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Li YF, Hao S, Ma WL, Yang PF, Li WL, Zhang ZF, Liu LY, Macdonald RW. Persistent organic pollutants in global surface soils: Distributions and fractionations. Environ Sci Ecotechnol 2024; 18:100311. [PMID: 37712051 PMCID: PMC10498191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and fractionation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in different matrices refer to how these pollutants are dispersed and separated within various environmental compartments. This is a significant study area as it helps us understand the transport efficiencies and long-range transport potentials of POPs to enter remote areas, particularly polar regions. This study provides a comprehensive review of the progress in understanding the distribution and fractionation of POPs. We focus on the contributions of four intermedia processes (dry and wet depositions for gaseous and particulate POPs) and determine their transfer between air and soil. These processes are controlled by their partitioning between gaseous and particulate phases in the atmosphere. The distribution patterns and fractionations can be categorized into primary and secondary types. Equations are developed to quantificationally study the primary and secondary distributions and fractionations of POPs. The analysis results suggest that the transfer of low molecular weight (LMW) POPs from air to soil is mainly through gas diffusion and particle deposition, whereas high molecular weight (HMW) POPs are mainly via particle deposition. HMW-POPs tend to be trapped near the source, whereas LMW-POPs are more prone to undergo long-range atmospheric transport. This crucial distinction elucidates the primary reason behind their temperature-independent primary fractionation. However, the secondary distribution and fractionation can only be observed along a temperature gradient, such as latitudinal or altitudinal transects. An animation is produced by a one-dimensional transport model to simulate conceptively the transport of CB-28 and CB-180, revealing the similarities and differences between the primary and secondary distributions and fractionations. We suggest that the decreasing temperature trend along latitudes is not the major reason for POPs to be fractionated into the polar ecosystems, but drives the longer-term accumulation of POPs in cold climates or polar cold trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, ON, M2J 3N8, Canada
| | - Shuai Hao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Pu-Fei Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Robie W. Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
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Yang PF, Macdonald RW, Hung H, Muir DC, Kallenborn R, Nikolaev AN, Ma WL, Liu LY, Li YF. Modeling historical budget for β-Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in the Arctic Ocean: A contrast to α-HCH. Environ Sci Ecotechnol 2023; 14:100229. [PMID: 36531934 PMCID: PMC9755237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2022.100229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The historical annual loading to, removal from, and cumulative burden in the Arctic Ocean for β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), an isomer comprising 5-12% of technical HCH, is investigated using a mass balance box model from 1945 to 2020. Over the 76 years, loading occurred predominantly through ocean currents and river inflow (83%) and only a small portion via atmospheric transport (16%). β-HCH started to accumulate in the Arctic Ocean in the late 1940s, reached a peak of 810 t in 1986, and decreased to 87 t in 2020, when its concentrations in the Arctic water and air were ∼30 ng m-3 and ∼0.02 pg m-3, respectively. Even though β-HCH and α-HCH (60-70% of technical HCH) are both the isomers of HCHs with almost identical temporal and spatial emission patterns, these two chemicals have shown different major pathways entering the Arctic. Different from α-HCH with the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) as its major transport pathway, β-HCH reached the Arctic mainly through long-range oceanic transport (LROT). The much higher tendency of β-HCH to partition into the water, mainly due to its much lower Henry's Law Constant than α-HCH, produced an exceptionally strong pathway divergence with β-HCH favoring slow transport in water and α-HCH favoring rapid transport in air. The concentration and burden of β-HCH in the Arctic Ocean are also predicted for the year 2050 when only 4.4-5.3 t will remain in the Arctic Ocean under the influence of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Fei Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Robie W. Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek C.G. Muir
- Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO–1433 As, Norway
| | | | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario, M2N 6X9, Canada
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Li HL, Yang PF, Liu LY, Gong BB, Zhang ZF, Ma WL, Macdonald RW, Nikolaev AN, Li YF. Steady-State Based Model of Airborne Particle/Gas and Settled Dust/Gas Partitioning for Semivolatile Organic Compounds in the Indoor Environment. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:8373-8383. [PMID: 35635317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Indoor semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), present in the air, airborne particles, settled dust, and other indoor surfaces, can enter the human body through several pathways. Knowing the partitioning between gaseous and particulate phases is important in identifying specific pathway contributions and thereby accurately assessing human exposure. Numerous studies have developed equilibrium equations to predict airborne particle/gas (P/G) partitioning in air (KP) and dust/gas (D/G) partitioning in settled dust (KD). The assumption that P/G and D/G equilibria are instantaneous for airborne and settled dust phases, commonly adopted by current indoor fate models, is not likely valid for compounds with high octanol-air partition coefficients (KOA). Here, we develop steady-state based equations to predict KP and KD in the indoor environment. Results show that these equations perform well and are verified by worldwide monitoring data. It is suggested that instantaneous steady state could work for P/G and D/G partitioning of SVOCs in indoor environments, and the equilibrium is just a special case of the steady state when log KOA < 11.38 for P/G partitioning and log KOA < 10.38 for D/G partitioning. These newly developed equations and methods provide a tool for more accurate assessment for human exposure to SVOCs in the indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ling Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pu-Fei Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Bei-Bei Gong
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Institute of Ocean Sciences, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Anatoly N Nikolaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk 677007, Russia
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario M2N 6X9, Canada
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Hu PT, Ma WL, Zhang ZF, Liu LY, Song WW, Cao ZG, Macdonald RW, Nikolaev A, Li L, Li YF. Approach to Predicting the Size-Dependent Inhalation Intake of Particulate Novel Brominated Flame Retardants. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:15236-15245. [PMID: 34724783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The risk of human exposure to particulate novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in the atmosphere has received increasing attention from scientists and the public, but currently, there is no reliable approach to predict the intake of these compounds on the basis of their size distribution. Here, we develop a reliable approach to predict the size-dependent inhalation intake of particulate NBFRs, based on the gas/particle (G/P) partitioning behavior of the NBFRs. We analyzed the concentrations of eight NBFRs in 363 size-segregated particulate samples and 99 paired samples of gaseous and bulk particles. Using these data, we developed an equation to predict the G/P partitioning quotients of NBFRs in particles in different size ranges (KPi) based on particle size. This equation was then successfully applied to predict the size-dependent inhalation intake of particulate NBFRs in combination with an inhalation exposure model. This new approach provides the first demonstration of the effects of the temperature-dependent octanol-air partitioning coefficient (KOA) and total suspended particle concentration (TSP) on the intake of particulate NBFRs by inhalation. In an illustrative case where TSP = 100 μg m-3, inhalation intake of particulate NBFRs exceeded the intake of gaseous NBFRs when log KOA > 11.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Tuan Hu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Guo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Institute of Ocean Sciences, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Anatoly Nikolaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, 58 Belinsky str., Yakutsk 677000, Russia
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario M2N 6X9, Canada
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Li YF, Qin M, Yang PF, Hao S, Macdonald RW. Particle/gas partitioning for semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in Level III multimedia fugacity models: Gaseous emissions. Sci Total Environ 2021; 795:148729. [PMID: 34243005 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric transport is a global-scale process that moves semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) rapidly from source regions to remote locations, where these chemicals have never been produced or used. Particle/gas (P/G) partitioning of SVOCs during atmospheric transport governs wet and dry deposition, and thereby controls the efficiency and scope of long-range atmospheric transport and fate for these sorts of compounds. Previous work has shown that the assumption of steady state between particulate and gaseous phases in the atmosphere leads to model results that more closely match observations especially for compounds that strongly favor the particulate phase. Here, the practical application of steady-state P/G partitioning in the atmosphere in multimedia fugacity models is presented in greater detail. A method is developed whereby the fugacity of a chemical in the particle-phase is set equal to that in the gaseous phase (a pseudo equilibrium) but still maintains steady state of the chemical between air and aerosols in the atmosphere. This procedure greatly simplifies the application of multimedia fugacity models. Using this approach, a condition of steady state between air and aerosols is developed and applied in a Level III six-compartment six-fugacity model, which becomes a much simpler Level III six-compartment four-fugacity model. This newly-developed model is then applied to data observed during a monitoring program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China.
| | - Meng Qin
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Pu-Fei Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shuai Hao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada; Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
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Qin M, Yang PF, Hu PT, Hao S, Macdonald RW, Li YF. Particle/gas partitioning for semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in level III multimedia fugacity models: Both gaseous and particulate emissions. Sci Total Environ 2021; 790:148012. [PMID: 34098280 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Multimedia fugacity models have long been used to address the fate of toxic organic chemical emissions by providing a quantitative account of the sources, transport processes, and sinks. Recently, we have examined three level-III fugacity models (E4F (equilibrium six-compartment four-fugacity), S6F (steady-state six-compartment six-fugacity) and S4F (steady-state six-compartment four-fugacity) Models), in the context of their performance set against real-world data, and their practicality of application. Here, we discuss how the balance between gaseous and aerosol phases of emissions assumed for initial conditions affects the different model outcomes. Our results show that the S6F Model predictions closely match those of the S4F Model when chemical emissions are entirely in the gas-phase. As the particulate proportion of the emission increases, the S6F Model predictions diverge from those of the S4F Model and approach those of the E4F Model. Once the particulate portion reaches 100%, the S6F and E4F Models produce identical results: an internally inconsistent system where chemicals are not in a steady state between air and aerosols, and mass balance for both air and aerosols is not achieved. Thus, in terms of practicality, internal consistency, chemical mass balance and agreement with observations, the S4F Model is clearly the best choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qin
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Pu-Fei Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Peng-Tuan Hu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shuai Hao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada; Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China.
