing attention. In this study, we investigated the concentrations of carbazole (CZ) and PHCZs in 70 marine organisms from the East China Sea (ECS). CZ and 9-11 PHCZs were detected in organisms from the ECS, with concentrations in the range of 0.75-33 ng/g lipid weight, lw and 4.3-113 ng/g lw, respectively. Among the PHCZs, there were 3-4 major components in zooplankton, fish, shrimp, crabs, snails and shellfish, and the sum of these major components accounted for 59% to 67% of ∑PHCZs. The bioaccumulation potentials of 1,3,6,8-tetrachlorocarbazole (1368-CCZ) and 3-chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ) from water were observed. The logarithmic bioaccumulation factor (logBAF) values of the CZ and PHCZs increased significantly with increasing logKOW values (R = 0.449-0.784, p < 0.01). The trophic magnification factor (TMF) values of the CZ, 9 PHCZs and ∑PHCZs were calculated to be 3.32, 1.87-4.06 and 2.36, respectively, indicating the potential biomagnification of the CZ and PHCZs in the zooplankton-shrimp-fish food web. The toxic equivalents (TEQs) of PHCZs in organisms from the ECS were in the range of 0.78-36 pg TEQ/g lw. Overall, for the first time, this study systematically examined the occurrence, bioaccumulation and potential risk of PHCZs in the marine food web of the East China Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yuanming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Yongdong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Wenbin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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25
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Liu M, Jia Y, Cui Z, Lu Z, Zhang W, Liu K, Shuai L, Shi L, Ke R, Lou Y. Occurrence and potential sources of polyhalogenated carbazoles in farmland soils from the Three Northeast Provinces, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 799:149459. [PMID: 34371402 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been detected in various environments frequently and have attracted increasing attention for their multiple toxicities. However, only a few reports record the occurrence of PHCZs in farmland soils, and the sources of which were not yet been implemented. In this study, 12 PHCZs and carbazole (CZ) were screened in farmland soil samples from the Three Northeast Provinces, and the ∑PHCZs were in the range of 18.16-219.67 ng/g dw. 36-CCZ was the dominant congener (40.67%) in farmland soils, followed by 3-CCZ (14.51%), and average percentages of other congeners were lower than 10%. A concrete analysis of the sources of PHCZs in the soil was conducted, revealing the diversity of PHCZs sources. Potential toxic effects associated with the levels of PHCZs were evaluated via the toxic equivalency (TEQ) approach, and the TEQs of PHCZs (TEQPHCZs) were in the range of 2.24-14.06 pg TEQ/g dw. Notwithstanding the 1368-CCZ with a low concentration level, the mean contribution to TEQPHCZs was up to 24.24%, preceded only by 36-CCZ (39.69%), showing the congeners with low concentration also may pose potential risks to the environment. Partial PHCZs congeners (2-BCZ, 3-BCZ, 36-CCZ, 136-BCZ, and 2367-BCZ) showed significant correlations (r = 0.45-0.63, p < 0.05) with the total organic carbon (TOC). Significant correlations were shown between PHCZ congeners replaced by halogens of the same species and quantity (r = 0.40-0.99, p < 0.01). In view of the fact that the high concentration level of PHCZs in the soil and their source diversity, more environmental monitoring and risk assessments of PHCZs should be of particular concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuxi Jia
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zilong Cui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhichao Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Weikun Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Kezhong Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Li Shuai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Runhui Ke
- China National Research Institute of Food&Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yinghua Lou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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26
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Yang L, Zhang H, Li A, Rockne KJ, Xu K, Wu Y, Xu X, Chen S, Hu Y, Wang X, Chen D. Polyhalogenated carbazoles in freshwater and estuarine sediment from China and the United States: A multi-regional study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147908. [PMID: 34134370 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study represents a multi-regional investigation of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) contamination in estuarine and freshwater systems from the United States and China. Although recent studies have suggested that PHCZs are persistent and bioaccumulative, available data are not sufficient to understand their large-scale spatial and temporal distributions in the environment. The present study investigated spatial distributions of PHCZs in surface sediment from multiple freshwater and estuarine systems located in China and the United States (U.S.) during the period of 2012-2017, as well as temporal distributions from vertical trends in selected sediment cores. The results demonstrated large variations of PHCZ contamination across regions, with median concentrations of ΣPHCZs in surface sediment ranging from 3.1 to 134 ng/g. Profiles of PHCZ congener composition also exhibited regional variations and estuarine-freshwater differences. These differences likely reflect the relative contributions of different natural and industrial sources among the locations. Vertical profiles of concentrations and compositions in one Chinese estuarine sediment core and two freshwater sediment cores from the U.S. all demonstrated clear anthropogenic influences to varying degrees. Toxic equivalents (TEQ) of PHCZs were estimated based on their dioxin-like activities, which ranged from <0.001 to 4.94 pg TEQ/g in all sites. The results suggest that PHCZs could add additional ecological risks to the benthos and other aquatic organisms. Our findings constitute an essential contribution to the knowledge body of PHCZ contamination in global aquatic systems and congener-specific contamination characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hongli Zhang
