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Pan Z, Wu X, Bodi A, van Bokhoven JA, Hemberger P. Catalytic pyrolysis mechanism of lignin moieties driven by aldehyde, hydroxyl, methoxy, and allyl functionalization: the role of reactive quinone methide and ketene intermediates. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2024:d4gc03143a. [PMID: 39219704 PMCID: PMC11363027 DOI: 10.1039/d4gc03143a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The catalytic pyrolysis of guaiacol-based lignin monomers, vanillin, syringol, and eugenol over commercial HZSM-5 has been investigated using operando Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy to unveil the reaction mechanism by detecting reactive intermediates, such as quinone methides and ketenes, and products. Vanillin shares the decomposition mechanism with guaiacol due to prompt and efficient decarbonylation, which allows us to control this reaction leading to a phenol selectivity increase by switching to a faujasite catalyst and decreasing the Si/Al ratio. Syringol first demethylates to 3-methoxycatechol, which mainly dehydroxylates to o- and m-guaiacol. Ketene formation channels over HZSM-5 are less important here than for guaiacol or vanillin, but product distribution remains similar. C3 addition to guaiacol yields eugenol, which shows a more complex product distribution upon catalytic pyrolysis. By analogies to monomers with simplified functionalization, namely allylbenzene, 4-allylcatechol, and 4-methylcatechol, the eugenol chemistry could be fully resolved. Previously postulated reactive semi-quinone intermediates are detected spectroscopically, and their involvement opens alternative pathways to condensation and phenol formation. Allyl groups, produced by dehydroxylation of the β-O-4 bond, may not only decompose via C1/C2/C3 loss, but also cyclize to indene and its derivatives over HZSM-5. This comparably high reactivity leads to an unselective branching of the chemistry and to a complex product distribution, which is difficult to control. Indenes and naphthalenes are also prototypical coke precursors efficiently deactivating the catalyst. We rely on these mechanistic insights to discuss strategies to fine-tune process conditions to increase the selectivities of desired products by enhancing either vanillin and guaiacol or supressing eugenol yields from native lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyou Pan
- Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Xiangkun Wu
- Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Andras Bodi
- Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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2
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Li Y, Lin R, O'Shea R, Thaore V, Wall D, Murphy JD. A perspective on three sustainable hydrogen production technologies with a focus on technology readiness level, cost of production and life cycle environmental impacts. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26637. [PMID: 38444498 PMCID: PMC10912280 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen will play an indispensable role as both an energy vector and as a molecule in essential products in the transition to climate neutrality. However, the optimal sustainable hydrogen production system is not definitive due to challenges in energy conversion efficiency, economic cost, and associated marginal abatement cost. This review summarises and contrasts different sustainable hydrogen production technologies including for their development, potential for improvement, barriers to large-scale industrial application, capital and operating cost, and life-cycle environmental impact. Polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis technology shows significant potential for large-scale application in the near-term, with a higher technology readiness level (expected to be 9 by 2030) and a levelized cost of hydrogen expected to be 4.15-6 €/kg H2 in 2030; this equates to a 50% decrease as compared to 2020. The four-step copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) water thermochemical cycle can perform better in terms of life cycle environmental impact than the three- and five-step Cu-Cl cycle, however, due to system complexity and high capital expenditure, the thermochemical cycle is more suitable for long-term application should the technology develop. Biological conversion technologies (such as photo/dark fermentation) are at a lower technology readiness level, and the system efficiency of some of these pathways such as biophotolysis is low (less than 10%). Biomass gasification may be a more mature technology than some biological conversion pathways owing to its higher system efficiency (40%-50%). Biological conversion systems also have higher costs and as such require significant development to be comparable to hydrogen produced via electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Li
- MaREI Centre for Energy Climate and Marine, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T23 XE10, Ireland
- Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Richen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Richard O'Shea
- MaREI Centre for Energy Climate and Marine, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T23 XE10, Ireland
- Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Vaishali Thaore
- MaREI Centre for Energy Climate and Marine, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T23 XE10, Ireland
- Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - David Wall
- MaREI Centre for Energy Climate and Marine, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T23 XE10, Ireland
- Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Jerry D. Murphy
- MaREI Centre for Energy Climate and Marine, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T23 XE10, Ireland
- Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
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3
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Goren AY, Dincer I, Khalvati A. Comparative environmental sustainability assessment of biohydrogen production methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166613. [PMID: 37659568 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
As energy crisis is recognized as an increasingly serious concern, the topic on biohydrogen (bioH2) production, which is renewable and eco-friendly, appears to be a highly-demanding subject. Although bioH2 production technologies are still at the developmental stage, there are many reported works available on lab- and pilot-scale systems with a promising future. This paper presents various potential methods of bioH2 production using biomass resources and comparatively assesses them for environmental impacts with a special emphasis on the specific biological processes. The environmental impact factors are then normalized with the feature scaling and normalization methods to evaluate the environmental sustainability dimensions of each bioH2 production method. The results reveals that the photofermentation (PF) process is more environmentally sustainable than the other investigated biological and thermochemical processes, in terms of emissions, water-fossil-mineral uses, and health issues. The global warming potential (GWP) and acidification potential (AP) for the PF process are then found to be 1.88 kg-CO2 eq. and 3.61 g-SO2 eq., which become the lowest among all processes, including renewable energy-based H2 production processes. However, the dark fermentation-microbial electrolysis cell (DF-MEC) hybrid process is considered the most environmentally harmful technique, with the highest GWP value of 14.6 kg-CO2 eq. due to their superior electricity and heat requirements. The water conception potential (WCP) of 84.5 m3 and water scarcity footprint (WSF) of 3632.9 m3 for the DF-MEC process is also the highest compared to all other processes due to the huge amount of wastewater formation potential of the system. Finally, the overall rankings confirm that biological processes are primarily promising candidates to produce bioH2 from an environmentally friendly point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yagmur Goren
- Ontario Tech University, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada; Izmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Urla, Izmir 35430, Türkiye.
| | - Ibrahim Dincer
- Ontario Tech University, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Ali Khalvati
- Agro-Environmental Innovation and Technology, Research and Development Company, Thornhill, Ontario L3T 0C6, Canada
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4
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Show BK, Shivakumaran G, Koley A, Ghosh A, Chaudhury S, Hazra AK, Balachandran S. Effect of thermal and NaOH pretreatment on water hyacinth to enhance the biogas production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:120984-120993. [PMID: 37947930 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30810-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Water hyacinth (WH) is used as the substrate for biogas production due to its high lignocellulosic composition and natural abundance. The present study used thermal and chemical (alkali) pretreatment techniques to enhance biogas production from water hyacinth used as a substrate by anaerobic digestion. Thermal pretreatment was done using an autoclave at 121 °C and 15 lb (2 bar) pressure and alkali pretreatment by NaOH at two concentrations (2% and 5% w/v). The inoculum:substrate ratio for biogas production was 2:1, where cow dung was used as inoculum. Results indicated that the pretreatments increased biomass degradability and improved biogas production. Water hyacinth pretreated with 5% NaOH produced the highest amount of biogas (142.61 L/Kg VS) with a maximum methane content of 64.59%. The present study found that alkali pretreatment can modify the chemical structure and enhance WH hydrolysis, leading to enhanced energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Kumar Show
- Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Gaayathri Shivakumaran
- Department of Microbiology, PSG College of Arts and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 014, India
| | - Apurba Koley
- Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Anudeb Ghosh
- Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Shibani Chaudhury
- Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India.