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Li YF, Qiao LN, Macdonald RW. Slopes and intercepts from log-log correlations of gas/particle quotient and octanol-air partition coefficient (vapor-pressure) for semi-volatile organic compounds: I. Theoretical analysis. Chemosphere 2021; 273:128865. [PMID: 33218722 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gas/particle partitioning governs the transport and fate of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) released to the atmosphere. The partition quotient of SVOCs, KP, is related to their subcooled liquid vapor pressure (logKP = mp logPL + bp) and to their octanol-air partition coefficient (logKP = mo logKOA + bo). Previous theory predicts that -mp and mo should be close to, or equal to 1 based on the assumption that gas- and particle-phases are at equilibrium in the atmosphere. Here, we develop analytical equations to calculate mo and bo as functions of logKOA and mp and bp as functions of logPL. We find that experimental, analytical, or statistical artifacts and other reported factors are not the leading causes for deviations of the slopes, mp and mo, from -1 and 1, respectively. Rather, it is the inherent parameter, KOA, that determines mo and bo, and equivalently, PL is the major parameter determining mp and bp, and such deviations are evidence that equilibrium is an inappropriate assumption. In contrast, the actual steady-state between gas and particle phases of SVOCs leads that their -mp and mo should range from 0 to 1, implying that equilibrium is a reasonable assumption only when -mp and mo are larger than 0.49. To illustrate these points, we provide a detailed discussion of the global atmospheric transport of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) with emphasis on Polar Regions where low air temperatures favor a special steady-state, where their slopes mp and mo can reach 0, indicating a constant value of logKP (-1.53).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment/ School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, PR China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario, M2N 6X9, Canada.
| | - Li-Na Qiao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment/ School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Department of Marine Sciences, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
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Qiao LN, Ma WL, Zhang ZF, Liu LY, Song WW, Jia HL, Zhu NZ, Li WL, Macdonald RW, Nikolaev A, Li YF. Slopes and intercepts from log-log correlations of gas/particle quotient and octanol-air partition coefficient (vapor-pressure) for semi-volatile organic compounds: II. Theoretical predictions vs. monitoring. Chemosphere 2021; 273:128860. [PMID: 33218730 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The logarithm of gas/particle (G/P) partition quotient (logKP) has been found to have a linear relationship with logKOA (octanol-air partition coefficient) with slope mo and intercept bo and logPL (subcooled liquid vapor pressure) with slope mp and intercept bp. In the sister paper of the present work, analytical equations to predict the slope mo and intercept bo based on logKOA and predict the slope mp and intercept bp based on logPL are developed using steady state theory. In this work, the equations are evaluated using world-wide monitoring data (262 pairs for mo and bo values and 292 pairs for mp and bp values produced from more than 10,000 monitiring data worldwide) for selected seven groups of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polyclorinated biphenyl (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), and other selected halogenated flame retardants. The slopes and intercepts predicted by the steady state equations reproduce the trends observed in monitoring regression results for the seven SVOC groups, with 44.4% of the variation of monitoring mo values accounted for by logKOA and 48.2% of the variation of monitoring mp values accounted for by logPL. Theoretically, the values of mo can be any value between 0 and 1 dependent on the values of KOA, and are not constrained to 1 as in equilibrium theory. Likewise, the values of mp can be any value between 0 and -1 dependent on the values of PL, and not constrained to -1 predicted by the equilibrium theory. The influence of sampling artifacts on the G/P partitioning of SVOCs has most likely been overemphasized by the equilibrium theory. Thus, the equilibrium approach should be abandoned in favor of the steady state approach for calculating the G/P partition quotients for SVOCs with high KOA values (>1011.38) or low PL values (<10-4.92).
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Qiao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; Department of Marine Sciences, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Hong-Liang Jia
- IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Ning-Zheng Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Anatoly Nikolaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, Russia
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; Department of Marine Sciences, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario, M2N 6X9, Canada.
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Hu PT, Su PH, Ma WL, Zhang ZF, Liu LY, Song WW, Qiao LN, Tian CG, Macdonald RW, Nikolaev A, Cao ZG, Li YF. New equation to predict size-resolved gas-particle partitioning quotients for polybrominated diphenyl ethers. J Hazard Mater 2020; 400:123245. [PMID: 32947688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gas/particle (G/P) partition quotients of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) for bulk air have been widely discussed in experimental and theoretical contexts, but research on size-resolved G/P partition quotients (KPi) are scarce and limited in scope. To investigate G/P partition behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) for size-segregated particles in the atmosphere, 396 individual size-segregated particulate samples (36 batches × 11 size-ranges), and 108 pairs of concurrent gaseous and bulk particulate samples were collected in Harbin, China. A steady-state equation based on bulk particles is derived to determine G/P partition quotients of PBDEs for size-segregated particles, which depends on the organic matter contents of size-segregated particles (fOMi). This equation can well predict KPi with knowledge of bulk partition quotient (KPS), ambient temperature, and fOMi, the results of which match well with monitoring data in Harbin and other published data collected in Shanghai and Guangzhou of China and Thessaloniki of Greece, and remedies a defect of over-estimate KPi for high-brominated PBDEs by the previous equation. In particular, the new equation contributes to obtaining the PBDEs concentrations in all atmospheric phase from partial phase, then provides a credible path to evaluate healthy exposure dose from the airborne PBDEs, by co-utilization with exposure models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Tuan Hu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Peng-Hao Su
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Li-Na Qiao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Chong-Guo Tian
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Anatoly Nikolaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, Russia
| | - Zhi-Guo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, PR China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario, M2N 6X9, Canada.
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Ahad JME, Macdonald RW, Parrott JL, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Siddique T, Kuznetsova A, Rauert C, Galarneau E, Studabaker WB, Evans M, McMaster ME, Shang D. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in the Canadian environment: A review of sampling techniques, strategies and instrumentation. Environ Pollut 2020; 266:114988. [PMID: 32679437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of sampling techniques and strategies are needed to analyze polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and interpret their distributions in various environmental media (i.e., air, water, snow, soils, sediments, peat and biological material). In this review, we provide a summary of commonly employed sampling methods and strategies, as well as a discussion of routine and innovative approaches used to quantify and characterize PACs in frequently targeted environmental samples, with specific examples and applications in Canadian investigations. The pros and cons of different analytical techniques, including gas chromatography - flame ionization detection (GC-FID), GC low-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-LRMS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet, fluorescence or MS detection, GC high-resolution MS (GC-HRMS) and compound-specific stable (δ13C, δ2H) and radiocarbon (Δ14C) isotope analysis are considered. Using as an example research carried out in Canada's Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR), where alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur-containing dibenzothiophenes are frequently targeted, the need to move beyond the standard list of sixteen EPA priority PAHs and for adoption of an AOSR bitumen PAC reference standard are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M E Ahad
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Joanne L Parrott
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Zeyu Yang
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Tariq Siddique
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Alsu Kuznetsova
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Cassandra Rauert
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Galarneau
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | | | - Marlene Evans
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Mark E McMaster
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, BC, V7H 1B1, Canada
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11
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Li YF, Qiao LN, Ren NQ, Macdonald RW, Kannan K. Gas/particle partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere: Transition from unsteady to steady state. Sci Total Environ 2020; 710:136394. [PMID: 31923696 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We derive differential equations to determine the kinetics of gas/particle partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). These equations model the transient states from initiation of sorption to particles (non-steady state) through the establishment of steady state. Two hypothetical scenarios are examined: (1) exchange of SVOCs between gas- and particle-phases alone; and (2) both gas/particle partitioning and wet and dry deposition of particles. The differential equations show that, under Scenario 1, a steady state is reached as an equilibrium between gas- and particle-phases, whereas under Scenario 2, the attained steady state is not in equilibrium. Our model shows that SVOCs in atmosphere where particle deposition is occurring reach a steady non-equilibrium state sooner than they would reach equilibrium under Scenario 1. We infer that SVOCs in the atmosphere will reach steady state instead of equilibrium between gaseous and particulate phases in circumstances where wet and dry deposition of particles cannot be neglected. In addition, our study indicates that the time for SVOCs to reach steady state in the atmosphere is fast, most likely within minutes or hours, suggesting that SVOCs are in steady or quasi-steady state in the atmosphere. Our analysis also reveals that gas/particle partitioning and particle deposition of SVOCs are dependent on each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto M2N 6X9, Canada.
