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Xiao H, Hu L, Tang T, Zhong J, Xu Q, Cai X, Xiang F, Yang P, Mei H, Zhou A. Prenatal phthalate exposure and neurodevelopmental differences in twins at 2 years of age. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:533. [PMID: 38378488 PMCID: PMC10880363 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17946-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies of singletons evaluating prenatal phthalate exposure and early neurodevelopment reported mixed results and the associations could be biased by parental, obstetrical, and genetic factors. METHODS A co-twin control design was employed to test whether prenatal phthalate exposure was associated with children's neurocognitive development. We collected information from 97 mother-twin pairs enrolled in the Wuhan Twin Birth Cohort between March 2016 and October 2018. Fourteen phthalate metabolites were measured in maternal urine collected at each trimester. Neurodevelopmental differences in twins at the age of two were examined as the outcome of interest. Multiple informant model was used to examine the covariate-adjusted associations of prenatal phthalate exposure with mental development index (MDI) and psychomotor development index (PDI) scores assessed at 2 years of age based on Bayley Scales of Infant Development (Second Edition). This model also helps to identify the exposure window of susceptibility. RESULTS Maternal urinary levels of mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP) (β = 1.91, 95% CI: 0.43, 3.39), mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) (β = 1.56, 95% CI: 0.33, 2.79), and the sum of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites (∑DEHP) (β = 1.85, 95% CI: 0.39, 3.31) during the first trimester showed the strongest and significant positive associations with intra-twin MDI difference. When stratified with twin chorionicity, the positive associations of monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), individual DEHP metabolites, and ∑DEHP exposure during pregnancy with intra-twin neurodevelopmental differences were more significant in monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twins than those in dichorionic diamniotic (DCDA) twins. CONCLUSIONS Neurodevelopmental differences in MCDA twins were strongly associated with prenatal phthalate exposure. Our findings warrant further confirmation in longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xiao
- Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Liqin Hu
- Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Operating Room, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jufang Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiao Xu
- Delivery Room, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiaonan Cai
- Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Feiyan Xiang
- Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Pan Yang
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Hong Mei
- Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Aifen Zhou
- Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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Wu N, Tao L, Tian K, Wang X, He C, An S, Tian Y, Liu X, Chen W, Zhang H, Xu P, Liao D, Liao J, Wang L, Fang D, Hu Z, Yuan H, Huang J, Chen X, Zhang L, Hou X, Zeng R, Liu X, Xiong S, Xie Y, Liu Y, Li Q, Shen X, Zhou Y, Shang X. Risk assessment and environmental determinants of urinary phthalate metabolites in pregnant women in Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:53077-53088. [PMID: 36849691 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant women are widely exposed to phthalic acid esters (PAEs) that are commonly used in most aspects of modern life. However, few studies have examined the cumulative exposure of pregnant women to a variety of PAEs derived from the living environmental conditions in China. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the urinary concentrations of nine PAE metabolites in pregnant women, examine the relationship between urinary concentrations and residential characteristics, and conduct a risk assessment analysis. We included 1,888 women who were in their third trimester of pregnancy, and we determined their urinary concentrations of nine PAE metabolites using high-performance gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The risk assessment of exposure to PAEs was calculated based on the estimated daily intake. A linear regression model was used to analyze the relationship between creatinine-adjusted PAE metabolite concentrations and residential characteristics. The detection rate of five PAE metabolites in the study population was > 90%. Among the PAE metabolites adjusted by creatinine, the urinary metabolite concentration of monobutyl phthalate was found to be the highest. Residential factors, such as housing type, proximity to streets, recent decorations, lack of ventilation in the kitchen, less than equal to three rooms, and the use of coal/kerosene/wood/wheat straw fuels, were all significantly associated with high PAE metabolite concentrations. Due to PAE exposure, ~ 42% (n = 793) of the participants faced potential health risks, particularly attributed to dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethyl)hexyl phthalate exposure. Living in buildings and using coal/kerosene/wood/wheat straw as domestic fuel can further increase the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Wu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 Xuefu Xilu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Tao
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 Xuefu Xilu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunming Tian
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 Xuefu Xilu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wang
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 Xuefu Xilu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Caidie He
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 Xuefu Xilu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Songlin An
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 Xuefu Xilu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingkuan Tian
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 Xuefu Xilu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Liu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 Xuefu Xilu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 Xuefu Xilu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Haonan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 Xuefu Xilu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Xu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 Xuefu Xilu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengqing Liao
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 Xuefu Xilu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Liao
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, NO.149 Dalian Lu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Linglu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, NO.149 Dalian Lu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Derong Fang
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, NO.149 Dalian Lu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongmei Hu
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, NO.149 Dalian Lu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Yuan
- The People's Hospital of Xishui County, Chishui Xilu, Xishui County, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, 564600, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Huang
- The People's Hospital of Xishui County, Chishui Xilu, Xishui County, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, 564600, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshan Chen
- The People's Hospital of Meitan County, Chacheng Avenue, Meitan County, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, 564100, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- The People's Hospital of Meitan County, Chacheng Avenue, Meitan County, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, 564100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Hou
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 Xuefu Xilu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zeng
