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Alghamdi MA, Hassan SK, Shetaya WH, Al Sharif MY, Nawab J, Khoder MI. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor mosques dust in Saudi Arabia: Levels, source apportionment, human health and carcinogenic risk assessment for congregators. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174331. [PMID: 38945247 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Mosques are important places for Muslims where they perform their prayers. The congregators are exposed to hazardous pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with dust. However, studies on PAHs exposure in religious places are scarce. Air-condition filter (ACF) dust can correspond to air quality to a certain extent, since dust particles derived from indoor and outdoor places stick to it. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the 16 EPA PAHs in ACF dust from mosques to determine their levels, profiles, sources and risks. Average Σ16 PAHs concentrations were 1039, 1527, 2284 and 5208 ng/g in AC filter dust from mosques in residential (RM), suburban (SM), urban (UM) and car repair workshop (CRWM), respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Based on the molecular diagnostic PAH ratios, PAHs in mosques dust is emitted from local incomplete fuel combustion, as well as complete fossil fuels combustion sources (pyrogenic), petroleum spills, crude and fuel oil, traffic emissions, and other possible sources of industrial emissions in different functional areas. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) values for children and adults across the different types of mosques follow the order: CRWM > UM > SM > RM. ILCRs values for both children and adults were found in order: dermal contact > ingestion > inhalation. The cancer risk levels via ingestion for children were relatively higher than the adults. The values of cancer risk for children and adults via dermal contact and ingestion (except in RM) were categorized in the 'potentially high risk' category (> 10-4). The mean values of total cancer risks (CR) for children (5.74 × 10-3) and adults (5.07 × 10-3) in mosques also exceeded the accepted threat value (>10-4). Finally, it is recommended that regular and frequent monitoring of PAHs should be carried out in mosques to improve the quality and maintain the health of congregators around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour A Alghamdi
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Salwa K Hassan
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Waleed H Shetaya
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Marwan Y Al Sharif
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Mamdouh I Khoder
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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Dai Y, Xu X, Huo X, Schuitemaker JHN, Faas MM. Cell type-dependent response to benzo(a)pyrene exposure of human placental cell lines under normoxic, hypoxic, and pro-inflammatory conditions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 276:116287. [PMID: 38579532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) can be detected in the human placenta. However, little is known about the effects of BaP exposure on different placental cells under various conditions. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of BaP on mitochondrial function, pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and apoptosis in three human trophoblast cell lines under normoxia, hypoxia, and inflammatory conditions. JEG-3, BeWo, and HTR-8/SVneo cell lines were exposed to BaP under normoxia, hypoxia, or inflammatory conditions for 24 h. After treatment, we evaluated cell viability, apoptosis, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) protein and cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene expression, mitochondrial function, including mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn), mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), intracellular adenosine triphosphate (iATP), and extracellular ATP (eATP), nitric oxide (NO), NLPR3 inflammasome proteins, and interleukin (IL)-1β. We found that BaP upregulated the expression of AhR or CYP genes to varying degrees in all three cell lines. Exposure to BaP alone increased ΔΨm in all cell lines but decreased NO in BeWo and HTR-8/SVneo, iATP in HTR-8/SVneo, and cell viability in JEG-3, without affecting apoptosis. Under hypoxic conditions, BaP did not increase the expression of AhR and CYP genes in JEG-3 cells but increased CYP gene expression in two others. Pro-inflammatory conditions did not affect the response of the 3 cell lines to BaP with respect to the expression of CYP genes and changes in the mitochondrial function and NLRP3 inflammasome proteins. In addition, in HTR-8/SVneo cells, BaP increased IL-1β secretion in the presence of hypoxia and poly(I:C). In conclusion, our results showed that BaP affected mitochondrial function in trophoblast cell lines by increasing ΔΨm. This increased ΔΨm may have rescued the trophoblast cells from activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and apoptosis after BaP treatment. We also observed that different human trophoblast cell lines had cell type-dependent responses to BaP exposure under normoxia, hypoxia, or pro-inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Dai
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, 515041, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, 515041, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, 515041, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, 511443, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Joost H N Schuitemaker
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands; Research & Development, IQProducts, 9727 DL, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Ting YC, Zou YX, Pan SY, Ko YR, Ciou ZJ, Huang CH. Sources-attributed contributions to health risks associated with PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the warm and cold seasons in an urban area of Eastern Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171325. [PMID: 38428604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite the well-established recognition of the health hazards posed by PM2.5-bound PAHs, a comprehensive understanding of their source-specific impact has been lacking. In this study, the health risks associated with PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and source-specific contributions were investigated in the urban region of Taipei during both cold and warm seasons. The levels of PM2.5-bound PAHs and their potential health risks across different age groups of humans were also characterized. Diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization analysis were utilized to identify the sources of PM2.5-bound PAHs. Moreover, potential source contribution function (PSCF), concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) and source regional apportionment (SRA) analyses were employed to determine the potential source regions. Results showed that the total PAHs (TPAHs) concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 2.37 ng m-3, with an average of 0.69 ± 0.53 ng m-3. Vehicular emissions emerged as the primary contributor to PM2.5-bound PAHs, constituting 39.8 % of the TPAHs concentration, followed by industrial emissions (37.6 %), biomass burning (13.8 %), and petroleum/oil volatilization (8.8 %). PSCF and CWT analyses revealed that industrial activities and shipping processes in northeast China, South China Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea, contributed to the occurrence of PM2.5-bound PAHs in Taipei. SRA identified central China as the primary regional contributor of ambient TPAHs in the cold season and Taiwan in the warm season, respectively. Evaluations of incremental lifetime cancer risk demonstrated the highest risk for adults, followed by children, seniors, and adolescents. The assessments of lifetime lung cancer risk showed that vehicular and industrial emissions were the main contributors to cancer risk induced by PM2.5-bound PAHs. This research emphasizes the essential role of precisely identifying the origins of PM2.5-bound PAHs to enhance our comprehension of the related human health hazards, thus providing valuable insights into the mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Ting
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Xuan Zou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yu Pan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ru Ko
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Jhe Ciou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Hsiu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Tahir A, Abbasi NA, He C, Ahmad SR. Exposure and human health risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in indoor and outdoor dust from a metropolitan city, Lahore, Pakistan. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140687. [PMID: 37952823 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are widely used in commercial products due to their stability and durability and are subsequently released in the environment posing serious health risks in human population. In this study, dust samples from indoor and outdoor settings of residential, commercial and industrial zones as well as from vehicles were collected from a metropolitan city, Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 83 dust samples were analyzed for short (SCCPs) and medium (MCCPs) chained CPs through quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI QToF-MS) mode. The median concentrations of ƩCPs (C10-17) in outdoor dust were higher than indoor dust in industries (0.97 vs 0.48 μg/g), and residential areas (0.70 vs 0.13 μg/g) while lower in commercial areas (0.28 vs 0.44 μg/g) reflecting their higher prevalence in industrial and residential zones. The vehicular dust had median ƩCPs of 0.16 μg/g which was similar to residential indoor dust. Overall, ƩSCCPs were dominant among all zones with C10,12 and Cl7-8 as abundant carbon and chlorine congeners in both indoor and outdoor dusts. No significant correlations were observed between indoor and outdoor dust for ƩSCCPs and ƩMCCPs indicating their varying exposure. Health hazard index and margin of exposure revealed that toddlers were at higher risk compared to adults as a results of CPs exposure from both indoor and outdoor environments. This is the first ever assessment of CPs in Pakistan reflecting higher prevalence of SCCPs than MCCPs in dust of local environment posing some serious health consequences hence needed intensive investigation and effective management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Tahir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Akhtar Abbasi
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Chang He
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Singh A, Banerjee T, Latif MT, Ramanathan S, Suradi H, Othman M, Murari V. Molecular distribution, sources and potential health risks of fine particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during high pollution episodes in a subtropical urban city. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139943. [PMID: 37625487 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Abundance of fine particulate-bound 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated to ascertain its sources and potential carcinogenic health risks in Varanasi, India. The city represents a typical urban settlement of South Asia having particulate exposure manyfold higher than standard with reports of pollution induced mortalities and morbidities. Fine particulates (PM2.5) were monitored from October 2019 to May 2020, with 32% of monitoring days accounting ≥100 μgm-3 of PM2.5 concentration, frequently from November to January (99% of monitoring days). The concentration of 16 priority PAHs varied from 24.1 to 44.6 ngm-3 (mean: 33.1 ± 3.2 ngm-3) without much seasonal deviations. Both low (LMW, 56%) and high molecular weight (HMW, 44%) PAHs were abundant, with Fluoranthene (3.9 ± 0.4ngm-3) and Fluorene (3.5 ± 0.3ngm-3) emerged as most dominating PAHs. Concentration of Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P, 0.5 ± 0.1ngm-3) was lower than the national standard as it contributed 13% of total PAHs mass. Diagnostic ratios of PAH isomers indicate predominance of pyrogenic sources including emissions from biomass burning, and both from diesel and petrol-driven vehicles. Source apportionment using receptor model revealed similar observation of major PAHs contribution from biomass burning and fuel combustion (54% of source contribution) followed by coal combustion for residential heating and cooking purposes (44%). Potential toxicity of B[a]P equivalence ranged from 0.003 to 1.365 with cumulative toxicity of 2.13ngm-3. Among the PAH species, dibenzo[h]anthracene contributed maximum toxicity followed by B[a]P, together accounting 86% of PAH induced carcinogenicity. Incremental risk of developing cancer through lifetime exposure (ILCR) of PAHs was higher in children (3.3 × 10-4) with 56% contribution from LMW PAHs, primarily through ingestion and dermal contact. Adults in contrast, were more exposed to inhale airborne PAHs with cumulative ILCR of 2.2 × 10-4. However, ILCR to PM2.5 exposure is probably underestimated considering unaccounted metal abundance thus, require source-specific control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Singh
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Tirthankar Banerjee
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change Research, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Mohd T Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Sharanya Ramanathan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamidah Suradi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Murnira Othman
- Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Vishnu Murari
- Centre for Education, Research and Innovation in Energy Environment, IMT Nord, Douai, France
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Dmitriev P, Kozlovsky B, Minkina T, Rajput VD, Dudnikova T, Barbashev A, Ignatova MA, Kapralova OA, Varduni TV, Tokhtar VK, Tarik EP, Akça İ, Sushkova S. Hyperspectral imaging for small-scale analysis of Hordeum vulgare L. leaves under the benzo[a]pyrene effect. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:116449-116458. [PMID: 35174459 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hyperspectral imaging is a newly developed approach to estimate the current state of the plants and to develop the methods of soil and plant ecological state improvement under the effect of different sources. The study was devoted to the novel approach of hyperspectral imaging application in the case of persistent organic pollutants (POP) uptake by plants. Hordeum vulgare L. was used as a test plant and grown on the soil artificially contaminated by benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in the doses of 20, 100, 200, 400, and 800 ng g-1, which corresponds to 1, 5, 10, 20, and 40 maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) and correlates with the level of soil pollution near industrial facilities in the Rostov Region (Russian Federation). It was analyzed a group of indexes responsible for plants stress, consists of broadband greenness group, narrowband greenness group, light use efficiency group, and leaf pigments group. Benzo[a]pyrene had a stronger effect on the efficiency of the photosynthesis process than on the content of chlorophylls. In the phase of active adaptation to stress in H. vulgare, the content of photosynthetic pigments was increased. The proposed method for selecting spectral profiles by cutting off profiles that do not belong to a plant, based on the NDVI value can be effectively used for the estimation of the plants stress under the BaP contamination and for future perspectives in the most suitable way for the application of the plant's growth stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Dmitriev
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Boris Kozlovsky
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia.
