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Wu Y, Zeng X, Gao S, Liang Y, Liang Q, Yu Z. Characterizing organophosphate esters and chlorinated paraffins in surface soils affected by diverse e-waste disassembling process in South China: Occurrence, distinct emission, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 361:124843. [PMID: 39209053 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
E-waste recycling activities are a crucial emission source of organic pollutants, posing potential risks to the surrounding environment and human health. To understand the potential impact related to diverse e-waste dismantling activities, we investigated two categories of popular flame retardants (i.e., organophosphate esters (OPEs) and chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and their resultant possible ecological risk in 53 surface soil samples from Qingyuan, a well-known e-waste recycling region in South China. Varied concentrations of ΣOPEs (20.5-8720 ng/g) and ΣCPs (920-16800 ng/g) were observed at diverse dismantling sites, while relatively low levels of ΣOPEs (6.13-1240 ng/g) and ΣCPs (14.8-2870 ng/g) were found in surrounding soils. These results indicated that primitive e-waste dismantling processes were the primary emission source of OPEs and CPs in the studied area, with e-waste dumping and manual dismantling being the most important emission sources for OPEs and CPs. More importantly, CPs could be degraded/transformed into more toxic intermediates via dechlorination and decarbonization during the burning of e-waste. Furthermore, our results indicated the potential ecological risks posed by OPEs and CPs related to e-waste recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; National Engineering Research Center of Gas Hydrate Exploration and Development, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Shutao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qianyong Liang
- National Engineering Research Center of Gas Hydrate Exploration and Development, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Xie J, Zhang G, Guo J, Chen C, Wu Q, Luo M, Chen D, Peng X, He L, Li Y, Zhang Q, Li A, Lin T, Jiang G. Unveiling the Presence of Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in the Hadal Trenches of the Western Pacific Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39145972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c07255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
This study delves into the unexplored distribution and accumulation of chlorinated paraffins (CPs), pervasive industrial contaminants used as flame retardants and plasticizers, within the hadal trenches, some of Earth's most isolated marine ecosystems. Analysis of sediments from the Mussau (MS) and Mariana trench (MT) reveals notably high total CP concentrations (∑SCCPs + ∑MCCPs) of 10,963 and 14,554 ng g-1 dw, respectively, surpassing those in a reference site in the western Pacific abyssal plain (8533 ng g-1 dw). In contrast, the New Britain Trench (NBT) exhibits the lowest concentrations (2213-5880 ng g-1 dw), where CP distribution correlates with clay content, δ13C and δ15N values, but little with total organic carbon and depth. Additionally, amphipods from these trenches display varying CP levels, with MS amphipods reaching concerning concentrations (8681-16,138 ng g-1 lw), while amphipods in the MT-1 site show the lowest (4414-5010 ng g-1 lw). These bioaccumulation trends appear to be primarily influenced by feeding behaviors (δ13C) and trophic levels (δ15N). Utilizing biota-sediment accumulation factor values and principal component analysis, we discern that CPs in sediment may come from surface-derived particulate organic matters, while those in amphipods may come from the above carrion. Our findings elucidate the profound impacts of the emerging pollutants on the Earth's least explored marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Xie
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Gaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Chuchu Chen
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Min Luo
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Duofu Chen
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaotong Peng
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Lisheng He
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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3
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Parvizian BA, Helm PA, Fernando S, Crimmins BS, Hopke PK, Holsen TM. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in surface sediment from Lake Ontario. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:38358-38366. [PMID: 38801611 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33788-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Concentrations of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) were analyzed and investigated in surficial sediment collected in 2018 from ten different nearshore sites in Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River influenced by inputs from varying urban and historical land uses. Sites were grouped into two categories of tributary and lake according to their location. Results show that tributary sites had higher concentrations of total chlorinated paraffin (CP) than lake sites. Humber Bay, a lake site, had the highest total CP concentration (55,000 ng/gTOC) followed by Humber River, a tributary site (50,000 ng/gTOC). The lowest concentrations were found in eastern Lake Ontario and Lake St. Francis in the St. Lawrence River (540 ng/gTOC). Higher concentrations of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) were found where runoff and wastewater inputs from urban areas, current industrial activities, and population were the greatest. Levels of MCCPs were higher than SCCPs at all sites but one, Lake St. Francis. Among the SCCPs, C13 and among the MCCPs C14 were the dominant chain length alkanes, with C14 being the highest among both groups. The SCCPs and MCCPs profiles suggest that they can be used to distinguish between sites impacted by local sources vs. sites impacted by short-/long-range transport of these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Alipour Parvizian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Paul A Helm
- Environmental Monitoring & Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, ON, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Sujan Fernando
- Center for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Bernard S Crimmins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
- AEACS, 1015 Hunt Valley Cir, LLC, New Kensington, PA, 15068, USA
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA.
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
- Center for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
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Su H, Li J, Ye L, Su G. Establishment of compound database of emerging antioxidants and high-resolution mass spectrometry screening in lake sediment from Taihu Lake Basin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28341-28352. [PMID: 38532220 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Antioxidants are ubiquitous in various environmental samples, leading to increasing concern regarding their potential risk to environments or humans. However, there is dearth of information regarding the environmental fate of antioxidants and unknown/unexpected antioxidants in the environment. Here, we established a compound database (CDB) containing 320 current-used antioxidants by collecting the chemicals from EPA's functional use database and published documents. Physical-chemical characteristics of these antioxidants were estimated, and 19 ones were considered as persistent and bioaccumulative (P&B) substances. This CDB was further coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) technique, which was employed for suspect screening of antioxidants in extracts of sediments (n = 88) collected from Taihu Lake basin. We screened 119 HRMS features that can match 135 chemical formulas in the CDB, and 20 out of them exhibited the detection frequencies ≥ 90%. The total concentrations of suspect antioxidants in sediments ranged from 6.41 to 830 ng/g dw. Statistical analysis demonstrated that concentrations of suspect antioxidants in Taihu Lake were statistically significantly lower than those in Shihu and Jiulihu Lake, but greater than those from other small lakes. Collectively, this study provided a CDB that could be helpful for further monitoring studies of antioxidant in the environments, and also provided the first evidence regarding the ubiquity of antioxidants in aquatic environment of Taihu Lake basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Low Metamorphic Coal Clean Utilization, Yulin Engineering Research Center of Coal Chemical Wastewater, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin, 719000, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Langjie Ye
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
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Han X, Chen H, Zhou W, Liang B, Pang S, Du B, Zeng L. Occurrence, distribution and annual emissions of chlorinated paraffins in hazardous byproducts from municipal solid waste incineration plants in South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171764. [PMID: 38494033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays incineration technology has become the most mainstream way for the disposal of municipal wastes. Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) are currently classified as new persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and candidate POPs under the Stockholm Convention, respectively. However, the occurrence and contamination characteristics of these main hazardous byproducts (e.g., leachate, fly ash, and bottom ash) from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants have remained unknown. This study focused on the SCCPs and MCCPs (defined as CPs) contamination and their annual emissions from leachate, fly ash, and bottom ash among three typical MSWI plants in Shenzhen, South China. Compared to the dissolved phase of the leachate, higher concentrations of CPs were detected in the adsorbed phase. The total concentrations of CPs ranged from lower method detection limits (1 in leachate (i.e., adsorbed phase) and bottom ash, while the opposite results were found in fly ash. The dominant SCCP congener groups were C10Cl6-7 in leachate and fly ash, and C13Cl6-7 in bottom ash. The dominant MCCP congener groups were C14Cl7-8 in leachate, fly ash and bottom ash samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the dominant CPs in fly ash were obviously different from those in leachate and bottom ash. Estimated total annual emissions of CPs from the three main hazardous byproducts generated from typical MSWI plants were estimated between 66.2 and 7510 kg/y and bottom ash contributed the most to the CP emissions. Overall, this study is the first report on CP contamination in hazardous byproducts from MSWI plants, and can provide basic data support for CP contamination control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bowen Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Siqin Pang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bibai Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; School of Resources and Environmental Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China.