- Research Center for Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Karl J Rockne
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States
| | - Kevin Xu
- Department of Oceanography & Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Yan Wu
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Shejun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongxia Hu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Research Center for Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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27
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Hu H, Zhao M, Jin H. Determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in waters at low nanogram-per-liter concentrations with solid-phase disk extraction. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3840-3848. [PMID: 34375032 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles, a class of emerging contaminants with persistence and dioxin-like toxicity, have received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, a simple, rapid, sensitive, and high throughput method based on solid-phase disk extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was described for the determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in low nanogram-per-liter range in water samples. The proposed solid-phase disk extraction method was initially optimized, and the optimum experimental conditions found were 1 L water sample (pH 6-9) extracted and enriched by Empore 3-stn octadecyl disk at flow rate of 5 to 50 mL/min and eluted by 5 mL of acetone and 3 × 10 mL methylene dichloride. The linearity of the method ranged from 0.2 to 50 ng/L for carbazole and 11 polyhalogenated carbazoles, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9951 to 0.9996. The limits of detection were in the low nanogram per liter level, ranging from 0.018 to 0.12 ng/L. Finally, the optimized method was applied for determining trace levels of carbazole and 11 polyhalogenated carbazoles in tap water and seawater samples with good recovery of 86.6-112.8%. Carbazole and 3-7 polyhalogenated carbazoles were detected, and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole was the predominant congener both in tap water and seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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28
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Fan B, Wang X, Xie Z, Li J, Gao X, Cui L, Gao S, Liu Z. Aquatic life criteria & human health ambient water quality criteria derivations and probabilistic risk assessments of 7 benzenes in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129784. [PMID: 33548643 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The benzenes have attracted worldwide attention due to their high biological toxicity in the environment. In this study, using species sensitivity distribution method to derive the aquatic life criteria of 7 benzenes (carbazole, 1,3-Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-Dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, phenol, 2,4-Dichlorophenol and nitrobenzene), then risk quotient method (RQ), potentially affected fraction (PAF) method and joint probability curve (JPC) method were applied for multilevel ecological risk assessment for 7 benzenes in Tai Lake Basin. In addition, the human health ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) of 7 benzenes were derived according to USEPA guidelines, and the probability distributions of human health AWQC for 7 benzenes in China were simulated by Monte Carlo simulation combined with crystal ball software. Finally, the health risks of 7 benzenes in Tai Lake were assessed by RQ method assisted by Monte Carlo simulation. The results showed that nitrobenzene had the maximum aquatic life criteria value, followed by phenol, chlorobenzenes, 2,4-Dichlorophenol and carbazole. All recommended human health AWQC values of 7 benzenes were found at a position of 27th-55th percentiles in the output criteria distributions, indicating that recommended national human health AWQC values could provide effective protection for most of the population in China. Furthermore, the consumption of aquatic products was found to be the most influential parameter of human health AWQC for benzenes with higher Kow values. The risk assessments showed that noncarcinogenic 2,4-Dichlorophenol had potential ecological risk, carcinogenic carbazole and 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene had significant human health risk in Tai Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Zheyu Xie
