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Jiang Y, Zhou C, Khan A, Zhang X, Mamtimin T, Fan J, Hou X, Liu P, Han H, Li X. Environmental risks of mask wastes binding pollutants: Phytotoxicity, microbial community, nitrogen and carbon cycles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:135058. [PMID: 38986403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The increasing contamination of mask wastes presents a significant global challenge to ecological health. However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the environmental risks that mask wastes pose to soil. In this study, a total of 12 mask wastes were collected from landfills. Mask wastes exhibited negligible morphological changes, and bound eight metals and four types of organic pollutants. Masks combined with pollutants inhibited the growth of alfalfa and Elymus nutans, reducing underground biomass by 84.6 %. Mask wastes decreased the Chao1 index and the relative abundances (RAs) of functional bacteria (Micrococcales, Gemmatimonadales, and Sphingomonadales). Metagenomic analysis showed that mask wastes diminished the RAs of functional genes associated with nitrification (amoABC and HAO), denitrification (nirKS and nosZ), glycolysis (gap2), and TCA cycle (aclAB and mdh), thereby inhibiting the nitrogen transformation and ATP production. Furthermore, some pathogenic viruses (Herpesviridae and Tunggulvirus) were also found on the mask wastes. Structural equation models demonstrated that mask wastes restrained soil enzyme activities, ultimately affecting nitrogen and carbon cycles. Collectively, these evidences indicate that mask wastes contribute to soil health and metabolic function disturbances. This study offers a new perspective on the potential environmental risks associated with the improper disposal of masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; Centre for Grassland Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730000, China
| | - Chunxiu Zhou
- Centre for Grassland Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730000, China
| | - Aman Khan
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xueyao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Tursunay Mamtimin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jingwen Fan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Pu Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Huawen Han
- Centre for Grassland Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730000, China.
| | - Xiangkai Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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Wang F, Zhao D, Lu P, Zhang D, Guo Z, Rose NL, Zhang G. Air-plant interaction and air-soil exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a large human-influenced reservoir in southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 355:124216. [PMID: 38797350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) is totally manmade, strongly influenced by anthropogenic activity, and lies on the upper reaches of Yangtze River. The periodic storage and discharge of water from the Three Gorges Dam could have altered the original air-plant/soil interactions of contaminants in TGR. Herein, paired atmospheric gas-particle, air-plant, and air-soil samples were collected to investigate the air-plant interaction and air-soil exchange of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The air-plant interaction based on McLachlan's framework to our datasets suggests that PAHs were absorbed via gaseous deposition that was restricted by the plant-gas dynamic equilibrium. The equilibrium indicates a dynamic balance between the gaseous phase and plant surface in PAH absorption. The main limiting factor influencing the PAH uptake was the plant species rather than the atmospheric PAH concentration. The air-soil exchange of PAHs exhibited a net volatilization flux of 16.71 ng/m2/d from the soil to the air based on annual average. There was more volatilization and less deposition in summer and more deposition and less volatilization in autumn and winter. The soil serves as a secondary source of atmospheric PAHs. As the first attempt on probing the multi-interface geochemical process of PAHs, this study highlights the influence of manual water level manipulation from the TGD and environmental factors (such as temperature, humidity, and soil properties) on the regional fate of PAHs in the TGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region' s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Observation and Research Station of Ecological Restoration for Chongqing Typical Mining Areas, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, 401120, China.
| | - Daiyin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region' s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peili Lu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region' s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region' s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Neil L Rose
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Gan Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Yan X, An J, He W, Zhou Q. Environmental factors influencing the soil-air partitioning of semi-volatile petroleum hydrocarbons: Laboratory measurements and optimization model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171953. [PMID: 38537825 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The soil-air partition coefficient (KSA) values are commonly utilized to examine the fate of organic contaminants in soils; however, their measurement has been lacking for semi-volatile petroleum hydrocarbons within soil contaminated by crude oil. This research utilized a solid-phase fugacity meter to determine the KSA values of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under crucial environmental conditions. The results showed a notable increase in KSA values with the extent of crude oil contamination in soil. Specifically, in the 3 % crude oil treatment, the KSA values for n-alkanes and PAHs increased by 1.16 and 0.66 times, respectively, compared to the 1 % crude oil treatment. However, the KSA values decreased with changes in temperature, water content, and particle size within the specified experimental range. Among these factors, temperature played a significant role. The KSA values for n-alkanes and PAHs decreased by 0.27-0.89 and 0.61-0.83 times, respectively, with a temperature increase from 5 °C to 35 °C. Moreover, the research identified that the molecular weight of n-alkanes and PAHs contributed to variations in KSA values under identical environmental factors. With an increase in temperature from 5 °C to 35 °C, the range of n-alkanes present in the air phase expanded from C11 to C34, and PAHs showed elevated levels of acenaphthene (ACE) and benzo (b) fluoranthene (BbFA). Furthermore, heightened water content and particle size were observed to facilitate the volatilization of low molecular weight petroleum hydrocarbons. The effect of environmental variables on soil-air partitioning was evaluated using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) model, resulting in the attainment of the lowest log KSA values. These results illustrate that soil-air partitioning is a complex process influenced by various factors. In conclusion, this study improves our comprehension and predictive capabilities concerning the behavior and fate of n-alkanes and PAHs within soil-air systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing An
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Contaminated Soil Remediation by Bio-physicochemical Synergistic Process, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Wenxiang He