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 Xuefu Xilu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyan Liu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 Xuefu Xilu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shimin Xiong
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 Xuefu Xilu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xie
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 Xuefu Xilu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Liu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 Xuefu Xilu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, NO.149 Dalian Lu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xubo Shen
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 Xuefu Xilu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhong Zhou
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 Xuefu Xilu, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuejun Shang
- Department of Urology, Jinling Hospital School of Medicine, Nanjing University, No.305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
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Domínguez-Romero E, Komprdová K, Kalina J, Bessems J, Karakitsios S, Sarigiannis DA, Scheringer M. Time-trends in human urinary concentrations of phthalates and substitutes DEHT and DINCH in Asian and North American countries (2009-2019). JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:244-254. [PMID: 35513587 PMCID: PMC10005949 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many phthalates are environmental pollutants and toxic to humans. Following phthalate regulations, human exposure to phthalates has globally decreased with time in European countries, the US and Korea. Conversely, exposure to their substitutes DEHT and/or DINCH has increased. In other countries, including China, little is known on the time-trends in human exposure to these plasticizers. OBJECTIVE We aimed to estimate time-trends in the urinary concentrations of phthalates, DEHT, and DINCH metabolites, in general population from non-European countries, in the last decade. METHODS We compiled human biomonitoring (HBM) data from 123 studies worldwide in a database termed "PhthaLit". We analyzed time-trends in the urinary concentrations of the excreted metabolites of various phthalates as well as DEHT and DINCH per metabolite, age group, and country/region, in 2009-2019. Additionally, we compared urinary metabolites levels between continents. RESULTS We found solid time-trends in adults and/or children from the US, Canada, China and Taiwan. DEHP metabolites decreased in the US and Canada. Conversely in Asia, 5oxo- and 5OH-MEHP (DEHP metabolites) increased in Chinese children. For low-weight phthalates, the trends showed a mixed picture between metabolites and countries. Notably, MnBP (a DnBP metabolite) increased in China. The phthalate substitutes DEHT and DINCH markedly increased in the US. SIGNIFICANCE We addressed the major question of time-trends in human exposure to phthalates and their substitutes and compared the results in different countries worldwide. IMPACT Phthalates account for more than 50% of the plasticizer world market. Because of their toxicity, some phthalates have been regulated. In turn, the consumption of non-phthalate substitutes, such as DEHT and DINCH, is growing. Currently, phthalates and their substitutes show high detection percentages in human urine. Concerning time-trends, several studies, mainly in Europe, show a global decrease in phthalate exposure, and an increase in the exposure to phthalate substitutes in the last decade. In this study, we address the important question of time-trends in human exposure to phthalates and their substitutes and compare the results in different countries worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Domínguez-Romero
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic.
| | - Klára Komprdová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kalina
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Jos Bessems
- VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), BE-2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Spyros Karakitsios
- Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Dept Chem Engn, Environm Engn Lab, Univ Campus,Bldg D,Rm 201, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
- HERACLES Res Ctr Exposome & Hlth, Ctr Interdisciplinary Res & Innovat, Balkan Ctr, Bldg B,10thkm Thessaloniki Thermi Rd, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis A Sarigiannis
- Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Dept Chem Engn, Environm Engn Lab, Univ Campus,Bldg D,Rm 201, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
- HERACLES Res Ctr Exposome & Hlth, Ctr Interdisciplinary Res & Innovat, Balkan Ctr, Bldg B,10thkm Thessaloniki Thermi Rd, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
- Sch Adv Study IUSS, Sci Technol & Soc Dept, Environm Hlth Engn, Piazza Vittoria 15, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Martin Scheringer
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
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Yang R, Zheng J, Qin J, Liu S, Liu X, Gu Y, Yang S, Du J, Li S, Chen B, Dong R. Dibutyl phthalate affects insulin synthesis and secretion by regulating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and oxidative stress in rat insulinoma cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114396. [PMID: 36508788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a typical phthalate (PAEs). The environmental health risks of DBP have gradually attracted attention due to the common use in the production of plastics, cosmetics and skin care products. DBP was associated with diabetes, but its mechanism is not clear. In this study, an in vitro culture system of rat insulinoma (INS-1) cells was established to explore the effect of DBP on insulin synthesis and secretion and the potential mechanisms. INS-1 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and treated with 15, 30, 60 and 120 μmol/L of DBP and dimethyl sulfoxide (vehicle, < 0.1%) for 24 h. The contents of insulin in the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid of the cells were measured. The results showed that insulin synthesis and secretion in INS-1 cells were significantly decreased in 120 μmol/L DBP group. The apoptosis rate and mitochondrial membrane potential of INS-1 cells were measured by flow cytometry with annexin V-FITC conjugate and PI, and JC-1, respectively. The results showed that DBP caused an increase in the apoptosis rate and a significant decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential in INS-1 cells in 60 μmol/L and 120 μmol/L DBP group. The results of western blot showed that the expression of Bax/Bcl-2, caspase-3, caspase-9 and Cyt-C were significantly increased. Meanwhile, the level of oxidative stress in INS-1 cells was detected by fluorescent probes DCFH-DA and western blot. With the increase of DBP exposure, the oxidative stress levels (MDA, GSH/GSSG) were increased; and the antioxidant index (SOD) levels were decreased. Our experimental results provide reliable evidence that DBP induced apoptosis and functional impairment in INS-1 cells through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and oxidative stress. Therefore, we hypothesized that interference with these two pathways could be considered in the development of preventive protection measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoru Yang
- School of Public Health, Institute of Nutrition, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | | | - Jin Qin
- Affiliated cancer hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
| | - Shaojie Liu
- School of Public Health, Institute of Nutrition, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- School of Public Health, Institute of Nutrition, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yiying Gu
- School of Public Health, Institute of Nutrition, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Shuyu Yang
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Shanghai 200023, China.
| | - Jun Du
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Shanghai 200023, China.