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6
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Chen J, Zhang S, Xu W, Chen C, Chen A, Lu R, Jing Q, Liu J. Exploring long-term global environmental impacts of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in waste: Implications for the Stockholm and Basel Conventions and the global plastic treaty. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108527. [PMID: 38422873 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), mainly short-chain CPs (SCCPs) and medium-chain CPs (MCCPs), are currently the most produced and used industrial chemicals related to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) globally. These chemicals are widely detected in the environment and in the human body. As the release of SCCPs and MCCPs from products represents only a small fraction of their stock in products, the potential long-term release of CPs from a large variety of products at the waste stage has become an issue of great concern. The results of this study showed that, by 2050, SCCPs and MCCPs used between 2000 and 2021 will cumulatively generate 226.49 Mt of CP-containing wastes, comprising 8610.13 kt of SCCPs and MCCPs. Approximately 79.72 Mt of CP-containing wastes is predicted to be generated abroad through the international trade of products using SCCPs and MCCPs. The magnitude, distribution, and growth of CP-containing wastes subject to environmentally sound disposal will depend largely on the relevant provisions of the Stockholm and Basel Conventions and the forthcoming global plastic treaty. According to multiple scenarios synthesizing the provisions of the three conventions, 26.6-101.1 Mt of CP-containing wastes will be subject to environmentally sound disposal as POP wastes, which would pose a great challenge to the waste disposal capacity of China, as well as for countries importing CP-containing products. The additional 5-year exemption period for MCCPs is expected to see an additional 10 Mt of CP-containing wastes subject to environmentally sound disposal. Thus, there is an urgent need to strengthen the Stockholm and Basel Conventions and the global plastic treaty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhe Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shaoxuan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weiguang Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chengkang Chen
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Anna Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rongjing Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiaonan Jing
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Wan Y, Chen S, Liu J, Jin L. Brownfield-related studies in the context of climate change: A comprehensive review and future prospects. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25784. [PMID: 38420456 PMCID: PMC10900957 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The global climate change events are expected to augment the vulnerability of persistent organic pollutants within the global brownfield areas to a certain extent, consequently heightening the risk crises faced by these brownfields amidst the backdrop of global environmental changes. However, studies addressing brownfield risks from the perspective of climate change have received limited attention. Nonetheless, the detrimental consequences of brownfield risks are intrinsically linked to strategies for mitigating and adapting to sustainable urban development, emphasizing the critical importance of their far-reaching implications. This relevance extends to concerns about environmental quality, safety, health risks, and the efficacy of chosen regeneration strategies, including potential secondary pollution risks. This comprehensive review systematically surveys pertinent articles published between 1998 and 2023. A selective analysis was conducted on 133 articles chosen for their thematic relevance. The findings reveal that: (1) Under the backdrop of the climate change process, brownfield restoration is necessitated to provide scientific and precise guidance. The integration of brownfield considerations with the dynamics of climate change has progressively evolved into a unified framework, gradually shaping a research paradigm characterized by "comprehensive + multi-scale + quantitative" methodologies; (2) Research themes coalesce into five prominent clusters: "Aggregation of Brownfield Problem Analysis", "Precision Enhancement of Brownfield Identification through Information Technology", "Diversification of Brownfield Reutilization Assessment", "Process-Oriented Approaches to Brownfield Restoration Strategies", and "Expansion of Ecological Service Functions in Brownfield Contexts"; (3) Application methodologies encompass five key facets: "Temporal and Spatial Distribution Patterns of Pollutants", "Mechanisms and Correlations of Pollution Effects", "Evaluation of Pollution Risks", "Assessment of Brownfield Restoration Strategies", and "Integration of Brownfield Regeneration with Spatial Planning". Future brownfield research from the climate change perspective is poised to reflect characteristics such as "High-Precision Prediction, Comprehensive Dimensionality, Full-Cycle Evaluation, Low-Risk Exposure, and Commitment to Sustainable Development".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Wan
- China Architecture Design & Research Group, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- China Construction Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., China
| | - Lin Jin
- Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Xu C, Zhou Q, Shen C, Li F, Liu S, Yin S, Aamir M. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in agricultural and industrial soils from Shanghai, China: surface and vertical distribution, penetration behavior, and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:9087-9101. [PMID: 37306889 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01632-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The widespread contamination of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) of the soil environment has raised global concern due to their highly persistent and toxic properties. However, little information is available regarding these industrial toxicants' spatial-vertical distribution and penetration potentials. In this study, short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively) were analyzed in pooled surface and core soils (0-45 cm) samples collected from agricultural and industrial areas in Shanghai. ∑SCCP concentrations in agricultural and industrial surface soils ranged from 52.6 to 237.6 and 98.3 to 977.1 ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively. ∑MCCP levels were comparatively higher and ranged from 417.2 to 1690.8 and 370.9 to 10,712.7 ng/g dw in agricultural and industrial soils, respectively. C10Cl5-10 SCCPs and C14-15Cl5-7 MCCPs were the predominant homologues in all samples. Analysis of the soil vertical profiles revealed that MCCP concentrations decreased significantly with depth (P < 0.01). SCCPs more efficiently penetrated into the soils than MCCPs because of their higher water solubility and less octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) values. A preliminary risk assessment suggested no potential health risks caused by non-dietary exposure. The daily exposure doses of CPs via ingestion were significantly (P < 0.01) higher for children (5.41 ± 2.11 × 10-3 and 1.68 ± 1.03 × 10-2 μg kg-1 day-1) and adults (2.56 ± 0.99 × 10-4 and 7.94 ± 4.87 × 10-4 μg kg-1 day-1) than dermal permeation exposure. Furthermore, CPs at current levels posed low ecological risks (0.1 ≤ RQ < 1) according to the risk quotient model. This study enhanced our understanding of the fates and behaviors of CPs in the terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenye Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Chensi Shen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Fang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Shuren Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
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9
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Lyu L, Zhang S. Chlorinated Paraffin Pollution in the Marine Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11687-11703. [PMID: 37503949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are ubiquitous in the environment due to their large-scale usage, persistence, and long-range atmospheric transport. The oceans are a critical environment where CPs transformation occurs. However, the broad impacts of CPs on the marine environment remain unclear. This review describes the sources, occurrence and transport pathways, environmental processes, and ecological effects of CPs in the marine environment. CPs are distributed in the global marine environment by riverine input, ocean currents, and long-range atmospheric transport from industrial areas. Environmental processes, such as the deposition of particle-bound compounds, leaching of plastics, and microbial degradation of CPs, are the critical drivers for regulating CPs' fate in water columns or sediment. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of CPs in marine food webs may threaten marine ecosystem functions. To elucidate the biogeochemical processes and environmental impacts of CPs in marine environments, future work should clarify the burden and transformation process of CPs and reveal their ecological effects. The results would help readers clarify the current research status and future research directions of CPs in the marine environment and provide the scientific basis and theoretical foundations for the government to assess marine ecological risks of CPs and to make policies for pollution prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
| | - Si Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, Guangdong, China
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Haarr A, Nipen M, Mwakalapa EB, Borgen AR, Mmochi AJ, Borga K. Chlorinated paraffins and dechloranes in free-range chicken eggs and soil around waste disposal sites in Tanzania. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 329:138646. [PMID: 37037350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste is a source of both legacy and emerging flame retardants to the environment, especially in regions where sufficient waste handling systems are lacking. In the present study, we quantified the occurrence of short- and medium chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) and dechloranes in household chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs and soil collected near waste disposal sites on Zanzibar and the Tanzanian mainland. Sampling locations included an e-waste facility and the active dumpsite of Dar es Salaam, a historical dumpsite in Dar es Salaam, and an informal dumpsite on Zanzibar. We compared concentrations and contaminant profiles between soil and eggs, as free-range chickens ingest a considerable amount of soil during foraging, with potential for maternal transfer to the eggs. We found no correlation between soil and egg concentrations or patterns of dechloranes or CPs. CPs with shorter chain lengths and higher chlorination degree were associated with soil, while longer chain lengths and lower chlorination degree were associated with eggs. MCCPs dominated the CP profile in eggs, with median concentrations ranging from 500 to 900 ng/g lipid weight (lw) among locations. SCCP concentrations in eggs ranged from below the detection limit (LOD) to 370 ng/g lw. Dechlorane Plus was the dominating dechlorane compound in all egg samples, with median concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.8 ng/g lw. SCCPs dominated in the soil samples (400-21300 ng/g soil organic matter, SOM), except at the official dumpsite where MCCPs were highest (65000 ng/g SOM). Concentrations of dechloranes in soil ranged from below LOD to 240 ng/g SOM, and the dominating compounds were Dechlorane Plus and Dechlorane 603. Risk assessment of CP levels gave margins of exposure (MOE) close to or below 1000 for SCCPs at one location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Haarr
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Maja Nipen
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), P.O. Box 100, 2027, Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Eliezer B Mwakalapa
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mbeya University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 131, Mbeya, Tanzania.