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Chai L, Zhou Y, Dong H, Gong P, Wang X. Soil contamination and carrying capacity across the Tibetan plateau using structural equation models. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122640. [PMID: 37769704 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination is a major environmental issue worldwide. Compared with Arctic, European Alps and Rocky Mountains, the soil contamination and soil environment carrying capacity (SECC) of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is not systematic and multidimensional. In this study, the levels, influencing factors including climate factors [(i.e., mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual temperature (MAT)], socio-economic factors [(i.e., population, population density and gross domestic product (GDP)], vegetation coverage factor, soil factors [(i.e., pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total phosphorus and total nitrogen] and topographic factors [(i.e., longitude, latitude and digital elevation model (DEM)] and carrying capacity of multiple soil contaminants [persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals (HMs) and microplastics (MPs)] was systematically studied. Results show that the spatial distribution of POPs in the eastern was higher than that in the western region, and the structural equation model (SEM) demonstrate that SOC and MAT were the key factors influencing distribution. Regarding HMs, except As, moderate and heavy pollution of the remaining elements were found in the northern and eastern TP regions, and pH and MAP were the main influencing factors. The MPs showed that the distribution of the patches was influenced by GDP and MAP. Furthermore, a higher SECC in the eastern region that gradually decreased from east to west. pH is the primary factors affecting SECC, followed by normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). An increase of pH and NDVI by one unit is likely to make SECC scores decrease by 0.8 and increase by 0.32, respectively. Taken together, these studies provide a system, cost-effective, and quantitative framework for soil contamination and carrying capacity in the TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yunqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huike Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Lyu L, Zhang S. Chlorinated Paraffin Pollution in the Marine Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11687-11703. [PMID: 37503949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are ubiquitous in the environment due to their large-scale usage, persistence, and long-range atmospheric transport. The oceans are a critical environment where CPs transformation occurs. However, the broad impacts of CPs on the marine environment remain unclear. This review describes the sources, occurrence and transport pathways, environmental processes, and ecological effects of CPs in the marine environment. CPs are distributed in the global marine environment by riverine input, ocean currents, and long-range atmospheric transport from industrial areas. Environmental processes, such as the deposition of particle-bound compounds, leaching of plastics, and microbial degradation of CPs, are the critical drivers for regulating CPs' fate in water columns or sediment. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of CPs in marine food webs may threaten marine ecosystem functions. To elucidate the biogeochemical processes and environmental impacts of CPs in marine environments, future work should clarify the burden and transformation process of CPs and reveal their ecological effects. The results would help readers clarify the current research status and future research directions of CPs in the marine environment and provide the scientific basis and theoretical foundations for the government to assess marine ecological risks of CPs and to make policies for pollution prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
| | - Si Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, Guangdong, China
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Yang PF, Macdonald RW, Hung H, Muir DC, Kallenborn R, Nikolaev AN, Ma WL, Liu LY, Li YF. Modeling historical budget for β-Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in the Arctic Ocean: A contrast to α-HCH. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:100229. [PMID: 36531934 PMCID: PMC9755237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2022.100229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The historical annual loading to, removal from, and cumulative burden in the Arctic Ocean for β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), an isomer comprising 5-12% of technical HCH, is investigated using a mass balance box model from 1945 to 2020. Over the 76 years, loading occurred predominantly through ocean currents and river inflow (83%) and only a small portion via atmospheric transport (16%). β-HCH started to accumulate in the Arctic Ocean in the late 1940s, reached a peak of 810 t in 1986, and decreased to 87 t in 2020, when its concentrations in the Arctic water and air were ∼30 ng m-3 and ∼0.02 pg m-3, respectively. Even though β-HCH and α-HCH (60-70% of technical HCH) are both the isomers of HCHs with almost identical temporal and spatial emission patterns, these two chemicals have shown different major pathways entering the Arctic. Different from α-HCH with the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) as its major transport pathway, β-HCH reached the Arctic mainly through long-range oceanic transport (LROT). The much higher tendency of β-HCH to partition into the water, mainly due to its much lower Henry's Law Constant than α-HCH, produced an exceptionally strong pathway divergence with β-HCH favoring slow transport in water and α-HCH favoring rapid transport in air. The concentration and burden of β-HCH in the Arctic Ocean are also predicted for the year 2050 when only 4.4-5.3 t will remain in the Arctic Ocean under the influence of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Fei Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Robie W. Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek C.G. Muir
- Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO–1433 As, Norway
| | | | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario, M2N 6X9, Canada
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Li X, Wang Q, Jiang N, Lv H, Liang C, Yang H, Yao X, Wang J. Occurrence, source, ecological risk, and mitigation of phthalates (PAEs) in agricultural soils and the environment: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115196. [PMID: 36592811 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The widespread distribution of phthalates (PAEs) in agricultural soils is increasing drastically; however, the environmental occurrence and potential risk of PAEs in agricultural systems remain largely unreviewed. In this study, the occurrence, sources, ecotoxicity, exposure risks, and control measures of PAEs contaminants in agricultural soils are summarized, and it is concluded that PAEs have been widely detected and persist in the soil at concentrations ranging from a few μg/kg to tens of mg/kg, with spatial and vertical variations in China. Agrochemicals and atmospheric deposition have largely contributed to the elevated contamination status of PAEs in soils. In addition, PAEs cause multi-level hazards to soil organisms (survival, oxidative damage, genetic and molecular levels, etc.) and further disrupt the normal ecological functions of soil. The health hazards of PAEs to humans are mainly generated through dietary and non-dietary pathways, and children may be at a higher risk of exposure than adults. Improving the soil microenvironment and promoting biochemical reactions and metabolic processes of PAEs are the main mechanisms for mitigating contamination. Based on these reviews, this study provides a valuable framework for determining future study objectives to reveal environmental risks and reduce the resistance control of PAEs in agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxu Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271S000, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271S000, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271S000, China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712000, China
| | - Huijuan Lv
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271S000, China
| | - Chunliu Liang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271S000, China
| | - Huiyan Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271S000, China
| | - Xiangfeng Yao
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271S000, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271S000, China.