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiangyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Liang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Jin H, Zhao N, Hu H, Liu W, Zhao M. Occurrence and partitioning of polyhalogenated carbazoles in seawater and sediment from East China Sea. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116717. [PMID: 33333435 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have received great concern due to their environmental persistence and potential dioxin-like toxicities. Their presence in the marine sediment had been well characterized, but limited studies had investigated their environmental behaviors in the marine environment. In this study, we collected paired seawater (n = 48) and surface sediment samples (n = 48) from East China Sea and analyzed for carbazole (CZ) and 11 PHCZs to investigate the occurrence and spatial distribution of CZ and PHCZs in seawater and sediment, as well as to explore the partitioning behaviors of CZ and PHCZs between seawater and sediment. In seawater samples, CZ and nine PHCZs were detected, with the concentrations of ∑PHCZs ranging from 0.21 to 11 ng/L (mean 2.7 ng/L). CZ (94%), 3-CCZ (89%), 1368-CCZ (65%), and 36-CCZ (57%) had relatively higher detection frequencies. Among PHCZs, 36-CCZ (mean 1.1 ng/L) had the highest mean seawater concentration, followed by 3-CCZ (0.51 ng/L) and 1368-CCZ (0.19 ng/L). In sediment, CZ and 11 PHCZs were detected, with the concentrations of ∑PHCZs ranged from 0.34 to 2.0 ng/g (mean 1.0 ng/g). CZ, 3-CCZ, 3-BCZ, 36-CCZ, 27-BCZ, and 36-BCZ were measurable in all sediment samples, and 36-CCZ was the predominant PHCZ (0.47 ng/g, 0.025-1.1 ng/g), followed by 1368-BCZ (0.16 ng/g, <LOD-0.29 ng/g) and 3-BCZ (0.11 ng/g, 0.016-0.33 ng/g). This study first calculated the field-based log Koc values for CZ and PHCZs in marine environment. CZ (mean 2.8, range 1.4-3.6) had the highest log Koc value, followed by 36-CCZ (2.7, 1.7-3.8), 1-B-36-CCZ (2.7, 2.3-3.1), and 36-BCZ (2.5, 2.2-2.9). The results of study may contribute to the better understanding of the environmental occurrence and behaviors of these chemicals in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangbiao Jin
- College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Nan Zhao
- College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Hongmei Hu
- College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fishery Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Weiping Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institution of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China.
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Zhou W, Chen W, Li P, Gu Z, Peng J, Lin K. Occurrence and distribution of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) in sediments from the northern South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:142072. [PMID: 32891987 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) have been frequently detected in various environments and have gained increasing attention due to their dioxin-like toxicity. In this study, 28 surface sediments and three sediment cores were collected from the northern South China Sea (SCS) to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution trends of PHCs. The total concentrations of PHCs in the surface sediments ranged from 0.25 ng/g to 3.10 ng/g, with a median concentration of 1.50 ng/g. The composition profiles of PHCs in the surface sediments were dominated by 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ), 3,6-dibromocarbazole (36-BCZ), and 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole (1368-BCZ). The total organic carbon (TOC) based concentrations of 36-CCZ, 1-bromo-3,6-dichlorocarbazole, 1,3,6,8-tetrachlorocarbazole, and 1368-BCZ showed significant positive correlation with water depth (r = 0.58-0.88, p values < 0.01). On the contrary, the TOC based concentration of 2,3,6,7-tetrachlorocarbazole displayed a significant negative correlation with the water depth (r = -0.52, p < 0.01). However, no significant correlation was observed for 3-chlorocarbazole, 36-BCZ, and 1,3,6-tribromocarbazole (p values > 0.05). PHCs in sediment cores showed that congener profiles and concentrations of PHCs remained largely stable throughout the 1890s and 2010s. In addition, all the detected PHCs displayed a significant positive correlation with TOC content of the sediments. These unique spatial and temporal distribution patterns suggest that both terrigenous and natural marine sources contributed the observed PHCs in sediments of the northern SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Weifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Peng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhaoyang Gu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jinghe Peng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Ji C, Chen D, Zhao M. Environmental behavior and safety of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs): A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115717. [PMID: 33120342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are well-known as emergent environmental contaminants. Given their wide distribution in the environment and structural similarity with dioxins and dioxin-like chemicals (DLCs), the environmental behavior and ecological risks of these chemicals have become the major issue concerned by the governments and scientists. Since the initial report of PHCZ residues in the environment in the 1980s, over 20 PHCZ congeners with different residual levels had been identified in various environmental media all over the world. Nevertheless, researches concerning the toxicological effects of PHCZs are of an urgent need for the relatively lagging study of their ecological risks. Currently, only limited evidence has indicated that PHCZs would pose dioxin-like toxicity, including developmental toxicity, cardiotoxicity, etc; and their toxicological effects were partially consistent with AhR activation. And yet, much remains to be done to fill in the knowledge gaps of their toxicological effects. In this review, the research progresses in environmental behavior and toxicology study of PHCZs were remarked; and the lack of current research, as well as future research prospects, were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Ji
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