| | - Anders R Borgen
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), P.O. Box 100, 2027, Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Aviti J Mmochi
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
| | - Katrine Borga
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, 0316, Oslo, Norway; Center for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, PB 1066, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
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11
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Weng J, Yu H, Zhang H, Gao L, Qiao L, Ai Q, Liu Y, Liu Y, Xu M, Zhao B, Zheng M. Health Risks Posed by Dermal and Inhalation Exposure to High Concentrations of Chlorinated Paraffins Found in Soft Poly(vinyl chloride) Curtains. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5580-5591. [PMID: 36976867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are used in many products, including soft poly(vinyl chloride) curtains, which are used in many indoor environments. Health hazards posed by CPs in curtains are poorly understood. Here, chamber tests and an indoor fugacity model were used to predict CP emissions from soft poly(vinyl chloride) curtains, and dermal uptake through direct contact was assessed using surface wipes. Short-chain and medium-chain CPs accounted for 30% by weight of the curtains. Evaporation drives CP migration, like for other semivolatile organic plasticizers, at room temperature. The CP emission rate to air was 7.09 ng/(cm2 h), and the estimated short-chain and medium-chain CP concentrations were 583 and 95.3 ng/m3 in indoor air 21.2 and 172 μg/g in dust, respectively. Curtains could be important indoor sources of CPs to dust and air. The calculated total daily CP intakes from air and dust were 165 ng/(kg day) for an adult and 514 ng/(kg day) for a toddler, and an assessment of dermal intake through direct contact indicated that touching just once could increase intake by 274 μg. The results indicated that curtains, which are common in houses, could pose considerable health risks through inhalation of and dermal contact with CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Weng
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qiaofeng Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yin Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Ming Xu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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12
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Wei D, Yuan K, Ai F, Li M, Zhu N, Wang Y, Zeng K, Yin D, Bu Y, Zhang Z. Occurrence, spatial distributions, and temporal trends of bisphenol analogues in an E-waste dismantling area: Implications for risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161498. [PMID: 36638703 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The environmental occurrences of bisphenol analogues (BPs) have been extensively reported, whereas their concentration profile, spatial distribution, and temporal trend in e-waste dismantling area are still poorly understood. Herein, typical BPs (BPA, BPS, TBBPA, TBBPA-DHEE, and TBBPA-MHEE) were investigated in water, soil, and biological samples from three representative regions (FJT, JJP, and RIB) in e-waste recycling area in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province. Overall, the detection frequency of BPs in all samples was 100 %, confirming widespread presence of BPs in e-waste recycling area. Wherein, BPA was the predominant BPs in water (33.3 %) and soil samples (34.9 %), but TBBPA accounted for the largest proportion (41.3 %) in biological samples. In addition, the concentration of BPs in FJT was lower than that in JJP and RIB owing to the renovations on FJT by the local government in recent years, whereas the higher BPs level in RIB implied that elevated BPs contents was related to massive e-waste dismantling activities. From 2017 to 2021, a decreased trend of BPs concentration was observed in FJT, but aggravation of BPs levels in RIB was caused by the ongoing e-waste dismantling. The risk assessment revealed that the BPs in e-waste recycling area posed a low ecological and human health risk. Our finding could provide a valuable reference for the development of strict legislation systems related to e-waste management in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Wei
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kuijing Yuan
- Dalian Center for Food and Drug Control and Certification, Dalian 116037, China
| | - Fengxiang Ai
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mingwei Li
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Nuanfei Zhu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Kun Zeng
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuanqing Bu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Guan KL, Luo XJ, Lu QH, Huang CC, Qi XM, Zeng YH, Mai BX, Wang SQ. Occurrence, spatial distribution, and risk assessment of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in sediment from black-odorous rivers across China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137454. [PMID: 36470357 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) were massively produced for varied industrial purposes, of which improper handling and consequent environmental release resulted in worldwide contamination. The present study investigated the occurrence and spatial distribution of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCP/MCCPs) in 171 sediment samples from black-odorous urban rivers across China. Total SCCP and MCCP concentrations ranged from 8.3 to 9.4 × 104 (median: 1.1 × 103) ng/g dw, and from not-detected-value to 1.0 × 106 (median: 1.3 × 104) ng/g dw, respectively. No clear spatial distribution of SCCPs and MCCPs was observed since black-odorous urban rivers were polluted by point-sources of the SCCP/MCCPs. Significant positive correlations were identified between SCCP/MCCPs and total organic carbon, and between SCCP/MCCPs and other persistent organic matter, including polybrominated diethyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, antibiotics, and plasticizers. The average ratios of MCCPs to SCCPs in most samples were divided into 11 and 16, implying the manufacturing and use of at least two types of CP technical mixtures in China. The composition of SCCP/MCCPs were similar to that in their commercial products. Ecological risk assessments by two approaches, including the Federal Environmental Quality Guidelines and Risk Quotient, both revealed that SCCP/MCCP in surface sediments confer an ecological risk. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: SCCPs and MCCPs can be considered "hazardous materials" because of their massive production and their potential persistence, long-distance transfer, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity. This research conducted a comprehensive study on SCCP/MCCP in black-odorous urban river sediments across China and revealed their environmental risk, which may improve understanding of SCCP/MCCP contamination characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Lan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi-Hong Lu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Chen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Meng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Quan Wang
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
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14
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Wang N, Shen W, Zhang S, Cheng J, Qi D, Hua J, Kang G, Qiu H. Occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in coastal water of the Taizhou Bay, China: impacts of industrial activities and marine aquaculture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:81670-81684. [PMID: 35737266 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence, spatial distribution, and source analysis of antibiotics in global coastal waters and estuaries are not well documented or understood. Therefore, the distribution of 14 antibiotics in inflowing river and bay water of Taizhou Bay, East China Sea, was studied. Thirteen antibiotics, excluding roxithromycin (ROM), were all detected in inflowing river and bay water. The total antibiotic concentrations in bay water ranged from 3126.62 to 26,531.48 ng/L, which were significantly higher than those in the inflowing river (17.20-25,090.25 ng/L). Macrolides (MAs) and sulfonamides (SAs) were dominant in inflowing river (accounting for 24.40% and 74.9% of the total antibiotic concentrations, respectively), while SAs in bay water (93.6% of the total concentrations). Among them, clindamycin (CLI) (concentration range: ND-8414 ng/L, mean 1437.59 ng/L) and sulfadimidine (SMX) (ND-25,184.00 ng/L, mean concentrations: 9107.88 ng/L) were the highest in those surface water samples. Source analysis showed that MAs and SAs in the inflowing river mainly came from the wastewater discharge of the surrounding residents and pharmaceutical companies, while SAs in the bay water mainly came from surrounding industrial activities and mariculture. However, the contribution of the inflowing river to the bay water cannot be ignored. The risk assessment showed that SMX and ofloxacin (OFX) have potential ecological risks. These data will support the various sectors of the environment in developing management strategies and to prevent antibiotic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Weitao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - ShengHu Zhang
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China.
| | - Jie Cheng
- Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Qi
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Jing Hua
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Guodong Kang
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Hui Qiu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
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15
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Occurrence, Distribution and Health Risk of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) in China: A Critical Review. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9080208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With being listed in the Stockholm Convention, the ban on short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) has been put on the agenda in China. Based on the literature over the past decade, this study comprehensively analyzed the occurrence, distribution of and human exposure to SCCPs in China, aiming to provide a reference for the changes in SCCPs after the ban. SCCPs were ubiquitous in environmental matrices, and the levels were considerably higher than those in other countries. SCCPs from the emission region were 2–4 orders of magnitude higher than those in the background area. Environmental processes may play an important role in the SCCP profiles in the environment, and C10 and Cl6 were identified as potential factors distinguishing their spatial distribution. River input was the dominant source in the sea areas, and atmospheric transport was the main source in the remote inland areas. Ingestion and dermal absorption and food intake may pose potential risk to residents, especially for children and infants. More studies are needed on their temporal trend, source emission and environmental degradation. The enactment of the restriction order will have a great impact on China’s CP industry; nevertheless, it will play a positive role in the remediation of SCCP pollution in the environment.
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Ai Q, Zhang P, Gao L, Zhou X, Liu Y, Huang D, Qiao L, Weng J, Zheng M. Air-soil exchange of and risks posed by short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins: Case study in a contaminated area in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134230. [PMID: 35257700 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain (SC) and medium-chain (MC) chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are found widely in the environment. Little research into air-soil exchange of SCCPs and MCCPs has been performed. In this study, CP concentrations, congener group profiles, and air-soil exchange in a typical contaminated area were investigated. A total of 10 soil samples and 10 air samples were collected from Zhoushan, an island in China. The samples were analyzed by two-dimensional gas chromatography electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry. The SCCP and MCCP concentrations in the soil samples were 72-3842 and 117-8819 ng/g, respectively, and the SCCP and MCCP concentrations in the air samples were 57-208 and 1.8-25 ng/m3, respectively. The highest CP concentrations in both soil and air were found in samples from near shipyards, possibly because of CPs being emitted from metal cutting fluids and marine paints used at the shipyards. C14-15Cl7-9 were the dominant CP congener groups in the soil samples. C10Cl6-7 were the dominant CP congener groups in the air samples. Chlorinated decane and undecane and penta-, hexa-, and hepta-chlorinated CPs were enriched in the air relative to the soil. These congeners may have been released from the commercial CP-42 and CP-52. The fugacity fractions (ffs) of 48 homologs decreased as Koa increased. The ffs indicated that SCCPs and MCCPs dominated deposition. The net air-soil exchange fluxes of CPs were 201-769 ng/(m2·h). A preliminary risk assessment indicated that CPs pose low ecological risk except at sampling site S7 and do not pose significant health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofeng Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peixuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Zhejiang, 310012, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiyuan Weng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
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Haque MM, Sultana S, Niloy NM, Quraishi SB, Tareq SM. Source apportionment, ecological, and human health risks of toxic metals in road dust of densely populated capital and connected major highway of Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:37218-37233. [PMID: 35034304 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates pollution levels, source apportionment, ecological, and human health risks associated with toxic metals (Pb, As, Hg, Cr, and Cd) in road dust from the most populated Dhaka city and a connected major highway in Bangladesh. The mean concentration of Pb, Hg, and Cd were 1.3, 29.3, and 13.2 times higher than their corresponding background values with spatially uneven distribution all over the study area. Metal pollution indices, the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), NIPI, and PI, indicated extreme contamination at many sites depending on local environmental factors. The potential ecological risk ([Formula: see text] revealed that 84% and 54% of samples showed the extreme ecological risk for Hg and Cd pollution, respectively. On the other hand, the potential ecological risk index (PERI) and Nemerow integrated risk index (NIRI) showed that most sampling sites suffered high to extreme ecological risk. Source apportionment using positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified coal combustion, and gasoline (50.14%), traffic exhaust (35.26%), and industrial and agriculture activity (14.60%) were the main source of toxic metals of the study area. Non-carcinogenic health risk indicated that adults are more vulnerable than children, and hazard index (HI) of Hg for both age groups and Cd for adults were significantly higher than the safe level. The carcinogenic risk (CR) levels of toxic metals were acceptable (10-6 to 10-4), although the maximum limit of Cr for children and As for adults was close to the unacceptable limit (10-4). Continual exposure to toxic metals through road dust might develop lifetime cancer risk in local inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Morshedul Haque
- Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh.