| | - Tamara Dudnikova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Andrey Barbashev
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Ekaterina Petrovna Tarik
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - İzzet Akça
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Svetlana Sushkova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
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Nim N, Morris J, Tekasakul P, Dejchanchaiwong R. Fine and ultrafine particle emission factors and new diagnostic ratios of PAHs for peat swamp forest fires. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122237. [PMID: 37481028 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Peatland fires are one of the major global sources of atmospheric particles. Emission factors for fine (PM1 and PM2.5) and ultrafine (PM0.1) particles and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from plants in the peat swamp forest (PSF), including Melaleuca cajuputi leaves, M. cajuputi branches, M. cajuputi bark, Lepironia articulata (Retz.) Domin, forest leaf litter and peat were measured in a laboratory combustion chamber. From these measurements, new PAH diagnostic ratios for fine and ultrafine particles were proposed for identifying the forest burning source. The new emission factors for PM were PM0.1: 0.03-0.33, PM1: 0.69-2.11 and PM2.5: 1.12-4.18 g/kg; for PM-bound PAHs, the factors were PM0.1: 5.7-166.0, PM1: 31.5-1338.9 and PM2.5: 36.3-3641.1 μg/kg. The predominant PAHs for PSF burning were Pyr, BbF, DBA (in PM0.1), Flu, DBA, BghiPe (in PM1), and BbF, DBA and BghiPe (in PM2.5). We also presented new diagnostic ratios for PSF burning, including BaP/(BaP + Chr): 0.39-0.75, BaP/(BaP + BbF): 0.21-0.47 and BaA/(BaA + Chr): 0.36-0.53. Moreover, the physical and chemical characteristics of ambient fine and ultrafine particles in the Kuan Kreng forest during the 2019 forest fire (FF) and 2021 non-forest fire (NFF) periods were investigated. The mean PM0.1, PM1 and PM2.5 concentrations during the FF period were approximately 3.5-4.4 times as high as those during the 2021 NFF period. New PAH diagnostic ratios of BaP/(BaP + BbF) versus BaP/(BaP + Chr) were able to identify PAH burning sources in PM1 and PM2.5 but were less clear for PM0.1, which was dominated by a single source - M. cajuputi. Chemical mass balance studies identified peat forest burning emissions as the main source of fine and ultrafine particles during the FF period. This study suggests that the new PAH diagnostic ratios can be used to identify the burning source for more precise source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobchonnee Nim
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Energy Technology Program, Department of Specialized Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - John Morris
- School of Industrial Education and Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Perapong Tekasakul
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Racha Dejchanchaiwong
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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Fu J, Ji J, Luo L, Li X, Zhuang X, Ma Y, Wen Q, Zhu Y, Ma J, Huang J, Zhang D, Lu S. Temporal and spatial distributions, source identification, and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM 2.5 from 2016 to 2021 in Shenzhen, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:103788-103800. [PMID: 37697187 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the atmosphere that have drawn intense attention due to their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. In this work, 1424 air samples were collected between January 2016 and December 2021 in three areas of Shenzhen, China to determine the concentrations of PM2.5 and PAHs and their spatiotemporal variation. Human health risks due to the daily intake and uptake of PAHs and the resulting incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were also evaluated. PAHs were detected frequently in the samples at concentrations between 0.28 and 32.7 ng/m3 (median: 1.04 ng/m3). PM2.5 and PAH concentrations decreased from 2016 to 2021, and the Yantian area had lower median concentrations of PM2.5 (23.0 μg/m3) and PAHs (0.02 ng/m3) than the Longgang and Nanshan areas. The concentrations of PM2.5 and PAHs were significantly higher in winter than in summer. Analysis of diagnostic ratios indicated that petroleum combustion was the dominant source of airborne PAHs in Shenzhen. The estimated daily intake (EDI) and uptake (EDU) of PAHs by local residents decreased gradually with increasing age, indicating that infants are at particular risk of PAH exposure. However, the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) were below the threshold value of 10-6, indicating that inhalation exposure to PAHs posed a negligible carcinogenic risk to Shenzhen residents. While promising, these results may underestimate actual PAH exposure levels, so further analysis of health risks due to PAHs in Shenzhen is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Fu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiajia Ji
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lan Luo
- Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518054, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518054, China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhuang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Ying Ma
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Qilan Wen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiayin Huang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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Wang X, Wang X, Qi J, Gong S, Wang C, Li L, Fan L, Liu H, Cao Y, Liu M, Han X, Su L, Yao X, Tysklind M, Wang X. Levels, distribution, sources and children health risk of PAHs in residential dust: A multi-city study in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160760. [PMID: 36513232 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are typical residential pollutants mainly from biofuel combustion that impose inevitable risk to children. The PAHs in residential dust is universal in most Chinese households with an obvious public health concern. METHODS In this observational study, a total of 235 residential dust samples from 8 Chinese cities (Panjin, Shijiazhuang, Lanzhou, Luoyang, Xi'an, Wuxi, Mianyang, and Shenzhen) were collected from April 2018 to March 2019, which were extracted and analyzed for 16 priority PAHs by HPLC/FD-UV. Diagnostic ratios, hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis were applied simultaneously for source apportionments. Incremental lifetime cancer risk was employed to estimate children's health risks based on the assumed exposure scenarios. Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test and Partial Least Squares were used to screen the factors affecting the concentration of PAHs in residential dust. RESULTS The median concentration of ∑16PAHs in residential dust from 8 cities was 44.11 μg/g (0.04 - 355.79 μg/g). ∑16PAHs were found both higher in dust samples in heating season and from downwind households only in Mianyang (p < 0.05). The leading two sources of PAHs were combustion processes and automobile exhaust emissions based on four principal components that accounted for 74.29 % of the total variance. Indoor air environmental factors, household characteristics, and residents' behavioral lifestyles may be the influencing factors of residential dust PAHs. The carcinogenic risk of children aged 0 - 5 years, under the moderate exposure level of PAHs in residential dust, exceeded the acceptable level (10-5 - 10-4 for dermal contact and 10-6 - 10-5 for ingestion). CONCLUSIONS There was serious PAHs pollution in residential dust under actual living conditions in eight cities across China. More evidence-based measures were needed to control PAHs pollution to safeguard children's health according to appointed sources and influencing factors in residential dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqi Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Jing Qi
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Shuhan Gong
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Chong Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Li Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Lin Fan
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Hang Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Yun Cao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Xu Han
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Liqin Su
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Yao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden.