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Wang G, Jiang T, Li S, Hou H, Xiao K, Hu J, Liang S, Liu B, Yang J. Occurrence and exposure risk evaluation of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) in drinking water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141615. [PMID: 32858294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) can be generated and detected in drinking water, their occurrence and potential health risks to humans via drinking water ingestion are not well known. In this study, 11 PHCZs were screened in drinking water samples from Wuhan, the most populous city in central China. The total concentration of PHCZs could be up to 53.48 ng/L with a median level of 8.19 ng/L, which was comparable to polychlorinated biphenyls and poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances reported in the literatures for drinking water. Composition profiles revealed that 3,6-dichlorocarbazole, 3-chlorocarbazole, 3-bromocarbazole and 3,6-dibromocarbazole were the predominant PHCZ congeners in the tested samples. Regional differences in the levels and patterns of PHCZs suggested that anthropogenic releases should be the dominant source compared to natural generation. Boiling of the water samples caused no significant change in PHCZs concentrations after correcting the volume change due to evaporation. Potential health risks associated to the levels of PHCZs in drinking water were assessed using the toxic equivalent (TEQs) method. The estimated daily intake of PHCZs via drinking water ingestion is up to 0.38 pg-TEQ/kg body weight/day for infants, nearly 4.5 times higher than that for adults, and appears to reach the maximum permissible concentration set by certain authority agencies. Overall, drinking water ingestion represents an important exposure pathway for PHCZs. This is the first comprehensive study on the abundance and health risks of PHCZs in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Timing Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Sen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Keke Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Bingchuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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Zhang J, Zhang C, Du Z, Zhu L, Wang J, Wang J, Li B. Emerging contaminant 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole induces oxidative damage and apoptosis during the embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140753. [PMID: 32758839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) have been widely detected at high concentrations in multiple environmental media in recent years, the health risk of exposure to these compounds has drawn increasing attention. Most studies have mainly focused on their dioxin-like toxicity, which is induced through the AhR pathway, because PHCs have structures similar to those of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). In addition, most xenobiotic compounds induce oxidative stress in organisms, which is a more common mechanism of toxicity induction. However, there is limited information regarding the oxidative stress and damage induced by PHCs in vivo. The PHC 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole (1368-TBCZ) is detected at high concentration and frequency. In the present study, the toxic effects (acute toxicity, developmental toxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis) induced by 1368-TBCZ at three different concentrations were investigated using zebrafish embryos. It was concluded that the 96 h median lethal concentration (LC50) of 1368-TBCZ for zebrafish embryos was greater than 2.0 mg L-1. The results showed that 1368-TBCZ had little effect on the hatching rate of zebrafish embryos. However, 1368-TBCZ at 0.5 and 2.0 mg L-1 inhibited skeletal and cardiac development. It promoted ROS production, CAT enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and apoptosis, even at the lowest dose (0.1 mg L-1). In addition, 1368-TBCZ influenced oxidative stress-related gene expression, upregulating the expression of caspase 3 and p53 at 2.0 mg L-1 and inhibiting the expression of caspase 9, FoxO3b, and Bcl-2/Bax. The present study comprehensively evaluated 1368-TBCZ-induced toxicity in zebrafish, providing valuable data for better evaluation of the potential risks posed by this PHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
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Yue S, Zhang T, Shen Q, Song Q, Ji C, Chen Y, Mao M, Kong Y, Chen D, Liu J, Sun Z, Zhao M. Assessment of endocrine-disrupting effects of emerging polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs): In vitro, in silico, and in vivo evidence. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 140:105729. [PMID: 32344252 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are an emerging class of persistent, bioaccumulative compounds that are structurally and chemically related to dioxins. They have been detected widely in sediment, river, and soil samples, but their environmental risks are largely unknown. Therefore, seven common PHCZs were tested for their endocrine disrupting potential in silico, in vitro, and in vivo. A dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was used to detect receptor-mediated (agonist or antagonistic) activity (concentration range: 10-9-10-5 M) against the estrogen receptor α (ERα), glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα), and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). The alterations in the steroidogenesis pathway were investigated in H295R cells. Antagonistic effects against GRα were observed with five PHCZs, along with an increase in the cortisol levels of H295R cells. The most common effect observed was that of the agonistic activity of ERα, with the molecular docking analysis further indicating that hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions may stabilize the interaction between PHCZs and the estrogen receptor binding pocket. In addition, a seven-day exposure of young female rats to three PHCZs (27-BCZ, 3-BCZ, and 36-BCZ) resulted in changes in serum E2 levels, uterine epithelium cell heights, and relative uterus weights. In conclusion, endocrine-disrupting effects, especially the estrogenic effects, were observed for the tested PHCZs. Such adverse effects of PHCZs on humans and wildlife warrant further thorough investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqing Yue