- Department of Environmental Protection Technology, German University Bangladesh, 1702, Gazipur, Bangladesh.
| | - Sajin Sultana
- Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
- Beximco Textile Limited Sarabo, Kashimpur, Gazipur, Dhaka, 1702, Bangladesh
| | - Nahin Mostofa Niloy
- Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Shamshad B Quraishi
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Center, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Shafi M Tareq
- Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh.
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18
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Ji B, Wu Y, Liang Y, Gao S, Zeng X, Yao P, Yu Z. Occurrence, congener patterns, and potential ecological risk of chlorinated paraffins in sediments of Yangtze River Estuary and adjacent East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:329. [PMID: 35384557 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are high production volume chemicals with immense scientific research interest due to their wide distribution, persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation potential. In this study, 87 surface sediments were collected from the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) and the adjacent East China Sea (ECS). We investigated the concentrations, spatial distribution, and composition profiles of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometry. The sedimentary concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs ranged from 2.85 to 94.7 ng·g-1 (median 13.7 ng·g-1) and 3.33 to 77.8 ng·g-1 (median 13.3 ng·g-1), respectively. Higher CP concentrations were found in YRE sediments. The values decreased away from the location, implying a direct influence of the Yangtze River. The SCCP concentrations were higher than those of MCCPs in most sediment samples. Overall, the predominant homologs were C13Cl5-7 and C14Cl6-8 for MCCPs and SCCPs, respectively. Overall, the sediment-dwelling organisms in the region are susceptible to low ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Peng Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Wang K, Gao L, Zhu S, Liu X, Chen Q, Cui L, Qiao L, Xu C, Huang D, Wang S, Zheng M. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in soil from an urban area of northern China: Levels, distribution, and homolog patterns. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150833. [PMID: 34627908 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are persistent organic pollutants that are present in relatively high concentrations in various environmental media in China. Many studies have focused on chlorinated paraffins in soil from agricultural land and contaminated areas. There are limited data on the levels of chlorinated paraffins in soil from urban areas. In this study, to investigate the levels, distribution, and homolog patterns of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in soil from a typical urban area, 130 soil samples were collected and combined to form 26 pooled samples. The samples were analyzed for 50 CP congener groups (C9-17Cl5-10). The concentration ranges for SCCPs, medium-chain CPs (MCCP), and chlorinated nonane paraffin (C9-CP) were 19-1456 ng/g (average: 234 ng/g), <10-385 ng/g (average: 54 ng/g), and 1-39 ng/g (average: 11 ng/g), respectively. The CP concentrations were not significantly correlated with the total organic carbon content (P > 0.05). Compared with other areas worldwide, the SCCP and C9-CP concentrations in soil in this area were at the medium level, and the concentrations of MCCPs were at a low level. The CP concentrations were higher in soil samples collected near factories and domestic garbage disposal sites. C10Cl6-7 were the main SCCP homologs and C14Cl7-8 were the main MCCP homologs. Principal component analysis showed that the sources of C9-CPs, SCCPs, and MCCPs in the soils were similar. Risk assessment showed that the concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs in soil in this area did not pose a significant risk to soil organisms or human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment Hangzhou Institute for Advanced study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Shuai Zhu
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xia Liu
- China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qianwen Chen
- China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lili Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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20
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Chen H, Han X, Liang B, Deng M, Du B, Zeng L. Spatial distribution, homologue patterns and ecological risks of chlorinated paraffins in mangrove sediments along the South China Coast. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118623. [PMID: 34871648 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution, homologue patterns, and ecological risks of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) were investigated in sediments from sixteen mangrove wetlands along the South China Coast (SCS). The total concentrations of CPs in mangrove sediments from Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi, and Hainan were in the range of 933-4760, 619-2300, 375-1550, and 271-658 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The contamination levels and spatial distribution of short-chain and medium-chain CPs (SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively) in mangrove sediments were mainly affected by local population scale and CP industries. The dominant CP patterns in sediments were C10-11Cl6-8 and C14Cl7-9 for SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively. Redundancy analysis, based on CP levels and several potential influencing factors showed that MCCPs/SCCPs ratio was the main factor affecting the accumulation of CPs in mangrove sediments. Additionally, MCCP concentrations were significantly correlated with total organic carbon (TOC), indicating that TOC might affect MCCP accumulation in mangrove sediments. Risk assessments indicated that CPs would pose medium ecological risks to sediment dwelling organisms in nearly one-third of the sampling sites. This is the first comprehensive report of the sedimentary SCCPs and MCCPs in mangrove wetlands along the SCS and highlights the need for more sediment toxicity data for CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Xu Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Bowen Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Man Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Bibai Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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21
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Lee CC, Wu YY, Chen CS, Tien CJ. Spatiotemporal distribution and risk assessment of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in 30 major rivers in Taiwan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150969. [PMID: 34656600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Because of their highly persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic properties, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have become emerging contaminants and have been included in Annex A (elimination) of the Stockholm Convention since 2017. The contamination of SCCPs has been observed in the environment and biota worldwide but has not been detected in Taiwanese river ecosystems. Thus, this study aimed to determine the occurrence of SCCPs in sediments and fish from 30 major rivers in Taiwan and to evaluate the risk of SCCPs to river ecosystems and human health. The concentrations of SCCPs in sediments and fish ranged from ND (not detected) to 12.6 mg/kg dw and ND to 2.07 mg/kg ww, respectively. The concentrations of SCCPs in sediments were significantly correlated with some indicators of the discharge sources and water quality variables, indicating that SCCPs were released via human activities and various discharges into rivers and accumulated in sediments. The bioaccumulation of SCCPs in fish exhibited species-specific profiles and was related to environmental contamination levels and the living pattern and trophic level of the fish. The SCCP levels in sediments from 20 major rivers in Taiwan might pose a potential ecological risk to river ecosystems according to the criteria of the Federal Environmental Quality Guidelines in Canada, the biota-sediment accumulation factor and the risk quotient. Consumption of SCCP-contaminated river fish by different gender and age groups showed no significant health risk to residents in Taiwan evaluated by the estimated daily intake and hazard quotient. However, there was a health concern for the 0- to 3-year-old group due to the consumption of contaminated river fish at a bioaccessibility of 100% for SCCPs by the margin of exposure. Routine monitoring of SCCPs in river ecosystems is needed to protect aquatic organisms and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chang Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic substances, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yun Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Colin S Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, 62, Shen-Chung Road, Yanchao, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jung Tien
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, 62, Shen-Chung Road, Yanchao, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan.
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22
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Weng J, Zhang P, Gao L, Zhu S, Liu Y, Qiao L, Zhao B, Liu Y, Xu M, Zheng M. Concentrations, homolog profiles, and risk assessment of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in soil around factories in a non-ferrous metal recycling park. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118456. [PMID: 34740736 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are used as additives in metal processing in the metal smelting industry. Data on CPs in the environment near metal smelting plants are limited. The objectives of this study were to investigate the concentrations and congener profiles of CPs in soil around factories in a non-ferrous metal recycling park located in Hebei, China, and to investigate human exposure to CPs in the soil. The concentrations of short-chain CPs (SCCPs) and medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) were determined by two-dimensional gas chromatography with electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry. The SCCP and MCCP concentrations in the soil samples were 121-5159 ng/g and 47-6079 ng/g, respectively. Generally, the CP concentrations in soils around the factories were relatively high compared with those near other contaminated sites and in rural and urban areas. There were significant correlations between the MCCP concentrations, some SCCP carbon homologs, and the total organic carbon content (p < 0.05). The major SCCP and MCCP congener groups were C10Cl6-7 and C15-16Cl5, respectively. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis indicated that SCCPs and MCCPs in the soil might originate from extreme pressure additives containing CP-42 and CP-52 and CP-containing waste material from the factories. The concentrations in two samples collected near a metal recycling factory posed a moderate risk according to a risk assessment conducted using risk quotients. Further risk assessment showed that the CPs concentrations in soil did not pose significant health risks to either children or adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Weng
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Peixuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Shuai Zhu
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yin Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Ming Xu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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23
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Nipen M, Vogt RD, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Borgå K, Mwakalapa EB, Borgen AR, Jørgensen SJ, Ntapanta SM, Mmochi AJ, Schlabach M, Breivik K. Spatial trends of chlorinated paraffins and dechloranes in air and soil in a tropical urban, suburban, and rural environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118298. [PMID: 34626702 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There are large knowledge gaps concerning environmental levels and fate of many organic pollutants, particularly for chemicals of emerging concern in tropical regions of the Global South. In this study, we investigated the levels of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and dechloranes in air and soil in rural, suburban, and urban regions in and around Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Samples were also collected near the city's main municipal waste dumpsite and an electronic waste (e-waste) handling facility. In passive air samples, short chain CPs (SCCPs) dominated, with an average estimated concentration of 22 ng/m3, while medium chain CPs (MCCPs) had an average estimated concentration of 9 ng/m3. The average estimated air concentration of ∑dechloranes (Dechlorane Plus (DP) + Dechlorane 602 + Dechlorane 603) was three to four orders of magnitudes lower, 2 pg/m3. In soil samples, MCCPs dominated with an average concentration of 640 ng/g dw, followed by SCCPs with an average concentration of 330 ng/g dw, and ∑dechloranes with an average concentration of 0.9 ng/g dw. In both air and soil, DP was the dominating dechlorane compound. Urban pulses were observed for CPs and dechloranes in air and soil. CPs were in addition found in elevated levels at the municipal waste dumpsite and the e-waste handling facility, while DPs were found in elevated levels at the e-waste handling facility. This suggests that waste handling sites represent important emission sources for these pollutants. Investigations into seasonal trends and environmental fate of CPs and dechloranes showed that monsoonal rain patterns play a major role in governing air concentrations and mobility, particularly for the less volatile MCCPs and dechloranes. This study is the first to report levels of CPs in air from sub-Saharan Africa, and DP, Dechlorane 602, and Dechlorane 603 in soil from sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Nipen