| | - Xianliang Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
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Singh BP, Zughaibi TA, Alharthy SA, Al-Asmari AI, Rahman S. Statistical analysis, source apportionment, and toxicity of particulate- and gaseous-phase PAHs in the urban atmosphere. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1070663. [PMID: 36703843 PMCID: PMC9871548 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1070663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The concentrations of particulate and gaseous Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Carbon (PAHs) were determined in the urban atmosphere of Delhi in different seasons (winter, summer, and monsoon). Methodology The samples were collected using instrument air metric (particulate phase) and charcoal tube (gaseous phase) and analyzed through Gas chromatography. The principal component and correlation were used to identify the sources of particulate and gaseous PAHs during different seasons. Results and discussion The mean concentration of the sum of total PAHs (TPAHs) for particulate and gaseous phases at all the sites were found to be higher in the winter season (165.14 ± 50.44 ng/m3 and 65.73 ± 16.84 ng/m3) than in the summer season (134.08 ± 35.0 ng/m3 and 43.43 ± 9.59 ng/m3), whereas in the monsoon season the concentration was least (68.15 ± 18.25 ng/m3 and 37.63 1 13.62 ng/m3). The principal component analysis (PCA) results revealed that seasonal variations of PAHs accounted for over 86.9%, 84.5%, and 94.5% for the summer, monsoon, and winter seasons, respectively. The strong and positive correlation coefficients were observed between B(ghi)P and DahA (0.922), B(a)P and IcdP (0.857), and B(a)P and DahA (0.821), which indicated the common source emissions of PAHs. In addition to this, the correlation between Nap and Flu, Flu and Flt, B(a)P, and IcdP showed moderate to high correlation ranging from 0.68 to 0.75 for the particulate phase PAHs. The carcinogenic health risk values for gaseous and particulate phase PAHs at all sites were calculated to be 4.53 × 10-6, 2.36 × 10-5 for children, and 1.22 × 10-5, 6.35 × 10-5 for adults, respectively. The carcinogenic health risk for current results was found to be relatively higher than the prescribed standard of the Central Pollution Control Board, India (1.0 × 10-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability, Institute of Eminence, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Torki A. Zughaibi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Toxicology and Forensic Science Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif A. Alharthy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Toxicology and Forensic Science Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed I. Al-Asmari
- Toxicology and Forensic Science Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory Department, Ministry of Health, King Aziz Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakilur Rahman
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
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11
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Galvão ES, Paiva HB, Menezes HC, de Almeida Albuquerque TT, Cardeal ZDL. Cancer risk assessment and source apportionment of the gas- and particulate-phase of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a metropolitan region in Brazil. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136872. [PMID: 36252898 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A risk assessment and a source apportionment of the particulate- and gas-phase PAHs were conducted in a high vehicular traffic and industrialized region in southeastern Brazil. Higher concentrations of PAHs were found during summer, being likely driven by the contributions of PAHs in the vapor phase caused by fire outbreaks during this period. Isomer ratio diagnostic and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified four potential sources in the region, in which the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model confirmed and apportioned as gasoline-related (31.8%), diesel-related (25.1%), biomass burning (23.4%), and mixed sources (19.6%). The overall cancer risk had a tolerable value, with ∑CR = 4.6 × 10-5, being ingestion the major via of exposure (64% of the ∑CR), followed by dermal contact (33% of the ∑CR) and inhalation (3%). Mixed sources contributed up to 45% of the overall cancer risk (∑CR), followed by gasoline-related (up to 35%), diesel-related (up to 15%), and biomass burning (up to 10%). The risk assessment for individual PAH species allowed identifying higher CR associated with BaP, DBA, BbF, BaA, and BkF, species associated with gasoline-related and industrial sources. Higher risks were associated with PM2.5-bound PAHs exposure, mainly via ingestion and dermal contact, highlighting the need for measures of mitigation and control of PM2.5 in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elson Silva Galvão
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270, Brazil
| | | | - Helvécio Costa Menezes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270, Brazil
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12
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Pollution Characteristics, Source Apportionment, and Health Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) of Fine Street Dust during and after COVID-19 Lockdown in Bangladesh. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 period has had a significant impact on both the global environment and daily living. The COVID-19 lockdown may provide an opportunity to enhance environmental quality. This study has evaluated the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the street dust (diameter < 20 µm) of different land use areas in Dhaka city, Bangladesh, using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The maximum (2114 ng g−1) concentration of ∑16 PAHs was found in the industrial area during without lockdown conditions and the minimum (932 ng g−1) concentration was found in the public facilities area during the complete lockdown. Meanwhile, due to the partial lockdown, a maximum of 30% of the ∑16 PAH concentration decreased from the situation of without lockdown in the industrial area. The highest result of 53% of the ∑16 PAH concentration decreased from the situation without lockdown to the complete lockdown in the commercial area. The 4-ring PAHs had the highest contribution, both during and after the lockdown conditions. PAH ratios, correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were applied in order to evaluate the possible sources. Two major origins of PAHs in the street dust were identified as petroleum and petrogenic sources, as well as biomass and coal combustion. Ingestion and dermal pathways were identified as the major exposure routes to PAHs in the dust. The total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) due to exposure for adults and children ranged from 8.38 × 10−8 to 1.16 × 10−7 and from 5.11 × 10−8 to 1.70 × 10−7, respectively. These values were lower than the baseline value of acceptable risk (10–6), indicating no potential carcinogenic risk. This study found that the COVID-19 lockdown reduced the distribution of PAHs in the different sites of Dhaka city, thus providing a unique opportunity for the remarkable improvement of degraded environmental resources.
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13
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Ge X, Ren J, Li S, Rene ER, Zhou D, Zhang P, Hu Q, Ma W. Prediction of the impact of benzo[a]pyrene on shallow groundwater during natural infiltration of reclaimed water-receiving rivers: A case study of Liangshui, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 323:116070. [PMID: 36113292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The quality of groundwater along rivers is greatly affected by long-term infiltration from surface water, especially reclaimed water-receiving rivers. To predict the degree of influence of contaminated river water on groundwater quality, the spatiotemporal distribution and migration evolution prediction of benzo[a]pyrene (B(a)P) was monitored and simulated by Hydrus-coupled Groundwater Modeling Systems (GMS) model in terms of reclaimed water-receiving Liangshui River. The prediction results indicated the goodness-of-fit of this coupled model, according to the model efficiency (E: 0.78-0.93), the mean absolute error (MAE: 0.01-0.32 m) and the root-mean-square error (RMSE: 0.06-0.35 m). The vertical infiltration rate of B(a)P in the vadose zone was 0.102 m-1, which was only 0.73% that of water. B(a)P penetrated the 16 m depth vadose zone for 63 years owing to the attenuation function of adsorption and biodegradation, with contribution ratios of 78.4% and 19.3%, respectively. However, once B(a)P intersects with groundwater, the migration of B(a)P is dominated by horizontal migration due to downward movement along the groundwater flow direction. The migration rate of B(a)P in groundwater was 6.65 m/y in the horizontal direction, which was 2.42 and 16.22 times higher than the dispersion rate in the longitudinal and vertical directions, respectively. The spatiotemporal distribution indicated that the B(a)P concentration decreased with the crow-fly distance from river with attenuation rate constants of 1.19 × 10-4, 3.05 × 10-4, and 3.67 × 10-3 m-1 over horizontal, longitudinal, and vertical direction, respectively, which were negatively correlated with migration rate. However, the B(a)P content increased over the extension of infiltration time with an accumulation rate of 7.3 × 10-2 d-1. The migration and accumulation of B(a)P induced potential health risks to groundwater-based drinking water safety, which resulted in the groundwater safety utilization range decreasing from 450 m, 283 m, and 20.1 m-583 m, 338 m, and 28.2 m far from the river over the horizontal, longitudinal, and vertical directions, respectively, 20 years later. This study provides a numerical modeling solution for the viable spatiotemporal evolution of B(a)P in groundwater and an effective decision-making tool for the safe utilization of groundwater as drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ge
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jie Ren
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Sinuo Li
- Beijing No. 80 High School, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Eldon R Rene
- IHE-Delft, Institute for Water Education, Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Dandan Zhou
- The Engineering Technology Center of Pollution Control in Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Panyue Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qian Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Weifang Ma
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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14
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Fang L, Ou K, Huang J, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Chen M, Wang C. Long-term exposure to environmental levels of phenanthrene induces emaciation-thirst disease-like syndromes in female mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:120003. [PMID: 35995292 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phenanthrene (Phe) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon widely present in foods and drinking water. To explore the detrimental effects of Phe on body metabolism, female Kunming mice were treated with Phe in drinking water at concentrations of 0.05, 0.5 and 5 ng/mL. After exposure for 270 d, the animals exhibited dose-dependent reduced body weight and increased water consumption. The dose-dependent accumulation of Phe in the brain decreased hypothalamic neuron numbers, upregulated hypothalamic expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase, elevated norepinephrine levels in white adipose tissue (WAT) and further activated lipolysis in WAT, leading to a reduction in fat mass. Brown adipose tissue formation was reduced, accompanied by the inhibition of the bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway. A simultaneous reduced serum levels of antidiuretic hormone (arginine vasopressin) might be one of the reasons for increased water consumption. The present results indicate an environmental etiology and prevention way for the development of emaciation-thirst disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Kunlin Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Shenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Hezhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Meng Chen
- College of Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Chonggang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China.
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15
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Faridi S, Yousefian F, Roostaei V, Harrison RM, Azimi F, Niazi S, Naddafi K, Momeniha F, Malkawi M, Moh'd Safi HA, Rad MK, Hassanvand MS. Source apportionment, identification and characterization, and emission inventory of ambient particulate matter in 22 Eastern Mediterranean Region countries: A systematic review and recommendations for good practice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119889. [PMID: 35932896 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the main sources of ambient particulate matter (PM) in the 22 Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries. We designed this study to systematically review all published and unpublished source apportionment (SA), identification and characterization studies as well as emission inventories in the EMR. Of 440 articles identified, 82 (11 emission inventory ones) met our inclusion criteria for final analyses. Of 22 EMR countries, Iran with 30 articles had the highest number of studies on source specific PM followed by Pakistan (n = 15 articles) and Saudi Arabia (n = 8 papers). By contrast, there were no studies in Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Approximately 72% of studies (51) were published within a span of 2015-2021.48 studies identified the sources of PM2.5 and its constituents. Positive matrix factorization (PMF), principal component analysis (PCA) and chemical mass balance (CMB) were the most common approaches to identify the source contributions of ambient PM. Both secondary aerosols and dust, with 12-51% and 8-80% (33% and 30% for all EMR countries, on average) had the greatest contributions in ambient PM2.5. The remaining sources for ambient PM2.5, including mixed sources (traffic, industry and residential (TIR)), traffic, industries, biomass burning, and sea salt were in the range of approximately 4-69%, 4-49%, 1-53%, 7-25% and 3-29%, respectively. For PM10, the most dominant source was dust with 7-95% (49% for all EMR countries, on average). The limited number of SA studies in the EMR countries (one study per approximately 9.6 million people) in comparison to Europe and North America (1 study per 4.3 and 2.1 million people respectively) can be augmented by future studies that will provide a better understanding of emission sources in the urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Faridi
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yousefian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Vahid Roostaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faramarz Azimi
- Environmental Health Research Center, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Sadegh Niazi
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Momeniha