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Blood, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qiqi Shen
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Qin Song
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Chenyang Ji
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Manfei Mao
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuan Kong
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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Tao W, Zhou Z, Shen L, Zhu C, Zhang W, Xu L, Guo Z, Xu T, Xie HQ, Zhao B. Determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in soil using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:135524. [PMID: 31784154 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are emerging environmental contaminants that have caused wide concerns due to their dioxin-like toxicity and environmental persistence. It would be desirable to determine all of these chemicals using a simple analytical method. Within this study, a simple and sensitive method combining accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was established to simultaneously analyze eleven frequently detected PHCZs in soil, including CCZ-3, CCZ-36, CCZ-1368, CCZ-2367, BCZ-3, BCZ-27, BCZ-36, BCZ-136, BCZ-1368, 1-B-36-CCZ, 18-B-36-CCZ. The calibration curves of the target analytes showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99, level = 6), and method detection limits (MDLs) ranging from 1.5 to 14.6 pg g-1. The average recoveries of the analytes in soil samples ranged from 64% to 126% with the RSD ranging from 2.0% to 10%. The developed method was successfully used for determination of these eleven PHCZs in soil samples from a tie-dye area in southwest China. Total concentrations of these eleven PHCZs ranging up to 46.3 ng g-1 dw. CCZ-36, BCZ-3, CCZ-3, 1-B-36-CCZ, 18-B-36-CCZ, and BCZ-1368 were the most abundant compounds in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuqun Tao
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li Shen
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Chaofei Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wanglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhingling Guo
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tong Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Heidi Qunhui Xie
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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36
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Salthammer T. Emerging indoor pollutants. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 224:113423. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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37
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Fang L, Qiu F, Li Y, Wang S, DeGuzman J, Wang J, She J. Determination of carbazole and halogenated carbazoles in human serum samples using GC-MS/MS. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 184:109609. [PMID: 31518828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbazole and halogenated carbazoles have been widely detected throughout the environment in soil, river deposits, and lake sediments. Human exposure to these compounds may occur through inhalation, drinking water, dietary intake and/or skin contact, and exposure levels in the body may be evaluated by measuring them in serum or blood. This paper reports the method development and validation for the analysis of carbazole and 11 halogenated carbazoles in human blood and/or serum samples. A small sample size of 100 μL of blood or serum was employed for the analysis. The samples were prepared through salting-out liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) by using hexane/ethyl acetate (4:1, v/v) as the extraction solvent and aqueous MgSO4 (37.5 wt%) as the salting-out regent, respectively. Sample analysis was performed using gas-chromatography (GC) coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) in an electron impact (EI) mode. The developed method demonstrated low detection limits in the range of 0.02-0.27 ng/mL, intra-day accuracy ranging from 81.2% to 125%, and inter-day accuracy from 91.0% to 117%. The intra- and inter-day precisions, calculated by relative standard deviations (RSDs), were in the ranges of 1.0-16.0% and 1.8-16.4%, respectively. The developed method was applied to the analysis of 50 human serum samples collected from pregnant women in Southern California in 2012. Low concentrations of carbazole were measured in 18 samples, while halogenated carbazoles were not detected in any of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood (Zhoushan Municipal District Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Zhoushan, 316021, China; Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA
| | - Fengmei Qiu
- Daishan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Daishan, Zhejiang, 316200, China
| | - Ying Li
- Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA
| | - Shizhong Wang
- Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA
| | - Josephine DeGuzman
- Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jianwen She
- Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA.