| | - Shuguang Li
- School of Public Health, Institute of Nutrition, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Bo Chen
- School of Public Health, Institute of Nutrition, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Ruihua Dong
- School of Public Health, Institute of Nutrition, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Strømmen K, Lyche JL, Moltu SJ, Müller MHB, Blakstad EW, Brække K, Sakhi AK, Thomsen C, Nakstad B, Rønnestad AE, Drevon CA, Iversen PO. Estimated daily intake of phthalates, parabens, and bisphenol A in hospitalised very low birth weight infants. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136687. [PMID: 36206919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Very low birth weight infants (VLBW, birth weight (BW) < 1500 g) are exposed to phthalates, parabens and bisphenol A (BPA) early in life. We estimated daily intake (EDI) of these excipients in 40 VLBW infants the first and fifth week of life while hospitalised. Based on urinary samples collected in 2010, EDI was calculated and compared to the tolerable daily intake (TDI) with hazard quotients (HQs) evaluated. A HQ > 1 indicates that EDI exceeded TDI with increased risk of adverse health effects. EDI was higher in VLBW infants compared to term-born infants and older children. VLBW infants born at earlier gestational age (GA), or with lower BW, had higher EDI than infants born at later GA or with higher BW. First week median EDI for BPA was higher than TDI in 100% of infants, in 75% for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), 90% for the sum of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), DEHP and di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP) = ∑BBzP+DnBP+DEHP+DiNP, and in 50% of infants for propylparaben (PrPa), indicating increased risk of adverse effects. Fifth week EDI remained higher than TDI in all infants for BPA, in 75% for DEHP and ∑BBzP+DnBP+DEHP+DiNP, and 25% of infants for PrPa, indicating prolonged risk. Maximum EDI for di-iso-butyl phthalate was higher than TDI suggesting risk of adverse effects at maximum exposure. VLBW infants born earlier than 28 weeks GA had higher EDI, above TDI, for PrPa compared to infants born later than 28 weeks GA. Infants with late-onset septicaemia (LOS) had higher EDI for DEHP, ∑BBzP+DnBP+DEHP+DiNP and BPA, above TDI, compared to infants without LOS. More 75% of the infants' EDI for DEHP and ∑BBzP+DnBP+DEHP+DiNP, 25% for PrPa, and 100% of infants' EDI for BPA, were above TDI resulting in HQs > 1, indicating increased risk of adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Strømmen
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
| | - Jan Ludvig Lyche
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sissel Jennifer Moltu
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Ullevål, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Mette H B Müller
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Wahl Blakstad
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Akershus University Hospital and Institute for Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Nordbyhagen, Norway
| | - Kristin Brække
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Ullevål, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | | | | | - Britt Nakstad
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Akershus University Hospital and Institute for Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Nordbyhagen, Norway; Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild Erlend Rønnestad
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian A Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Ole Iversen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
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Zhong HW, Guo JL, Hu YB, Jia LL, Guo Y. Phthalate exposure and DNA oxidative damage in young people of takeaway food lovers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:71978-71987. [PMID: 35606587 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20849-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the ubiquitous of phthalates in materials of food and food packaging, and the effects of regular eating takeaway food for a long time on human health and phthalate exposure levels were not fully investigated. A total of 288 college students who love eating takeaway food were recruited to explore phthalate exposure and oxidative stress, by measuring metabolites of traditional or alternative phthalates and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG, a biomarker of DNA oxidative damage) in their urine samples. Both traditional and alternative phthalates were highly detected. Based on weekly frequency of takeaway eating collecting from questionnaire, the students were divided into four groups including level 1 (L1, < 3 times), level 2 (L2, 3-7 times), level 3 (L3, 8-12 times) and level 4 (L4, > 12 times). The total concentrations of all phthalate metabolites were 42.5-893 ng/mL in all students, which were significantly different among four groups, with the lowest level in L1 (p < 0.05). Checking with the generalized linear model (L1 as the reference), the concentrations of most phthalate metabolites increased 12.0-144% in L2 and L3 compared with those in L1. For each group increase, the concentrations of total metabolites, and metabolites of high and low molecular weight phthalates will increase by 0.156%, 0.128%, and 0.142%, respectively. Besides, levels of 8-OHdG (0.639-33.7 ng/mL) were positively correlated with phthalate daily exposure doses. The each increase of a percentage unit of daily exposure of phthalates, the concentrations of 8-OHdG will increase by 0.258-0.405%. However, levels of 8-OHdG were not significantly different among the four groups. The alternative phthalates have already entered the body of Chinese young people. Our results indicated the regular consumption of takeaway food (e.g., more than three times per week) may increase the chance of exposure to certain phthalates, and may not significantly increase the levels of DNA oxidative damage, unless exposed to other pollutants such as phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Wen Zhong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Liang Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Bin Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu-Lu Jia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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7
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Prasad B, Prasad KS, Dave H, Das A, Asodariya G, Talati N, Swain S, Kapse S. Cumulative human exposure and environmental occurrence of phthalate esters: A global perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112987. [PMID: 35219627 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the current investigation, the distribution and extent of human exposure of phthalate esters (PAEs) have been reported on global extent based on computed indices. The proposed indices were calculated based on environmental concentrations, toxicity, occurrence, environmental fate, and transport of PAEs. The cumulative phthalate exposure index (PEI) based on the phthalate pollution index (PPI) was mapped on a global scale based on the existing data reported in the literature. The results revealed that the PAEs are heterogeneously distributed globally, and about 30% of total environmental PAEs are ultimately exposed to the average human being. The comparative distribution of PAEs in various environmental compartments including urban-rural, indoor-outdoor, home-dormitory-classroom, and their exposure likelihood were studied based on indices. More than 90% of total human exposure of PAEs was observed to be from indoor environmental compartments. Significantly high exposure was observed in the urban population as compared to the rural population. About 70% of the total phthalate pollution sub-index of dust was observed from home followed by a classroom of ∼15% and then a dormitory of ∼10%. In addition, the indices were equated with the current human development index (HDI), gross national income (GNI), and exposure of particulate matter of each country. Based on current findings, the population living in the areas where >20 μg/m3 of particulate matter has been reported are possibly exposed with higher PAEs. The indices were highly diversified at high HDI (0.9) values and between 40,000 and 50,000 $ per capita income due to different usage of phthalate-containing products, disposal, and extensive monitoring work carried out by the developed and developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bablu Prasad
- Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India.