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mazen Malkawi
- Environmental Health Exposures Centre for Environmental Health Action (CEHA), World Health Organization (WHO), Jordan
| | - Heba Adel Moh'd Safi
- Environmental Health Exposures Centre for Environmental Health Action (CEHA), World Health Organization (WHO), Jordan
| | - Mona Khaleghy Rad
- Environmental Health Exposures Centre for Environmental Health Action (CEHA), World Health Organization (WHO), Jordan
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Galán-Madruga D, Ubeda RM, Terroba JM, Dos Santos SG, García-Cambero JP. Influence of the products of biomass combustion processes on air quality and cancer risk assessment in rural environmental (Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2595-2613. [PMID: 34351545 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with atmospheric particles represent a significant risk to human health. This issue is even more relevant in environments where biomass combustion processes are considered as the major potential emission sources, such as the rural ecosystem. This study aimed to assess the levels of PM10-bound PAHs in several rural locations, their distribution along a year and how weather variables could influence them. Also, we focused on the emission sources and the comparison of the PAH mixtures to assess similitude among the sampling points. PM10-bound PAHs levels were monitored at three rural locations (north, center, and south) of Spain between April 2017 and February 2018. The study revealed that there were substantial differences regarding the levels of ΣPAHs, being higher in the central zone (IS; 65.4 mg/m3), then in the south (VA; 35.8 ng/m3) and finally in the north (NA; 20.9 ng/m3). IS and VA showed a similar distribution of emission sources, and temperature and wind speed seemed to influence negatively over the levels of PAHs likely. At both locations, PAH levels ran parallel throughout the year, with maximum levels during cold seasons and a greater presence of high molecular weight PAHs; however, the levels of PAHs and the most representative PAHs differed. On the other hand, NA was characterized for having another distribution of emission sources, which determined other representative PAHs, higher levels during spring, and a similar presence of high/medium/low molecular weight. Finally, the levels of ambient air PAHs represented an acceptable risk to people.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Galán-Madruga
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health. Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda a Pozuelo km 2,2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Regina M Ubeda
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health. Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda a Pozuelo km 2,2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - June M Terroba
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health. Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda a Pozuelo km 2,2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saúl G Dos Santos
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health. Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda a Pozuelo km 2,2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús P García-Cambero
- Department of Environment Toxicology, National Center for Environment Health. Health Institute Carlos III, 28220, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Rodríguez-Báez AS, Medellín-Garibay SE, Rodríguez-Aguilar M, Sagahón-Azúa J, Milán-Segoviaa RDC, Flores-Ramírez R. Environmental endocrine disruptor concentrations in urine samples from Mexican Indigenous women. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:38645-38656. [PMID: 35080728 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Indigenous communities in Mexico show significant degrees of vulnerability to pollution due to the lack of knowledge of health risks, traditions, low levels of support, and restricted access to healthcare. As a result, exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors increases in these populations through plastic components or indoor air pollution. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the exposure to phthalate metabolites, 1-hydroxypyrene, and bisphenol A through biomonitoring data from indigenous Mexican women. A total of 45 women from the Tocoy community in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, were included. Urine samples were analyzed for Bisphenol A and 4 phthalate metabolites by ultra-performance liquid chromatography couples to tandem mass spectrometry; additionally, the 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a fluorescence detector. Among the main pollution sources were the use of plastic containers and burning garbage (98-100%). Indigenous women presented an exposure of 100% to mono-2-ethyl phthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate, and 1-hydroxypyrene, with a median (25th-75th percentiles) of 17,478 (11,362-37,355), 113.8 (61.7-203.5), and 1.2 (0.9-1.7) µg/g creatinine, respectively. The major findings show urinary mono-2-ethyl phthalate concentrations higher than those measured from other studies. Therefore, these results show an impressive exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in Indigenous women. The current study reflects the absence of regulatory policies in marginalized populations. It highlights the need to design strategies that mitigate exposure and the importance of biological monitoring to evaluate and prevent health risk associated with exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Socorro Rodríguez-Báez
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, #6 Ave. Manuel Nava, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Susanna Edith Medellín-Garibay
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, #6 Ave. Manuel Nava, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
| | - Maribel Rodríguez-Aguilar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad de Quintana Roo, MéxicoCenter for Applied Research in Environment and Health, CIACYT, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Julia Sagahón-Azúa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, #6 Ave. Manuel Nava, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Rosa Del Carmen Milán-Segoviaa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, #6 Ave. Manuel Nava, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- Coordination for Innovation and Application of Science and Technology (CIACYT), Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, #550 Ave. Sierra Leona, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
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18
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Živančev J, Antić I, Buljovčić M, Đurišić-Mladenović N. A case study on the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor dust of Serbian households: Distribution, source apportionment and health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133856. [PMID: 35122819 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted in order to obtain the first insight into the occurrence, potential sources, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust. Samples (n = 47) were collected from households in four settlements in the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina. Total concentrations of 16 EPA priority PAHs in the dust samples varied from 140 to 8265 μg kg-1. Mean and median values for all samples were 1825 and 1404 μg kg-1, respectively. According to the international guidelines for indoor environment, PAH content can be regarded as normal (<500 μg kg-1) for ∼6% of the samples, high (500-5000 μg kg-1) for ∼87% of the samples, and very high (5000-50000 μg kg1) for ∼6% of the samples. In all settlements, PAHs with 4 rings were the most prevalent (accounting for 40-53% of the total PAHs). They were followed by 3-ringed PAHs (29-40%), which indicates rather uniform PAH profiles in the analyzed dust. Based on diagnostic ratios, principal component analysis (PCA), and positive matrix factorization (PMF), pyrogenic sources, such as vehicle emissions and wood combustion were the dominant sources of PAHs in analyzed samples. Health risk assessment, which included incidental ingesting, inhaling and skin contact with PAHs in the analyzed dust, was evaluated by using the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model. Median total ILCR was 3.88E-04 for children, and 3.73E-04 for adults. Results revealed that major contribution to quite high total ILCRs was brought by dermal contact and ingestion. Total cancer risk for indoor dust indicated that 85% of the studied locations exceeded 10-4. This implies risk of high concern, with potential adverse health effects. The results are valuable for future observation of PAHs in indoor environment. They are also useful for regional authorities who can use them to create policies which control sources of pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Živančev
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Igor Antić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maja Buljovčić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Đurišić-Mladenović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere of the Southern Baikal Region (Russia): Sources and Relationship with Meteorological Conditions. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the results of the long-term studies at two stations located in the city of Irkutsk and the Listvyanka settlement of the southern Baikal region (East Siberia) concerning the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric aerosol. The studies revealed the seasonal and interannual dynamics in the distribution of PAHs in aerosols from urban (source) and rural (receptor) areas. We carried out a comprehensive analysis of weather conditions such as wind direction, relative humidity, air temperature, and atmospheric pressure. The analysis determined high correlations between air temperature, atmospheric pressure, temperature inversions, and PAHs at the monitoring stations. The average annual concentrations of PAHs in the abnormally warm 2020 were three times lower than the average values obtained in the cold 2016. The toxic equivalent concentrations (BaPeq) increased from summer to winter with an increase in the contribution from benzo(a)pyrene, one of the most toxic and hazardous compounds of this class of organic substances. Four-, five- and six-ring PAHs mainly predominated in aerosol; the proportion of two- and three-ring PAHs increased from the warm season to the cold season. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs identified the main sources of air pollution by this class of compounds: combustion of coal, liquid fuel and firewood, vehicle emissions, and wildfires. The percentage of the transport of anthropogenic aerosol containing PAHs from industrial sources of the Southern Baikal region towards Lake Baikal was 65 to 71%.
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20
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Aslam R, Sharif F, Baqar M, Shahzad L. Source identification and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air and dust samples of Lahore City. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2459. [PMID: 35165345 PMCID: PMC8844380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During two consecutive summer and winter seasons in Lahore, the health risk of air and dust-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was evaluated. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GS/MS) was used to determine air and dust samples from various functional areas across the city. The mean ∑16PAHs were higher in air 1035.8 ± 310.7 (pg m-3) and dust 963.4 ± 289.0 (ng g-1 d.w.) during winter seasons as compared to summer seasons in air 1010.9 ± 303.3 (pg m-3) and dust matrices 945.2 ± 283.6 (ng g-1 d.w.), respectively. PAHs ring profile recognized 3 and 4 rings PAHs as most dominant in air and dust samples. Estimated results of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) highlighted high carcinogenic risk among the residents of Lahore via ingestion and dermal contact on exposure to atmospheric PAHs. The total ILCR values in air among children (summer: 9.61E - 02, winter: 2.09E - 02) and adults (summer: 1.45E - 01, winter: 3.14E - 02) and in dust, children (summer: 9.16E - 03, winter: 8.80E - 03) and adults (summer: 1.38E - 02, winter: 1.33E - 02) during the study period. The isomeric ratios in the study area revealed mixed PAH sources, including vehicular emission, petroleum, diesel and biomass combustion. As a result, it is advised that atmospheric PAHs should be monitored throughout the year and the ecologically friendly fuels be used to prevent PAHs pollution and health concerns in the city. The findings of this study are beneficial to the local regulating bodies in terms of controlling the exposure and promoting steps to reduce PAHs pollution and manage health in Lahore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Aslam
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Sharif
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Laila Shahzad
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
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21
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Maharjan L, Kang S, Tripathee L, Gul C, Zheng H, Li Q, Chen P, Rai M, Santos E. Atmospheric particle-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds over two distinct sites in Pakistan: Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 112:1-15. [PMID: 34955192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Much attention is drawn to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as an air pollutant due to their toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Therefore, to understand the levels, seasonality, sources and potential health risk of PAHs in two distinct geographical locations at Karachi and Mardan in Pakistan, total suspended particle (TSP) samples were collected for over one year period. The average total PAH concentrations were 31.5 ± 24.4 and 199 ± 229 ng/m3 in Karachi and Mardan, respectively. The significantly lower concentration in Karachi was attributed to diffusion and dilution of the PAHs by the influence of clean air mass from the Arabian sea and high temperature, enhancing the volatilization of the particle phase PAHs to the gas phase. Conversely, the higher concentration (~6 times) in Mardan was due to large influence from local and regional emission sources. A clear seasonality was observed at both the sites, with the higher values in winter and post-monsoon due to higher emissions and less scavenging, and lower values during monsoon season due to the dilution effect. Diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis indicated that PAHs in both sites originated from traffic and mixed combustion sources (fossil fuels and biomass). The average total BaP equivalent concentrations (BaPeq) in Karachi and Mardan were 3.26 and 34 ng/m3, respectively, which were much higher than the WHO guideline of 1 ng/m3. The average estimates of incremental lifetime cancer risk from exposure to airborne BaPeq via inhalation indicated a risk to human health from atmospheric PAHs at both sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Maharjan
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Himalayan Environment Research Institute, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal.