| | - Li-Na Qiao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
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Wang K, Munson KM, Beaupré-Laperrière A, Mucci A, Macdonald RW, Wang F. Subsurface seawater methylmercury maximum explains biotic mercury concentrations in the Canadian Arctic. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14465. [PMID: 30262886 PMCID: PMC6160454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a contaminant of major concern in Arctic marine ecosystems. Decades of Hg observations in marine biota from across the Canadian Arctic show generally higher concentrations in the west than in the east. Various hypotheses have attributed this longitudinal biotic Hg gradient to regional differences in atmospheric or terrestrial inputs of inorganic Hg, but it is methylmercury (MeHg) that accumulates and biomagnifies in marine biota. Here, we present high-resolution vertical profiles of total Hg and MeHg in seawater along a transect from the Canada Basin, across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) and Baffin Bay, and into the Labrador Sea. Total Hg concentrations are lower in the western Arctic, opposing the biotic Hg distributions. In contrast, MeHg exhibits a distinctive subsurface maximum at shallow depths of 100–300 m, with its peak concentration decreasing eastwards. As this subsurface MeHg maximum lies within the habitat of zooplankton and other lower trophic-level biota, biological uptake of subsurface MeHg and subsequent biomagnification readily explains the biotic Hg concentration gradient. Understanding the risk of MeHg to the Arctic marine ecosystem and Indigenous Peoples will thus require an elucidation of the processes that generate and maintain this subsurface MeHg maximum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, and Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Kathleen M Munson
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, and Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Alexis Beaupré-Laperrière
- GEOTOP, and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E8, Canada
| | - Alfonso Mucci
- GEOTOP, and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E8, Canada
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, and Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada.,Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Sidney, British Columbia, V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Feiyue Wang
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, and Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Pomerleau C, Matthews CJD, Gobeil C, Stern GA, Ferguson SH, Macdonald RW. Mercury and stable isotope cycles in baleen plates are consistent with year-round feeding in two bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) populations. Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Brown TM, Macdonald RW, Muir DCG, Letcher RJ. The distribution and trends of persistent organic pollutants and mercury in marine mammals from Canada's Eastern Arctic. Sci Total Environ 2018; 618:500-517. [PMID: 29145101 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Arctic contaminant research in the marine environment has focused on organohalogen compounds and mercury mainly because they are bioaccumulative, persistent and toxic. This review summarizes and discusses the patterns and trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and mercury in ringed seals (Pusa hispida) and polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Eastern Canadian Arctic relative to the rest of the Canadian Arctic. The review provides explanations for these trends and looks at the implications of climate-related changes on contaminants in these marine mammals in a region that has been reviewed little. Presently, the highest levels of total mercury (THg) and the legacy pesticide HCH in ringed seals and polar bears are found in the Western Canadian Arctic relative to other locations. Whereas, highest levels of some legacy contaminants, including ∑PCBs, PCB 153, ∑DDTs, p,p'-DDE, ∑CHLs, ClBz are found in the east (i.e., Ungava Bay and Labrador) and in the Beaufort Sea relative to other locations. The highest levels of recent contaminants, including PBDEs and PFOS are found at lower latitudes. Feeding ecology (e.g., feeding at a higher trophic position) is shaping the elevated levels of THg and some legacy contaminants in the west compared to the east. Spatial and temporal trends for POPs and THg are underpinned by historical loadings of surface ocean reservoirs including the Western Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean. Trends set up by the distribution of water masses across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago are then acted upon locally by on-going atmospheric deposition, which is the dominant contributor for more recent contaminants. Warming and continued decline in sea ice are likely to result in further shifts in food web structure, which are likely to increase contaminant burdens in marine mammals. Monitoring of seawater and a range of trophic levels would provide a better basis to inform communities about contaminants in traditionally harvested foods, allow us to understand the causes of contaminant trends in marine ecosystems, and to track environmental response to source controls instituted under international conventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Brown
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada.
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada; Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Raven Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
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15
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Pućko M, Stern GA, Burt AE, Jantunen LM, Bidleman TF, Macdonald RW, Barber DG, Geilfus NX, Rysgaard S. Current use pesticide and legacy organochlorine pesticide dynamics at the ocean-sea ice-atmosphere interface in resolute passage, Canadian Arctic, during winter-summer transition. Sci Total Environ 2017; 580:1460-1469. [PMID: 28038873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present the first detailed analysis of processes by which various current use pesticides (CUPs) and legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are concentrated in melt ponds that form on Arctic sea ice in the summer, when surface snow is melting and ice eventually breaks up. Four current use pesticides (dacthal, chlorpyrifos, trifluralin, and pentachloronitrobenzene) and one legacy organochlorine pesticide (α-hexachlorocyclohexane) were detected in ponds in Resolute Passage, Canadian Arctic, in 2012. Melt-pond concentrations changed over time as a function of gas exchange, precipitation, and dilution with melting sea ice. Observed increases in melt-pond concentrations for all detected pesticides were associated with precipitation events. Dacthal reached the highest concentration of all current use pesticides in ponds (95±71pgL-1), a value exceeding measured concentrations in the under-ice (0m) and 5m seawater by >10 and >16 times, respectively. Drainage of dacthal-enriched pond water to the ocean during ice break-up provides an important ice-mediated annual delivery route, adding ~30% of inventory in the summer Mixed Layer (ML; 10m) in the Resolute Passage, and a concentrating mechanism with potential implications for exposures to organisms such as ice algae, and phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pućko
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Gary A Stern
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Alexis E Burt
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, 6248 Eighth Line, Egbert, Ontario L0L 1N0, Canada
| | - Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada; Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - David G Barber
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Nicolas-X Geilfus
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada; Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Rysgaard
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada; Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada; Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resource, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland
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Li YF, Qiao LN, Ren NQ, Sverko E, Mackay D, Macdonald RW. Decabrominated Diphenyl Ethers (BDE-209) in Chinese and Global Air: Levels, Gas/Particle Partitioning, and Long-Range Transport: Is Long-Range Transport of BDE-209 Really Governed by the Movement of Particles? Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:1035-1042. [PMID: 27977141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report air concentrations of BDE-209 in both gas- and particle-phases across China. The annual mean concentrations of BDE-209 were from below detection limit (BDL) to 77.0 pg·m-3 in the gas-phase and 1.06-728 pg·m-3 in the particle-phase. Among the nine PBDEs measured, BDE-209 is the dominant congener in Chinese atmosphere in both gas and particle phases. We predicted the partitioning behavior of BDE-209 in air using our newly developed steady state equation, and the results matched the monitoring data worldwide very well. It was found that the logarithm of the partition quotient of BDE-209 is a constant, and equal to -1.53 under the global ambient temperature range (from -50 to +50 °C). The gaseous fractions of BDE-209 in air depends on the concentration of total suspended particle (TSP). The most important conclusion derived from this study is that, BDE-209, like other semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), cannot be sorbed entirely to atmospheric particles; and there is a significant amount of gaseous BDE-209 in global atmosphere, which is subject to long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT). Therefore, it is not surprising that BDE-209 can enter the Arctic through LRAT mainly by air transport rather than by particle movement. This is a significant advancement in understanding the global transport process and the pathways entering the Arctic for chemicals with low volatility and high octanol-air partition coefficients, such as BDE-209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Li
- Arctic Environment Research Group, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS-AERG), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA , Toronto, M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Li-Na Qiao
- Arctic Environment Research Group, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS-AERG), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- Arctic Environment Research Group, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS-AERG), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ed Sverko
- Arctic Environment Research Group, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS-AERG), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA , Toronto, M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Donald Mackay
- Trent University , Peterborough, ON. K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences , Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada
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Drevnick PE, Cooke CA, Barraza D, Blais JM, Coale KH, Cumming BF, Curtis CJ, Das B, Donahue WF, Eagles-Smith CA, Engstrom DR, Fitzgerald WF, Furl CV, Gray JE, Hall RI, Jackson TA, Laird KR, Lockhart WL, Macdonald RW, Mast MA, Mathieu C, Muir DCG, Outridge PM, Reinemann SA, Rothenberg SE, Ruiz-Fernández AC, Louis VLS, Sanders RD, Sanei H, Skierszkan EK, Van Metre PC, Veverica TJ, Wiklund JA, Wolfe BB. Spatiotemporal patterns of mercury accumulation in lake sediments of western North America. Sci Total Environ 2016; 568:1157-1170. [PMID: 27102272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
For the Western North America Mercury Synthesis, we compiled mercury records from 165 dated sediment cores from 138 natural lakes across western North America. Lake sediments are accepted as faithful recorders of historical mercury accumulation rates, and regional and sub-regional temporal and spatial trends were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Mercury accumulation rates in sediments have increased, on average, four times (4×) from 1850 to 2000 and continue to increase by approximately 0.2μg/m(2) per year. Lakes with the greatest increases were influenced by the Flin Flon smelter, followed by lakes directly affected by mining and wastewater discharges. Of lakes not directly affected by point sources, there is a clear separation in mercury accumulation rates between lakes with no/little watershed development and lakes with extensive watershed development for agricultural and/or residential purposes. Lakes in the latter group exhibited a sharp increase in mercury accumulation rates with human settlement, stabilizing after 1950 at five times (5×) 1850 rates. Mercury accumulation rates in lakes with no/little watershed development were controlled primarily by relative watershed size prior to 1850, and since have exhibited modest increases (in absolute terms and compared to that described above) associated with (regional and global) industrialization. A sub-regional analysis highlighted that in the ecoregion Northwestern Forest Mountains, <1% of mercury deposited to watersheds is delivered to lakes. Research is warranted to understand whether mountainous watersheds act as permanent sinks for mercury or if export of "legacy" mercury (deposited in years past) will delay recovery when/if emissions reductions are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Drevnick
- University of Michigan Biological Station, 9133 Biological Rd., Pellston, MI 49769, USA; University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Colin A Cooke