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway; NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Rolf David Vogt
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Katrine Borgå
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Susanne Jøntvedt Jørgensen
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Samwel Moses Ntapanta
- Department of Social Anthropology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1091, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Aviti John Mmochi
- Institute for Marine Science, University of Dar Es Salaam, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Martin Schlabach
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Knut Breivik
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway; NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
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24
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He H, Li Y, Shen R, Shim H, Zeng Y, Zhao S, Lu Q, Mai B, Wang S. Environmental occurrence and remediation of emerging organohalides: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118060. [PMID: 34479159 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As replacements for "old" organohalides, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), "new" organohalides have been developed, including decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), and perfluorobutyrate (PFBA). In the past decade, these emerging organohalides (EOHs) have been extensively produced as industrial and consumer products, resulting in their widespread environmental distribution. This review comprehensively summarizes the environmental occurrence and remediation methods for typical EOHs. Based on the data collected from 2015 to 2021, these EOHs are widespread in both abiotic (e.g., dust, air, soil, sediment, and water) and biotic (e.g., bird, fish, and human serum) matrices. A significant positive correlation was found between the estimated annual production amounts of EOHs and their environmental contamination levels, suggesting the prohibition of both production and usage of EOHs as a critical pollution-source control strategy. The strengths and weaknesses, as well as the future prospects of up-to-date remediation techniques, such as photodegradation, chemical oxidation, and biodegradation, are critically discussed. Of these remediation techniques, microbial reductive dehalogenation represents a promising in situ remediation method for removal of EOHs, such as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozheng He
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yiyang Li
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Rui Shen
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hojae Shim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Yanhong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Siyan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Qihong Lu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shanquan Wang
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Li F, Shi R, Wang Y, He A, Han Z, Zheng X, Li C, Gao W, Wang Y, Jiang G. The effect of anthropogenic activities on the environmental fate of chlorinated paraffins in surface soil in an urbanized zone of northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117766. [PMID: 34271520 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been widely used as halogenated flame retardants and plasticizers since the mid-20th century. The prevalence of CPs in soil has been widely reported, but the distribution pattern of CPs in urbanized zones and their association with multiple socioeconomic variables have not been adequately explored. Herein, short-chain and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) were investigated in surface soil samples from Tianjin, China, a typical urbanized area. The concentration distributions of SCCPs and MCCPs showed similar trends in different administrative divisions and land use types: urban areas > suburbs > outer suburbs (p < 0.001) and residential areas > greenbelts > agricultural areas (p < 0.001). The CP congeners in residential surface soils mainly included those with longer carbon chains and high degree of chlorination, while the CP congeners in agricultural surface soils mainly consisted of those with shorter carbon chains and fewer chlorine substituents. Multiple statistical approaches were used to explore the association between socioeconomic factors and CP distribution. CP concentration was significantly correlated to population density and gross domestic product (GDP) (p < 0.001), and structural equation models incorporating administrative regional planning showed an indirect impact on the distribution of MCCP concentration due to the influence of regional planning on population density. These results highlight the association between CP contamination and the degree of urbanization, and this paper provides useful information toward mitigating the exposure risk of CPs for urban inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rongguang Shi
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Anen He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ziming Han
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiangqun Zheng
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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Nevondo V, Okonkwo OJ. Status of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in matrices and research gap priorities in Africa: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:52844-52861. [PMID: 34478051 PMCID: PMC8476396 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15924-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been applied as additives in a wide range of consumer products, including polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, mining conveyor belts, paints, sealants, adhesives and as flame retardants. Consequently, CPs have been found in many matrices. Of all the CP groups, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have raised an alarming concern globally due to their toxicity, persistence and long-range transportation in the environment. As a result, SCCPs were listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in May 2017. Additionally, a limit for the presence of SCCPs in other CP mixtures was set at 1% by weight. CPs can be released into the environment throughout their life cycle; therefore, it becomes crucial to assess their effects in different matrices. Although about 199 studies on SCCP concentration in different matrices have been published in other continents; however, there are scarce/or limited studies on SCCP concentration in Africa, particularly on consumer products, landfill leachates and sediment samples. So far, published studies on SCCP concentration in the continent include SCCPs in egg samples, e-waste recycling area and indoor dust in Ghana and South Africa, despite absence of any production of SCCPs in Africa. However, there still remains a huge research gap in the continent of Africa on SCCPs. Consequently, there is a need to develop robust SCCP inventories in Africa since the Stockholm Convention has already developed guidance document in this respect. This review, therefore, examines the state of knowledge pertaining to the levels and trends of these contaminants in Africa and further provides research gaps that need to be considered in order to better understand the global scale of the contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vhodaho Nevondo
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Pretoria Central, 0001 South Africa
| | - Okechukwu Jonathan Okonkwo
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Pretoria Central, 0001 South Africa
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Huang X, Cui Z, Ding C, Su Q, Lin X, Wang W, Yin Q, Wang X. Differential Accumulation of Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffin in Free-Range Laying Hens from an E-Waste Recycling Area. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10329-10337. [PMID: 34449201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are environmental pollutants of emerging concern. Long-chain CPs (LCCPs) are considered of lesser concern than other CPs in food due to their lower accumulation in most organisms. However, LCCPs have been shown to accumulate preferentially in birds. We used ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Orbitrap MS) to analyze CPs (C10-26Cl4-12) in tissues of free-range hens, their feed, and local soils. Feed was found to be the main source of CP intake. The CP carbon chain length had little impact on their absorption. C18-CPs were excreted in preference to C13-CPs by laying. The metabolic elimination rates of CPs (0.2 μg/mL) estimated using chicken liver microsomes were in the order C12Cl6 (91%) > C12Cl8 (57%) > C18Cl6 (12%) > C18Cl8 (6%). CPs with longer carbon chains accumulated preferentially in muscle and adipose tissues, and the accumulation of specific carbon chain lengths was related to the content and composition of different CPs in the intake source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Huang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zefeng Cui
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chenhong Ding
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qiuquan Su
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuexian Lin
- Guangdong Agricultural Science and Technology Monitoring Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weili Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qiumiao Yin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Wang S, Gao L, Zheng M, Qiao L, Xu C, Wang K, Huang D. Occurrences, congener group profiles, and risk assessment of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in cup instant noodles from China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130503. [PMID: 33894510 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dietary intake is an important route of human exposure to chlorinated paraffins (CPs). Cup instant noodles are widely popular food and millions packet of instant noodles are consumed every year. To investigate the levels, congener groups, and health risk of SCCPs and MCCPs in each component of cup instant noodles, samples of nine common brands were collected and analyzed by comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The mean concentrations in the noodles were 1.2 × 103 ng/g wet weight (ww) (SCCPs) and 1.2 × 102 ng/g ww (MCCPs), the mean concentrations in the seasoning were 1.4 × 103 ng/g ww (SCCPs) and 1.3 × 102 ng/g ww (MCCPs), and the mean concentrations in the soup were 5.6 × 102 ng/L (SCCPs) and 5.4 × 102 ng/L (MCCPs). The SCCP to MCCP ratio were similar in the soup and soup container, which means CPs in the soup might be migrated from the soup container. Seasoning and noodles from the same brands have similar congener profiles of SCCPs and MCCPs, which may be raised from the manufacturing process or food packaging materials. The dominant SCCP congener groups were C10-11Cl6-7 in noodles and seasoning, and C10,13Cl6-7 in soup. The dominant MCCP congener groups were C14-15Cl6-7 in noodles and seasoning, and C14-15Cl6-7 in soup. A preliminary health risk assessment indicated that the current intakes of SCCPs and MCCPs through cup instant noodles in China did not pose a significant risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | | | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kunran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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de Albuquerque CA, Mello CHP, de Freitas Gomes JH, Dos Santos VC. Bibliometric analysis of studies involving e-waste: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:47773-47784. [PMID: 34296401 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The correct destination of waste is an essential factor for sustainable development. Electronic waste, which is very toxic, is the type of waste with the highest rate of increase in its generation. For these reasons, the amount of research on this topic increases year by year, as shown by the literature review carried out by this study. This review aims to identify the main characteristics and proposals of the main study on electronic waste and verify how Brazil is inserted globally in the research on e-waste. Another objective is to suggest a path for researchers who want to start research on e-waste by identifying the keywords most used in the analyzed articles. The results evidenced that the most published countries on the subject are China, the USA, and India. Brazil is in a position of little prominence concerning its research production on the subject. Most of the central studies we analyzed use case study and literature review as the research method. Among the 44 articles analyzed, only one proposed a destination for e-waste. It highlights the need for more research focusing on the environmentally correct destination of e-waste. A good way to start a search on electronic waste is to use the keywords identified in this study, especially those used most frequently in the analyzed articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto de Albuquerque