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Wang C, Wang W, Deng W, Zhang S, Shao S, Wen M, Li G, An T. Distribution characteristics, air-water exchange, ozone formation potential and health risk assessments of VOCs emitted from typical coking wastewater treatment process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160845. [PMID: 36526193 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Coking industry has been considered as important source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions. However, few studies have emphasized the occurrence and adverse effects of VOCs from coking wastewater treatment processes. In this research, pollution profiles of both air and water phase VOCs in a typical coking wastewater treatment plant were investigated in terms of distribution characteristics, air-water exchange, ozone formation potential (OFP) and associated human health risks. Thirty VOCs were detected in the air phase, in which benzene and naphthalene were found to be the major VOCs with total contribution of 87.81 %. Nineteen VOCs were detected in the water phase, in which benzene, naphthalene and toluene contribute most to total VOCs with total contribution of 75.1 %. The regulating tank (RT) was the major source of VOCs, and the emission rate of total VOCs from all unites was 2711.03 g/d with annual emission of 0.99 t. The emission factor was estimated to be 1.36 g VOCs/m3 wastewater. The air-water exchange was assessed using the Fugacity model, and water-to-air volatilization was predominant based on the net flux of air-water exchange. OFP evaluated by emission factor indicated that the total OFP in RT was the highest (1.52 g O3/m3 wastewater), and toluene contributed 41.8 % of the total OFP, followed by naphthalene accounting for 38.7 % The total carcinogenic risks were in the range of 8.60 × 10-6 to 2.18 × 10-3, in which the RT exceeded the significant risk threshold (>1 × 10-4). The non-carcinogenic risks of hazard quotient value in RT also exceeded the risk threshold (>1), and naphthalene was the major contributor accounting for 79.02 %. These results not only provided comprehensive knowledge on pollution profiles and environmental risks of VOCs during coking wastewater treatment processes, but also facilitated the implement of VOCs regulation and occupational health protection strategies in coking industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wanjun Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Weiqiang Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shaobin Shao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Meicheng Wen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Fu J, Fu K, Hu B, Zhou W, Fu Y, Gu L, Zhang Q, Zhang A, Fu J, Jiang G. Source Identification of Organophosphate Esters through the Profiles in Proglacial and Ocean Sediments from Ny-Ålesund, the Arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1919-1929. [PMID: 36646647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the sources and environmental behavior of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the Arctic, especially their transformation products. The present study unprecedentedly investigated both 16 tri-OPEs and 8 di-OPEs in proglacial and ocean sediments from Ny-Ålesund, the Arctic. Mean concentrations of tri-OPEs and di-OPEs in proglacial sediments were 487 and 341 pg/g dry weight (dw), respectively, which were significantly lower than those in ocean sediments (1692 and 525 pg/g dw). Ocean sediments might be simultaneously influenced by long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT), oceanic transport, and human activities, whereas proglacial sediments, since they are isolated from human settlements, may be dominantly affected by LRAT. Such source difference was evidenced by the contamination profile of OPEs: chlorinated tri-OPEs with high environmental persistence and high LRAT were dominant in proglacial sediments (66%); however, weakly environmentally persistent and highly hydrophobic aryl tri-OPEs were dominant in ocean sediments (47%), which were plausibly from local emission sources due to their low LRAT potential. Di-OPEs in proglacial and ocean sediments were dominated by groups of parent tri-OPEs with strong photodegradability, such as alkyl (75%) and aryl (58%). A higher mean molar ratio of di-OPE/tri-OPE in the proglacial sediment (14) than that in the ocean sediment (2.2) may be related to its higher photodegradation than that of the ocean sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Kehan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Boyuan Hu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yilin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Luyao Gu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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Hung H, Halsall C, Ball H, Bidleman T, Dachs J, De Silva A, Hermanson M, Kallenborn R, Muir D, Sühring R, Wang X, Wilson S. Climate change influence on the levels and trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and chemicals of emerging Arctic concern (CEACs) in the Arctic physical environment - a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1577-1615. [PMID: 35244108 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate change brings about significant changes in the physical environment in the Arctic. Increasing temperatures, sea ice retreat, slumping permafrost, changing sea ice regimes, glacial loss and changes in precipitation patterns can all affect how contaminants distribute within the Arctic environment and subsequently impact the Arctic ecosystems. In this review, we summarized observed evidence of the influence of climate change on contaminant circulation and transport among various Arctic environment media, including air, ice, snow, permafrost, fresh water and the marine environment. We have also drawn on parallel examples observed in Antarctica and the Tibetan Plateau, to broaden the discussion on how climate change may influence contaminant fate in similar cold-climate ecosystems. Significant knowledge gaps on indirect effects of climate change on contaminants in the Arctic environment, including those of extreme weather events, increase in forests fires, and enhanced human activities leading to new local contaminant emissions, have been identified. Enhanced mobilization of contaminants to marine and freshwater ecosystems has been observed as a result of climate change, but better linkages need to be made between these observed effects with subsequent exposure and accumulation of contaminants in biota. Emerging issues include those of Arctic contamination by microplastics and higher molecular weight halogenated natural products (hHNPs) and the implications of such contamination in a changing Arctic environment is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5P 1W4, Canada.
| | - Crispin Halsall
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Hollie Ball
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Terry Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia 08034, Spain
| | - Amila De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Mark Hermanson
- Hermanson & Associates LLC, 2000 W 53rd Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55419, USA
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Department of Arctic Technology, University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen, 9171, Norway
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, 1432, Norway
| | - Derek Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Roxana Sühring
- Department for Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Simon Wilson
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Secretariat, The Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
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11
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Villaverde JJ, Sevilla-Morán B, Alonso-Prados JL, Sandín-España P. A study using QSAR/QSPR models focused on the possible occurrence and risk of alloxydim residues from chlorinated drinking water, according to the EU Regulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156000. [PMID: 35597336 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Any active substance with phytosanitary capacity intended to be marketed in Europe must pass exhaustive controls to assess its risk before being marketed and used in European agriculture. Since the implementation of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009, agrochemical companies have been obliged to study the formation of pesticide transformation products (TPs) during the treatment of drinking water containing pesticide residues. However, there is no consensus on how to address this requirement. In this research work, the open literature collection on alloxydim was used to propose potential chlorination paths from alloxydim isomers. Furthermore, several QSAR/QSPR models have been used to fill the of knowledge gap relative to some key parameters in the physico-chemical, environmental and ecotoxicological areas of potential alloxydim TPs from chlorinated water for which little information exists. In this way, it has been possible to estimate the state of aggregation of these TPs (they exist mainly as liquids) as well as their ease of transit between the different phases, to predict their possible behaviour in the three environmental compartments (e.g., thermophysical properties point to a change in their evolution with respect to the parent alloxydim isomers) and to anticipate their potential risk to human and animal health (e.g., all of them cause developmental toxicity). These and other results highlight that the hazards of several TPs, i.e., both chlorinated and nonchlorinated from parent alloxydim or from those obtained after cleavage of the N - O bond and the subsequent reaction with chlorine, should be seriously considered. The obtained results reopen the debate on the implications of the use of QSAR/QSPR models for pesticide risk assessment in the legislative framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Villaverde