- Alberta Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Agency, 10th Floor, 9888 Jasper Avenue NW, Edmonton, AB T5J 5C6, Canada; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Daniella Barraza
- University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jules M Blais
- Program in Chemical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kenneth H Coale
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Brian F Cumming
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Queen's University, Biosciences Complex, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Chris J Curtis
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Biplob Das
- Saskatchewan Water Security Agency, 420-2365 Albert St., Regina, SK S4P 4K1, Canada
| | - William F Donahue
- Alberta Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Agency, 10th Floor, 9888 Jasper Avenue NW, Edmonton, AB T5J 5C6, Canada
| | - Collin A Eagles-Smith
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Daniel R Engstrom
- St. Croix Watershed Research Station, Science Museum of Minnesota, Marine on St. Croix, MN 55047, USA
| | | | - Chad V Furl
- Washington State Department of Ecology, Environmental Assessment Program, P.O. Box 47600, Olympia, WA 98504, USA
| | - John E Gray
- U.S. Geological Survey, MS 973, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, USA
| | - Roland I Hall
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Togwell A Jackson
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Kathleen R Laird
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Queen's University, Biosciences Complex, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - W Lyle Lockhart
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Institute of Ocean Sciences, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - M Alisa Mast
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center, MS 415, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, USA
| | - Callie Mathieu
- Washington State Department of Ecology, Environmental Assessment Program, P.O. Box 47600, Olympia, WA 98504, USA
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Peter M Outridge
- Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada
| | - Scott A Reinemann
- Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, 1036 Derby Hall, 154 North Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sarah E Rothenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ana Carolina Ruiz-Fernández
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Calz. Joel Montes Camarena s/n, CP 82040 Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Vincent L St Louis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Rhea D Sanders
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Hamed Sanei
- Geological Survey of Canada, 3303-33rd Street N.W., Calgary, AB T2L 2A7, Canada
| | - Elliott K Skierszkan
- Program in Chemical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | | | - Timothy J Veverica
- University of Michigan Biological Station, 9133 Biological Rd., Pellston, MI 49769, USA
| | - Johan A Wiklund
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brent B Wolfe
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
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Pomerleau C, Stern GA, Pućko M, Foster KL, Macdonald RW, Fortier L. Pan-Arctic concentrations of mercury and stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ(13)C) and nitrogen (δ(15)N) in marine zooplankton. Sci Total Environ 2016; 551-552:92-100. [PMID: 26874765 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Zooplankton play a central role in marine food webs, dictating the quantity and quality of energy available to upper trophic levels. They act as "keystone" species in transfer of mercury (Hg) up through the marine food chain. Here, we present the first Pan-Arctic overview of total and monomethylmercury concentrations (THg and MMHg) and stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ(13)C) and nitrogen (δ(15)N) in selected zooplankton species by assembling data collected between 1998 and 2012 from six arctic regions (Laptev Sea, Chukchi Sea, southeastern Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Hudson Bay and northern Baffin Bay). MMHg concentrations in Calanus spp., Themisto spp. and Paraeuchaeta spp. were found to increase with higher δ(15)N and lower δ(13)C. The southern Beaufort Sea exhibited both the highest THg and MMHg concentrations. Biomagnification of MMHg between Calanus spp. and two of its known predators, Themisto spp. and Paraeuchaeta spp., was greatest in the southern Beaufort Sea. Our results show large geographical variations in Hg concentrations and isotopic signatures for individual species related to regional ecosystem features, such as varying water masses and freshwater inputs, and highlight the increased exposure to Hg in the marine food chain of the southern Beaufort Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Pomerleau
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivioq 2, Nuuk 3900, Greenland.
| | - Gary A Stern
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Monika Pućko
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Louis Fortier
- Québec-Océan, Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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19
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Brown TM, Iverson SJ, Fisk AT, Macdonald RW, Helbing CC, Reimer KJ. Local contamination, and not feeding preferences, explains elevated PCB concentrations in Labrador ringed seals (Pusa hispida). Sci Total Environ 2015; 515-516:188-197. [PMID: 25725460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in high trophic level species typically reflect the contributions of myriad sources, such that source apportionment is rarely possible. The release of PCBs by a military radar station into Saglek Bay, Labrador contaminated the local marine food web. For instance, while heavier (higher chlorinated) PCB profiles in some ringed seals (Pusa hispida) were previously attributed to this local source, differences in feeding preferences among seals could not be ruled out as a contributing factor. Herein, similar fatty acid profiles between those seals with 'local' PCB profiles and those with 'long-range' or background profiles indicate little support for the possibility that differential feeding ecologies underlay the divergent PCB profiles. Ringed seals appeared to feed predominantly on zooplankton (Mysis oculata and Themisto libellula), followed by the dusky snailfish (Liparis gibbus), arctic cod (Boreogadus saida), and shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius). Principal components analysis (PCA) and PCB homolog profiles illustrated the extent of contamination of the Saglek food web, which had very different (and much heavier) PCB profiles than those food web members contaminated by 'long-range' sources. Locally contaminated prey had PCB levels that were higher (2- to 544-fold) than prey contaminated by 'long-range' sources and exceeded wildlife consumption guidelines for PCBs. The application of multivariate analyses to two distinct datasets, including PCB congeners (n=50) and fatty acids (n=65), afforded the opportunity to clearly distinguish the contribution of locally-released PCBs to a ringed seal food web from those delivered via long-ranged transport. Results from the present study strongly suggest that habitat use rather than differences in prey selection is the primary mechanism explaining the divergent PCB patterns in Labrador ringed seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, P.O. Box 1700, Stn CSC, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada; Raincoast Conservation Foundation, P.O. Box 2429, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 3Y3, Canada; Environmental Sciences Group, Royal Military College of Canada, P.O. Box 17000 Stn Forces, Kingston, Ontario K7K 7B4, Canada.
| | - Sara J Iverson
- Department of Biology, 1355 Oxford Street, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Aaron T Fisk
- Great Lakes Institute of Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 9860 West Saanich Road, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Caren C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, P.O. Box 1700, Stn CSC, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Ken J Reimer
- Environmental Sciences Group, Royal Military College of Canada, P.O. Box 17000 Stn Forces, Kingston, Ontario K7K 7B4, Canada
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20
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Loseto LL, Stern GA, Macdonald RW. Distant drivers or local signals: where do mercury trends in western Arctic belugas originate? Sci Total Environ 2015; 509-510:226-236. [PMID: 25442642 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Temporal trends of contaminants are monitored in Arctic higher trophic level species to inform us on the fate, transport and risk of contaminants as well as advise on global emissions. However, monitoring mercury (Hg) trends in species such as belugas challenge us, as their tissue concentrations reflect complex interactions among Hg deposition and methylation, whale physiology, dietary exposure and foraging patterns. The Beaufort Sea beluga population showed significant increases in Hg during the 1990 s; since that time an additional 10 years of data have been collected. During this time of data collection, changes in the Arctic have affected many processes that underlie the Hg cycle. Here, we examine Hg in beluga tissues and investigate factors that could contribute to the observed trends after removing the effect of age and size on Hg concentrations and dietary factors. Finally, we examine available indicators of climate variability (Arctic Oscillation (AO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and sea-ice minimum (SIM) concentration) to evaluate their potential to explain beluga Hg trends. Results reveal a decline in Hg concentrations from 2002 to 2012 in the liver of older whales and the muscle of large whales. The temporal increases in Hg in the 1990 s followed by recent declines do not follow trends in Hg emission, and are not easily explained by diet markers highlighting the complexity of feeding, food web dynamics and Hg uptake. Among the regional-scale climate variables the PDO exhibited the most significant relationship with beluga Hg at an eight year lag time. This distant signal points us to consider beluga winter feeding areas. Given that changes in climate will impact ecosystems; it is plausible that these climate variables are important in explaining beluga Hg trends. Such relationships require further investigation of the multiple connections between climate variables and beluga Hg.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Loseto
- Freshwater Institute/Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 501 University Cres., Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada; Dept of Environment & Geography, University of Manitoba, 500 University Cres., Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - G A Stern
- Dept of Environment & Geography, University of Manitoba, 500 University Cres., Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - R W Macdonald
- Dept of Environment & Geography, University of Manitoba, 500 University Cres., Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 9860 West Saanich Rd, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada
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21
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Johannessen SC, Macdonald RW, Burd B, van Roodselaar A, Bertold S. Local environmental conditions determine the footprint of municipal effluent in coastal waters: a case study in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Sci Total Environ 2015; 508:228-239. [PMID: 25481251 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To predict the likely effects of management action on any point source discharge into the coastal ocean, it is essential to understand both the composition of the effluent and the environmental conditions in the receiving waters. We illustrate a broadly-applicable approach to evaluating the comprehensive environmental footprint of a discharge, using regional geochemical budgets and nearfield monitoring. We take as a case study municipal effluent discharged into the Strait of Georgia (west coast of Canada), where there has been public controversy over the discharge of screened or primary-treated effluent directly into the ocean. Wastewater contributes ≤ 1% of the nitrogen, organic carbon and oxygen demand in the Strait and is unlikely to cause eutrophication, harmful algal blooms or hypoxia in this region. Metals (Hg, Pb, Cd) are controlled by natural cycles augmented by past mining and urbanization, with 0.3-5% of the flux contributed by wastewater. Wastewater contributes ~5% of PCBs but ≤ 60% of PBDEs and is likely also important for pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Effects of high organic flux on benthos are measurable in the immediate receiving environment. The availability of particle-active contaminants to enter the food chain depends on how long those contaminants remain in the sediment surface mixed layer before burial. Secondary treatment, slated for completion in Vancouver in 2030, will reduce fluxes of some contaminants, but will have negligible effect on regional budgets for organic carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, metals and PCBs. Removal of PBDEs from wastewater will affect regional budgets, depending on how the sludge is sequestered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia C Johannessen
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 9860 W. Saanich Rd., P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada.