| | - Kumar Suranjit Prasad
- Centre of Environmental Science, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hemen Dave
- Institute of Research and Development, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University (GFSU) Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Aditee Das
- Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India
| | - Gargi Asodariya
- Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India
| | - Nisha Talati
- Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India
| | - Sunita Swain
- Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India
| | - Shruti Kapse
- Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India
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Mok S, Lim JE, Lee A, Kim S, Kim S, Lee I, Kho Y, Park J, Kim S, Choi K, Moon HB. Within- and between-person variability of urinary phthalate metabolites and bisphenol analogues over seven days: Considerations of biomonitoring study design. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112885. [PMID: 35131323 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Urine was used as a part of a human biomonitoring study based on the excretion kinetics of less-persistent contaminants, such as phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA). Despite the advantages of being non-invasive and easy to collect, urine can show a large variability of concentrations of phthalate metabolites and BPA within a person depending on sampling time. Therefore, it is essential to assess the variability of urinary concentrations for comprehensive sampling design in the context of exposure and risk assessments. In this study, 18 phthalate metabolites and eight BPs were measured in all spot urine (n = 401) collected from 12 participants for seven consecutive days to evaluate within- and between-person variabilities. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for all spot urines were poor for monomethyl phthalate (ICC: 0.002) and BPA (0.121) but were moderate for monoethyl phthalate (0.514) and monobenzyl phthalate (0.462). Based on the results of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites, the half-life and differences in metabolic capability seem to affect the ICCs. Urinary mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), a primary metabolite of DEHP, was suggested as a short-term exposure marker of DEHP in our study. Creatinine- and specific gravity-adjusted concentrations of phthalate metabolites and BPs resulted in increased ICCs, implying requirements for randomly collected spot urine. Most analytes in the first morning voids (FMVs) were correlated significantly with those in the daily composites, suggesting the feasibility of FMVs to estimate the daily exposure dose. This study facilitates a more comprehensive sampling design and data interpretation strategy for human biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sori Mok
- Department of Marine Science and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Lim
- Department of Marine Science and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- Chemical Safety Research Center, Chemical Platform Technology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Inae Lee
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongim Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Bao C, Lv J, Chen JR, Wei GZ, Liu N, Wang YT, Ding Z, Liu WB, Li XD, Cao HJ, Sheng J, Liu KY, He J, Tao FB, Wang QN. Chronic inflammation as a potential mediator between phthalate exposure and depressive symptoms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 233:113313. [PMID: 35182801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A few studies have reported phthalate exposure as a risk factor for depressive symptoms, but the results have been inconsistent. Whether chronic inflammation mediates the relationship between phthalates (PAEs) and depressive symptoms remains unclear. In this study, we establish mediating models of inflammatory factors and explore the mediating role of chronic inflammation in the association between PAEs exposure and depressive symptoms. METHODS The sample included 989 participants from the Study on Health and Environment of the Elderly in Lu'an City, Anhui Province. Geriatric depression scale (GDS-30) was used to screen depressive symptoms of the elderly. The levels of seven kinds of PAEs in urine samples and four inflammatory factors in serum of the elderly were measured. To establish the mediating effect of inflammatory factors to explore the potential effect of PAEs exposure on the increased odds of depressive symptoms. RESULTS Adjusted for multiple variables, the highest tertiles of Mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) (95%CI = 1.051-2.112), Mono benzyl phthalate (MBzP) (95%CI = 1.016-2.082) and Mono butyl phthalate (MBP) (95%CI = 1.102-2.262) were positively correlated with depressive symptoms. The mediating effect of IL-6 and generalized inflammation factor between MEHP exposure and depressive symptoms were 15.96% (95%CI=0.0288-0.1971) and 14.25% (95%CI = 0.0167-0.1899). CONCLUSIONS High levels of MEHP, MBzP and MBP increased the odds of depressive symptoms in the elderly, and chronic inflammation had a partial mediating effect on the increased odds of depressive symptoms due to MEHP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Bao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Jia Lv
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Jian-Rong Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Guo-Zhang Wei
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Nuo Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Zheng Ding
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Wei-Bo Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Xiu-de Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Hong-Juan Cao
- Lu'an Center of Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Kai-Yong Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Jun He
- San li an Street Community Health Service Center, Shushan District, China
| | - Fang-Biao Tao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health Care, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, China.
| | - Qu-Nan Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health Care, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, China.