- Unit of Plant Protection Products, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology INIA-CSIC, Ctra. La Coruña, Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Sevilla-Morán
- Unit of Plant Protection Products, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology INIA-CSIC, Ctra. La Coruña, Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Luis Alonso-Prados
- Unit of Plant Protection Products, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology INIA-CSIC, Ctra. La Coruña, Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Sandín-España
- Unit of Plant Protection Products, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology INIA-CSIC, Ctra. La Coruña, Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Vazquez ND, Chierichetti MA, Acuña FH, Miglioranza KSB. Occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the sea anemone Bunodosoma zamponii, sediments and seawater from the southwestern Atlantic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:39649-39664. [PMID: 35107728 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18877-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent and bioaccumulable organic compounds. The occurrence of PCBs was assessed in two populations of the intertidal sea anemone Bunodosoma zamponii living under different anthropogenic strains. One location was in vicinity to a wastewater plant (Las Delicias, LD), and the other was a preserved location chosen as a reference site (Punta Cantera, PC). Anemone populations were sampled 4 times (spring, summer, autumn and winter) throughout a year, in addition to seawater and sediment from those areas. PCB loadings ranged from 2.89 to 79.41 ng L-1 in seawater samples and from 0.07 to 6.61 ng g-1 dry weight in sediment samples. Total PCB levels ranged from 0.22 to 14.94 and 2.79 to 24.69 ng g-1 wet weight in anemones from PC and LD, respectively. PCBs concentrations in anemones from LD were significantly greater than PC during spring, summer and winter. The congeners 18 and 44 prevailed in seawater samples, 44 and 52 in sediment and 18 and 132+153 in anemones. Redundancy analysis integrated PCB levels from all matrixes and bolstered contrast between sampling sites. Seasonality was also a relevant factor since during winter PCB loading was greater in sediment and anemone samples, coincident with the rainiest season. Disparity between sites could be due to LD's proximity to the wastewater plant, effect of littoral drift direction and/or asymmetries in anemones physiological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas D Vazquez
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina.
- Laboratorio de Biología de Cnidarios, FCEyN UNMDP, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), FCEyN, UNMdP, CONICET, 3350, 7600, Mar del Plata, Funes, Argentina.
| | - Melisa A Chierichetti
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), FCEyN, UNMdP, CONICET, 3350, 7600, Mar del Plata, Funes, Argentina
| | - Fabian H Acuña
- Laboratorio de Biología de Cnidarios, FCEyN UNMDP, Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), FCEyN, UNMdP, CONICET, 3350, 7600, Mar del Plata, Funes, Argentina
- Estación Científica Coiba (Coiba-AIP), Clayton, República de Panamá
| | - Karina S B Miglioranza
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), FCEyN, UNMdP, CONICET, 3350, 7600, Mar del Plata, Funes, Argentina
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13
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Vazquez ND, Chierichetti MA, Acuña FH, Miglioranza KSB. Organochlorine pesticides and chlorpyrifos in the sea anemone Bunodosoma zamponii (Actiniaria: Actiniidae) from Argentina's southeastern coast. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150824. [PMID: 34655629 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Temporal and spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos, one of the main insecticides used in Argentina, was evaluated in two populations of the sea anemone Bunodosoma zamponii living under different anthropological stressors: Las Delicias (LD) adjacent to a wastewater plant, and Punta Cantera (PC) a reference site. Pesticides were analyzed throughout the year in water, sediments and whole organisms. Chlorpyrifos represented 50% of the total pesticide found in water samples during winter. HCHs and drins were predominant in sediment samples, mainly in LD. Total pesticide concentration in anemones from LD was higher than those from PC during winter (mainly associated with HCHs, endosulfans, DDTs and chlorpyrifos levels), coincident with the main period of effluent discharge to the coast after pesticide applications and also the rainiest season. Dissimilarities among anemones populations could stem from a differential input of pesticides in each site and/or a contrasting physiological status of the populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas D Vazquez
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina; Laboratorio de Biología de Cnidarios, FCEyN, UNMdP, Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Melisa A Chierichetti
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Fabián H Acuña
- Laboratorio de Biología de Cnidarios, FCEyN, UNMdP, Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina; Estación Científica Coiba (Coiba-AIP), Clayton, Panamá, Panama
| | - Karina S B Miglioranza
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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14
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Riaz R, Malik RN, de Wit CA. Soil-air partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the Lesser Himalaya region: Influence of soil organic matter, atmospheric transport processes and secondary emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118006. [PMID: 34543955 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
After decades of imposed regulations about reducing the primary emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), these pollutants are still present in the environment. Soils are important repositories of such persistent semivolatile organic contaminants (SVOCs), and it is assumed that SVOCs sequestered in these reservoirs are being re-mobilized due to anthropogenic influence. In this study, concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soil and air, their fugacities, fluxes and the soil-air partition coefficient (KSA) were determined for three different land cover types (glacial, remote/mountainous and urban) of the Lesser Himalayan Region (LHR). The concentrations of OCPs, PCBs and PBDEs in soils and air ranged between 0.01 and 2.8, 0.81-4.8, 0.089-0.75 ng g-1; 0.2-106, 0.027-182, and 0.011-7.26 pg m-3, respectively. The levels of SVOCs in the soil were correlated with soil organic matter (SOM) indicating that SOM is a substrate for the organic pollutants in soils. The Clausius-Clapeyron plots between ln P and inverse of temperature (1000/T) suggested that long range atmospheric transport was the major input source of PBDEs and higher chlorinated PCBs over the LHR. The uneven and wide distribution of local sources in LHR and up-slope enrichment of SVOCs explained the spatial variability and altitudinal patterns. The soils near mountain and urban lakes act as local sinks of SVOCs such as β-HCH, pp΄-DDT, CB-28, -118, -153, BDE-47, -99, and -154, with soil-air exchange fluxes tending more toward deposition. However, the soils near glacial lakes acted as local sources of more volatile congeners of α-HCH, γ-HCH, op'-DDT, pp'-DDE and lower to medium chlorinated PCBs such as CB-18, -28, -53, -42 and BDE-47, -99, with soil-air exchange tending more toward volatilization flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Riaz
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, PO 45320, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, PO 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Na G, Liang Y, Li R, Gao H, Jin S. Flux of Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds (PAHs) from the Atmosphere and from Reindeer/Bird Feces to Arctic Soils in Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 81:166-181. [PMID: 34019116 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric, soil, and feces samples were collected in Ny-Ålesund during July 2015. The concentrations, distributions, congener profiles, and contaminant migration levels were analyzed for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) identified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) as priority contaminants (16 PAHs). Mean concentrations in the gas and particle phases were 37.8 ng m-3 and 2.9 ng m-3, respectively, and mean concentrations in soil and reindeer/bird feces were 329.1 ng g-1 and 720.7 ng g-1, respectively, on a dry weight (d.w.) basis. In more than three phases, naphthalene and phenanthrene dominated the concentrations of the 16 total PAHs (Σ16PAH) and the concentration of PAHs in the gas phase was much higher than in the particle phase. The main sources of local PAHs may be coal combustion and air-surface exchange. There was a volatilization tendency from soil to air for 2-4 ring PAHs, and exchange fluxes were ~ 105 times greater than the deposition fluxes of 5-6 ring PAHs. The underground migration of PAHs was investigated in Ny-Ålesund; the results showed flux values of ~ 0.07% from the initial PAH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshui Na
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China.
- Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China.
| | - Yuyuan Liang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ruijing Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hui Gao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shuaichen Jin
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
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16
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Li Y, Wang J, Yang S, Zhang S. Occurrence, health risks and soil-air exchange of phthalate acid esters: A case study in plastic film greenhouses of Chongqing, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:128821. [PMID: 33189390 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The residue of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in plastic film greenhouses had become a global concern environmental pollution problem. However, few studies have focused on the occurrence and fate of PAEs in the soil-air interface of the greenhouses. In this study, the occurrence, health risks, and soil-air exchange of PAEs from ten soil samples and four air samples of different greenhouses were investigated by a case study. The concentrations of total PAEs and individual PAEs congeners between two seasons were significantly different in the greenhouse soil and atmosphere. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (1.04 mg kg-1) and diisobutyl phthalate (0.16 mg kg-1) were the predominant PAE congeners of soil in spring and autumn, respectively. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was the major PAE congeners in the greenhouse atmosphere both of spring (0.03 μg m-3) and autumn (1.32 μg m-3). Health risks assessment showed that the predominant exposure route for adults was dietary intake, and the total carcinogenic risk level of PAEs was acceptable. Besides, fugacity model analysis indicated that di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate tended to deposit from air to soil with mean deposition flux of 175.1 kg (h⋅km2)-1 in autumn and 11.9 kg (h⋅km2)-1 in spring. On the contrary, diethyl phthalate escaped from soil with mean volatilization flux of 0.005 kg (h⋅km2)-1 in autumn and 0.025 kg (h⋅km2)-1 in spring. Other PAE congeners have tried to establish an equilibrium status through recycling continuously between the soil and air, and the source-sink relationships depended on their concentrations and hydrophobicity. This study showed that the distribution and movement of PAEs in the soil-air interface might be principally caused by temperature and their chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Li
- Soil and Groundwater Green Sustainable Remediation Center, Research Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Chongqing, Chongqing, 401147, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Anhui Tongyuan Environment Energy Saving Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China.
| | - Shan Yang
- Soil and Groundwater Green Sustainable Remediation Center, Research Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Chongqing, Chongqing, 401147, PR China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Soil and Groundwater Green Sustainable Remediation Center, Research Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Chongqing, Chongqing, 401147, PR China
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17
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Xie Z, Wang Z, Magand O, Thollot A, Ebinghaus R, Mi W, Dommergue A. Occurrence of legacy and emerging organic contaminants in snow at Dome C in the Antarctic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140200. [PMID: 32599399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 9 organophosphate esters (OPEs), 16 perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) and 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in surface snow samples collected at Dome C on the Antarctic Plateau in summer 2016. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri-n-butylphosphate (TnBP) were the dominant compounds of OPEs, with mean concentrations of 8157 ± 4860, 1128 ± 928 and 1232 ± 1147 pg/L. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, mean: 358 ± 71 pg/L) was the dominant compound of PFASs, and following by perfluoro-n-hexanoic acid (PFHxA, mean: 222 ± 97 pg/L), perfluoro-n-heptanoic acid (PFHpA, 183 ± 60 pg/L) and perfluoro-n-pentanoic acid (PFPeA, 175 ± 105 pg/L). 2-(Heptafluoropropoxy)propanoic acid (HFPO-DA, mean: 9.2 ± 2.6 pg/L) was determined in the Antarctic for the first time. Significantly positive correlations were observed between HFPO-DA and the short-chain PFASs, implying they have similar emission sources and long-range transport potential. High levels of 2-methylnaphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene, as well as the ratios of PAH congeners indicated PAHs were attributable mostly to combustion origin. Occurrence and profiles of the indicators of OPEs, PFASs and PAHs, as well as air mass back-trajectory analysis provided direct evidences of human activities on Concordia station and posed obvious impacts on local environments in the Antarctic. Nevertheless, the exchange processes among different environmental matrices may drive the long-range transport and redistribution of the legacy and emerging Organic contaminants from coast to inland in the Antarctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Xie
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Geesthacht 21502, Germany.
| | - Zhen Wang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, China
| | - Olivier Magand
- Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
| | - Alban Thollot
- Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Wenying Mi
- MINJIE Institute of Environmental Science and Health Research, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Aurelien Dommergue
- Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
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Mazur DM, Latkin TB, Kosyakov DS, Kozhevnikov AY, Ul'yanovskii NV, Kirilov AG, Lebedev AT. Arctic snow pollution: A GC-HRMS case study of Franz Joseph Land archipelago. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114885. [PMID: 32497945 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic pollution of the Arctic atmosphere is of great interest due to the vulnerability of the Arctic ecosystems, as well as the processes of global transport and accumulation of atmospheric aerosols at high latitudes under conditions of cold climate. The present work throws light upon chemical composition of Arctic snow as a natural deposition matrix for atmospheric semi-volatile pollutants taken from the northernmost Arctic archipelago - Franz Josef Land, which is least affected by local sources of pollution and being a unique unstudied environmental object. The used methodology involved the liquid-liquid extraction of snow samples with dichloromethane and combination of targeted and non-targeted analyses of semi-volatile organic compounds with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography - high-resolution mass spectrometry. While almost none of the known priority pollutants (except three dialkylphthalates) were identified in the studied samples, non-targeted screening revealed a specific class of biomass burning biomarkers - fatty amides with oleamide being the major component among them. Some peculiar organic pollutants (N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine and N,N-dimethylbenzylamine) were identified in few samples. First results on the semi volatile pollutants in Franz Joseph Land snow were obtained using the most reliable GC × GC-HRMS non-target analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Mazur
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - T B Latkin
- Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - D S Kosyakov
- Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - A Yu Kozhevnikov
- Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - N V Ul'yanovskii
- Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - A G Kirilov
- FSBI "National Park "Russian Arctic", Severnaya Dvina Embankment 36, Arkhangelsk, 163061, Russia
| | - A T Lebedev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia.
