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Parra A, Pratt RB, Jacobsen AL, Chamorro D, Torres I, Moreno JM. Functional response and resistance to drought in seedlings of six shrub species with contrasting leaf traits from the Mediterranean Basin and California. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1758-1771. [PMID: 37369036 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Extreme drought events during post-fire regeneration are becoming increasingly frequent in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. Understanding how plants with different traits and origins respond to such conditions during early life stages is therefore critical for assessing the effect of climate change. Here, seedlings of three Cistus (semi-deciduous malacophylls from the Mediterranean Basin) and three Ceanothus (evergreen sclerophylls from California) species, two post-fire seeder genera with contrasting leaf traits, were subjected to complete water deprivation for 3 months in a common garden experiment. The leaf and plant structure and plant tissue water relations were characterized before the drought, and the functional responses (water availability, gas exchange and fluorescence) were monitored during the drought. Both genera exhibited contrasting leaf structure and tissue water relations traits, with higher leaf area and specific leaf area as well as higher osmotic potential at maximum turgor and turgor loss point in Cistus than Ceanothus. During drought, Ceanothus showed a more conservative use of water than Cistus, with a water potential less sensitive to decreasing soil moisture and a strong decline in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in response to water deficit, but also a level of fluorescence more responsive to drought than Cistus. However, we could not find a different degree of drought resistance between the genera. This was particularly clear between Cistus ladanifer L. and Ceanothus pauciflorus DC., the two most functionally contrasting species, but at the same time, the two most drought-resistant. Our findings demonstrate that species with different leaf traits and functional responses to water stress may not differ in their degree of drought resistance, at least during the seedling stage. This underlines the need to take general categorizations by genus or functional types with caution and to deepen our knowledge about the Mediterranean-type species ecophysiology, especially during early life stages, in order to anticipate their vulnerability to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Parra
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - R Brandon Pratt
- Department of Biology, California State University, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA
| | - Anna L Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, California State University, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA
| | - Daniel Chamorro
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Iván Torres
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - José M Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
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2
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Torres I, Parra A, Moreno JM. Effects of spatial distance and woody plant cover on beta diversity point to dispersal limitation as a driver of community assembly during postfire succession in a Mediterranean shrubland. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9130. [PMID: 35898419 PMCID: PMC9309027 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta diversity, and its components of turnover and nestedness, reflects the processes governing community assembly, such as dispersal limitation or biotic interactions, but it is unclear how they operate at the local scale and how their role changes along postfire succession. Here, we analyzed the patterns of beta diversity and its components in a herbaceous plant community after fire, and in relation to dispersal ability, in Central Spain. We calculated multiple-site beta diversity (βSOR) and its components of turnover (βSIM) and nestedness (βSNE) of all herbaceous plants, or grouped by dispersal syndrome (autochory, anemochory, and zoochory), during the first 3 years after wildfire. We evaluated the relationship between pairwise beta diversity (βsor), and its components (βsim, βsne), and spatial distance or differences in woody plant cover, a proxy of biotic interactions. We found high multiple-site beta diversity dominated by the turnover component. Community dissimilarity increased with spatial distance, driven mostly by the turnover component. Species with less dispersal ability (i.e., autochory) showed a stronger spatial pattern of dissimilarity. Biotic interactions with woody plants contributed less to community dissimilarity, which tended to occur through the nestedness component. These results suggest that dispersal limitation prevails over biotic interactions with woody plants as a driver of local community assembly, even for species with high dispersal ability. These results contribute to our understanding of postfire community assembly and vegetation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Torres
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Toledo Spain
| | - Antonio Parra
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Toledo Spain
| | - José M Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Toledo Spain