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10
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Lee I, Pälmke C, Ringbeck B, Ihn Y, Gotthardt A, Lee G, Alakeel R, Alrashed M, Tosepu R, Jayadipraja EA, Tantrakarnapa K, Kliengchuay W, Kho Y, Koch HM, Choi K. Urinary Concentrations of Major Phthalate and Alternative Plasticizer Metabolites in Children of Thailand, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia, and Associated Risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16526-16537. [PMID: 34846872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used in consumer products and are well-known for adverse endocrine outcomes. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), one of the most extensively used phthalates, has been rapidly substituted with alternative plasticizers in many consumer products. The aim of this study was to assess urinary phthalate and alternative plasticizer exposure and associated risks in children of three Asian countries with different geographical, climate, and cultural characteristics. Children were recruited from elementary schools of Saudi Arabia (n = 109), Thailand (n = 104), and Indonesia (n = 89) in 2017-2018, and their urine samples were collected. Metabolites of major phthalates and alternative plasticizers were measured in the urine samples by HPLC-MS/MS. Urinary metabolite levels differed substantially between the three countries. Metabolite levels of diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP), di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) were the highest in Saudi children: Median urinary concentrations of oxo-MiNP, OH-MiDP, 5cx-MEPTP, and OH-MINCH were 8.3, 8.4, 128.0, and 2.9 ng/mL, respectively. Urinary DEHP metabolite concentrations were the highest in the Indonesian children. The hazard index (HI) derived for the plasticizers with antiandrogenicity based reference doses (RfDAA) was >1 in 86%, 80%, and 49% of the Saudi, Indonesian, and Thai children, respectively. DEHP was identified as a common major risk driver for the children of all three countries, followed by DnBP and DiBP depending on the country. Among alternative plasticizers, urinary DEHTP metabolites were detected at levels comparable to those of DEHP metabolites or higher among the Saudi children, and about 4% of the Saudi children exceeded the health based human biomonitoring (HBM)-I value. Priority plasticizers that were identified among the children of three countries warrant refined exposure assessment for source identification and relevant exposure reduction measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inae Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Claudia Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Benedikt Ringbeck
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Yunchul Ihn
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexandra Gotthardt
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Gowoon Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Raid Alakeel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - May Alrashed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramadhan Tosepu
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Halu Oleo, Kendari 93232, Indonesia
| | | | - Kraichat Tantrakarnapa
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi 10400, Thailand
| | - Wissanupong Kliengchuay
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi 10400, Thailand
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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11
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Huang S, Qi Z, Ma S, Li G, Long C, Yu Y. A critical review on human internal exposure of phthalate metabolites and the associated health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116941. [PMID: 33756240 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are popular synthetic chemicals used as plasticizers and solvents for various products, such as polyvinyl chloride or personal care products. Human exposure to PAEs is associated with various diseases, resulting in PAE biomonitoring in humans. Inhalation, dietary ingestion, and dermal absorption are the major human exposure routes. However, estimating the actual exposure dose of PAEs via an external route is difficult. As a result, estimation by internal exposure has become the popular analytical methods to determine the concentrations of phthalate metabolites (mPAEs) in human matrices (such as urine, serum, breast milk, hair, and nails). The various exposure sources and patterns result in different composition profiles of PAEs in biomatrices, which vary from country to country. Nevertheless, the mPAEs of diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are predominant in the urine. These mPAEs have greater potential health risks for humans. Children have been observed to exhibit higher exposure risks to several mPAEs than adults. Besides age, other influencing factors for phthalate exposure are gender, jobs, and residential areas. Although many studies have reported biological monitoring of PAEs, only a few reviews that adequately summarized the reports are available. The current review appraised available studies on mPAE quantitation in human biomatrices and estimated the dose and health risks of phthalate exposure. While some countries lack biomonitoring data, some countries' data do not reflect the current PAE exposure. Thence, future studies should involve frequent PAE biomonitoring to accurately estimate human exposure to PAEs, which will contribute to health risk assessments of human exposure to PAEs. Such would aid the formulation of corresponding regulations and restrictions by the government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senyuan Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Chaoyang Long
- Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510430, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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12
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Qin J, Dong R, Wu M, Yuan Y, Zhang H, Meng P, Zhang M, Chen J, Li S, Chen B. Phthalate exposure in association with the use of personal care products among general population from Shanghai. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:28470-28478. [PMID: 33538972 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are used in a wide variety of personal care products (PCPs) as solubilizer, denaturant or color fixative. However, there are few studies referring the correlation between phthalate exposure and PCPs use among general population in China. In this study, ten metabolites of phthalates in spot urine samples (N = 500) were quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The frequency and duration of 12 types of PCPs were collected by questionnaire survey. The associations of phthalate metabolites and PCPs use were assessed by multivariable liner regression models. Median concentration of mono-benzylphthalate (MBzP) was significantly higher among frequent users of almost all PCPs. Low molecular weight phthalates (monomethyl phthalate (MMP), mono-n-butylphthalate (MnBP) and monoisobutylphthalate (MiBP)) were significantly lower among frequent user of some rinse-off PCPs (e.g., shampoo, facial cleanser, and body wash). Meanwhile, monoethylphthalate (MEP) was positive correlated with frequently use of facial moisturizer. Mono-2-ethylhexylphthalate (MEHP) and MBzP showed a significant positive association with frequently use of body lotion. Univariate linear analyses indicated a significant decreasing trend between urinary concentrations of MMP, MnBP, and the number of rinse-off PCPs being frequently used, and a significant increasing trend between urinary MBzP and the number of leave-on products being frequently used. These findings indicated that the use of some PCPs, especially leave-on PCPs, could be a potential source of exposure to some phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ruihua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Wu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yaqun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Pai Meng
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Meiru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingsi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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13