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19
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Islam MN, Huang L, Siciliano SD. Inclusion of molecular descriptors in predictive models improves pesticide soil-air partitioning estimates. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:126031. [PMID: 32032877 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The soil-air exchange of pesticides is one potential fate and exposure pathways, and this process is generally thought to be governed by soil properties and environmental conditions. The experimental determination of soil-air partitioning coefficient (Ksa) is laborious and costly and typically, Ksa's are predicted from a semiempirical or a simple linear regression approach with soil and environmental variables. Here we developed a model that combined linear regression of soil, environmental and molecular parameters with the quantitative structural-property relationship (QSPR) to predict Ksa for pesticides. The values of theoretical descriptors of pesticides were calculated and the best descriptors selected using the Boruta Algorithm. Seventy-six experimental logKsa values for 17 pesticides were used in model development. Multiple linear regression (MLR) with a soil (organic carbon fraction), physicochemical (octanol-air partitioning coefficient), environmental (temperature and humidity) and molecular descriptor (Gmin, a 2D E-state molecular parameter), called as MLR-QSPR combined model exhibited better predictability (adj. r2 = 0.95) of logKsa compared to MLR (adj. r2 = 0.87) or QSPR (adj. r2 = 0.82) itself. MLR-QSPR also showed the best performance in five-fold cross-validation (adj. r2 = 0.94) and test set verification (adj. r2 = 0.96). The developed model was validated and characterized by the applicability domain. Results showed that the proposed MLR-QSPR approach is highly predictive and statistically robust with >95% of predictions within ±0.5 log unit of the measured Ksa. Therefore, this approach can be used in estimating the soil-air partitioning of pesticides to better predict it's fate and transport in environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nazrul Islam
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Lidong Huang
- Department of Agricultural Resources & Environments, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Steven D Siciliano
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada.
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20
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Cabrerizo A, Muir DCG, Teixeira C, Lamoureux SF, Lafreniere MJ. Snow Deposition and Melting as Drivers of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in Arctic Rivers, Lakes, and Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14377-14386. [PMID: 31808337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent sampling of freshwater (lakes and rivers), seawater, snow, air, and zooplankton for a range of legacy polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was undertaken in the Canadian High Arctic during ice-covered, melting, and ice-free conditions. Overall, there was a general trend of higher fluvial PCB/OCP concentrations associated with the spring snow melt (early-mid June), while much lower concentrations were detected during the snow-free season (end of July). In contrast, PCB concentrations in two Arctic lakes (West and East Lakes, Melville Island) and in ocean waters, sharply increased in the ice-free period, likely because of inputs from the ice/snow layer melting and river runoff. The resulting air-water fugacity ratios and fluxes followed a remarkable shift during the sampling campaign. PCBs and OCPs shifted from equilibrium during ice/snow-covered conditions toward a clear net volatilization of PCBs and most of the OCPs during snow/ice-free conditions. Differences in the bioaccumulation factor for PCB/OCPs in zooplankton between West and East Lakes were observed, likely because of zooplankton being exposed to more contaminated food in West Lake due to higher turbidity related to in-lake disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cabrerizo
- Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Camilla Teixeira
- Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Scott F Lamoureux
- Department of Geography and Planning , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
| | - Melissa J Lafreniere
- Department of Geography and Planning , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
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21
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Liu Y, Xie S, Zheng L, Li T, Sun Y, Ma L, Lin Z, Grathwohl P, Lohmann R. Air-soil diffusive exchange of PAHs in an urban park of Shanghai based on polyethylene passive sampling: Vertical distribution, vegetation influence and diffusive flux. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:734-742. [PMID: 31280155 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Compared with dry and wet deposition rates, air-soil exchange fluxes cannot be directly measured experimentally. Polyethylene passive sampling was applied to assess transport directions and to measure concentration gradients in order to calculate diffusive fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) across the air-soil interface in an urban park of Shanghai, China. Seven campaigns with high spatial resolution sampling at 18 heights between 0 and 200 cm above the ground were conducted in 2017-2018. Air-to-soil deposition was observed, e.g. for phenanthrene, and soil-to-air volatilization for high molecular weight compounds, such as benzo[b]fluoranthene. Significant linear correlations between gaseous PAH concentration and log-transformed height were observed. Influence of vegetation on vertical concentration gradients of gaseous PAHs was insignificant in most cases except during the growing season. Local micrometeorological conditions resulted in a directional eddy diffusion in air and then influenced vertical diffusion of gaseous PAHs. Furthermore, the vertical eddy diffusivity was estimated as a function of distance to the air-soil surface. Air-soil exchange fluxes based on the Mackay's fugacity approach were calculated and confirmed by diffusive fluxes within air layer based on vertical concentration gradient of PAHs and eddy/molecular diffusion. Polyethylene passive sampling technology provides a useful tool to investigate air-soil exchange process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; China Meteorological Administration Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change (Shanghai Meteorological Bureau), IESD, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Shuya Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; China Meteorological Administration Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change (Shanghai Meteorological Bureau), IESD, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Shanghai Shangde Experimental School, 1688 Xiuyan Road, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yajie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Limin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhifen Lin
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Peter Grathwohl
- Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstrasse 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882-1197, United States
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22
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Xu C, Niu L, Zou D, Zhu S, Liu W. Congener-specific composition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil-air partitioning and the associated health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 684:486-495. [PMID: 31154221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent changes in the compositions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) after their restriction for 40 years may have various effects on human health. In order to characterize the congener-specific compositions of PCBs in the soil-air process and assess the associated human health risks, soil and air samples were simultaneously collected in winter and summer at two different functional locations. Homologue patterns suggest that long-range atmospheric transport might be the major source of soil and air residues of PCBs. The net deposition from air to soil was overwhelming for most PCB congeners. Variations in the occurrence and the homologue patterns of PCBs between the soil and air interface depended on chemical volatility, soil organic matter (OM) content, ambient temperature, topographical condition and atmospheric transport. Dioxin-like PCBs accounted for 11.0-70.3% and 2.31-54.8% of total PCB residues in soil and air, respectively. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with exposure to soil and air PCBs were also estimated. Different PCB congeners showed different health effects, with the highest contribution from PCB-26. Additionally, the non-carcinogenic risk levels of PCBs were enhanced, while the carcinogenic risk levels decreased during the soil-air exchange process of PCBs with time. Our results highlight the soil-air interaction of PCBs in predicting their potential human exposure health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lili Niu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Deliang Zou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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23