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Southern Minas Gerais - IFSULDEMINAS, Avenida Vicente Simões, 1.111. Nova Pouso Alegre, Pouso Alegre, MG CEP 37553-465, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Henrique Pereira Mello
- Federal University of Itajubá - UNIFEI, Av. BPS, 1303, Bairro Pinheirinho, Itajubá, MG, Caixa Postal 50 CEP 37500 903, Brazil
| | - José Henrique de Freitas Gomes
- Federal University of Itajubá - UNIFEI, Av. BPS, 1303, Bairro Pinheirinho, Itajubá, MG, Caixa Postal 50 CEP 37500 903, Brazil
| | - Valquíria Claret Dos Santos
- Federal University of Itajubá - UNIFEI, Av. BPS, 1303, Bairro Pinheirinho, Itajubá, MG, Caixa Postal 50 CEP 37500 903, Brazil
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Xu C, Wang K, Gao L, Zheng M, Li J, Zhang L, Wu Y, Qiao L, Huang D, Wang S, Li D. Highly elevated levels, infant dietary exposure and health risks of medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in breast milk from China: Comparison with short-chain chlorinated paraffins. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116922. [PMID: 33743436 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are persistent organic pollutants which are toxic to human. Median-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) have similar toxicity to SCCPs. The productions of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in China were 1 million tons in 2013 and remained high after that, which may lead to high risks for human exposure to CPs. To investigate temporal trends and health risks of SCCPs and MCCPs in breast milk in China, samples (n = 2020) were collected from urban and rural areas of 11 Chinese provinces in 2017 and mixed into 42 pooled samples. SCCPs and MCCPs were analyzed by two-dimensional gas chromatography with electron-capture negative-ionization mass spectrometry (GC × GC-ECNI-MS). The MCCP concentrations (median (range)) were 472 (94-1714) and 567 (211-1089) ng g-1 lipid in urban and rural areas, respectively, which showed continuously rapidly increasing during 2007-2017. The SCCP concentrations (median (range)) were 393 (131-808) and 525 (139-1543) ng g-1 lipid in urban and rural areas, respectively. The results showed SCCP levels decreased in urban areas between 2007 and 2017. Significant increases in MCCP/SCCP ratios might arise from extensive manufacturing and use of MCCPs. The median estimated dietary intake via breast milk in urban and rural samples were 1230 and 2510 ng kg-1 d-1, respectively, for SCCPs and 2150 and 1890 ng kg-1 d-1, respectively, for MCCPs. Preliminarily risk assessment showed that SCCPs posed a significant health risk to infants via breastfeeding. The high MCCP levels should also be of concern because of continuous growth and negative effect on infants. Correspondence analysis indicated congeners with higher carbon and chlorine numbers in dietary tend to accumulate in breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kunran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Food Safety Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Science (2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Food Safety Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Science (2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Food Safety Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Science (2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Da Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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Su H, Shi S, Zhu M, Li J, Su G. Liquid Crystal Monomers (LCMs) in Sediments: Method Validation and Detection in Sediment Samples from Three Typical Areas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2336-2345. [PMID: 33528249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) have been proposed to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) substances; however, there is a dearth of information regarding their occurrence in sediment samples. Here, an analytical method was developed for the quantitative determination of LCMs in sediment samples, and n = 76 sediment samples were collected and analyzed to determine accurate concentrations of LCMs. Our results indicated that the developed pretreatment procedure was applicable for the determination of LCM concentrations in sediments. We observed that LCMs were detected in 75 out of the 76 sediment samples, and 23, 18, and 14 out of the 39 target LCMs were quantified in at least one of the analyzed sediments from rivers around LCM or liquid crystal device (LCD) manufacturers, Taihu Lake, and rivers around e-waste recycling sites, respectively. The LCMs in the samples from rivers around LCM/LCD manufacturers exhibited the greatest mean concentrations of 26.1 ng/g dry weight (dw), followed by those from e-waste recycling site areas (1.15 ng/g dw) and Taihu Lake (0.076 ng/g dw). Collectively, this study provided the first analytical method that was able to quantify the concentrations of LCMs in sediment samples and provided the first evidence for the occurrence of LCMs in sediment samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Su
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaobo Shi
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
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32
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Cui L, Gao L, Zheng M, Li J, Zhang L, Wu Y, Qiao L, Xu C, Wang K, Huang D. Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Foods from the Sixth Chinese Total Diet Study: Occurrences and Estimates of Dietary Intakes in South China. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9043-9051. [PMID: 32786846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Food consumption has been identified as a major pathway for human exposure to short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs), but evaluations of SCCP and MCCP intake from major dietary sources are limited. We used the sixth Chinese Total Diet Study to perform a comprehensive investigation of SCCPs and MCCPs in cereals, vegetables, potatoes, legumes, eggs, milk, meats, and aquatic foods from nine southern provinces. The geographical distribution of CP concentrations showed higher levels in Jiangsu, Hubei, and Zhejiang provinces. The CP concentrations in most animal-origin foods were higher than those in foods of plant origin. The total estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of SCCPs and MCCPs, with average values of 7.0 × 102 and 4.7 × 102 ng kg-1 day-1, respectively, were mostly contributed by cereals, vegetables, and meats. Risk assessment indicated the EDIs of CPs posed no significant risk to residents in South China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kunran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Wu J, Gao W, Liang Y, Fu J, Shi J, Lu Y, Wang Y, Jiang G. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in multi-environmental matrices in the Tibetan Plateau environment of China: A regional scale study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 140:105767. [PMID: 32361576 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Research on the environmental fate and behavior of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively), especially in high-altitude remote mountain areas, has rarely been conducted. In this study, the distribution and profiles of SCCPs and MCCPs in soils, barks, needles, lichens, and mosses in the Tibetan Plateau area were investigated during the period from 2010 to 2016. The total CP concentrations in soils, barks, needles, lichens, and mosses increased with increasing altitude from 1983 to 5147 m a.s.l. (above sea level), covering a range of 1843.5 km × 370.6 km. Generally, the mean SCCP levels were higher than mean MCCP levels in different environmental matrices. Moreover, as-obtained linear relationships between CP concentrations in different environmental matrices and altitudes (p < 0.05) indicated that the mountain cold-trapping could affect the presence and congener patterns of both SCCPs and MCCPs in the Tibetan Plateau environment. C10-11 and C14 congener groups were found to be the dominant groups in SCCPs and MCCPs in the environmental samples, respectively. Finally, the back-trajectory model was employed to reveal the differences of the potential sources in different regions of the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Wang K, Gao L, Zhu S, Cui L, Qiao L, Xu C, Huang D, Zheng M. Spatial distributions and homolog profiles of chlorinated nonane paraffins, and short and medium chain chlorinated paraffins in soils from Yunnan, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125855. [PMID: 31935577 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To preliminarily investigate the occurrence, spatial distributions, homolog compositions, and ecological risks of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in Yunnan, China, 110 soil samples were collected from an area part of Yunnan, representative of the whole Yunnan area, where had similar characteristics to most parts of Yunnan and 22 pooled soil samples were analyzed for 50 CP congener groups (C9-17Cl5-10). The chlorinated nonane paraffin (C9-CP), short chain (SCCP), and medium chain chlorinated paraffin (MCCP) concentrations in soil samples were 8-109 ng/g (average 39 ng/g), 79-948 ng/g (average 348 ng/g), and 20-1206 ng/g (average 229 ng/g), respectively. The C9-CP homologs contributed 5%-16% of the C9-13-CP concentrations in soils. No significant correlation was found between CP concentrations and the total organic carbon content (P > 0.05). The CP levels in soils from Yunnan were at a medium level compared with those in other areas worldwide. Human activity and atmosphere deposition would influence the levels and spatial distributions of CPs in this area. The concentrations of CPs in east area were higher than those in west area. C10Cl6-7 were the major SCCP congeners and C14Cl6-7 were the major MCCP congeners. Principal component analysis indicated that SCCPs and MCCPs came from different sources. A preliminary risk assessment indicated that these concentrations of CPs in soil from Yunnan do not pose a significant ecological risk for soil organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Shuai Zhu
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Lili Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Zheng X, Sun Q, Wang S, Li X, Liu P, Yan Z, Kong X, Fan J. Advances in Studies on Toxic Effects of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) and Characterization of Environmental Pollution in China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:501-512. [PMID: 32123944 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were included in the Stockholm Convention in 2017. SCCPs have persistence, bioaccumulation, long-range environmental mobility and biological toxicity, significant toxicity to aquatic organisms, and potential carcinogenicity. Little study was on the progress research on the current environmental pollution in China. We reviewed the pollution conditions of SCCPs in air, soil, and water and their accumulation in food and organisms in China, especially for the contaminations of aquatic ecosystem. Meanwhile, we summarize the recent studies on the toxic effects and toxicological mechanisms of SCCPs on aquatic organisms and mammals. Finally, the further direction and trends for SCCP research were proposed. More efforts are necessary to conduct a comprehensive risk assessment and evaluate the relative importance of the various exposure routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianhang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenguang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianghui Kong
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Juntao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
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Men C, Liu R, Xu L, Wang Q, Guo L, Miao Y, Shen Z. Source-specific ecological risk analysis and critical source identification of heavy metals in road dust in Beijing, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:121763. [PMID: 31818668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
To explore the spatial variation of source-specific ecological risks and identify critical sources of heavy metals in road dust, 36 road dust samples collected in Beijing in March 2017 were analyzed for heavy metals. A new method that takes into consideration the heavy-metal toxic response and is flexible to changes in the number of calculated heavy metals, called the Nemerow integrated risk index (NIRI), was developed for ecological risk assessment. The NIRI indicated that heavy metals posed considerable to high risks at the majority of sites, and 22 % of the sites suffered extreme risk in spring (NIRI > 320). Four main sources were identified based on positive matrix factorization (PMF): traffic exhaust, fuel combustion, construction, and use of pesticides and fertilizers. Owing to the lower toxic response factors of representative heavy metals of fuel combustion than those of other sources, although fuel combustion had the highest contribution (34.21 %) to heavy metals in spring, it only contributed 5.57 % to ecological risks. Critical sources and critical source areas were determined by considering the contributions to both heavy metals and ecological risks. The use of pesticide and fertilizer and traffic-related exhaust were identified as critical sources of heavy metals in spring. Source-specific ecological risks and critical sources of heavy metals changed with the changing seasons, which suggests that different strategies should be adopted in different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Men