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3
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Salesa D, Baeza MJ, Pérez-Ferrándiz E, Santana VM. Longer summer seasons after fire induce permanent drought legacy effects on Mediterranean plant communities dominated by obligate seeders. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153655. [PMID: 35124057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ecological stability of Mediterranean ecosystems is being threatened by climate change. One of the impacts that is expected to be aggravated is the effect of summer drought prolongation toward previous or subsequent seasons by becoming more frequent. This, along with wildfires, could trigger synergistic negative effects on ecosystem regeneration capacity. Here we assessed how extending summer drought in two different ways (to autumn, AutExcl treatment, or bringing it forward to the following spring, SprExcl treatment) would affect plant recovery after an experimental fire carried out in summer in a Mediterranean seeder community. By installing rainout shelters, we assessed differences in seedling emergence, survival and establishment in the main families (Cistaceae, Labiatae, Leguminosae), and the effect on species richness and community composition. We observed that these post-fire dry season extensions reduced the total number of established seedlings and species richness. The most impacting drought treatment was AutExcl. However, the regeneration response was variable depending on the studied family. SprExcl was also determinant for Labiate survival rates. These results suggest that drought events which prolong the usual summer season may have a permanent drought legacy effect on seeder communities as practically all the seeder species populations were established in the first post-fire year. This fact is relevant for Mediterranean ecosystems dominated by seeder species as severer and longer droughts are increasingly recorded and are expected to become more frequent in forthcoming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Salesa
- Fundación de la Comunidad Valenciana Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (CEAM), C/ Charles Darwin 14, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - M Jaime Baeza
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - E Pérez-Ferrándiz
- Fundación de la Comunidad Valenciana Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (CEAM), C/ Charles Darwin 14, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Victor M Santana
- Fundación de la Comunidad Valenciana Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (CEAM), C/ Charles Darwin 14, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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Elvira NJ, Lloret F, Jaime L, Margalef-Marrase J, Pérez Navarro MÁ, Batllori E. Species climatic niche explains post-fire regeneration of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) under compounded effects of fire and drought in east Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149308. [PMID: 34375257 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fire and drought are two major agents that shape Mediterranean ecosystems, but their interacting effects on forest resilience have not been yet fully addressed. We used Pinus halepensis to investigate how compound fire-drought regimes determine the success of post-fire regeneration. We measured the density of P.halepensis newly established individuals following fire in forty-three sites along the Spanish east coast, the wetter region of the species distribution. The climatic niche of P.halepensis was characterized by considering their populations across its Spanish distribution range. We used yearly values (1979-2013 period) of accumulated precipitation, mean temperature and the warmest quarter values of these two variables to generate the climatic space or climatic niche occupied by the species. Kernel density estimates were then applied to determine the niche centroid, which would correspond to the species' climatic optimum within its Spanish distribution range. Then, we computed the pre- and post-fire climatic deviations of each sampling site as the difference between site-specific climate conditions respect to the species niche centroid, and assessed their relationship with the success of post-fire regeneration. We found highly variable patterns of post-fire regeneration density of P.halepensis over the studied sites, ranging from 7 to 42,822 tree pines ha-1. Generalized linear models indicated a positive relationship between fire severity and the density of P.halepensis regeneration. Positive temperature deviations - warm conditions - before fire were positively related to pine regeneration. This effect increases under higher fire severity. By contrast, warm temperatures after fire showed a negative effect on the density of pine trees. Positive precipitation deviations - wet conditions - after fire enhanced pine regeneration, while precipitation before fire did not had any significant effect. Though P.halepensis is considered a species adapted to fire and drought, the interaction between these two disturbances can alter the success of its post-fire recovery patterns limiting the species' resilience in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria J Elvira
- Centre de Reserca Ecologica i aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Spain.