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Casal P, Casas G, Vila-Costa M, Cabrerizo A, Pizarro M, Jiménez B, Dachs J. Snow Amplification of Persistent Organic Pollutants at Coastal Antarctica. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8872-8882. [PMID: 31298532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Many legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been reported in polar regions, and act as sentinels of global pollution. Maritime Antarctica is recipient of abundant snow precipitation. Snow scavenges air pollutants, and after snow melting, it can induce an unquantified and poorly understood amplification of concentrations of POPs. Air, snow, the fugacity in soils and snow, seawater and plankton were sampled concurrently from late spring to late summer at Livingston Island (Antarctica). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) concentrations in snow and air were close to equilibrium. POPs in soils showed concentrations close to soil-air equilibrium or net volatilization depending on chemical volatility. Seawater-air fugacity ratios were highly correlated with the product of the snow-air partition coefficient and the Henry's law constant (KSA H'), a measure of snow amplification of fugacity. Therefore, coastal seawater mirrored the PCB congener profile and increased concentrations in snowmelt due to snowpack releasing POPs to seawater. The influence of snowpack and glacier inputs was further evidenced by the correlation between net volatilization fluxes of PCBs and seawater salinity. A meta-analysis of KSA, estimated as the ratio of POP concentrations in snow and air from previously reported simultaneous field measurements, showed that snow amplification is relevant for diverse families of POPs, independent of their volatility. We claim that the potential impact of atmospheric pollution on aquatic ecosystems has been under-predicted by only considering air-water partitioning, as snow amplification influences, and may even control, the POP occurrence in cold environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Casal
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Gemma Casas
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Maria Vila-Costa
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Ana Cabrerizo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Mariana Pizarro
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry , Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC) , Madrid 28006 , Spain
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
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24
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Wang X, Wang C, Zhu T, Gong P, Fu J, Cong Z. Persistent organic pollutants in the polar regions and the Tibetan Plateau: A review of current knowledge and future prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:191-208. [PMID: 30784838 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to their low temperatures, the Arctic, Antarctic and Tibetan Plateau are known as the three polar regions of the Earth. As the most remote regions of the globe, the occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in these polar regions arouses global concern. In this paper, we review the literatures on POPs involving these three polar regions. Overall, concentrations of POPs in the environment (air, water, soil and biota) have been extensively reported, with higher levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) detected on the Tibetan Plateau. The spatial distribution of POPs in air, water and soil in the three polar regions broadly reflects their distances away from source regions. Based on long-term data, decreasing trends have been observed for most "legacy POPs". Observations of transport processes of POPs among multiple media have also been carried out, including air-water gas exchange, air-soil gas exchange, emissions from melting glaciers, bioaccumulations along food chains, and exposure risks. The impact of climate change on these processes possibly enhances the re-emission processes of POPs out of water, soil and glaciers, and reduces the bioaccumulation of POPs in food chains. Global POPs transport model have shown the Arctic receives a relatively small fraction of POPs, but that climate change will likely increase the total mass of all compounds in this polar region. Considering the impact of climate change on POPs is still unclear, long-term monitoring data and global/regional models are required, especially in the Antarctic and on the Tibetan Plateau, and the fate of POPs in all three polar regions needs to be comprehensively studied and compared to yield a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the global cycling of POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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25
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Ren J, Wang X, Gong P, Wang C. Characterization of Tibetan Soil As a Source or Sink of Atmospheric Persistent Organic Pollutants: Seasonal Shift and Impact of Global Warming. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3589-3598. [PMID: 30821446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Background soils are reservoirs of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). After decades of reduced primary emissions, it is now possible that the POPs contained in these reservoirs are being remobilized because of climate warming. However, a comprehensive investigation into the remobilization of POPs from background soil on the largest and highest plateau on Earth, the Tibetan Plateau (TP), is lacking. In this study, a sampling campaign was carried out on the TP at three background sites with different land cover types (forest, meadow and desert). Field measurements of the air-soil exchange of POPs showed that previous prediction using empirical models overestimated the values of the soil-air partitioning coefficient ( KSA), especially for chemicals with KOA > 9. The direction of exchange for γ-HCH, HCB, and PCB-28 overlapped with the air-soil equilibrium range, but with a tendency for volatilization. Their emission fluxes were 720, 2935, and 538 pg m-2 day-1, respectively, and were similar in extent to those observed for background Arctic soil in Norway. Nam Co and Ngari are also permafrost regions, and most chemicals at these two sites exhibited volatilization. This is the first result showing that permafrost can also emit POPs. Seasonally, we found that chemicals tended to be re-emitted from soils to the atmosphere in winter and deposited from the air to the soil in summer. This finding is opposite to most previous results, possibly because of the higher air-soil concentration gradient caused by the prevailing transport of POPs in summer. Climate warming exerts a strong influence on air-soil exchange, with an increase of 1 °C in ambient temperature likely leading to an increase of Tibetan atmospheric inventories of POPs by 60-400%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100101 , China
- Research Institute of Transition of Resource-Based Economics , Shanxi University of Finance and Economics , Taiyuan 030006 , Shanxi China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100101 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100101 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100101 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100101 , China
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100101 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100101 , China
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26
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Characterization, Source and Risk of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds (PhACs) in the Snow Deposition Near Jiaozhou Bay, North China. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9061078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of 110 pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) were investigated in snow near Jiaozhou Bay (JZB), North China. All target substances were analyzed using solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.A total of 38 compounds were detected for the first time in snow, including 23 antibiotics, eight hormones, three nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, two antipsychotics, one beta-adrenergic receptor and one hypoglycemic drug. The total concentration of PhACs in snow ranged from 52.80 ng/L to 1616.02 ng/L. The compounds found at the highest mean concentrations included tetracycline (125.81 ng/L), desacetylcefotaxime (17.73 ng/L), ronidazole (8.79 ng/L) and triamcinolone diacetate (2.84 ng/L). The contribution of PhACs in the vicinity of JZB to the PhACs in the snow is far greater than the contribution of those transmitted over a long distance. PhACs are mainly derived from drugs applied to local humans and animals. Based on the individual risk quotient (RQ) values, tetracycline poses high risks to the relevant aquatic organisms (algae and invertebrates). The rational application and scientific management of PhACs is an effective approach to reduce the ecological risks in JZB.