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Cheng BJ, Xu PR, Wei R, Li XD, Sheng J, Wang SF, Liu KY, Chen GM, Tao FB, Wang QN, Yang LS. Levels and determinants of urinary phthalate metabolites in Chinese community-dwelling older adults. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:144173. [PMID: 33360337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomonitoring studies have demonstrated extensive exposure of infants, children, and pregnant women to phthalates, but data on phthalate exposure and their determinants in Chinese older adults remain insufficient. This study aims to assess urinary phthalate metabolite levels, individual and cumulative exposure risk, and their determinants in Chinese community-dwelling older adults. METHODS A total of 987 individuals aged 60 years or over were included in this study. The urinary levels of seven phthalate metabolites were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) of phthalates were calculated based on urinary metabolite levels. The associations between phthalate metabolite levels and potential determinants were examined using multiple linear regressions. RESULTS Detection rates of seven phthalate metabolites from the study population ranged from 63.83% to 99.39%. The highest median concentration was 43.64 μg/L (42.59 μg/g creatinine) for mono-butyl phthalate (MBP). The highest median EDI was 1.55 μg/kg-bw/day for diethyl phthalate (DBP). Nearly 5% of participants had high HI values exceeding 1, mainly attributed to DBP and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Furthermore, we found that females, higher body mass index (BMI), smoking, having two or more chronic diseases, and vegetable-based diets were significantly associated with higher levels of parts of phthalate metabolites. More interestingly, higher urine levels of high-molecular-weight (HMW) phthalate metabolites and lower urine levels of low-molecular-weight (LMW) phthalate metabolites were found in rural older adults than in urban older adults. CONCLUSIONS Chinese community-dwelling older adults are extensively exposed to phthalates, especially to DBP and DEHP. More attention should be paid to urban-rural differences in exposure to HMW and LMW phthalates and to phthalate exposure among older adults with overweight/obesity, females, and individuals who are current heavy smokers, have two or more chronic diseases, and consume vegetable-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Jing Cheng
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Pei-Ru Xu
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Rong Wei
- Outpatient Department of the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Xiu-de Li
- Lu'an Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lu'an, Anhui 237008, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- School of Public Health, Experimental Center for Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Su-Fang Wang
- School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Kai-Yong Liu
- School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Gui-Mei Chen
- School of Health Services Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Fang-Biao Tao
- School of Health Services Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Qu-Nan Wang
- School of Public Health, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
| | - Lin-Sheng Yang
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
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14
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Prasad B. Phthalate pollution: environmental fate and cumulative human exposure index using the multivariate analysis approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:389-399. [PMID: 33566875 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00396d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive review was performed on the environmental fate, environmental occurrence, toxicity, physical-chemical properties, abiotic and biotic removal and degradation of phthalate esters (PAEs) to compute the overall phthalate exposure and their impact on human beings. The removal and degradation of these wide spread pollutants by abiotic processes such as hydrolysis and photodecomposition are very slow and insignificant. On the other hand, the breakdown of PAEs by microorganisms is considered to be one of the major routes of environmental degradation for these widespread pollutants. Numerous microbial strains have been reported to degrade these compounds under aerobic, anaerobic and facultative conditions. Concurrently, the environmental fate, transport and transformation/degradation of these compounds under natural conditions are highly dependent on their physical and chemical properties. In order to understand the relationship between the concentrations of PAEs of different environmental compartments and human exposure prospects, a novel average phthalate pollution index (PPI) and cumulative phthalate exposure index (PEI) were proposed using the multivariate analysis approach. These indices were computed on the basis of relative importance, environmental occurrence, toxicity, physical-chemical properties, abiotic and biotic removal and degradation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) and diethyl-hexyl phthalate (DEHP). At present, the average PPI and cumulative PEI of 29 countries were evaluated using the concentrations of PAEs reported in the literature. These indices signify the overall phthalate pollution, human exposure and their interrelation. According to the index, Slovakia, Canada, Taiwan, Sweden and South Africa are among the top five countries in terms of cumulative phthalate exposure as per the existing data. The exposure percentage of total PAEs significantly varies between 23 and 44% since many environmental compartments are not directly exposed to human beings and they are degraded under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bablu Prasad
- Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, India.
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Mok S, Jeong Y, Park M, Kim S, Lee I, Park J, Kim S, Choi K, Moon HB. Exposure to phthalates and bisphenol analogues among childbearing-aged women in Korea: Influencing factors and potential health risks. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128425. [PMID: 33010629 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA), widely applied in industrial and consumer products, can affect hormones associated with the human reproductive system. Because the incidence of reproductive diseases is increasing, a comprehensive exposure assessment of phthalates and bisphenol analogues (BPs) is required for childbearing-aged women. Phthalate metabolites and BPs were measured in urine samples collected from 509 childbearing-aged women (20-48 years) in Korea to investigate their current exposure status, profiles, influencing factors, and potential health risks. DEHP metabolites and BPA were the dominant compounds found, indicating that they are highly consumed in daily life. Bisphenol S (BPS), as an alternative to BPA, was detected in most urine samples. Total concentrations of phthalate metabolites and BPs ranged from 3.42 to 3570 (GM: 45.6) ng/mL and from <LOQ to 80.3 (0.91) ng/mL, respectively, which were within the ranges observed in women in previous studies. Exposure to diethyl phthalate (DEP) was significantly associated with the use of cosmetics and personal care products such as perfume, body lotion, and sunscreen. Higher ratios of urinary BPS/BPA were observed in younger and more highly educated women and in women living in urbanized regions than others. This result suggests that a shift in consumption from BPA to BPS was preferentially occurring in urbanized regions. The assessment of the cumulative risk posed by phthalates and BPs showed that they pose only a small health risk to Korean women. This study provides baseline data on exposure levels, profiles, and influencing factors for phthalates and BPs in childbearing-aged women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sori Mok
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsun Jeong
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Park