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 9860 W. Saanich Rd., P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada.
| | - Brenda Burd
- Ecostat Research Ltd., 1040 Clayton Rd., N. Saanich, BC V8L 5P6, Canada.
| | | | - Stan Bertold
- Metro Vancouver, 4330 Kingsway, Burnaby, BC V5H 4G8, Canada.
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22
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Pućko M, Stern GA, Macdonald RW, Jantunen LM, Bidleman TF, Wong F, Barber DG, Rysgaard S. The delivery of organic contaminants to the Arctic food web: why sea ice matters. Sci Total Environ 2015; 506-507:444-52. [PMID: 25437762 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
For decades sea ice has been perceived as a physical barrier for the loading of contaminants to the Arctic Ocean. We show that sea ice, in fact, facilitates the delivery of organic contaminants to the Arctic marine food web through processes that: 1) are independent of contaminant physical-chemical properties (e.g. 2-3-fold increase in exposure to brine-associated biota), and 2) depend on physical-chemical properties and, therefore, differentiate between contaminants (e.g. atmospheric loading of contaminants to melt ponds over the summer, and their subsequent leakage to the ocean). We estimate the concentrations of legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and current-use pesticides (CUPs) in melt pond water in the Beaufort Sea, Canadian High Arctic, in 2008, at near-gas exchange equilibrium based on Henry's law constants (HLCs), air concentrations and exchange dynamics. CUPs currently present the highest risk of increased exposures through melt pond loading and drainage due to the high ratio of melt pond water to seawater concentration (Melt pond Enrichment Factor, MEF), which ranges from 2 for dacthal to 10 for endosulfan I. Melt pond contaminant enrichment can be perceived as a hypothetical 'pump' delivering contaminants from the atmosphere to the ocean under ice-covered conditions, with 2-10% of CUPs annually entering the Beaufort Sea via this input route compared to the standing stock in the Polar Mixed Layer of the ocean. The abovementioned processes are strongly favored in first-year ice compared to multi-year ice and, therefore, the dynamic balance between contaminant inventories and contaminant deposition to the surface ocean is being widely affected by the large-scale icescape transition taking place in the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pućko
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Gary A Stern
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada; Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, 6248 Eighth Line, Egbert, Ontario L0L 1N0, Canada
| | | | - Fiona Wong
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, 6248 Eighth Line, Egbert, Ontario L0L 1N0, Canada; Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - David G Barber
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Søren Rysgaard
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada; Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland; Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Foster KL, Stern GA, Carrie J, Bailey JNL, Outridge PM, Sanei H, Macdonald RW. Spatial, temporal, and source variations of hydrocarbons in marine sediments from Baffin Bay, Eastern Canadian Arctic. Sci Total Environ 2015; 506-507:430-443. [PMID: 25437761 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With declining sea ice conditions in Arctic regions owing to changing climate, the large prospective reservoirs of oil and gas in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait are increasingly accessible, and the interest in offshore exploration and shipping through these regions has increased. Both of these activities are associated with the risk of hydrocarbon releases into the marine ecosystem. However, hydrocarbons are also present naturally in marine environments, in some cases deriving from oil seeps. We have analyzed hydrocarbon concentrations in eleven sediment cores collected from northern Baffin Bay during 2008 and 2009 Amundsen expeditions and have examined the hydrocarbon compositions in both pre- and post-industrial periods (i.e., before and after 1900) to assess the sources of hydrocarbons, and their temporal and spatial variabilities. Concentrations of ΣPAHs ranged from 341 to 2693 ng g(-1) dw, with concentrations in cores from sites within the North Water (NOW) Polynya generally higher. Individual PAH concentrations did not exceed concentrations of concern for marine aquatic life, with one exception found in a core collected within the NOW (one of the seven sediment core samples). Hydrocarbon biomarkers, including alkane profiles, OEP (odd-to-even preference), and TAR (terrigenous/aquatic ratios) values indicated that organic carbon at all sites is derived from both terrigenous higher plants and marine algae, the former being of greater significance at coastal sites, and the latter at the deepest sites at the southern boundary of the NOW. Biomarker ratios and chemical profiles indicate that petrogenic sources dominate over combustion sources, and thus long-range atmospheric transport is less significant than inputs from weathering. Present-day and historic pre-1900 hydrocarbon concentrations exhibited less than an order of magnitude difference for most compounds at all sites. The dataset presented here provides a baseline record of hydrocarbon concentrations in Baffin Bay sediments in advance of offshore exploration and increased shipping activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Foster
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Environmental & Resource Studies Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada.
| | - Gary A Stern
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - Jesse Carrie
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - Joscelyn N-L Bailey
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - Peter M Outridge
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Hamed Sanei
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Sidney, Canada.
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Burd BJ, Macdonald TA, Macdonald RW, Ross PS. Distribution and uptake of key polychlorinated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in benthic infauna relative to sediment organic enrichment. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2014; 67:310-334. [PMID: 24699838 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As part of a broader study of budgets, transport, and bioaccumulation of persistent organic contaminants in the Strait of Georgia, Canada, matching samples of sediment and bulk benthos were collected near two marine sewage outfalls, two large urban harbours, and background areas. Samples were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners. We present data for those congeners that fell within the top six rankings by concentration (23 PCBs and 10 PBDEs) within at least one of the environmental media measured in other studies (air, water, sediments, benthos, pelagic biota). Multifactor regression analyses incorporating sediment characteristics (total organic carbon, fines) predicted uptake (r (2) = 0.74 to 0.98, p < 0.04) over the range of congeners and habitats examined. PBDEs were taken up by biota more readily than PCBs, suggesting a large, potentially available biological reservoir of PBDEs in sediments. Dominant congeners in benthos comprised PBDEs 47, 99, 209, and 100 and PCBs 138/163, 153, 101, 118, and 110. PBDE uptake was anomalously high near one wastewater outfall, likely due to selective feeding on PBDE-enriched particulates from that source. Conversely, outfalls supply food and sediments with PCB concentrations similar to ambient sediments. However, organic enrichment of sediments near outfalls clearly enhanced PCB uptake by benthos, probably due to greatly increased biomass turnover near these sources. Data suggest there to be an initial reservoir of PCBs in newly settled juvenile benthos, which is much less evident for PBDEs. This is likely a consequence of the ecosystem-wide distribution of legacy PCBs but not the more current-use PBDEs. Congener-uptake patterns were dependent on source and input dynamics, feeding methods, and contaminant metabolism or debromination, particularly of deca-BDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J Burd
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada,
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Pućko M, Burt A, Walkusz W, Wang F, Macdonald RW, Rysgaard S, Barber DG, Tremblay JÉ, Stern GA. Transformation of mercury at the bottom of the Arctic food web: an overlooked puzzle in the mercury exposure narrative. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:7280-7288. [PMID: 24901673 DOI: 10.1021/es404851b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We show 2008 seasonal trends of total and monomethyl mercury (THg and MeHg, respectively) in herbivorous (Calanus hyperboreus) and predatory (Chaetognaths, Paraeuchaeta glacialis, and Themisto abyssorum) zooplankton species from the Canadian High Arctic (Amundsen Gulf and the Canadian Beaufort Sea) in relation to ambient seawater and diet. It has recently been postulated that the Arctic marine environment may be exceptionally vulnerable to toxic MeHg contamination through postdepositional processes leading to mercury transformation and methylation. Here, we show that C. hyperboreus plays a hitherto unrecognized central role in mercury transformation while, itself, not manifesting inordinately high levels of THg compared to its prey (pelagic particulate organic matter (POM)). Calanus hyperboreus shifts Hg from mainly inorganic forms in pelagic POM (>99.5%) or ambient seawater (>90%) to primarily organic forms (>50%) in their tissue. We calculate that annual dietary intake of MeHg could supply only ∼30% of the MeHg body burden in C. hyperboreus and, thus, transformation within the species, perhaps mediated by gut microbial communities, or bioconcentration from ambient seawater likely play overriding roles. Seasonal THg trends in C. hyperboreus are variable and directly controlled by species-specific physiology, e.g., egg laying and grazing. Zooplankton that prey on species such as C. hyperboreus provide a further biomagnification of MeHg and reflect seasonal trends observed in their prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pućko
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba , 460 Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