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Wang G, Yang J, Gao S, Hou H, Xiao K, Hu J, Liang S, Liu B. New insight into the formation of polyhalogenated carbazoles: Aqueous chlorination of residual carbazole under bromide condition in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:252-261. [PMID: 31100579 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been increasingly detected in aquatic environments, studies on their source and formation are extremely scarce. After investigation of PHCZs and carbazole in drinking water, an overlooked formation route of chloro/bromo-CZs was now proposed as aqueous chlorination of residual carbazole under bromide condition. Four groups of PHCZ, including mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-halogenated groups, were identified in chlorinated drinking water, and the mechanism of the formation of the four groups of PHCZs was proposed. Twenty-six PHCZ congeners, including chloro-, bromo-, and chlorobromo-mixed species, were thoroughly studied and it was revealed for the first time the four groups of PHCZs shifted from chlorinated to being more brominated with increasing bromide level. The speciation of the four groups of PHCZs was modeled. It was revealed that the shift of PHCZs from chlorinated to being more brominated was caused by the reactivity differences between HOCl and HOBr in reactions forming PHCZs. Furthermore, this study revealed that the species numbers and concentrations of PHCZs formed in chlorination were much higher than those in chloramination, and the formation of PHCZs was decreased by ∼50% with an increase of pH from 6.0 to 9.0. This study of the variety of PHCZs in chlorinated water is an important step toward revealing the occurrence of PHCZs in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Keke Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Bingchuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
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39
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Qiu Y, Liu K, Zhou S, Chen D, Qu H, Wang X, Hu Y, Wang Y. Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Surface Sediment from Sanmen Bay, East China Sea: Spatial Distribution and Congener Profile. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 103:41-47. [PMID: 31115585 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02637-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have recently emerged as a group of halogenated pollutants with broad occurrences and bioaccumulation potential in aquatic systems. However, investigations on their occurrences in coastal waters remain very limited. In the present study we investigated PHCZs in surface sediment collected from 29 sites in Sanmen Bay, East China Sea. The results demonstrated a universal presence of PHCZs in sediment, with concentrations of ∑PHCZs (including all congeners) ranging from 7.7 to 17.5 ng/g dry weight (median: 11.3 ng/g dw). The PHCZ congener composition profile revealed a dominance of 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ) with comparable concentration with that of carbazole. Given that PHCZs are widely distributed in Sanmen Bay sediment and their concentrations rivaled other well-known persistent organic pollutants in the same area, this group of halogenated pollutants merits additional investigations of their potential risks to the studied aquatic system, as well as other important watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qiu
- Research Center for Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Kunyan Liu
- Research Center for Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Han Qu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Research Center for Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yongxia Hu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Research Center for Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Zhou S, Pan X, Tang Q, Zhu H, Zhou J, Zhao L, Guo J, Wang Z, Liu W, Li A. Photochemical degradation of polyhalogenated carbazoles in hexane by sunlight. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:622-631. [PMID: 30939315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are a class of halogenated dibenzopyrrole, which have been increasingly detected in the environment and found to be bioaccumulative and potentially toxic. However, their environmental transformation potential is largely unknown. In this study, UV absorption spectra of carbazole (CZ) and 10 PHCZs were obtained with wavelength range 290-400 nm, and three peaks were identified in most cases with the highest occurring around 300 nm. Hexane solutions of CZ, 10 individual PHCZs, and a sediment extract containing nine other PHCZs were separately irradiated under natural sunlight in order to investigate their photodegradation kinetics and pathways. The pseudo-first-order reaction rate constants (k) of these PHCZs varied from 0.183 h-1 to 2.394 h-1, and increased exponentially with increasing numbers of chlorines and bromines in PHCZ molecules. Contribution to ln k from each bromine atom is more than doubling of that from each chlorine atom. Stepwise reduction debromination was confirmed to be one of the photodegradation mechanisms for both brominated and mixed halogenated (containing both bromine and chlorine) carbazoles. Only sporadic dechlorinated products were found during the photolysis of chlorinated carbazoles. By adopting a simplified kinetic approach, we estimated that dehalogenation contributed approximately 20% to 51% of the total loss of the parent PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL60612, United States.
| | - Xiaoxue Pan
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL60612, United States; School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qiaozhi Tang
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL60612, United States; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongbin Zhu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiayi Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL60612, United States
| | - Zunyao Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - An Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL60612, United States; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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