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ruimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Libing Xu
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qingrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Lijia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yuexi Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
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Marć M, Bystrzanowska M, Tobiszewski M. Exploratory analysis and ranking of analytical procedures for short-chain chlorinated paraffins determination in environmental solid samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134665. [PMID: 31818586 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins are ones of the most recent chemical compounds that have been classified as persistent organic pollutants. They have various applications and are emitted to the environment. Despite the fact, that the content levels of these compounds in the environmental compartments should be monitored, there is still a lack of well-defined and validated analytical procedures, proposed or suggested by the national or international environmental protection agencies. Finding an appropriate analytical procedure (sensitive and green at the same time) from many available ones is very often a difficult task. Therefore it can be supported with multicriteria decision analysis. The dataset consisting of 22 procedures was described by 7 criteria, mainly referring to procedures greenness. The data treatment with cluster analysis and principal component analysis revealed the internal structure of the dataset. Moreover, both statistical tools allowed for reduction of dataset criteria to three. This was used for applying ternary plot to show the multicriteria decision analysis results within all possible weights. With the aid of chemometric and multicriteria decision analysis tools it was easy to assess the set of analytical procedure. Depending on the applied weights to assessment criteria different analytical procedures are the most appropriate (winners).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Marć
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), 11/12 G. Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Marta Bystrzanowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), 11/12 G. Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marek Tobiszewski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), 11/12 G. Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Moeckel C, Breivik K, Nøst TH, Sankoh A, Jones KC, Sweetman A. Soil pollution at a major West African E-waste recycling site: Contamination pathways and implications for potential mitigation strategies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105563. [PMID: 32106045 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and chlorinated paraffins (CPs)) and heavy metals and metalloids (Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn) were analysed in surface soil samples from the Agbogbloshie e-waste processing and dumping site in Accra (Ghana). In order to identify which of the pollutants are likely to be linked specifically to handling of e-waste, samples were also collected from the Kingtom general waste site in Freetown (Sierra Leone). The results were compared using principal component analyses (PCA). PBDE congeners found in technical octa-BDE mixtures, highly chlorinated PCBs and several heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Ag and Hg) showed elevated concentrations in the soils that are likely due to contamination by e-waste. PCAs associated those compounds with pyrogenic PAHs, suggesting that burning of e-waste, a common practice to isolate valuable metals, may cause this contamination. Moreover, other contamination pathways, especially incorporation of waste fragments into the soil, also appeared to play an important role in determining concentrations of some of the pollutants in the soil. Concentrations of several of these compounds were extremely high (especially PBDEs, heavy metals and SCCPs) and in some cases exceeded action guideline levels for soil. This indicates that exposure to these contaminants via the soil alone is potentially harmful to the recyclers and their families living on waste sites. Many organic contaminants and other exposure pathways such as inhalation are not yet included in such guidelines but may also be significant, given that deposition from the air following waste burning was identified as a major pollutant source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Moeckel
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Knut Breivik
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, 0351 Oslo, Norway
| | - Therese Haugdahl Nøst
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Alhaji Sankoh
- Njala University, Njala, Moyamba District, Sierra Leone
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Niu S, Chen R, Zou Y, Dong L, Hai R, Huang Y. Spatial distribution and profile of atmospheric short-chain chlorinated paraffins in the Yangtze River Delta. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113958. [PMID: 32023802 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Research on the atmospheric occurrence of short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in industrialized areas is scarce. In this study, we investigated the concentrations, profile, and spatial distribution of SCCPs in the highly industrialized and developed areas of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in China using polyurethane foam passive air samplers. Sampling was performed during two separate periods in 2011. The concentrations of atmospheric SCCPs ranged from 6.1 to 63 ng m-3 in summer and 6.2-42 ng m-3 in winter. The C10 and C11 groups were the predominant carbon groups in all the samples. Different congener patterns between summer and winter were found, indicating that congeners in the air in winter may be influenced by local and external sources. The highest level of SCCPs was found in Suzhou, which is a highly industrialized area with many manufactories including electronic industries and plastic factories. Higher levels of SCCPs were found in the air than polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs), suggesting that the production and use of SCCPs were much higher than prohibited or restricted persistent organic pollutants (e.g., PCBs, OCPs, and PBDEs). Future studies should investigate the different sources of atmospheric SCCPs by conducting a comprehensive assessment of SCCP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Niu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China; National Research Center of Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ruiwen Chen
- Agilent Technologies (China) Co. LTD., Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Yun Zou
- China MS Center, Shimadzu (China) Co. LTD., Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Liang Dong
- National Research Center of Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Reti Hai
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Yeru Huang
- National Research Center of Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China
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Huang D, Gao L, Qiao L, Cui L, Xu C, Wang K, Zheng M. Concentrations of and risks posed by short-chain and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in soil at a chemical industrial park on the southeast coast of China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113704. [PMID: 31855677 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, spatial distributions, and sources of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) in soil at a chemical industrial park were determined. The samples were analyzed by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with electron capture-negative ion mass spectrometry. The risks posed by SCCPs and MCCPs to soil biota were assessed. The SCCP and MCCP concentrations were 37.5-995.7 and 15.1-739.6 ng/g dry weight, respectively, and the chlorine contents were 60.5%-63.0% and 56.7%-58.3%, respectively. The CP concentrations in soil were at medium levels relative to concentrations at other areas. The median CP concentration in soil from the sewage treatment plant was higher than the median concentration in road soil, and this was attributed to wastewater being treated centrally. No significant correlations were found between the total organic carbon content and CP concentrations (p > 0.05), so the total organic carbon content did not strongly affect the CP concentrations in the study area. Hierarchical cluster analysis divided the soil samples into three groups. C10Cl6-7, C11Cl7-8, and C14Cl7-9 were the main congeners in most soil samples. Principal component analysis and correlation analysis indicated that the relative abundances of MCCP and SCCP were correlated and that the SCCPs may have been derived from the CP-42 and CP-52 commercial products. A preliminary risk assessment indicated that CPs in soil at the industrial park do not pose clear risks to the environmental organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kunran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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41
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Amaral MSS, Nolvachai Y, Marriott PJ. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Advances in Technology and Applications: Biennial Update. Anal Chem 2019; 92:85-104. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S. S. Amaral
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yada Nolvachai
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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42
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Xu C, Gao L, Zheng M, Qiao L, Cui L, Wang K, Huang D. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in commercial rubber track products and raw materials. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120854. [PMID: 31279945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) in commercial rubber track products and raw materials (rubber granules and adhesives) were investigated by two-dimensional gas chromatography with electron-capture negative-ionization mass spectrometry (GC × GC-ECNI-MS). The mean SCCP and MCCP concentrations in the rubber track products were 3.64 × 103 and 4.14 × 104 μg/g, respectively. The mean SCCP concentration in the products was significantly higher than those in the rubber granules (2.78 μg/g), but in the same order of magnitude as those in the adhesives (3.34 × 103 μg/g). The SCCP concentrations in almost half of the rubber track products and four fifths of the adhesives exceeded the limit (1.5 g/kg) set in Chinese standard GB 36246-2018. The dominant SCCP and MCCP congeners in the rubber track products were similar to those in the relevant adhesives but different from those in the paired granules. Principal component analysis and contribution calculations indicated that chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in adhesives could be the main sources of CPs in rubber track products. The high CP concentrations found in rubber track products are of special concern because of the relatively high exposures for children and negative effect on human health and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | | | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kunran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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43
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Wang X, Zhu J, Xue Z, Jin X, Jin Y, Fu Z. The environmental distribution and toxicity of short-chain chlorinated paraffins and underlying mechanisms: Implications for further toxicological investigation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133834. [PMID: 31416033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffin (SCCP) pollution has become a global threat. Much attention has been paid to their environmental occurrence and toxicity. In this review, we summarized the wide distribution of SCCPs in various environmental matrices and biota, including human beings. Toxicokinetics and the toxicities of SCCPs, including lethality, hepatotoxicity, developmental toxicity, carcinogenicity, endocrine- and metabolism-disrupting effects, and immunomodulatory effects have been considered. The mechanisms of SCCP toxicity are mainly related to oxidative stress, metabolic disturbance, endocrine disruption and binding to biomacromolecules. In the future, further studies of SCCPs should focus on searching for their novel toxicity targets, and uncovering their toxic effects using transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and mutigenerational toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jianbo Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zimeng Xue
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xini Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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44