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Bidleman TF, Stern GA, Tomy GT, Hargrave BT, Jantunen LM, Macdonald RW. Scavenging amphipods: sentinels for penetration of mercury and persistent organic chemicals into food webs of the deep Arctic Ocean. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:5553-5561. [PMID: 23627492 DOI: 10.1021/es304398j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Archived specimens of the scavenging amphipod Eurythenes gryllus, collected from 2075 to 4250 m below the surface on five expeditions to the western and central Arctic Ocean between 1983 and 1998, were analyzed for total mercury (∑Hg), methyl mercury (MeHg), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other industrial or byproduct organochlorines (chlorobenzenes, pentachloroanisole, octachlorostyrene), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Median ∑Hg concentrations ranged from 70 to 366 ng g(-1) wet weight (ww). MeHg concentrations (3.55 to 23.5 ng g(-1) ww) accounted for 1.7 to 20.1% (median 3.7%) of ∑Hg. ∑Hg and MeHg were positively and significantly correlated with ww (∑Hg r(2) = 0.18, p = 0.0004, n = 63; MeHg r(2) = 0.42, p = 0.0004, n = 25), but not significantly with δ(13)C nor δ(15)N. Median concentrations of total persistent organic pollutants (POPs) ranged from 9750 to 156,000 ng g(-1) lipid weight, with order of abundance: ∑TOX (chlorobornanes quantified as technical toxaphene) > ∑PCBs > ∑DDTs > ∑chlordanes > ∑mirex compounds > ∑BDEs ∼ ∑chlorobenzenes ∼ octachlorostyrene > α-hexachlorocyclohexane ∼ hexachlorobenzene ∼ pentachloroanisole. Enantioselective accumulation was found for the chiral OCPs o,p'-DDT, cis- and trans-chlordane, nonachlor MC6 and oxychlordane. Lipid-normalized POPs concentrations were elevated in amphipods with lipid percentages ≤10%, suggesting that utilization of lipids resulted in concentration of POPs in the remaining lipid pool. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis using log-transformed physiological variables and lipid-normalized organochlorine concentrations distinguished amphipods from the central vs western arctic stations. This distinction was also seen for PCB homologues, whereas profiles of other compound classes were more related to specific stations rather than central-west differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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Pućko M, Walkusz W, Macdonald RW, Barber DG, Fuchs C, Stern GA. Importance of Arctic zooplankton seasonal migrations for α-hexachlorocyclohexane bioaccumulation dynamics. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:4155-4163. [PMID: 23570325 DOI: 10.1021/es304472d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Like most zooplankton, Calanus hyperboreus undergoes seasonal migration spending late spring and summer grazing at the surface and the rest of the year in diapause at depth. As a result, in the Arctic Ocean this copepod resides for part of the year in the hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) enriched surface water and for part of the year at depth where HCH undergoes significant microbial degradation resulting in far lower concentrations (~3 times for α-HCH). We collected C. hyperboreus from summer and winter from the Amundsen Gulf and measured their α-HCH concentrations, enantiomeric compositions, and bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) to investigate how this copepod responds to the change in exposure to α-HCH. C. hyperboreus collected in winter were also cultured for 5 weeks under surface water conditions without feeding to investigate bioconcentration dynamics following spring ascent. Concentration of α-HCH was 2-3 times higher in individuals from the summer than those from the winter. Log BAF from the summer (feeding period) does not exceed log BCF (bioconcentration factor) from the culturing experiment (no feeding) suggesting that α-HCH concentration in C. hyperboreus is maintained through equilibration rather than feeding. After the spring ascent from deep waters, C. hyperboreus approach equilibrium partitioning with the higher surface water concentrations of α-HCH within 3-4 weeks with about 60% of bioconcentration taking place in the first week. The C. hyperboreus α-HCH chiral signature also reflects ambient seawater and can therefore be used as a determinant of residence depth. Even though a single cycle of seasonal migration does not result in a significant redistribution of α-HCH in the water column, this process could have a significant cumulative effect over longer time scales with particular local importance where the zooplankton biomass is high and the ocean depth is great enough to provide substantial vertical concentration gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pućko
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, 460 Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Foster KL, Stern GA, Pazerniuk MA, Hickie B, Walkusz W, Wang F, Macdonald RW. Mercury biomagnification in marine zooplankton food webs in Hudson Bay. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:12952-12959. [PMID: 23157666 DOI: 10.1021/es303434p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
While much research has been carried out on mercury in large marine mammals and associated food webs in northern regions, comparatively less has been conducted on lower trophic levels including zooplankton and the subsequent transfer to predators, which marks the entry of mercury into northern marine food webs. We present here the first database for mercury uptake and transfer exclusively within zooplankton food webs in northern marine waters. We have investigated both total (THg) and monomethylmercury (MMHg) concentrations, and isotopic signatures (δ(15)N and δ(13)C) in individual zooplankton taxa collected over a period of eight years (2003-2010) from across Hudson Bay (including Hudson Strait and Foxe Basin) as part of research icebreaker cruises. δ(15)N values ranged from 3.4 to 14.0‰, implying trophic levels ranging from 1 to 4, and THg concentrations ranged from 5 to 242 ng g(-1) dw. Food web linkages were identified within the data set, and mercury biomagnification was evident both with THg and MMHg concentrations increasing from prey to predator, and with trophic magnification factors (TMFs). Total mercury and MMHg transfer in a unique prey-predator linkage (Limacina helicina-Clione limacina) are investigated and discussed with regard to known physiological and biochemical characteristics. The results suggest that exposure to mercury at higher trophic levels including humans can be affected by processes at the bottom of Arctic marine food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Foster
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2.
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Dinn PM, Johannessen SC, Ross PS, Macdonald RW, Whiticar MJ, Lowe CJ, van Roodselaar A. PBDE and PCB accumulation in benthos near marine wastewater outfalls: the role of sediment organic carbon. Environ Pollut 2012; 171:241-248. [PMID: 22960365 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in sediments and benthic invertebrates near submarine municipal outfalls in Victoria and Vancouver, B.C., Canada, two areas with contrasting receiving environments. PBDE concentrations in wastewater exceeded those of the legacy PCBs by eight times at Vancouver and 35 times at Victoria. Total PBDE concentrations in benthic invertebrates were higher near Vancouver than Victoria, despite lower concentrations in sediments, and correlated with organic carbon-normalized concentrations in sediment. Principal Components Analysis indicated uptake of individual PBDE congeners was determined by sediment properties (organic carbon, grain size), while PCB congener uptake was governed by physico-chemical properties (octanol-water partitioning coefficient). Results suggest the utility of sediment quality guidelines for PBDEs and likely PCBs benefit if based on organic carbon-normalized concentrations. Also, where enhanced wastewater treatment increases the PBDEs to particulate organic carbon ratio in effluent, nearfield benthic invertebrates may face increased PBDE accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M Dinn
- Capital Regional District, 625 Fisgard Street, PO Box 1000, Victoria, B.C. V8W 2S6, Canada.
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Wang F, Macdonald RW, Armstrong DA, Stern GA. Total and methylated mercury in the Beaufort Sea: the role of local and recent organic remineralization. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:11821-8. [PMID: 23025753 DOI: 10.1021/es302882d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mercury is a major contaminant in the Arctic marine ecosystem. While extensive studies have been conducted on mercury in the Arctic's atmosphere and biota, far less is known about the distribution and dynamics of mercury species in the Arctic Ocean. Here, we present vertical profiles for total mercury (Hg(T)) and total methylated mercury (MeHg(T), sum of monomethylmercury and dimethylmercury) from the Beaufort Sea of the Arctic Ocean at locations with differing sea ice conditions. The concentration of Hg(T) ranged from 0.40 to 2.9 pM, with a surface enrichment that can be attributed to a combination of sea ice-modified atmospheric deposition and riverine input. The concentration of MeHg(T) ranged from <0.04 to 0.59 pM, with a subsurface peak occurring at the same depth as a nutrient maximum with lower dissolved oxygen, which is consistent with the recent findings in the Pacific Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea. However, unlike the interior ocean regions, the nutrient maximum in the Beaufort Sea is predominantly an advective feature produced over the Chukchi Shelf. On the basis of the short lifetime of monomethylmercury in seawater, we propose that the MeHg(T) profile in the Beaufort Sea reflects the local, short-term remineralization of labile organic matter, and not the larger signal of organic remineralization advected from the Chukchi Sea in the halocline. The finding that MeHg(T) is produced locally, reflecting recent strength of organic matter cycling, not only explains wide variance in MeHg(T) in seawater and biota over time and space, but also implies that MeHg(T) could be used as an indicator of the recent export flux of labile organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyue Wang
- Center for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2.