| | - Francisco Lloret
- Centre de Reserca Ecologica i aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Spain; U. Ecology, Dept. Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luciana Jaime
- Centre de Reserca Ecologica i aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Spain
| | | | | | - Enric Batllori
- Centre de Reserca Ecologica i aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Spain; Dept. Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat Barcelona, Spain
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van Blerk JJ, West AG, Altwegg R, Hoffman MT. Post-fire summer rainfall differentially affects reseeder and resprouter population recovery in fire-prone shrublands of South Africa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147699. [PMID: 34034189 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Summer rainfall can have strong effects on post-fire mediterranean-type shrubland recovery patterns, with potentially long-lasting implications on communities. Our three-year field rainfall manipulation experiment tested post-fire survival and physiological responses of reseeders and resprouters to contrasting summer rainfall patterns in Fynbos and Renosterveld shrublands in South Africa. Climate projections are uncertain for this region but indicate that increased convective summer rainfall events could occur. We irrigated treatment plots during the hottest summer months (i.e. Jan, Feb, March) to contrast the naturally dry summer conditions. This allowed for assessments of the potential limiting effects of summer drought on post-fire vegetation recovery and the responsiveness of vegetation to moisture inputs during this time. Natural summer droughts led to leaf dehydration, reduced photosynthesis and reduced photosynthetic capacity. This had a particularly severe effect on reseeders during the first summer after fire leading to high mortality rates. Summer irrigations strongly reduced levels of reseeder stress and mortality. Resprouters in both vegetation types were physiologically less sensitive to rainfall patterns and showed little drought-related mortality. Comparisons of final population sizes with emergence and survival patterns showed that summer rainfall during the first summer after fire had the potential to strongly alter reseeder population sizes. The physiological sensitivity of plants to summer rainfall patterns was higher in shrubland communities occurring on fine-textured, moderately fertile soils (e.g. Renosterveld). Shrublands occurring on sandy, nutrient-poor soils (e.g. Fynbos) were remarkably insensitive to summer drought after the first summer with lower irrigation responses. Our study demonstrated the potential for variation in post-fire summer rainfall to strongly affect reseeder and resprouter population recovery patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J van Blerk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| | - A G West
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - R Altwegg
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - M T Hoffman
- Plant Conservation Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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6
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Larson JE, Ebinger KR, Suding KN. Water the odds? Spring rainfall and emergence‐related seed traits drive plant recruitment. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie E. Larson
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Colorado at Boulder Boulder CO USA
- Inst. of Arctic and Alpine Research, Univ. of Colorado at Boulder Boulder CO USA
| | - Kathleen R. Ebinger
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Colorado at Boulder Boulder CO USA
- Master of Environmental Management Program, School of the Environment, Yale Univ. New Haven CT USA
| | - Katharine N. Suding
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Colorado at Boulder Boulder CO USA
- Inst. of Arctic and Alpine Research, Univ. of Colorado at Boulder Boulder CO USA
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Michael KH, Leonard SWJ, Decker O, Verdon SJ, Gibb H. Testing the effects of ecologically extinct mammals on vegetation in arid Australia: A long‐term experimental approach. AUSTRAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley H. Michael
- Department of Ecology Environment and Evolution and Research Centre for Future Landscapes La Trobe University Bundoora Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Steven W. J. Leonard
- Department of Ecology Environment and Evolution and Research Centre for Future Landscapes La Trobe University Bundoora Victoria 3086 Australia
- Tasmania Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Orsolya Decker
- Department of Ecology Environment and Evolution and Research Centre for Future Landscapes La Trobe University Bundoora Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Simon J. Verdon
- Department of Ecology Environment and Evolution and Research Centre for Future Landscapes La Trobe University Bundoora Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Heloise Gibb
- Department of Ecology Environment and Evolution and Research Centre for Future Landscapes La Trobe University Bundoora Victoria 3086 Australia