| | - Chaman Gul
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
| | - Huijun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Quanlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mukesh Rai
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ewerton Santos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe SE 49100-000, Brazil
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22
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Galán-Madruga D, García-Cambero JP. An optimized approach for estimating benzene in ambient air within an air quality monitoring network. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 111:164-174. [PMID: 34949346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Benzene is a carcinogenic air pollutant for which European legislation has set an annual limit and criteria for the number of fixed monitoring sites within air quality networks (AQMN). However, due to the limited number of fixed sites for benzene measurement, exposure data are lacking. Considering the relationship between benzene levels and other variables monitored within an AQMN, such as NO2, O3, temperature, solar radiation, and accumulated precipitation, this study proposes an approach for estimating benzene air concentrations from the related variables. Using the data of the aforementioned variables from 23 fixed stations during 2016-2017, the proposed approach was able to forecast benzene concentration for 2018 with high confidence, providing enriched data on benzene exposure and its trends. Moreover, the spatial distribution of the estimated versus the most representative benzene levels was quite similar. Finally, an artificial neural network identified the most representative fixed benzene monitoring sites within the AQMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Galán-Madruga
- Atmospheric Pollution Area, National Center for Environment Health, Carlos III Health Institute, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesús P García-Cambero
- Toxicology Area, National Center for Environment Health, Carlos III Health Institute, 28220 Madrid, Spain
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23
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Industrial Source Contributions and Health Risk Assessment of Fine Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) during Spring and Late Summer in the Baoshan Area, Shanghai. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9112016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to examine the chemical characteristics, possible sources, and health risks of fine particle-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Baoshan area of Shanghai. Here, ambient particles with five-size ranges were collected during the spring and late summer of 2017. The PAHs were determined by the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Our results showed that the average mass concentration of 13 species of PAHs in spring and in late summer was 4.83 (1.88~12.1) ng/m3 and 4.27 (2.09~5.75) ng/m3 in Total Suspended Particles (TSPs), respectively. The higher PAH ratios (PM1.1/TSPs) indicated that PAHs are mainly concentrated in PM1.1, especially in late summer. The values of BaA/(BaA+CHR) were under 0.50 and IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP) were in range from 0.20 to 0.50 for TSP and PM1.1, suggesting that petroleum combustion and diesel emissions could be considered as key sources of PAHs, which tend to be associated with PM1.1. Moreover, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in PM1.1 identified the main PH sources, which include stationary and diesel emissions. The air mass backward trajectories and wind direction analysis showed that air masses were mainly derived from marine sources across the local industry area in late summer. Individual Carcinogenic Risk Inhalation (ILCR) was over 10−6 among the total six age groups in both of the sampling periods in TSPs, indicating the possible carcinogenic risk, especially for children and the young age group. Toxic PAHs belong to Heavy Molecular Weight (HMW) PAHs, especially Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Compared with PM1.1–2.0, the Combustion-Derived PAHs group (COMPAHs) and Carcinogenic PAHs (CANPAHs) were highly concentrated in PM1.1. Stationary sources, such as the developed steel industry, made a great contribution to the level of PAHs, especially in late summer.
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24
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Zheng D, Yin G, Liu M, Chen C, Jiang Y, Hou L, Zheng Y. A systematic review of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in estuarine and coastal environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:146009. [PMID: 33676219 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are prevalent in estuarine and coastal environments due to substantial terrestrial input, aquaculture effluent, and sewage discharge. In this article, based on peer-reviewed papers, the sources, spatial patterns, driving factors, and environmental implications of antibiotics and ARGs in global estuarine and coastal environments are discussed. Riverine runoff, WWTPs, sewage discharge, and aquaculture, are responsible for the prevalence of antibiotics and ARGs. Geographically, pollution due to antibiotics in low- and middle-income countries is higher than that in high-income countries, and ARGs show remarkable latitudinal variations. The distribution of antibiotics is driven by antibiotic usage and environmental variables (heavy metals, nutrients, organic pollutants, etc.), while ARGs are affected by antibiotics residues, environmental variables, microbial communities, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Antibiotics and ARGs alter microbial communities and biogeochemical cycles, as well as pose threats to marine organisms and human health. Our results provide comprehensive insights into the transport and environmental behaviors of antibiotics and ARGs in global estuarine and coastal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guoyu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yinghui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lijun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yanling Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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25
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Ishtiaq J, Syed JH, Jadoon WA, Hamid N, Iqbal Chaudhry MJ, Shahnawaz M, Nasir J, Haider Rizvi SH, Chakraborty P, Li J, Zhang G. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at urban settings in Pakistan: Spatial variations, sources and health risks. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129811. [PMID: 33561720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, this study presents gaseous and particulate-bound (PM2.5) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air samples collected from eight major cities of Pakistan. Diurnal air samples (gaseous and PM2.5) were collected in summer 2014 on polyurethane foam and quartz fiber filters using high volume-active air sampler. The US-EPA enlisted 16 priority PAHs in particulate and gaseous phase were measured on gas chromatograph equipped with mass spectrometer detector. The total PAHs concentrations ranged between 188 pg m-3 (in Gilgit), and 2340 pg m-3 (in Lahore). The decreasing order of PAHs concentrations in various cities was in the following order: Lahore > Rawalpindi > Multan > Faisalabad > Karachgi > Peshawar > Quetta > Gilgit. Phenanthrene showed the highest concentration, accounted 18% of total PAHs followed by fluoranthene (12% of total PAHs). This study showed that the gaseous fractions were predominant in the ambient air. Source apportionment analysis revealed that biomass combustion, vehicular emissions and diesel combustion in power generators were the potential PAHs emissions sources. The lifetime lungs cancer risk (LLCR) was in the range of 8.28 × 10-7 to 2.09 × 10-5 depicting mild cancer risk to the residents on exposure to atmospheric PAHs. Therefore, it is recommended to monitor atmospheric PAHs throughout the year and also adopt environmentally friendly fuels to reduce PAHs pollution and health risks in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaziba Ishtiaq
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Waqar Azeem Jadoon
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra, 21130, Pakistan
| | - Naima Hamid
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Muhammad Shahnawaz
- Department of Agriculture & Food Technology, Karakoram International University Main Campus University Road Gilgit (15100), Pakistan
| | - Jawad Nasir
- Earth Sciences Directorate, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), P.O. Box 8402, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syed Hussain Haider Rizvi
- Earth Sciences Directorate, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), P.O. Box 8402, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Department of Civil Engineering & SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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26
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Guo J, Zhang Y, Li B, Wang C. In utero exposure to phenanthrene induced islet cell dysfunction in adult mice: Sex differences in the effects and potential causes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145295. [PMID: 33513515 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that the burden of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human body is associated with the occurrence of insulin resistance and diabetes. In the present study, pregnant mice were exposed to phenanthrene (Phe) at doses of 0, 60 and 600 μg/kg body weight of by gavage once every 3 days. The female F1 mice at 120 days of age showed no change in their fasting glucose levels (FGLs) but exhibited significantly decreased homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) β-cell (49% and 43%) and significantly downregulated pancreatic proinsulin gene (ins2) transcription. The downregulation of transcription factors, such as PDX1, PAX4 and FGF21, indicated impaired development and function of β-cells. The significantly reduced α-cell mass in 60 and 600 μg/kg groups, and the significantly downregulated expression of proglucagon gene gcg and ARX in the 600 μg/kg group suggested that the development and function of α-cells had been impacted. The males exhibited significantly increased FGLs (1.14- and 1.15-fold) in Phe exposed treatments and significantly elevated HOMA β-cell (3.15-fold) in the 600 μg/kg group. Upregulated ins2 transcription and FGF21 protein in male mice prenatally exposed to 600 μg/kg Phe suggested that these animals appeared compensatory enhancement in β-cell function. The reduced serum estradiol levels and downregulated pancreatic estrogen receptor α and β were responsible for the dysfunction of β-cells in the females. In the males, the significantly elevated androgen levels in the 600 μg/kg group might be related to the upregulated ins2 transcription, and the increased expression of pancreatic FGF21 further demonstrated the enhancement of β-cell potential. The results will be helpful for assessing the risk of developing diabetes in adulthood after prenatal exposure to phenanthrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Bingshui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Chonggang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China.
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27
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Iqbal F, Ayub Q, Wilson R, Song BK, Talei A, Yeong KY, Hermawan AA, Fahim M, Rahman S. Monitoring of heavy metal pollution in urban and rural environments across Pakistan using House crows (Corvus splendens) as bioindicator. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:237. [PMID: 33783594 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A widely distributed urban bird, the house crow (Corvus splendens), was used to assess bioavailable heavy metals in urban and rural environments across Pakistan. Bioaccumulation of arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu) was investigated in wing feathers of 96 crows collected from eight locations and categorized into four groups pertaining to their geographical and environmental similarities. Results revealed that the concentrations of Pb, Ni, Mn, Cu, and Cr were positively correlated and varied significantly among the four groups. Zn, Fe, Cr, and Cu regarded as industrial outputs, were observed in birds both in industrialized cities and in adjoining rural agricultural areas irrigated through the Indus Basin Irrigation System. Birds in both urban regions accrued Pb more than the metal toxicity thresholds for birds. The house crow was ranked in the middle on the metal accumulation levels in feathers between highly accumulating raptor and piscivore and less contaminated insectivore and granivore species in the studied areas,. This study suggests that the house crow is an efficient bioindicator and supports the feasibility of using feathers to discriminate the local pollution differences among terrestrial environments having different levels and kinds of anthropogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farheena Iqbal
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Qasim Ayub
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Monash University Malaysia Genomics Facility, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Robyn Wilson
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Beng Kah Song
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Amin Talei
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Andreas Aditya Hermawan
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Fahim
- Centre for Omics Sciences, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Sadequr Rahman
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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28
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Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5-Bound PAHs during Heavy Air Pollution Episodes in Winter in Urban Area of Beijing, China. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PM2.5 level has decreased significantly in Beijing in recent years due to the strict air quality control measures taken in Jingjinji Region and the surrounding areas. However, the variation characteristics of the concentrations of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Beijing in recent years are still not so clear. In order to understand the pollution status of PM2.5-bound PAHs in Beijing, fifteen PAHs were measured in a typical urban area of Beijing from 1 March to 20 March 2018. The average mass concentration of the 15 PAHs was 21 ng/m3 and higher in the nighttime than that in the daytime. The proportion of 4-ring PAHs in 15 PAHs was highest (43%), while 6-ring PAHs was lowest (10%). The levels of PAHs were higher during heavy pollution episodes than those in non-heavy pollution episodes, and the proportions of 5- and 6-ring PAHs were increased during a heavy pollution episode. PAHs posed obvious carcinogenic risks to the exposed populations, and the risk was higher during heavy pollution episodes than the average value of the whole monitoring period. The main sources of PAHs were traffic emissions and coal/biomass burning. Air masses from the south-southeast had a great influence on the PM2.5 levels during a heavy pollution episode. It is recommended that not only the PM2.5 levels but also the PAHs levels bounded in PM2.5 should be controlled to protect human health in Beijing.