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Pućko M, Stern GA, Barber DG, Macdonald RW, Warner KA, Fuchs C. Mechanisms and implications of α-HCH enrichment in melt pond water on Arctic sea ice. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:11862-9. [PMID: 23039929 DOI: 10.1021/es303039f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
During the summer of 2009, we sampled 14 partially refrozen melt ponds and the top 1 m of old ice in the pond vicinity for α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) concentrations and enantiomer fractions (EFs) in the Beaufort Sea. α-HCH concentrations were 3 - 9 times higher in melt ponds than in the old ice. We identify two routes of α-HCH enrichment in the ice over the summer. First, atmospheric gas deposition results in an increase of α-HCH concentration from 0.07 ± 0.02 ng/L (old ice) to 0.34 ± 0.08 ng/L, or ~20% less than the atmosphere-water equilibrium partitioning concentration (0.43 ng/L). Second, late-season ice permeability and/or complete ice thawing at the bottom of ponds permit α-HCH rich seawater (~0.88 ng/L) to replenish pond water, bringing concentrations up to 0.75 ± 0.06 ng/L. α-HCH pond enrichment may lead to substantial concentration patchiness in old ice floes, and changed exposures to biota as the surface meltwater eventually reaches the ocean through various drainage mechanisms. Melt pond concentrations of α-HCH were relatively high prior to the late 1980-s, with a Melt pond Enrichment Factor >1 (MEF; a ratio of concentration in surface meltwater to surface seawater), providing for the potential of increased biological exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pućko
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, 460 Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Cullon DL, Yunker MB, Christensen JR, Macdonald RW, Whiticar MJ, Dangerfield NJ, Ross PS. Biomagnification of polychlorinated biphenyls in a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) food web from the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. Environ Toxicol Chem 2012; 31:2445-2455. [PMID: 22847788 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) biomagnification was characterized in a harbor seal food web in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) for PCBs averaged 3.6, with a range of 0.7 to 9.4. The TMFs for individual congeners correlated with log K(OW) (r(2) = 0.56, p < 0.001), reflecting the role that physicochemical properties play in driving the biomagnification of PCBs in marine food webs. However, TMFs differed among PCB structure activity groups, clearly indicating an additional role for metabolic transformation of certain PCBs. The known feeding preferences of harbor seals enabled the calculation of trophic level-adjusted biomagnification factors (BMF(TL)) for PCBs in this species, which averaged 13.4 and ranged from 0.2 to 150.6. Metabolic transformation in seals explained some of the variation in congener-specific biomagnification, with lower BMF(TL) values for PCB congeners with meta- and parachlorine unsubstituted positions. Principal components analysis revealed the distinct roles played by trophic level, log K(OW), and metabolic transformation in explaining the notable differences in PCB patterns among harbor seals, their pups, and their prey. In the present study, the authors estimate there to be approximately 76 kg of PCBs in the biota of the Strait of Georgia, of which 1.6 kg is retained by harbor seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Cullon
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
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Pućko M, Macdonald RW, Barber DG, Rosenberg B, Gratton Y, Stern GA. α-HCH enantiomer fraction (EF): A novel approach to calculate the ventilation age of water in the Arctic Ocean? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jc008130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Johannessen SC, Macdonald RW. There is no 1954 in that core! Interpreting sedimentation rates and contaminant trends in marine sediment cores. Mar Pollut Bull 2012; 64:675-678. [PMID: 22336092 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Marine sediment preserves a useful archive for contaminants and other properties that associate with particles. However, biomixing of sediments can smear the record on a scale of years to thousands of years, depending on sedimentation rate and on the depth and vigour of mixing within a particular sediment. Where such mixing occurs, dates can no longer be associated with discrete sediment depths. Nevertheless, much can still be learned from biomixed profiles, provided that mixing is accounted for. With no modelling at all, it is possible to calculate an inventory of a contaminant at a site and a maximum possible sedimentation rate, and to determine whether the contaminant has increased or decreased over time. Radiodating the core with (210)Pb permits the estimation of sedimentation and mixing rates, which can be combined with the surface contaminant concentration to estimate an approximate flux of the contaminant. Numerical models that incorporate sedimentation and mixing rates (determined using (210)Pb and other transient signals with known deposition histories) can provide the basis to propose plausible histories for contaminant fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Johannessen
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 9860 W. Saanich Rd., P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C., Canada.
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Lansard B, Mucci A, Miller LA, Macdonald RW, Gratton Y. Seasonal variability of water mass distribution in the southeastern Beaufort Sea determined by total alkalinity andδ18O. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jc007299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dinn PM, Johannessen SC, Macdonald RW, Lowe CJ, Whiticar MJ. Effect of receiving environment on the transport and fate of polybrominated diphenyl ethers near two submarine municipal outfalls. Environ Toxicol Chem 2012; 31:566-573. [PMID: 22213423 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The fate of contaminants entering the marine environment through wastewater outfalls depends on the contaminant's persistence and affinity for particles. However, the physical characteristics of the receiving environment, for example, current velocity and sedimentary processes, may be even more important. Because of the complexity of natural settings and the lack of appropriate comparative settings, this is not frequently evaluated quantitatively. The authors investigated the near-field accumulation of particle-reactive polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) entering coastal waters by way of two municipal outfalls: one discharging into a high-energy, low-sedimentation environment near Victoria, BC, Canada; the other into a low-energy, high-sedimentation environment, near Vancouver, BC. The authors used ²¹⁰Pb profiles in box cores together with an advection-diffusion model to determine surface mixing and sedimentation rates, and to model the depositional history of PBDEs at these sites. Surprisingly, 88 to 99% of PBDEs were dispersed beyond the near-field at both sites, but a greater proportion of PBDEs was captured in the sediment near the Vancouver outfall where rapid burial was facilitated by inorganic sediment supplied from the nearby Fraser River. Although the discharge of PBDEs was much lower from the Victoria outfall than from Vancouver, some sediment PBDE concentrations were higher near Victoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M Dinn
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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Stern GA, Macdonald RW, Outridge PM, Wilson S, Chételat J, Cole A, Hintelmann H, Loseto LL, Steffen A, Wang F, Zdanowicz C. How does climate change influence Arctic mercury? Sci Total Environ 2012; 414:22-42. [PMID: 22104383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that climate change is already having significant impacts on many aspects of transport pathways, speciation and cycling of mercury within Arctic ecosystems. For example, the extensive loss of sea-ice in the Arctic Ocean and the concurrent shift from greater proportions of perennial to annual types have been shown to promote changes in primary productivity, shift foodweb structures, alter mercury methylation and demethylation rates, and influence mercury distribution and transport across the ocean-sea-ice-atmosphere interface (bottom-up processes). In addition, changes in animal social behavior associated with changing sea-ice regimes can affect dietary exposure to mercury (top-down processes). In this review, we address these and other possible ramifications of climate variability on mercury cycling, processes and exposure by applying recent literature to the following nine questions; 1) What impact has climate change had on Arctic physical characteristics and processes? 2) How do rising temperatures affect atmospheric mercury chemistry? 3) Will a decrease in sea-ice coverage have an impact on the amount of atmospheric mercury deposited to or emitted from the Arctic Ocean, and if so, how? 4) Does climate affect air-surface mercury flux, and riverine mercury fluxes, in Arctic freshwater and terrestrial systems, and if so, how? 5) How does climate change affect mercury methylation/demethylation in different compartments in the Arctic Ocean and freshwater systems? 6) How will climate change alter the structure and dynamics of freshwater food webs, and thereby affect the bioaccumulation of mercury? 7) How will climate change alter the structure and dynamics of marine food webs, and thereby affect the bioaccumulation of marine mercury? 8) What are the likely mercury emissions from melting glaciers and thawing permafrost under climate change scenarios? and 9) What can be learned from current mass balance inventories of mercury in the Arctic? The review finishes with several conclusions and recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Stern
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Foster KL, Kimpe LE, Brimble SK, Liu H, Mallory ML, Smol JP, Macdonald RW, Blais JM. Effects of seabird vectors on the fate, partitioning, and signatures of contaminants in a High Arctic ecosystem. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:10053-10060. [PMID: 22026353 DOI: 10.1021/es202754h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Seabirds bioaccumulate contaminants from prey, transport them to their nesting sites, and deposit them in their excreta and carcasses, thereby focusing marine-derived contaminants into remote, terrestrial receptor sites. In the case of organochlorine chemicals transported by northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) to a High Arctic seabird colony on Devon Island, Nunavut, Canada (76°13'N, 89°14'W), this contaminant pathway dominates all others. In freshwater ponds below the nesting cliffs, concentrations of organochlorine contaminants characteristic of fulmar input were 2- to 45-fold higher in sediments and water (depending on seabird input to the particular pond) than in ponds remote from the colony. Air-water fugacity quotients for the ponds decreased with seabird input, indicating that fulmar contaminant input shifts air-water partitioning to increasingly favor volatilization to air. Although contaminant evasion from water was favored, direct evidence of it was not detected in air samples. For PCBs, congener profiles of pond sediments or water became more similar to seabird sources as seabird input increased, and less similar to air profiles. Based on measurements of contaminants in fulmars and other local environmental media, this study presents the first application of fugacities and multivariate source apportionment statistics to resolve seabird biological vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Foster
- Trent University, Environmental & Resource Sciences Department, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada.