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8
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van Blerk JJ, West AG, Altwegg R, Hoffman MT. Does a trade-off between growth plasticity and resource conservatism mediate post-fire shrubland responses to rainfall seasonality? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1407-1420. [PMID: 33524198 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Growth plasticity may allow fire-prone species to maximize their recovery rates during temporary, sporadic periods of rainfall availability in the post-fire environment. However, moisture-driven growth plasticity could be maladaptive in nutrient-limited environments that require tighter control of growth and resource use. We investigated whether a trade-off between plasticity and conservatism mediates growth responses to altered rainfall seasonality in neighbouring shrubland communities that occupy different soils. We monitored post-fire vegetation regrowth in two structurally similar, Mediterranean-type shrublands for 3 years. We investigated the effects of experimentally altered rainfall seasonality on post-fire species' growth rates. We found that moisture-driven growth plasticity was higher among species occupying the fertile soils of the renosterveld site relative to those occupying the nutrient-poor soils of the fynbos site. This resulted in higher overall responsiveness of post-fire recovery patterns in renosterveld to experimental shifts in rainfall seasonality. In post-fire shrubland communities, the trade-off between moisture-dependent growth plasticity and resource conservatism could be mediated by soil nutrient availability. Therefore, edaphic differences between structurally similar shrublands could lead to differences in their sensitivity to post-fire rainfall seasonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J van Blerk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Adam G West
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Res Altwegg
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - M Timm Hoffman
- Plant Conservation Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
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Luo C, Shen Z, Li Y, Han J, Pausas JG, Xu Q, Zhang Z, Jiang Y. Determinants of post-fire regeneration demography in a subtropical monsoon-climate forest in Southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:142605. [PMID: 33097259 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the determinants of post-fire regeneration is critical for determining an appropriate restoration program following fire disturbances. However, studies addressing the drivers of post-fire regeneration of forests in monsoon climate are rare. This study explored the temporal and spatial variations of post-fire forest regeneration in the Central Yunnan Plateau of Southwest China, and disentangled the direct and indirect effects of the environmental factors via structural equation models (SEMs). We found that the overall post-fire regeneration density was generally greater for the habitat with higher values of elevation, pre-fire abundance, and soil pH. Post-fire regeneration was mainly composed of resprouts; seedlings were less relevant and appeared later. The SEM approach showed more variation of recruitment in resprouting (R2 = 0.66) than seeding (R2 = 0.33), and revealed different direct and indirect pathways. Resprouts were widely distributed, and significantly influenced by pre-fire abundance, elevation, soil pH, and years since the last fire. In contrast, seedlings preferentially occurred in infertile habitats, and were mainly influenced by topographic position and soil nutrients, showing distinct distribution from that of resprouts. Overall, forests under the subtropical monsoon climate in the Central Yunnan Plateau were resilient to fire mainly due to rapid post-fire resprouting. These findings indicate the complementary roles of resprouting and seeding in post- fire regeneration, and help to understand the mechanisms that regulate post-fire plant regeneration in a spatially heterogeneous landscape. Our results should contribute to improving the post-fire management of forest ecosystems under the influence of a semi-humid monsoon climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifang Luo
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, The MOE Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zehao Shen
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, The MOE Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yiying Li
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, The MOE Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, The MOE Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Juli G Pausas
- Centro de Investigations sobre Desertification (CIDE-CSIC), Montcada, Valencia 46113, Spain
| | - Qian Xu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, The MOE Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Youxu Jiang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, The MOE Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology And Environmental, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