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Exposure to Atmospheric Particulate Matter-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Health Effects: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042177. [PMID: 33672189 PMCID: PMC7926315 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a major factor contributing to air quality deterioration that enters the atmosphere as a consequence of various natural and anthropogenic activities. In PM, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a class of organic chemicals with at least two aromatic rings that are mainly directly emitted via the incomplete combustion of various organic materials. Numerous toxicological and epidemiological studies have proven adverse links between exposure to particulate matter-bound (PM-bound) PAHs and human health due to their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Among human exposure routes, inhalation is the main pathway regarding PM-bound PAHs in the atmosphere. Moreover, the concentrations of PM-bound PAHs differ among people, microenvironments and areas. Hence, understanding the behaviour of PM-bound PAHs in the atmosphere is crucial. However, because current techniques hardly monitor PAHs in real-time, timely feedback on PAHs including the characteristics of their concentration and composition, is not obtained via real-time analysis methods. Therefore, in this review, we summarize personal exposure, and indoor and outdoor PM-bound PAH concentrations for different participants, spaces, and cities worldwide in recent years. The main aims are to clarify the characteristics of PM-bound PAHs under different exposure conditions, in addition to the health effects and assessment methods of PAHs.
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Concentrations and Sources of Atmospheric PM, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Kanazawa, Japan. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PM2.5 (fine particles with diameters 2.5 micrometers and smaller) and PM>2.5 were separately collected in Kanazawa, Japan in every season, from the spring of 2017 to the winter of 2018, and nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and six nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) were respectively determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence and chemiluminescence detections. The atmospheric concentrations of both the PAHs and NPAHs showed seasonal changes (highest in the winter and lowest in the summer), which differed from the variations in the total suspended particulate matter (TSP) and PM2.5 amounts (which were highest in the spring). The contributions of major sources to the combustion-derived particulate (Pc) in the PM2.5 were calculated using the 1-nitropyrene-pyrene (NP) method, using pyrene and 1-nitropyrene as the representative markers of PAHs and NPAHs, respectively. The annual average concentration of Pc accounted for only 2.1% of PM2.5, but showed the same seasonal variation as PAHs. The sources of Pc were vehicles (31%) and coal heating facilities/industries (69%). A backward trajectory analysis showed that the vehicle-derived Pc was mainly from Kanazawa and its surroundings, and that coal heating facilities/industry-derived Pc was transported from city areas in central and northern China in the winter, and during the Asian dust event in the spring. These results show that large amounts of PAHs were transported over a long range from China during the winter. Even in the spring, after the coal heating season was over in China, PAHs were still transported to Japan after Asian dust storms passed through Chinese city areas. By contrast, the main contributors of NPAHs were vehicles in Kanazawa and its surroundings. The recent Pc concentrations were much lower than those in 1999. This decrease was mostly attributed to the decrease in the contribution of vehicle emissions. Thus, the changes in the atmospheric concentrations of Pc, PAHs and NPAHs in Kanazawa were strongly affected not only by the local emissions but also by long-range transport from China.
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Khalid S, Khanoranga. Spatio-Temporal Variations in the PAH Concentrations in the Soil Samples Collected from Functional Brick Kilns Locations in Balochistan, Pakistan. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1576747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Khalid
- Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Khanoranga
- Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Rehman MYA, Taqi MM, Hussain I, Nasir J, Rizvi SHH, Syed JH. Elevated exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may trigger cancers in Pakistan: an environmental, occupational, and genetic perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:42405-42423. [PMID: 32875453 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic compounds which are emitted through incomplete combustion of organic materials, fossil fuels, consumption of processed meat, smoked food, and from various industrial activities. High molecular mass and mobility make PAHs widespread and lethal for human health. A cellular system in human detoxifies these toxicants through specialized enzymatic machinery called xenobiotic-metabolizing (CYP450) and phase-II (GSTs) enzymes (XMEs). These metabolizing enzymes include cytochromes P450 family (CYP1, CYP2), glutathione s-transferases, and ALDHs. Gene polymorphisms in XMEs encoding genes can compromise their metabolizing capacity to detoxify ingested carcinogens (PAHs etc.) that may lead to prolong and elevated exposure to ingested toxicants and may consequently lead to cancer. Moreover, PAHs can induce cancer through reprograming XMEs' gene functions by altering their epigenetic markers. This review article discusses possible interplay between individual's gene polymorphism in XMEs' genes, their altered epigenetic markers, and exposure to PAHs in cancer susceptibility in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yasir Abdur Rehman
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, PO, 45320, Pakistan
| | | | - Imran Hussain
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, PO, 45320, Pakistan
- Business Unit Environmental Resources and Technologies, Center for Energy, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jawad Nasir
- Earth Sciences Directorate, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), P.O. Box 8402, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syed Hussain Haider Rizvi
- Earth Sciences Directorate, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), P.O. Box 8402, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
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Galán-Madruga D, Terroba JM, Dos Santos SG, Úbeda RM, García-Cambero JP. Indoor and Outdoor PM 10-Bound PAHs in an Urban Environment. Similarity of Mixtures and Source Attribution. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 105:951-957. [PMID: 33201256 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-03047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Given that the European Union lays down air quality objectives associated with outdoor environments, indoor air mixtures' study acquires a remarkable relevance. This work aims to submit a stepwise methodological framework for assessing similarities between indoor and outdoor air mixtures and apportioning potential emission sources. For reaching this goal, PM10 particles were systematically and simultaneously collected at an indoor (dominant emission sources free) and outdoor environment during a year to determine the PAH content in both air mixtures. Broadly, outdoor PAHs levels were higher than at the indoor location, supporting a strong association between both mixtures (r = 0.968, p > 0.001), mainly during the cold period (r = 0.896, p > 0.001). The light molecular weight PAHs were highlighted at the indoor site, in particular to naphthalene and anthracene. Outdoor emission sources influenced the indoor PAH levels, especially high and medium molecular weight PAHs. The local-traffic load was identified as a dominant pollution source responsible for more than half PAHs determined at both environments. Therefore, the control of outdoor emission sources would be translated into an improvement of indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Galán-Madruga
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
| | - June Mérida Terroba
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saúl García Dos Santos
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Regina Muñoz Úbeda
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús P García-Cambero
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, National Center for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220, Madrid, Spain
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Mehmood T, Ahmad I, Bibi S, Mustafa B, Ali I. Insight into monsoon for shaping the air quality of Islamabad, Pakistan: Comparing the magnitude of health risk associated with PM 10 and PM 2.5 exposure. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:1340-1355. [PMID: 32841106 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1813838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Monsoon plays a determinant role in defining the air quality of many Asian countries. Filter-based 24 h ambient PM10 and PM2.5 sampling was performed by using two paralleled medium volume air samplers during pre-and post-monsoon periods. A negligible change in PM2.5 mass concentration from 45.77 to 44.46 µg/m3 compared to PM10 from 74.34 to 142.49 µg/m3 was observed after the monsoon season. The air quality index (AQI) results showed that the air quality of the city retained from good to slightly polluted in both periods, where PM2.5 remained as the main detrimental to air quality in 95% of the total days. The NOAA HYSPLIT model analysis and wind rose patterns showed air trajectories, especially in post-monsoon originated from relatively polluted areas transported higher PM10. Meteorological attributes indicated a more conducive atmospheric condition for secondary pollution in the pre-monsoon. Evidence showed post-monsoon as a more polluted period, compared to the pre-monsoon and would pose an extra 1.07 × 10-3 lifetime risk to the local population. Similarly, a higher level of PM10 in the post-monsoon caused 43% more premature mortality and 41% more deaths from all-cause mortality compare to the pre-monsoon period, respectively. Implications: Pakistan is an under-developing country where pollution monitoring studies are decidedly limited. Notably, studies, concise PM2.5 and health assessment are deficient. The present study may contribute to evaluating the air quality in special events such as monsoon and can also provide scientific and technical support for subsequent air pollution research. Moreover, the results help to develop adequate prevention and pollution control strategies and offer policy suggestions for monsoon observing countries in general and in particular, in Islamabad, Pakistan. These findings provide essential arguments in favor of educating people and raising awareness about the detrimental health effects of air pollution. Improving the quality of life of people with cardiovascular and respiratory disorders requires an immediate and substantial reduction of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Mehmood
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University , Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ishaq Ahmad
- National Center for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saira Bibi
- Institute of Advance Materials, Bahauddin Zakariya University , Multan, Pakistan
| | - Beenish Mustafa
- Department of Physics Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic China
| | - Ijaz Ali
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University , Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Al-Harbi M, Alhajri I, Whalen JK. Health risks associated with the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor dust collected from houses in Kuwait. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115054. [PMID: 32679406 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a byproduct of combustion processes. They are common pollutants in oil-producing countries because fossil fuel processing generates PAHs that associate with dust. Airborne particles containing PAHs are transported into houses during dust storms, which are common in the arid oil-producing countries, and consequently the children and adults in the household are exposed to PAHs in indoor house dust. The goal of this study was to present a systematic survey of PAHs in indoor house dust in Kuwait. The PAHs concentrations and composition of indoor house dust was determined, along with their probable source and the potential carcinogenic risks. Total PAHs concentrations (ƩPAH) were, on average (±standard deviation) 1112 ± 347 μg/kg and ranged from 450 to 2242 μg/kg. Heavier congeners (4-6 ring PAHs) represented 61% of the ƩPAH. Petroleum combustion and traffic emissions were the major source of PAHs, based on the isomeric ratios of PAHs in indoor house dust. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) of exposure to PAHs in indoor house dust was 2.23 × 10-3 (95% CI: 1.99 × 10-3 - 2.48 × 10-3) for children and 2.15 × 10-3 (95% CI: 1.94 × 10-3 - 2.37 × 10-3) for adults, exceeding the US EPA safe limit of 1 × 10-6. Therefore, exposure to PAHs present in indoor house dust increases the cancer risk for children and adults in Kuwait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meshari Al-Harbi
- Department of Environmental Technology Management, College of Life Sciences, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, 13060, Safat, Kuwait; Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada, H9X 3V9.