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O'Brien MC, Melling H, Pedersen TF, Macdonald RW. The role of eddies and energetic ocean phenomena in the transport of sediment from shelf to basin in the Arctic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jc006890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Outridge PM, Sanei H, Stern GA, Goodsite M, Hamilton PB, Carrie J, Goodarzi F, Macdonald RW. Comment on Climate change and mercury accumulation in Canadian High and Subarctic lakes. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:6703-6706. [PMID: 21740004 DOI: 10.1021/es2014709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Grant PBC, Johannessen SC, Macdonald RW, Yunker MB, Sanborn M, Dangerfield N, Wright C, Ross PS. Environmental fractionation of PCBs and PBDEs during particle transport as recorded by sediments in coastal waters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2011; 30:1522-1532. [PMID: 21465540 DOI: 10.1002/etc.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Strait of Georgia (British Columbia, Canada) is a hydrologically complex inland sea with a rich abundance and diversity of species of aquatic life. Marine sediments, as both a sink for hydrophobic contaminants and a potential source for aquatic food webs, were collected from 41 sites throughout the 6,900-km(2) Strait of Georgia. The congener-specific concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), including BDE-209, were measured. Urban harbors represented hotspots for both PCBs and PBDEs, whereas PBDEs were also found at high concentrations near municipal outfalls. Patterns of PCB distribution were consistent with historical point source emissions in urban areas and environmental distillation toward lighter profiles in remote sites over time. The single congener BDE-209 dominated the PBDEs, accounting for 52% of the average total concentration. However, nonurban deep-water sediment PBDE profiles were both heavier and had higher concentration-weighted average log K(OW) (octanol-water partition coefficient) values compared to shallow samples (percent BDE-209 of total PBDE, 66 versus 32%; log K(OW) , 9.5 versus 8.2, respectively). Collectively, our results suggest that although source signals largely explain PCB and PBDE hotspots in the Strait of Georgia, the combination of physicochemical properties and environmental processes drive divergent compositional fates for the PCBs and the heavier PBDEs in the sediments of the Strait of Georgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B C Grant
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
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Miller LA, Papakyriakou TN, Collins RE, Deming JW, Ehn JK, Macdonald RW, Mucci A, Owens O, Raudsepp M, Sutherland N. Carbon dynamics in sea ice: A winter flux time series. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jc006058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pućko M, Stern GA, Macdonald RW, Barber DG. α- and γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane measurements in the brine fraction of sea ice in the Canadian High Arctic using a sump-hole technique. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:9258-64. [PMID: 21077620 DOI: 10.1021/es102275b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We used holes augered partially into first-year sea ice (sumps) to determine α- and γ-HCH concentrations in sea-ice brine. The overwintering of the CCGS Amundsen in the Canadian western Arctic, as part of the Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) System Study, provided the circumstances to allow brine to accumulate in sumps sufficiently to test the methodology. We show, for the first time, that as much as 50% of total HCHs in seawater can become entrapped within the ice crystal matrix. On average, in the winter first-year sea ice HCH brine concentrations reached 4.013 ± 0.307 ng/L and 0.423 ± 0.013 ng/L for the α- and γ-isomer, respectively. In the spring, HCHs decreased gradually with time, with increasing brine volume fraction and decreasing brine salinity. These decreasing concentrations could be accounted for by both the dilution with the ice crystal matrix and under-ice seawater. We propose that the former process plays a more significant role considering brine volume fractions calculated in this study were below 20%. Levels of HCHs in the brine exceed under-ice water concentrations by approximately a factor of 3, a circumstance suggesting that the brine ecosystem has been, and continues to be, the most exposed to HCHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pućko
- Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6, Canada.
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Beaudin L, Johannessen SC, Macdonald RW. Coupling Laser Ablation and Atomic Fluorescence Spectrophotometry: An Example Using Mercury Analysis of Small Sections of Fish Scales. Anal Chem 2010; 82:8785-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1021387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luc Beaudin
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, 850 Route de la Mer, C.P. 1000, Mont-Joli, Quebec, Canada G5H 3Z4, and Fisheries and Oceans Canada,Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 W. Saanich Road, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada, V8L 4B2
| | - Sophia C. Johannessen
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, 850 Route de la Mer, C.P. 1000, Mont-Joli, Quebec, Canada G5H 3Z4, and Fisheries and Oceans Canada,Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 W. Saanich Road, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada, V8L 4B2
| | - Robie W. Macdonald
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, 850 Route de la Mer, C.P. 1000, Mont-Joli, Quebec, Canada G5H 3Z4, and Fisheries and Oceans Canada,Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 W. Saanich Road, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada, V8L 4B2
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Wang F, Macdonald RW, Stern GA, Outridge PM. When noise becomes the signal: chemical contamination of aquatic ecosystems under a changing climate. Mar Pollut Bull 2010; 60:1633-1635. [PMID: 20557900 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Hare AA, Stern GA, Kuzyk ZZA, Macdonald RW, Johannessen SC, Wang F. Natural and anthropogenic mercury distribution in marine sediments from Hudson Bay, Canada. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:5805-5811. [PMID: 20617840 DOI: 10.1021/es100724y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Twelve marine sediment cores from Hudson Bay, Canada, were collected to investigate the response of sub-Arctic marine sediments to atmospherically transported anthropogenic mercury (Hg). Modeling by a two-layer sediment mixing model suggests that the historical Hg deposition to most of the sediment cores reflects the known history of atmospheric Hg deposition in North America, with an onset of increasing anthropogenic Hg emissions in the late 1800s and early 1900s and a reduction of Hg deposition in the mid- to late-1900s. However, although anthropogenic Hg has contributed to a ubiquitous increase in Hg concentrations in sediments over the industrial era, the most elevated industrial-era sedimentary Hg concentrations only marginally exceed the upper preindustrial sedimentary Hg concentrations. Analysis of delta13C and relationship between Hg and organic matter capture suggests that the response of Hudson Bay sediments to changes in atmospheric Hg emissions is largely controlled by the particle flux in the system and that natural changes in organic matter composition and dynamics can cause variation in sedimentary Hg concentrations at least to the same extent as those caused by increasing anthropogenic Hg emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Hare
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
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Abstract
PCB concentrations, congener patterns, and fluxes were examined in 13 dated and organically characterized (C, N, delta(13)C, delta(15)N) marine sediment cores from Hudson Bay, Canada, to investigate the importance of organic matter (OM) supply and transport to PCB sequestration. Drawdown of PCBs, supported by marine primary production, is reflected in elevated summation operatorPCB concentrations and more highly chlorinated PCB signatures in surface sediments underlying eutrophic regions. Sediments in oligotrophic regions, which are dominated by "old" marine OM, have lower PCB concentrations and weathered signatures. For the surface of Hudson Bay, average atmospheric deposition appears to be very low (ca. 1.4 pg summation operatorPCBs cm(-2) a(-1)) compared to fluxes reported for nearby lakes (ca. 44 pg summation operatorPCBs cm(-2) a(-1)). (210)Pb fails to provide a means to normalize the fluxes, highlighting important differences in the biocycling of (210)Pb and PCBs. Unlike (210)Pb, atmospheric PCB exchange with the water's surface is partially forced by the aquatic organic carbon cycle. The extremely low atmospheric deposition of PCBs to the surface of Hudson Bay is likely a reflection of the Bay's exceptionally low productivity and vertical carbon fluxes. If future marine production and vertical flux of carbon increase due to loss of ice cover or change in river input as consequences of global warming, PCB deposition would also increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zou Zou A Kuzyk
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Lavoie D, Denman KL, Macdonald RW. Effects of future climate change on primary productivity and export fluxes in the Beaufort Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jc005493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Carrie J, Wang F, Sanei H, Macdonald RW, Outridge PM, Stern GA. Increasing contaminant burdens in an arctic fish, Burbot ( Lota lota ), in a warming climate. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:316-22. [PMID: 19957995 DOI: 10.1021/es902582y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The temporal patterns of mercury (Hg), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and other contaminants in Arctic aquatic biota are usually attributed to changing atmospheric sources. However, climate variability and change is another means of altering contaminant fate and bioavailability. We show here that the concentrations of Hg and PCBs in Mackenzie River burbot ( Lota lota ), a top predator fish and important staple food for northern Canadian communities, have increased significantly over the last 25 years despite falling or stable atmospheric concentrations, suggesting that environmental processes subsequent to atmospheric transport are responsible. Using a dated sediment core from a tributary lake near the Mackenzie River sampling site, we show that variations in Hg concentrations downcore are strongly associated with labile, algal-derived organic matter (OM). Strong temporal correlations between increasing primary productivity and biotic Hg and PCBs as reflected by burbot suggest that warming temperatures and reduced ice cover may lead to increased exposure to these contaminants in high trophic level Arctic freshwater biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Carrie
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment & Geography, University of Manitoba, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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McGuire AD, Anderson LG, Christensen TR, Dallimore S, Guo L, Hayes DJ, Heimann M, Lorenson TD, Macdonald RW, Roulet N. Sensitivity of the carbon cycle in the Arctic to climate change. ECOL MONOGR 2009. [DOI: 10.1890/08-2025.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 725] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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