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Rainsford FW, Kelly LT, Leonard SWJ, Bennett AF. Fire and functional traits: Using functional groups of birds and plants to guide management in a fire‐prone, heathy woodland ecosystem. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick W. Rainsford
- Department of Ecology Environment and Evolution La Trobe University Bundoora Vic. Australia
- Research Centre for Future Landscapes La Trobe University Bundoora Vic. Australia
| | - Luke T. Kelly
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Steve W. J. Leonard
- Department of Ecology Environment and Evolution La Trobe University Bundoora Vic. Australia
- Department of Primary Industries Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - Andrew F. Bennett
- Department of Ecology Environment and Evolution La Trobe University Bundoora Vic. Australia
- Research Centre for Future Landscapes La Trobe University Bundoora Vic. Australia
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Connor SE, Araújo J, Boski T, Gomes A, Gomes SD, Leira M, Freitas MDC, Andrade C, Morales‐Molino C, Franco‐Múgica F, Akindola RB, Vannière B. Drought, fire and grazing precursors to large‐scale pine forest decline. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simon E. Connor
- Centro de Investigaçao Marinha e Ambiental (CIMA) Universidade do Algarve Faro Portugal
- MSHE Ledoux CNRS Université Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Besançon France
- School of Culture, History and Language College of Asia and the Pacific Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - João Araújo
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA) Estação Piloto de Piscicultura de Olhão Olhão Portugal
| | - Tomasz Boski
- Centro de Investigaçao Marinha e Ambiental (CIMA) Universidade do Algarve Faro Portugal
| | - Ana Gomes
- Centro de Investigaçao Marinha e Ambiental (CIMA) Universidade do Algarve Faro Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour (ICArEHB) Universidade do Algarve Faro Portugal
| | - Sandra D. Gomes
- Quaternary Environments and Geoarchaeology Department of Geography School of Environment, Education and Development The University of Manchester Manchester UK
- Divisão de Geologia Marinha (DivGM) Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA) Lisbon Portugal
| | - Manel Leira
- Faculdade de Ciências Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL) Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | | | - Cesar Andrade
- Faculdade de Ciências Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL) Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - César Morales‐Molino
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Fátima Franco‐Múgica
- Departamento de Ecología Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | | | - Boris Vannière
- MSHE Ledoux CNRS Université Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Besançon France
- CNRS Chrono‐environnement UMR 6249 MSHE USR 3124 Université Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Besançon France
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12
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Physiological and Regenerative Plant Traits Explain Vegetation Regeneration under Different Severity Levels in Mediterranean Fire-Prone Ecosystems. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In Mediterranean fire-prone ecosystems, plant functional traits and burn severity have decisive roles in post-fire vegetation recovery. These traits may reflect plant fitness to fire regimes in the Mediterranean Basin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of burn severity on post-fire vegetation regeneration through plant functional (physiological and regenerative) traits in two Mediterranean ecosystems: one more humid and colder (Cabrera in León province, NW Spain), and another characterized by a longer summer drought (Gátova in Valencia province, SE Spain). A total of 384 and 80 field plots (2 m × 2 m) were fixed in Cabrera and Gátova, respectively. In each burned plot, we quantified burn severity by means of the composite burn index (CBI), differentiating three severity levels (low, moderate, and high), and evaluated post-fire vegetation regeneration one and two years after wildfires. We measured the percentage cover of each species and classified them according to physiological (specific leaf area and N2-fixing capacity) and regenerative traits (reproductive strategy, bud bank location, and heat-stimulated germination). The main results showed that in Cabrera, burn severity had significant effects on vegetation cover independently of plant functional traits. In Gátova, burn severity effects differed among functional traits. In this site, the cover of plants with low specific leaf area and without heat-stimulation and N2-fixing capacity was negatively related to burn severity. On the contrary, the cover of N2-fixers and species with resprouting ability and heat-stimulated germination rose with increasing burn severity. In general, vegetation cover showed a more pronounced increased over time in the more humid area, mainly under the effect of high severity. The results of this research highlighted the importance of the use of plant functional traits as a driver to understand the response of different ecosystems to current fire regimes, which could be relevant for pre- and post-fire management.