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He C, Brandsma SH, Jiang H, O'Brien JW, van Mourik LM, Banks AP, Wang X, Thai PK, Mueller JF. Chlorinated paraffins in indoor dust from Australia: Levels, congener patterns and preliminary assessment of human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 682:318-323. [PMID: 31125744 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are a group of polychlorinated n-alkanes with high production volumes. Until now, there are only limited data on the levels of CPs in the environment, especially in the indoor environment. In this study, dust samples were collected from 44 indoor environments, including 27 private houses, 10 offices, and 7 vehicles. Short-, medium-, and long-chain CPs were detected in all dust samples. The median concentration of ∑CPs (C10-C21) was 57, 160 and 290 μg/g, in houses, offices, and vehicles, respectively. Medium-chain CPs were the dominant group, on average accounting for 86% of ∑CPs. Cl6 and Cl8 groups had the highest contributions to ∑CPs across all the different microenvironments, while C13 and C14 were the predominant groups of SCCPs and MCCPs. Median exposure to ∑CPs via indoor dust were estimated at 80 ng/kg/day and 620 μg/kg/day for Australian adults and toddlers respectively. The daily intake of CPs via dust, in the worse scenario, was still 2-3 orders of magnitudes lower than the reference doses based on neoplastic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang He
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Sicco H Brandsma
- Vrije Universiteit, Department of Environment and Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hui Jiang
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Louise M van Mourik
- Vrije Universiteit, Department of Environment and Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew P Banks
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xianyu Wang
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
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Wang X, Zhu J, Kong B, He B, Wei L, Jin Y, Shan Y, Wang W, Pan C, Fu Z. C 9-13 chlorinated paraffins cause immunomodulatory effects in adult C57BL/6 mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 675:110-121. [PMID: 31026635 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, C10-13) were listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention in 2017 and pose extensive exposure risks to humans. To our knowledge, there have been no studies reporting the immmunomodulatory effects of SCCPs until now. C9-CPs have also been shown to be present in the environment. In this study, adult male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 1, 10, or 100 mg/kg/d C9-13-CPs by gavage for 28 d. The results showed that compared to those of the controls, exposure to C9-13-CPs led to increased spleen weight, delimited germinal centers, enhanced energy metabolism, and elevated glutathione content, but no variation in the malonaldehyde level in the spleen was observed. Exposure to C9-13-CPs also increased the populations of splenic lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, NK cells, and the ratio of the CD3+/CD19+ subsets and CD4+/CD8+ subsets compared to those of the controls. RNA-seq revealed 424 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (fold change ≥ 1.5, FDR < 0.05) in the spleen between the control group and the 100 mg/kg/d C9-13-CPs-treated group. KEGG analysis demonstrated that folate biosynthesis, pathways in cancer and thyroid hormone signaling were the three most significantly enriched pathways, and despite not reaching statistical significance, some immune-related pathways were also enriched in the KEGG functional enrichment analysis, including the chemokine signaling pathway (FDR < 0.0584), the NF-κB signaling pathway (FDR < 0.0663), Th17 cell differentiation (FDR < 0.0839), and the Jak-STAT signaling pathway. Moreover, compared to those of the controls, exposure to C9-13-CPs enhanced the Concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated cultured splenocyte proliferation, while the exposure showed no effect on the splenocyte proliferation that was stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Taken together, these results demonstrated that subacute exposure to C9-13-CPs could have immunomodulatory effects in mice. The present study helps to provide an understanding of the comprehensive health risks posed by C9-13-CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jianbo Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Baida Kong
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Bingnan He
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lai Wei
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yudong Shan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Weitao Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chunqiang Pan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Kalinowska K, Lenartowicz P, Namieśnik J, Marć M. Analytical procedures for short chain chlorinated paraffins determination - How to make them greener? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:309-323. [PMID: 30928760 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the following paper was to gather current scientific information about the analytical protocols dedicated to measuring the content level of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in various types of environmental samples. Moreover, the data about the basic validation parameters of applied procedures for SCCPs determination are listed. The main issue which is highlighted in the paper is the possibility of the application of green analytical chemistry (GAC) principals in the SCCPs measuring process to reduce the environmental impact of the applied methodology. Analytical methods dedicated to SCCPs determination contain a significant number of steps and require advanced analytical equipment during the quantitative and qualitative analysis. In addition, there is a substantial issue associated with the reliability of the obtained results, especially in the case of the quantification of individual SCCPs in the studied samples. Due to this fact, the paper attempts to discuss the various stages of the analytical procedure, in which appropriate changes in the formula or equipment solutions might be introduced to ensure a better quality of the analytical results, as well as to meet the requirements of the philosophy of green analytical chemistry. The most important case which concerns this subject is finding an optimal consensus between the economic and logistic aspects and the quality and "greenness" of the analytical procedure employed in SCCPs determination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Kalinowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł Lenartowicz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Marć
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Analytical and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Opole University, Opole, Poland.
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Cui L, Gao L, Zheng M, Li J, Zhang L, Wu Y, Qiao L, Xu C, Wang K, Huang D. Bioaccessibility of short chain chlorinated paraffins in meat and seafood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:996-1003. [PMID: 31018478 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility of short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), which is important for estimation of dietary exposure, has not been evaluated in previous studies. In the present study, we determined the bioaccessibility of SCCPs in meat (pork, beef and chicken) and seafood (fish, clams, and prawns) using the colon-extended physiologically based extraction test as an in vitro model. The bioaccessibility percentages (BAs) ranged from 33% to 84% in the fed state and from 41% to 63% in the unfed state. The BAs observed in the fed state were lower than in the unfed state in most samples, except for pork sample, which had the highest lipid content. This could be attributed to the effects caused by dietary components added in the fed state. The effects of lipid and protein in samples on bioaccessibility were investigated. In food with a high lipid content, like pork in this study, lipid was the main factor controlling SCCP bioaccessibility. In the other five foods, which had low-medium lipid contents, BA in the unfed state was positively correlated with lipid content (p < 0.05) and negatively correlated with the protein-to-lipid content ratio (p < 0.05). No significant relationships between lipid and protein content and BA were found in the fed state. As to SCCP congener groups, a positive relationship between the BAs of SCCP congener groups and their octanol-water partition coefficients (log Kow) was found in pork sample in the fed state (p < 0.05). The BAs obtained in samples from fish, prawn, clam, and pork in the unfed state and that obtained in clam sample in the fed state were negatively correlated with log Kow (p < 0.05). We calculated more accurate estimated dietary intakes of SCCPs using our SCCP bioaccessibility data. These results will contribute to more reliable dietary risk assessments of SCCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Jingguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kunran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Yuan B, Muir D, MacLeod M. Methods for trace analysis of short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins: Critical review and recommendations. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1074:16-32. [PMID: 31159936 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Many methods for quantifying chlorinated paraffins (CPs) yield only a total concentration of the mixture as a single value. With appropriate analytical instrumentation and quantification methods, more reliable and detailed analysis can be performed by quantifying total concentrations of short-, medium-, and long-chain CPs (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs), and in the current optimal situation by quantifying individual carbon-chlorine congener groups (CnClm). Sample extraction and clean-up methods for other persistent organochlorines that have been adapted for recovery of CPs must be applied prior to quantification with appropriate quality assurance and quality control to ensure applicability of the methods for SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs. Part critical review, part tutorial, and part perspective, this paper provides practical guidance to analytical chemists who are interested in establishing a method for analysis of CPs in their lab facilities using commercial reference standards, or for expanding existing analysis of total CPs or SCCPs to analysis of SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs, or to analysis of CnClm congener groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Derek Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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HUANG XM, WU Y, CUI JT, WANG FH, WANG X, LI YF, WU WY. Applications of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Determination of Chlorinated Paraffins. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(19)61144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wang XT, Jia HH, Hu BP, Cheng HX, Zhou Y, Fu R. Occurrence, sources, partitioning and ecological risk of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in river water and sediments in Shanghai. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:475-484. [PMID: 30412892 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of regional environmental pollution of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) in river system from Shanghai were comprehensively investigated in this study for the first time. The total concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs ranged from 15.0 to 1640 ng L-1 (median: 278 ng L-1) and 40.3 to 3870 ng L-1 (median: 939 ng L-1) in water, and from not detected (ND) to 2020 ng g-1 (median: 89.3 ng g-1) and 10.1 to 10,800 ng g-1 (median: 947 ng g-1) in sediments, respectively. The higher levels of SCCPs and MCCPs were found in water from Jinhui and Yexie rivers, and in sediments from Huangpu River, respectively. The concentrations of MCCPs were higher than those of SCCPs in both water and sediments, suggesting that the river system was mainly contaminated by MCCPs. Compared with other areas around the world, the concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs were at medium to high levels in water and sediments. Factor analysis results revealed that SCCPs and MCCPs had different sources in both water and sediments. The log Koc values of CPs were significantly correlated with carbon chain lengths (p < 0.01), but not with chlorine number for both SCCPs and MCCPs (p > 0.05). A significant second-order polynomial relationship was observed between log Koc values and molecular weights of homologue groups of SCCPs (p < 0.001) and MCCPs (p < 0.01), respectively. SCCPs in water posed a low ecological risk at all sampling sites, and MCCPs in water posed a moderate ecological risk to aquatic life at nearly a fifth of sampling sites. SCCPs and MCCPs in sediments posed a low ecological risk to sediment dwelling organisms at most sampling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Tong Wang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (Shanghai University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Hao-Hao Jia
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (Shanghai University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Bao-Ping Hu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (Shanghai University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hang-Xin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China; Institute of Geophysical & Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geoscience, Langfang 065000, China.
| | - Ying Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (Shanghai University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Rui Fu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (Shanghai University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200444, China
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