| | - Ibrahim Alhajri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Technological Studies, P.O. Box 42325, Shuwaikh, 70654, Kuwait
| | - Joann K Whalen
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada, H9X 3V9
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Gurkan Ayyildiz E, Esen F. Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) at Two Sites, in Bursa, Turkey: Determination of Concentrations, Gas-Particle Partitioning, Sources, and Health Risk. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:350-366. [PMID: 31901971 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using particle and gas-phase air samples collected in the Ovaakca and Cumalikizik region of Bursa, between May and September 2017. The concentration of Σ16PAH measured in the gas phase, for Ovaakca and Cumalikizik, were 5.32 ± 1.98 and 4.91 ± 3.41 ng m-3, respectively; and for the particle phase, 0.81 ± 0.56 and 1.84 ± 1.82 ng m-3, respectively. The coefficient of gas-particle partitioning was related to the excessive cooled vapor pressure. The determined slope values were - 0.319 (Ovaakca) and - 0.505 (Cumalikizik), which showed the strong effect of organic carbon absorption and the distance to the equilibrium. These experimental values were compared with the results obtained using the octanol/air and Dual partition models, and Dual partition model showed more accurate values than the octanol/air model. The relations between temperature and concentration in the gas phase of PAHs were evaluated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The results indicated the influence of long-range transport of the atmospheric concentrations of PAHs at the regions. Diagnostic ratio analysis showed that biomass burning, coal combustion, and vehicular emissions contributed greatly to the atmospheric PAHs in the regions. In principal component analysis analysis, wood-burning was found to be the predominant parameter in addition to PAH sources determined with diagnostic ratios. In this study, the lifetime risk of lung cancer was calculated according to the mean and max BaP-TEQ values. When calculated according to the average values, while both regions were acceptable risk levels (Ovaakca: 2.6 × 10-6 and Cumalikizik: 8.6 × 10-6), at low-risk level was determined according to max BaP-TEQ values only in the Cumalikizik region (1.93 × 10-5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Gurkan Ayyildiz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilufer, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Fatma Esen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilufer, Bursa, Turkey.
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Zhang L, Xu H, Fang B, Wang H, Yang Z, Yang W, Hao Y, Wang X, Wang Q, Wang M. Source Identification and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Enriched PM 2.5 in Tangshan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:458-467. [PMID: 31622510 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Tangshan city in Hebei Province is one of the most heavily polluted cities in China, with substantial industrial emissions. The development of effective air pollution emission reduction policies requires knowledge of the sources and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-enriched fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ). We investigated the seasonal variation and source apportionment of 16 priority PAH-enriched PM2.5 samples in Tangshan during 2014 and 2015, and we assessed the health risks associated with inhalation exposure to PAHs. The PM2.5 samples were collected from April 2014 to February 2015. We analyzed the concentrations of PM2.5 and PAH-enriched PM2.5 , and used principal component analysis and molecular diagnostic ratios to identify potential sources. We explored the relationship between distribution and meteorological conditions, and used an incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model to quantitatively evaluate exposure from the inhalation risk of PAHs. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 was 196 µg/m3 , with a range 34.0 to 586 µg/m3 . The median ∑16 PAH values in PM2.5 were 190 ng/m3 , with a range of 60.2 to 862 ng/m3 over the sampling period. The order of ∑16 PAHs concentration was winter > autumn > summer > spring. The results show that the primary sources of PAH-enriched PM2.5 are coal combustion, vehicle exhaust, and biomass burning. The annual mean of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was 8.37 ng/m3 , more than 8-fold greater than the BaP annual standard (1 ng/m3 ) set by the Chinese State Environmental Protection Agency. The ILCR values for 3 groups (children, teenagers, and adults) over the 4 seasons were between 10-6 and 10-4 , indicating a potential health risk from PAHs in Tangshan. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:458-467. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Houjun Xu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Bo Fang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Ze Yang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Wenqi Yang
- Affiliated Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yulan Hao
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Xuesheng Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan, Hebei, China
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan, Hebei, China
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Manman Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan, Hebei, China
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Assessing the Spatial Distribution of Soil PAHs and their Relationship with Anthropogenic Activities at a National Scale. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16244928. [PMID: 31817465 PMCID: PMC6950367 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16244928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution is a major concern due to its negative impact on soil quality around the world. In China, accurate data on soil PAHs and information on the relationship with anthropogenic activities are limited. In this study, about 30,800 samples from 1833 soil sample sites were reviewed from 306 published reports to build a soil PAHs database. Based on the data obtained, the results demonstrated that 24.11% of surface soils in China are heavily contaminated. Meanwhile, the concentration of soil PAHs varied, in the order of independent mining and industrial areas (IMIA) > urban areas > suburban areas > rural areas, and the spatial distribution in China demonstrated a descending trend from north to south. Moreover, the characteristic ratio and PCA-MLR (principal component analysis-multiple linear regression) analysis demonstrated that coal combustion and vehicular exhaust emissions were the main sources of soil PAH pollution in China. On the other hand, provincial total Σ16PAHs in surface soil were significantly correlated with the per square kilometer GDP (gross domestic product) of industrial land, the per capita GDP, as well as the production and consumption of energy. These results indicate that anthropogenic factors have greatly affected the levels of soil PAHs in China. This study improves our understanding on the status and sources of soil PAH contamination in China, thereby facilitating the implementation of strategies of prevention, control, and remediation of soils.
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Liang M, Liang H, Rao Z, Hong X. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban-rural integration area soil, North China: Spatial distribution, sources and potential human health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 234:875-884. [PMID: 31252359 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The promotion of urbanization has accelerated the development of small manufacturing workshops and brought serious environmental problems. In this study, spatial distribution, sources and potential health risk for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban-rural integration area soil in North China (800 km2) were discussed. The average total concentration of 16 PAHs was 225 μg kg-1, and range from 25 to 15155 μg kg-1 (n = 250). According to the European soil quality standards, more than 70% of the samples don't reach the pollution level, while around the small workshop concentration area and non-ferrous metal smelter were more contaminated than other area. The spatial distribution of soil PAHs concentration shows that low molecular weight, medium molecular weight and high molecular weight is very similar to the distribution of total PAHs, indicating that is likely to be caused by point source pollution. The sources of PAHs were identified by positive matrix factorization. The main six sources in the region are coal and biomass combustion, creosote, coke tar, vehicle and oil, which is consistent with the local energy consumption structure. Finally, a deterministic assessment of the cancer risk showed that the range for children was 5.94 × 10-8 to 2.53 × 10-5, and adults it ranged from 2.11 × 10-8 to 9.01 × 10-6. There is not a carcinogenic risk value greater than 10-4 in the entire region, but potential carcinogenic risks persisted in some areas. We conclude that PAHs pollution of soil in the area is an issue that deserves urgent attention for the relevant departments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing, 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Handong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing, 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Zhu Rao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, 100037, China.
| | - Xiuping Hong
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
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Anh HQ, Minh TB, Tran TM, Takahashi S. Road dust contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their methylated derivatives in northern Vietnam: Concentrations, profiles, emission sources, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113073. [PMID: 31454573 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of unsubstituted and methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs and Me-PAHs) were examined in road dusts from some representative areas with different land-use types in northern Vietnam, providing updated information about the occurrence, sources, and risks of these pollutants in Southeast Asian region. The Vietnamese road dusts were contaminated with low to moderate levels of PAHs and Me-PAHs as compared to those from other countries in the world. Concentrations of PAHs and Me-PAHs (Σ34PAHs) decreased in the order: urban (median 1800; range 1100-5500) ≈ industrial (1300; 550-10,000) > suburban (450; 310-1300) ≈ rural road dust (330; 210-2300 ng g-1), suggesting an urban-rural declining trend and effects of urbanization-industrialization processes in PAH emission extent in Vietnam. The profiles and diagnostic ratios of PAHs and Me-PAHs in our samples revealed that these compounds were mainly derived from pyrogenic sources rather than petrogenic sources. Traffic emissions (e.g., vehicle exhaust, tire debris, and possible leaks of fuels, oils, and lubricants) were estimated as principal sources of PAHs and Me-PAHs, especially in the urban and industrial areas. Other pyrogenic sources (e.g., coal, wood, and biomass combustion) were also existed in the industrial, suburban, and rural areas, reflecting PAH origins from thermal industrial processes, open burning of agricultural by-products, and domestic energy utilization. Persons working outdoors and children in the urban and industrial areas were estimated to receive higher intake doses of PAHs and Me-PAHs, which were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those estimated for other groups. Except for potential cancer risk estimated for the occupational groups in the industrial area under the worst exposure scenarios, the non-cancer and cancer risk levels were generally acceptable; however, more comprehensive risk assessment considering other exposure pathways (e.g., inhalation and diet) is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences (UGAS-EU), Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
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Duan X, Yang Y, Zhang D, Wang S, Feng X, Wang T, Wang P, Ding M, Zhang H, Liu B, Wei W, Yao W, Cui L, Zhou X, Wang W. Genetic polymorphisms, mRNA expression levels of telomere-binding proteins, and associates with telomere damage in PAHs-Exposure workers. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:442-449. [PMID: 31146136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coke oven emissions (COEs), confirmed human carcinogens, are mainly composed of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Telomere shortening in blood leukocytes has been associated with COEs, and polymorphisms in metabolic enzymes. However, the relationship between polymorphisms in telomere related genes and telomere shortening in COEs exposed workers has never been evaluated. Therefore, we measured telomere length and mRNA expression levels of telomere-binding proteins (TBPs) by qPCR method in leucocyte from 544 COEs exposed workers and 238 office staffs (referents). Flight mass spectrometry was used to perform the genotyping of selected functional and susceptible SNPs. The results showed that the telomere length in the exposure group 0.75(0.51,1.08) was significantly shorter than that in the control group 1.05(0.76,1.44) (P < 0.001). The mRNA expression levels of TPP1, TERF1 and TERF2 genes in the exposure group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05), the mRNA expression level of POT1 in the exposure group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). We used the wild homozygous genotype as a reference, subjects carrying TERT rs2736109 AA, TERT rs3215401 CC and TERT rs2736100 GT + GG genotypes had significantly longer telomere length in the exposure group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the workers exposed to COEs had shorter telomere length, which was regulated by the TPP1, TERF1, TERF2 and POT1 genes expression levels, and the gene polymorphisms of TERT gene were associated with the telomere length among PAHs-exposure workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Duan
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yongli Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Daping Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan, China
| | - Sihua Wang