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Alderotti F, Brunetti C, Marino G, Centritto M, Ferrini F, Giordano C, Tattini M, Moura BB, Gori A. Coordination of Morpho-Physiological and Metabolic Traits of Cistus incanus L. to Overcome Heatwave-Associated Summer Drought: A Two-Year On-Site Field Study. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.576296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Resco de Dios V, Arteaga C, Peguero-Pina JJ, Sancho-Knapik D, Qin H, Zveushe OK, Sun W, Williams DG, Boer MM, Voltas J, Moreno JM, Tissue DT, Gil-Pelegrín E. Hydraulic and photosynthetic limitations prevail over root non-structural carbohydrate reserves as drivers of resprouting in two Mediterranean oaks. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1944-1957. [PMID: 32394490 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Resprouting is an ancestral trait in angiosperms that confers resilience after perturbations. As climate change increases stress, resprouting vigor is declining in many forest regions, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Resprouting in woody plants is thought to be primarily limited by the availability of non-structural carbohydrate reserves (NSC), but hydraulic limitations could also be important. We conducted a multifactorial experiment with two levels of light (ambient, 2-3% of ambient) and three levels of water stress (0, 50 and 80 percent losses of hydraulic conductivity, PLC) on two Mediterranean oaks (Quercus ilex and Q. faginea) under a rain-out shelter (n = 360). The proportion of resprouting individuals after canopy clipping declined markedly as PLC increased for both species. NSC concentrations affected the response of Q. ilex, the species with higher leaf construction costs, and its effect depended on the PLC. The growth of resprouting individuals was largely dependent on photosynthetic rates for both species, while stored NSC availability and hydraulic limitations played minor and non-significant roles, respectively. Contrary to conventional wisdom, our results indicate that resprouting in oaks may be primarily driven by complex interactions between hydraulics and carbon sources, whereas stored NSC play a significant but secondary role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Resco de Dios
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Carles Arteaga
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Haiyan Qin
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Obey K Zveushe
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - David G Williams
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Matthias M Boer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jordi Voltas
- Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - José M Moreno
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
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15
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Hinojosa MB, Laudicina VA, Parra A, Albert-Belda E, Moreno JM. Drought and its legacy modulate the post-fire recovery of soil functionality and microbial community structure in a Mediterranean shrubland. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1409-1427. [PMID: 30681232 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of drought on soil dynamics after fire are poorly known, particularly its long-term (i.e., years) legacy effects once rainfall returns to normal. Understanding this is particularly important for nutrient-poor soils in semi-arid regions affected by fire, in which rainfall is projected to decrease with climate change. Here, we studied the effects of post-fire drought and its legacy on soil microbial community structure and functionality in a Cistus-Erica shrubland (Spain). Rainfall total and patterns were experimentally modified to produce an unburned control (natural rainfall) and four burned treatments: control (natural rainfall), historical control (long-term average rainfall), moderate drought (percentile 8 historical rainfall, 5 months of drought per year), and severe drought (percentile 2, 7 months of drought). Soil nutrients and microbial community composition (ester-linked fatty acid approach) and functionality (enzyme activities and C mineralization rate) were monitored during the first 4 years after fire under rainfall treatments, plus two additional ones without them (six post-fire years). We found that the recovery of burned soils was lower under drought. Post-fire drought increased nitrate in the short term and reduced available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, soil organic matter, enzyme activities, and carbon mineralization rate. Moreover, drought decreased soil total microbial biomass and fungi, with bacteria becoming relatively more abundant. Two years after discontinuing the drought treatments, the drought legacy was significant for available phosphorus and enzyme activities. Although microbial biomass did not show any drought legacy effect, the proportion of fungi and bacteria (mainly gram-positive) did, being lower and higher, respectively, in former drought-treated plots. We show that drought has an important impact on soil processes, and that some of its effects persist for at least 2 years after the drought ended. Therefore, drought and its legacy effects can be important for modeling biogeochemical processes in burned soils under future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Hinojosa
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Fábrica de Armas, Toledo, Spain
| | - Vito Armando Laudicina
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Parra
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Fábrica de Armas, Toledo, Spain
| | - Enrique Albert-Belda
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Fábrica de Armas, Toledo, Spain
| | - José Manuel Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Fábrica de Armas, Toledo, Spain
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16