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Chemical Safety Research Center, Chemical Platform Technology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Inae Lee
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongim Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Liu L, Wang H, Li X, Tian M, Huang Q, Zhang J, Pan H, Wen K, Huang Q, Yan J, Tong Z, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Li B, Wang T, Shen H. Infantile phthalate metabolism and toxico/pharmacokinetic implications within the first year of life. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106052. [PMID: 32822925 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infantile development of phthalate metabolism is crucial for risk assessment of endocrine disruption and has important toxico/pharmacokinetic implications. OBJECTIVES To characterize temporal variability in urinary phthalate metabolites in infants and to examine their growth-dependent detoxification. METHODS In this cohort study, urine samples (n = 876) from 155 healthy Chinese infants were collected serially at eight time points from birth to one year old. Free and total (i.e., free plus glucuronide conjugated) phthalate metabolites (PMEs) were measured by LC/MS/MS. Time variability in PMEs and PME metabolism capacity was characterized using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and linear mixed regression models. RESULTS Concentrations of most PMEs changed significantly, with ICCs ranging from 0.213 to 0.318, and trends increased significantly over time (p < 0.001), while MEHP showed fair reproducibility (ICC = 0.480). Glucuronidation increased considerably (ICC ≤ 0.250; p < 0.001) for most PMEs but not for MMP or MEHP. Ester-chain ω-/ω-1-oxidation and α-/β-oxidation patterns of MEHP steeply increased from 3 months to 8 months, where they peaked, resulting in a molar percentage of MEHP in ΣDEHP showing the inversion pattern. MEHP detoxification through oxidation of the hydrophobic ester-chain is apparently a priority for carboxyl glucuronidation in infants. CONCLUSIONS Infant phthalate exposure is prevalent, but they cannot metabolize or eliminate these compounds as efficiently as adults, especially during the first 6 months of life. From an environmental biomonitoring view, age-dependent phthalate metabolism provides crucial implications for infantile ontogeny and health risk assessment within the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangpo Liu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316021, PR China
| | - Xueyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316021, PR China
| | - Meiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Qingyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Hong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Kai Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Qiansheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Jianbo Yan
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316021, PR China
| | - Zhendong Tong
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316021, PR China
| | - Yongli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316021, PR China
| | - Tongjie Zhang
- Daishan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Daishan, Zhejiang 316200, PR China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Ben Li
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Heqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
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Meconium Exposure to Phthalates, Sex and Thyroid Hormones, Birth Size and Pregnancy Outcomes in 251 Mother-Infant Pairs from Shanghai. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217711. [PMID: 33105642 PMCID: PMC7659924 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are hormonally active pollutants. In-utero exposure to phthalates has been reported to be associated with birth size parameters and pregnancy outcomes. However, previous reports were inconsistent. We examined the associations between meconium exposure to phthalates and the effects on birth size parameters, pregnancy outcomes and sex and thyroid hormones in 251 mother–infant pairs from a Shanghai hospital. We measured 10 metabolites of phthalates in meconium samples collected during the first 24h after delivery. Information on seven birth size parameters (birth weight, birth length, abdominal circumference, head circumference, femur length, biparietal diameter and anogenital distance) and three pregnancy outcomes (gestational diabetes, premature rupture of membrane, and premature birth) was available from the birth record. Concentrations of free testosterone, estradiol (E2), thyroid stimulating hormone, concentrations of total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine were measured from cord blood. Multivariate linear regression and logistic regression were used to estimate associations between phthalate exposure and health outcomes. mono-iso-butylphthalate (MiBP), mono-n-butylphthalate (MnBP) and mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP) were positively associated with birth length and femur length which seemed more obvious in female newborn; MiBP, MnBP and mono-2-ethylhexylphthalate (MEHP) were positively associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) only in mothers with male newborns; monomethyl phthalate (MMP), MiBP and MEOHP were positively associated with E2 in male newborns. This study indicates that meconium exposure to phthalates may adversely affect some fetal growth parameters and GDM with a potential gender effect.
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Yoshida T, Mimura M, Sakon N. Intakes of phthalates by Japanese children and the contribution of indoor air quality in their residences. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:19577-19591. [PMID: 32219650 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08397-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Some phthalates, which are used mainly as plasticizers, are suspected to be endocrine disruptors. In the present study, daily intakes of phthalates by Japanese children through all exposure pathways and the contribution of indoor air quality to the intakes were examined by measuring urinary phthalate metabolites in the children and the airborne phthalates in their residences. Spot urine samples excreted first after waking up in the morning were collected from the subjects aged 6 to 15 years (n = 132), and airborne phthalates were sampled in the subjects' bedrooms for 24 h. Eight airborne phthalates and their urinary metabolites were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The daily intakes of the phthalates estimated were as follows (median, μg/kg b.w./day): dimethyl phthalate (DMP), 0.15; diethyl phthalate (DEP), 0.42; diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), 1.1; di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), 2.2; dicyclohexyl phthalate (DcHP), 0.026; benzylbutyl phthalate (BBzP), 0.032; di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), 6.3. The 95th percentile (21 μg/kg b.w./day) of the DEHP intakes exceeded the reference doses (RfD, 20 μg/kg b.w./day) of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). DEHP was suggested to be the most notable phthalate from the perspective of adverse effects on the health of Japanese children. On the other hand, DcHP and di-n-hexyl phthalate were not considered to be very important as indoor air pollutants and as internal contaminants for the children. The contribution rates of the amounts absorbed by inhalation to the amounts absorbed via all of the exposure pathways were only 7.9, 4.4, 6.6, 3.2, 0.22, and 1.0% as the median for DMP, DEP, DiBP, DnBP, BBzP, and DEHP, respectively. Therefore, inhalation did not seem to contribute very much as an absorption pathway of the phthalates for Japanese children while at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Yoshida
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Mimura
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Naomi Sakon
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