- Department of Occupational Health, Henan Institute for Occupational Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xiaolei Feng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Tuanwei Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Pengpeng Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Mingcui Ding
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Wan Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Wu Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Liuxin Cui
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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Madruga DG, Ubeda RM, Terroba JM, Dos Santos SG, García-Cambero JP. Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a representative urban location (indoor-outdoor) from South Europe: Assessment of potential sources and cancer risk to humans. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:817-827. [PMID: 31230378 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PM10 -bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels were monitored at urban locations (outdoor/indoor) within the city of Madrid between May 2017 and April 2018. Fourteen PAH congeners were measured, potential emission sources were identified as were potential carcinogenic risks. The ΣPAHs averaged 0.577 and 0.186 ng/m3 in outdoor and indoor air, with a high linear correlation per individual mean PAH and month. The largest contributors to the ΣPAHs were the high-molecular-weight PAHs. Principal component analysis-multiple linear regression results showed that emissions from diesel and vehicular processes explained 27% and 23% of the total variance of outdoor and indoor air, while combustion processes accounted for 30% and 25% in ambient and indoor air, respectively. During the cold season, biomass burning plus coal and wood combustion were additional sources of outdoor emissions. The heavy-, medium- and light-molecular-weight PAH originating from outdoor sources accounted for 72%, 80%, and ~60% of the indoor levels of the three respective PAH groups. Average BaP concentration was 0.029 and 0.016 ng/m3 in outdoor and indoor air, respectively. Estimated BaPeq concentration averaged 0.072, 0.035, and 0.027 ng/m3 for outdoor, indoor, and indoor-generated individual PAH concentrations, respectively. The estimated carcinogenic risk falls within the range of acceptable risk targeted by the US-EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Madruga
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Regina M Ubeda
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - June M Terroba
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saúl G Dos Santos
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús P García-Cambero
- Department of Environment Toxicology, National Center for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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43
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Anh HQ, Tue NM, Tuyen LH, Minh TB, Viet PH, Takahashi S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their methylated derivatives in settled dusts from end-of-life vehicle processing, urban, and rural areas, northern Vietnam: Occurrence, source apportionment, and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:468-478. [PMID: 30965261 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and profiles of 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 15 methylated derivatives (Me-PAHs) were examined in settled dust samples collected from workplaces and living areas of an informal end-of-life vehicle (ELV) processing village, and house dusts from urban and rural areas in northern Vietnam. Concentrations of total PAHs and Me-PAHs decreased in the order: ELV workplace (median 5700, range 900-18,000 ng g-1) > rural house (3700, 1800-6200 ng g-1) > urban house (1800, 620-3100 ng g-1) ≈ ELV living dusts (1000, 600-3900 ng g-1). PAHs with 4 rings or more dominated in almost all the samples, indicating the abundance of pyrogenic sources (e.g., vehicular emissions and domestic thermal processes). Levels of Me-PAHs were exceeded those of PAHs in several ELV samples, revealing specific petrogenic sources derived from vehicle processing activities. Results from source apportionment analysis have partially identified traffic emission, biomass and coal combustion, and mixed petrogenic-pyrogenic sources related to ELV waste as the major sources of PAHs and Me-PAHs in the urban, rural, and ELV areas, respectively. Daily intake doses and health risk related to PAHs and Me-PAHs in settled dusts were estimated for ELV workers and residents living in the study areas. The worst exposure scenario of dust-bound PAHs showed a potential cancer risk for the ELV workers, meanwhile, no significant non-cancer and cancer risk was expected for other exposed groups. A more comprehensive and accurate risk assessment of PAHs and related compounds should be conducted in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences (UGAS-EU), Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
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Simultaneous HPLC-MS determination of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene and 1-hydroxypyrene after online in-tube solid phase microextraction using a graphene oxide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polypyrrole composite. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:300. [PMID: 31025201 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The exploration of monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) produced by oxidative stress and DNA damage is a powerful and non-invasive tool to study the health risk of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A nanocomposite prepared from graphene oxide, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and polypyrrole was electrodeposited on the internal surface of a stainless-steel tube for online in-tube solid phase microextraction (IT-SPME) of 8-OHdG, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene and 1-hydroxypyrene from urine. The coating possesses excellent chemical and mechanical stability, high extraction efficiency, good resistance to matrix interference, and a long lifespan. An online IT-SPME-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of these three metabolite biomarkers in human urine. Figures of merit include (a) enrichment factors of 30-48; (b) low limits of detection (4-41 pg·mL-1 at S/N = 3); (c) wide linear ranges (0.05-50 ng·mL-1); (d) good recoveries from spiked samples (71.6-109.5%); and (e) acceptable repeatability (2.3-14.6%). The method offers the advantages of low cost, simplicity, sensitivity, rapidity and automation. Graphical abstract Schematic illustration of online in-tube solid phase microextraction using graphene oxide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polypyrrole composites as adsorbent in a stainless-steel (SS) tube for the enrichment and simultaneous determination of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene and 1-hydroxypyrene prior to HPLC-MS analysis.
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Khpalwak W, Jadoon WA, Abdel-Dayem SM, Sakugawa H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road dust, Afghanistan: Implications for human health. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:517-526. [PMID: 30500712 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in road and aerial dust to assess their concentration, composition profile, distribution, emission sources, and potential human health risks. Sixteen priority PAHs and Benzo [e]pyrene (BeP) were analyzed in 13 aerial dust samples from Jalalabad, and 78 road dust samples from Kabul and Jalalabad cities, Afghanistan. The mean concentration of ∑17PAHs in road dust from Kabul and Jalalabad were 427 μg kg-1 and 288 μg kg-1, respectively whereas ∑17PAHs in aerial dust from Jalalabad averaged 200 μg kg-1. Fluoranthene (Flu), Chrysene (Chr), Benzo [b]fluoranthene (BbF), Benzo [k]fluoranthene (BkF) and BeP were major individual PAH species. The composition patterns of the PAHs were dominated by 5-6-ring PAHs (51% in road dust from Kabul; 44% in road dust from Jalalabad; and 44% in aerial dust) followed by 4-ring and 2-3-ring PAHs. Source apportionment of the road dust PAHs by the molecular diagnostic ratios (MDR) and principal component analysis (PCA), indicated signatures of PAHs sources (including vehicular exhaust, coal/wood combustion and oil spill). The Benzo [a]pyrene (BaP) toxicity equivalent values (BaPeq17PAHs) for road dust were 75 μg kg-1 (Kabul) and 36 μg kg-1 (Jalalabad); and 35 μg kg-1 for aerial dust (Jalalabad). BaP and Dibenz [a,h]anthracene (DahA) together contributed > 50% of the BaPeq associated cancer risk. All incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) due to human exposure to road and aerial dust PAHs were in the order of 10-7, which is one-fold lower than the threshold (10-6). The noncancerous risk (Hazard Index < 1) on exposure to dust was also negligible for both subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahdatullah Khpalwak
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, Nangarhar University, Afghanistan
| | | | - Sherif M Abdel-Dayem
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Japan; Department of Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Hiroshi Sakugawa
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Japan.
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Riaz R, Ali U, Li J, Zhang G, Alam K, Sweetman AJ, Jones KC, Malik RN. Assessing the level and sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and sediments along Jhelum riverine system of lesser Himalayan region of Pakistan. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:640-652. [PMID: 30391885 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lesser Himalayan Region (LHR) is an important mountain ecosystem which supports a wide range of biodiversity for native flora and fauna. Human population in this region is largely dependent upon local sources for their livelihood. Surface soil (n = 32) and sediment (n = 32) were collected from four different altitudinal ranges of LHR and analyzed for priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) recommended by USEPA. Level, sources and distribution pattern of PAHs were assessed in soil and sediments samples collected from four altitudinal zones in LHR. Total PAHs concentration level of PAHs in soil and sediments ranged from 62.79 to 1080 ng g-1 and 14.54-437.43 ng g-1, respectively. Compositional profile of PAHs in both soil and sediment were dominated by low and medium molecular weight PAHs, ranged from 18.02 to 402.18 ng g-1in soil and 0.32-96.34 ng g-1in sediments. In the context of spatial distribution trend, highest mean concentrations of PAHs in soil were recorded in zone D (sites from the rural region) and for sediments highest concentrations were detected at zone A, which includes dam sites. In all four zones, no altitudinal trend of PAHs in soil and sediments was observed. Source apportionment through receptor modelling by positive matrix factorization (PMF) revealed that local sources such as biomass combustion and vehicular emissions are important sources of PAHs in this region. The prevalence of monsoon atmospheric circulation system in LHR implicated that this region is also influenced by medium and long range atmospheric transportation of PAHs from neighboring countries where potential sources and high level of PAHs has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Riaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Khan Alam
- Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Andrew James Sweetman
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, 11 Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, 11 Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Li Y, Zhou S, Jia Z, Ge L, Mei L, Sui X, Wang X, Li B, Wang J, Wu S. Influence of Industrialization and Environmental Protection on Environmental Pollution: A Case Study of Taihu Lake, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122628. [PMID: 30477150 PMCID: PMC6313624 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to quantitatively study the effect of environmental protection in China since the twenty-first century and the environmental pollution projected for the next ten years (under the model of extensive economic development), this paper establishes a Bayesian regulation back propagation neural network (BRBPNN) to analyze the typical pollutants (i.e., cadmium (Cd) and benzopyrene (BaP)) for Taihu Lake, a typical Chinese freshwater lake. For the periods 1950–2003 and 1950–2015, the neural network model estimated the BaP concentration for the database with Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (NS) = 0.99 and 0.99 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) = 3.1 and 9.3 for the total database and the Cd concentration for the database with NS = 0.93 and 0.98 and RMSE = 45.4 and 65.7 for the total database, respectively. In the model of extensive economic development, the concentration of pollutants in the sediments of Taihu reached the maximum value at the end of the twentieth century and early twenty-first century, and there was an inflection point. After the early twenty-first century, the concentration of pollutants was controlled under various environmental policies and measures. In 2015, the environmental protection ratio of Cd and BaP reached 52% and 89%, respectively. Without environmental protection measures, the concentrations of Cd and BaP obtained from the neural network model is projected to reach 2015.5 μg kg−1 and 407.8 ng g−1, respectively, in 2030. Based on the results of this study, the Chinese government will need to invest more money and energy to clean up the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Land and Resources, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Shenglu Zhou
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Land and Resources, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Zhenyi Jia
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Liang Ge
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Liping Mei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xueyan Sui
- Jiangsu Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiaorui Wang
- Jiangsu Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Baojie Li
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Junxiao Wang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shaohua Wu
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
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