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Dannenmann M, Díaz-Pinés E, Kitzler B, Karhu K, Tejedor J, Ambus P, Parra A, Sánchez-Martin L, Resco V, Ramírez DA, Povoas-Guimaraes L, Willibald G, Gasche R, Zechmeister-Boltenstern S, Kraus D, Castaldi S, Vallejo A, Rubio A, Moreno JM, Butterbach-Bahl K. Postfire nitrogen balance of Mediterranean shrublands: Direct combustion losses versus gaseous and leaching losses from the postfire soil mineral nitrogen flush. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4505-4520. [PMID: 29995346 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fire is a major factor controlling global carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. While direct C and N losses caused by combustion have been comparably well established, important knowledge gaps remain on postfire N losses. Here, we quantified both direct C and N combustion losses as well as postfire gaseous losses (N2 O, NO and N2 ) and N leaching after a high-intensity experimental fire in an old shrubland in central Spain. Combustion losses of C and N were 9.4 Mg C/ha and 129 kg N/ha, respectively, representing 66% and 58% of initial aboveground vegetation and litter stocks. Moreover, fire strongly increased soil mineral N concentrations by several magnitudes to a maximum of 44 kg N/ha 2 months after the fire, with N largely originating from dead soil microbes. Postfire soil emissions increased from 5.4 to 10.1 kg N ha-1 year-1 for N2 , from 1.1 to 1.9 kg N ha-1 year-1 for NO and from 0.05 to 0.2 kg N ha-1 year-1 for N2 O. Maximal leaching losses occurred 2 months after peak soil mineral N concentrations, but remained with 0.1 kg N ha-1 year-1 of minor importance for the postfire N mass balance. 15 N stable isotope labelling revealed that 33% of the mineral N produced by fire was incorporated in stable soil N pools, while the remainder was lost. Overall, our work reveals significant postfire N losses dominated by emissions of N2 that need to be considered when assessing fire effects on ecosystem N cycling and mass balance. We propose indirect N gas emissions factors for the first postfire year, equalling to 7.7% (N2 -N), 2.7% (NO-N) and 5.0% (N2 O-N) of the direct fire combustion losses of the respective N gas species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dannenmann
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Eugenio Díaz-Pinés
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Kitzler
- Institute for Forest Ecology and Soils, Federal Research Centre for Forests, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristiina Karhu
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Javier Tejedor
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- SoWa RI, Biology Center, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Per Ambus
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Antonio Parra
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Victor Resco
- Centro de Investigación del Fuego, Toledo, Spain
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences and AGROTECNIO Centre, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - David A Ramírez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- International Potato Center, Lima, Peru
- Gansu Key Laboratories of Arid and Crop Science, Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Agronomy College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Georg Willibald
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Rainer Gasche
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | | | - David Kraus
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Simona Castaldi
- Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanivitelli, DISTABIF, Caserta, Italy
- Far East Federal University (FEFU), Vladivostok, Russky Island, Russia
| | - Antonio Vallejo
- Departamento de Química y Tecnología de Alimentos, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Rubio
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación del Fuego, Toledo, Spain
| | - Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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17
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Syphard AD, Brennan TJ, Keeley JE. Drivers of chaparral type conversion to herbaceous vegetation in coastal Southern California. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jon E. Keeley
- USGS Western Ecological Research Center; Three Rivers California
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Los Angeles California
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18
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Torres I, Parra A, Moreno JM, Durka W. No genetic adaptation of the Mediterranean keystone shrub Cistus ladanifer in response to experimental fire and extreme drought. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199119. [PMID: 29924833 PMCID: PMC6010289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Mediterranean ecosystems, climate change is projected to increase fire danger and summer drought, thus reducing post-fire recruitment of obligate seeder species, and possibly affecting the population genetic structure. We performed a genome-wide genetic marker study, using AFLP markers, on individuals from one Central Spain population of the obligate post-fire seeder Cistus ladanifer L. that established after experimental fire and survived during four subsequent years under simulated drought implemented with a rainout shelter system. We explored the effects of the treatments on marker diversity, spatial genetic structure and presence of outlier loci suggestive of selection. We found no effect of fire or drought on any of the genetic diversity metrics. Analysis of Molecular Variance showed very low genetic differentiation among treatments. Neither fire nor drought altered the small-scale spatial genetic structure of the population. Only one locus was significantly associated with the fire treatment, but inconsistently across outlier detection methods. Neither fire nor drought are likely to affect the genetic makeup of emerging C. ladanifer, despite reduced recruitment caused by drought. The lack of genetic change suggests that reduced recruitment is a random, non-selective process with no genome-wide consequences on this keystone, drought- and fire tolerant Mediterranean species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Torres
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Toledo, Spain
| | - Antonio Parra
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Toledo, Spain
| | - José M. Moreno
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Toledo, Spain
| | - Walter Durka
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Department of Community Ecology, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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