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Apel P, Kortenkamp A, Koch HM, Vogel N, Rüther M, Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Conrad A, Brüning T, Kolossa-Gehring M. Time course of phthalate cumulative risks to male developmental health over a 27-year period: Biomonitoring samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105467. [PMID: 32036120 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In several human biomonitoring surveys, changes in the usage patterns of phthalates have come to light, but their influence on the risks associated with combined exposures is insufficiently understood. Based on the largest study to date, the 27-year survey of urinary phthalate metabolite levels in 24-hour urine samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank, we present a deep analysis of changing phthalate exposures on mixture risks. This analysis adopts the Hazard Index (HI) approach based on the five phthalates DBP, DIBP, BBP, DEHP and DINP. Calculations of the hazard index for each study participant included updated phthalate reference doses for anti-androgenicity (RfDAAs) that take account of new evidence of phthalates' developmental toxicity. The Maximum Cumulative Ratio (MCR) approach was used to establish whether a subject's combined exposure was dominated by one phthalate or was influenced by several phthalates simultaneously. Generally, over the years there was a shift towards lower HIs and higher MCRs, reflecting an increased complexity of the combined exposures. The decade from 1988 to about 1999 was characterised by rather high HIs of between 3 and 7 (95th percentile) which were driven by exposure to DBP and DEHP, often exceeding their single acceptable exposures. Traditional single phthalate risk assessments would have underestimated these risks by up to 50%. From 2006 onwards, no study participant experienced exposures above acceptable levels for a single phthalate, but combined exposures were still in excess of HI = 1. From 2011 onwards most individuals stayed below HI = 1. In interpreting these results, we caution against the use of HI = 1 as an acceptable limit and develop proposals for improved and more realistic mixture risk assessments that take account of co-exposures to other anti-androgenic substances also capable of disrupting the male reproductive system. From this perspective, we regard HIs between 0.1 and 0.2 as more appropriate for evaluating combined phthalate exposures. Assessed against lowered HIs of 0.1 - 0.2, the combined phthalate exposures of most study participants exceeded acceptable levels in all study years, including 2015. Continued monitoring efforts for phthalate combinations are required to provide the basis for appropriate risk management measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Brunel University London, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nina Vogel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Rüther
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andre Conrad
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
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20
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Refined reference doses and new procedures for phthalate mixture risk assessment focused on male developmental toxicity. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 224:113428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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21
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Kortenkamp A. Which chemicals should be grouped together for mixture risk assessments of male reproductive disorders? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 499:110581. [PMID: 31525431 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is concern about cumulative exposures to compounds that disrupt male sexual differentiation in foetal life, leading to irreversible effects in adulthood, including declines in semen quality, testes non-descent, malformations of the penis and testis cancer. Traditional chemical-by-chemical risk assessment approaches cannot capture the likely cumulative health risks. Past efforts of focusing on combinations of phthalates, a subgroup of chemicals suspected of contributing to these risks, do not go far enough, as they ignore the contribution of other types of chemicals. With the aim of providing criteria for the inclusion of additional chemicals in mixture risks assessments for male reproductive health, this paper examines the mechanisms of action of various chemicals capable of disrupting male sexual differentiation. An Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) network for malformations of the male reproductive system is constructed that includes new findings about the role of disruptions of prostaglandin signalling. This network is used to identify pathways that converge at critical nodal points to produce down-stream adverse effects. From this knowledge, combinations of chemicals with different mechanisms of action are predicted that should result in cumulative effects. These predictions are then mapped against evidence from experimental mixture studies with relevant combinations. From the outcome of this analysis it is concluded that cumulative assessment groups for male reproductive health risks should not only include phthalates but also comprise androgen receptor (AR) antagonists, chemicals capable of disrupting steroid synthesis, InsL3 production, prostaglandin signalling and co-planar polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins together with other dioxin-like compounds. This list goes far beyond what has been suggested previously. A minimum set of chemicals to be assessed together with phthalates includes pesticides such as vinclozolin, prochloraz, procymidone, linuron, the pain killers paracetamol, aspirin and ibuprofen, pharmaceuticals such as finasteride, ketoconazole, and the lipid-lowering drug simvastin, poly-chlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and other dioxin-like pollutants and phenolics such as bisphenol A and butylparaben. AOP network analyses are essential to overcome difficulties in establishing groupings of chemicals for mixture risk assessments that derive from a narrow focus on mechanisms and modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kortenkamp
- Brunel University London, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.
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Li X, Liu L, Wang H, Zhang X, Xiao T, Shen H. Phthalate exposure and cumulative risk in a Chinese newborn population. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7763-7771. [PMID: 30673950 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates have been attracted as a considerable attention in toxicological research as well as public health context due to their ubiquitous occurrence and potential adverse health effects. Newborns are susceptible to the environmental risk factors; however, data are still limited on newborn phthalate exposure and risk assessment worldwide, especially in China. This study was nested in a cross-sectional retrospective study of 1359 pregnant women recruited in Xiamen Maternity and Child Care Hospital, China, during June to July 2012. All urine samples from newborn were collected using disposal diapers during the first two postnatal days, and seven phthalate metabolites were measured by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Phthalate exposure and accumulation risk were evaluated based on the measured newborn urinary internal doses. The detection rate (96.5%) and the median concentration (17.5 ng/mL) of mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) were the highest, while monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) concentration was the lowest with a detection rate (1.50%). By estimating the daily intakes of the parent phthalates, their EDI were 0.04, 0.10, 0.32, 0.00, and 0.12 μg/kg-bw/day for dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalates (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), respectively. The newborns were commonly exposed to phthalates but no one exceeds the regulated tolerable daily intake (TDI) values in this large newborn population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Liangpo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Xiamen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Tonghu Xiao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Heqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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