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27
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Yu Y, Katsoyiannis A, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Brorström-Lundén E, Ma J, Zhao Y, Wu Z, Tych W, Mindham D, Sverko E, Barresi E, Dryfhout-Clark H, Fellin P, Hung H. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Not Declining in Arctic Air Despite Global Emission Reduction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2375-2382. [PMID: 30746937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Two decades of atmospheric measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were conducted at three Arctic sites, i.e., Alert, Canada; Zeppelin, Svalbard; and Pallas, Finland. PAH concentrations decrease with increasing latitude in the order of Pallas > Zeppelin > Alert. Forest fire was identified as an important contributing source. Three representative PAHs, phenanthrene (PHE), pyrene (PYR), and benzo[ a]pyrene (BaP) were selected for the assessment of their long-term trends. Significant decline of these PAHs was not observed contradicting the expected decline due to PAH emission reductions. A global 3-D transport model was employed to simulate the concentrations of these three PAHs at the three sites. The model predicted that warming in the Arctic would cause the air concentrations of PHE and PYR to increase in the Arctic atmosphere, while that of BaP, which tends to be particle-bound, is less affected by temperature. The expected decline due to the reduction of global PAH emissions is offset by the increment of volatilization caused by warming. This work shows that this phenomenon may affect the environmental occurrence of other anthropogenic substances, such as more volatile flame retardants and pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yu
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , M3H 5T4 , Canada
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130102 , China
| | | | | | | | - Jianmin Ma
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Wlodzimierz Tych
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster , LA1 4YQ , United Kingdom
| | - David Mindham
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster , LA1 4YQ , United Kingdom
| | - Ed Sverko
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090 , China
| | - Enzo Barresi
- National Laboratory for Environmental Testing (NLET), Canada Centre for Inland Waters , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , L7R 4A6 , Canada
| | - Helena Dryfhout-Clark
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Phil Fellin
- AirZone One Ltd. , Mississauga , L4Z 1X1 , Canada
| | - Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , M3H 5T4 , Canada
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28
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Cabrerizo A, Muir DCG, De Silva AO, Wang X, Lamoureux SF, Lafrenière MJ. Legacy and Emerging Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Terrestrial Compartments in the High Arctic: Sorption and Secondary Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:14187-14197. [PMID: 30521332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and emerging perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were measured in vegetation and soil samples collected at remote lakes in the Canadian High Arctic. Field studies were carried out in 2015 and 2016 to assess concentrations of POPs, study the relevant sorbing phases, and determine whether Arctic soils were sinks or sources of legacy POPs to the atmosphere and to neighboring lakes. The patterns of legacy POPs in vegetation and soils were dominated by low molecular weight PCB congeners along with OCPs, confirming the importance of long-range atmospheric transport. Lipid and non-lipid organic matter was a key determinant of legacy POPs in Arctic vegetation. Soil organic matter was the main descriptor of hydrophobic PCBs and OCPs in soils, while soil inorganic carbon content, was an important driver of the sorption of PFASs in soils. While contaminant concentrations were low in soil and vegetation, higher PCBs and PFOS organic and inorganic carbon-normalized concentrations were found at Resolute Lake indicating the presence of local sources of contamination. Comparison of fugacities of PCBs in soil and air from Resolute Lake indicated soils as net sources of PCBs to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cabrerizo
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Xiaowa Wang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Scott F Lamoureux
- Department of Geography and Planning , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
| | - Melissa J Lafrenière
- Department of Geography and Planning , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
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29
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Casal P, Cabrerizo A, Vila-Costa M, Pizarro M, Jiménez B, Dachs J. Pivotal Role of Snow Deposition and Melting Driving Fluxes of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Coastal Livingston Island (Antarctica). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12327-12337. [PMID: 30277758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The atmosphere-land-ocean dynamics of semivolatile organic compounds in polar regions is poorly understood, also for the abundant and ubiquitous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We report the concentrations and fluxes of PAHs in a polar coastal ecosystem (Livingston Island, Antarctica). From late spring (December 2014) to late summer (February 2015), we sampled air, snow, coastal seawater, plankton, and the fugacity in soils and snow. The concentrations of PAHs in seawater were low but increased during the austral summer. The PAH concentrations in snow were significantly higher than in coastal seawater. Soil-air fugacity ratios showed a net volatilization of PAH when soils were covered with lichens, and close to air-soil equilibrium for bare soils. Concentrations in surface snow were also close to equilibrium with atmospheric PAHs. Conversely, there was a net diffusive deposition of PAHs to coastal seawater during late spring, but a net volatilization from seawater during late summer. Volatilization fluxes were correlated with seawater temperature and salinity, consistent with a key role of snowmelt to the fluxes and dissolved phase concentrations during the austral summer. The comprehensive assessment provided here shows that the fugacity amplification in snow is transferred to soils and coastal seawater supporting PAH concentrations and fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Casal
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research , Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18-26 , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Ana Cabrerizo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research , Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18-26 , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Maria Vila-Costa
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research , Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18-26 , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Mariana Pizarro
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research , Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18-26 , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry , Spanish National Research Council (IQOG-CSIC) , Madrid 28006 , Spain
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research , Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18-26 , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
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