| | - Amit Kumar Hazra
- Department of Lifelong Learning and Extension, Palli-Samgathana Vibhaga, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Sriniketan, West Bengal, 731236, India
| | - S Balachandran
- Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
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5
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Gao Y, Wang M, Raheem A, Wang F, Wei J, Xu D, Song X, Bao W, Huang A, Zhang S, Zhang H. Syngas Production from Biomass Gasification: Influences of Feedstock Properties, Reactor Type, and Reaction Parameters. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31620-31631. [PMID: 37692248 PMCID: PMC10483670 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Syngas from biomass gasification can be used in downstream process industries such as city gas, hydrogen production, etc. In this review, the effects of biomass feedstock properties, and gasification reaction conditions (temperature, gasifier type, etc.) on syngas properties are systematically reviewed. In summary, the cracking and reforming of volatile fractions in the gasification process and the catalytic effect of alkali and alkaline earth metals in the ash on the gasification have a direct impact on the syngas yield. And biomass pretreatment (i.e., terrifying/hydrothermal carbonization) can reduce the moisture content, which can effectively reduce the energy required for gasification and enhance the calorific value and syngas yield further. The fixed-bed gasifiers produce lower amounts of syngas. The concentration of H2 is significantly increased by adding steam as a gasification agent. Additionally higher gasification temperatures produce more syngas, and an equivalence ratio of about 0.2-0.3 is considered suitable for gasification. For the influence of feedstock on syngas, this paper not only reviews the feedstock properties (volatile, ash, moisture) but also compares the influence of two pretreatments on syngas yield and proposes that the combination of torrefaction/hydrothermal carbonization and a multistage air bed gasifier is an important research direction to improve the combustible components of syngas. In addition to the summary of commonly used single gasification agents, two or more gasification agents on the concentration of syngas components are also discussed in the gasification parameters, and it is suggested that further research into the use of more than one gasification agent is also important for future syngas production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Gao
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials,
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Wang
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials,
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abdul Raheem
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur Sindh 65200, Pakistan
| | - Fuchen Wang
- National
Engineering Research Center for Coal Slurry Gasification and Coal
Chemical Industry (Shanghai), East China
University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juntao Wei
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials,
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
- State
Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical
Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong
Yankuang Guotuo Technology Engineering Co., Ltd, Jinan 250101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Deliang Xu
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials,
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xudong Song
- State
Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical
Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weina Bao
- Shandong
Yankuang Guotuo Technology Engineering Co., Ltd, Jinan 250101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ankui Huang
- Marssenger
Kitchenware Co., Ltd, Jiaxing 314400, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials,
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials,
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Singh A, Shivapuji AM, Dasappa S. VPSA process characterization for ISO quality green hydrogen generation using two practical multi-component biomass gasification feeds. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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7
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Foong SY, Chan YH, Lock SSM, Chin BLF, Yiin CL, Cheah KW, Loy ACM, Yek PNY, Chong WWF, Lam SS. Microwave processing of oil palm wastes for bioenergy production and circular economy: Recent advancements, challenges, and future prospects. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128478. [PMID: 36513306 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The valorization and conversion of biomass into various value-added products and bioenergy play an important role in the realization of sustainable circular bioeconomy and net zero carbon emission goals. To that end, microwave technology has been perceived as a promising solution to process and manage oil palm waste due to its unique and efficient heating mechanism. This review presents an in-depth analysis focusing on microwave-assisted torrefaction, gasification, pyrolysis and advanced pyrolysis of various oil palm wastes. In particular, the products from these thermochemical conversion processes are energy-dense biochar (that could be used as solid fuel, adsorbents for contaminants removal and bio-fertilizer), phenolic-rich bio-oil, and H2-rich syngas. However, several challenges, including (1) the lack of detailed study on life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis, (2) limited insights on the specific foreknowledge of microwave interaction with the oil palm wastes for continuous operation, and (3) effects of tunable parameters and catalyst's behavior/influence on the products' selectivity and overall process's efficiency, remain to be addressed in the context of large-scale biomass valorization via microwave technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Ying Foong
- Henan Province Forest Resources Sustainable Development and High-value Utilization Engineering Research Center, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Yi Herng Chan
- PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd. (PRSB), Lot 3288 & 3289, off Jalan Ayer Itam, Kawasan Institusi Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Serene Sow Mun Lock
- CO(2) Research Center (CO2RES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Bridgid Lai Fui Chin
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri Sarawak, Malaysia; Energy and Environment Research Cluster, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Chung Loong Yiin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia; Institute of Sustainable and Renewable Energy (ISuRE), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Kin Wai Cheah
- Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK
| | | | - Peter Nai Yuh Yek
- Centre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development, University of Technology Sarawak, No.1, Jalan Universiti, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - William Woei Fong Chong
- Automotive Development Centre (ADC), Institute for Vehicle Systems and Engineering (IVeSE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, 81310 Johor, Malaysia
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Henan Province Forest Resources Sustainable Development and High-value Utilization Engineering Research Center, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Automotive Development Centre (ADC), Institute for Vehicle Systems and Engineering (IVeSE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, 81310 Johor, Malaysia; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
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8
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Manatura K, Chalermsinsuwan B, Kaewtrakulchai N, Kwon EE, Chen WH. Machine learning and statistical analysis for biomass torrefaction: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128504. [PMID: 36538955 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Torrefaction is a remarkable technology in biomass-to-energy. However, biomass has several disadvantages, including hydrophilic properties, higher moisture, lower heating value, and heterogeneous properties. Many conventional approaches, such as kinetic analysis, process modeling, and computational fluid dynamics, have been used to explain torrefaction performance and characteristics. However, they may be insufficient in actual applications because of providing only some specific solutions. Machine learning (ML) and statistical approaches are powerful tools for analyzing and predicting torrefaction outcomes and even optimizing the thermal process for its utilization. This state-of-the-art review aims to present ML-assisted torrefaction. Artificial neural networks, multivariate adaptive regression splines, decision tree, support vector machine, and other methods in the literature are discussed. Statistical approaches (SAs) for torrefaction, including Taguchi, response surface methodology, and analysis of variance, are also reviewed. Overall, this review has provided valuable insights into torrefaction optimization, which is conducive to biomass upgrading for achieving net zero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanit Manatura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Benjapon Chalermsinsuwan
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Napat Kaewtrakulchai
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-industrial Product Improvement Institute (KAPI), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan.
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9
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Ajien A, Idris J, Md Sofwan N, Husen R, Seli H. Coconut shell and husk biochar: A review of production and activation technology, economic, financial aspect and application. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:37-51. [PMID: 36346183 PMCID: PMC9925910 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221127167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The coconut industry generates a relatively large amount of coconut shell and husk biomass, which can be utilized for industrial and environmental purposes. Immense potential for added value when coconut shell and husk biomass are turned into biochar and limited studies are available, making this review paper significant. This paper specifically presents the production and activation technology, economic and financial aspect and application of biochar from coconut shell and husk biomass. Pyrolysis, gasification and self-sustained carbonization are among the production technology discussed to convert this biomass into carbon-rich materials with distinctive characteristics. The surface characteristics of coconut-based biochar, that is, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area (SBET), pore volume (Vp), pore diameter (dp) and surface functional group can be enhanced by physical and chemical activation and metal impregnation. Due to their favourable characteristics, coconut shell and husk-activated biochar exhibit their potential as valuable adsorption materials for industrial and environmental application including biodiesel production, capacitive deionization, soil amendment, water treatment and carbon sequestration. With the knowledge of the potential, the coconut industry can contribute to both the local and global biocircular economy by producing coconut shell and husk biochar for economic development and environmental remediation. The capital and operating cost for production and activation processes must be taken into account to ensure bioeconomy sustainability, hence coconut shell and husk biomass have a great potential for income generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azrine Ajien
- School of Chemical Engineering, College
of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sarawak Branch, Kota Samarahan,
Sarawak, Malaysia
- School of Chemical Engineering, College
of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, Shah Alam,
Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Juferi Idris
- School of Chemical Engineering, College
of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sarawak Branch, Kota Samarahan,
Sarawak, Malaysia
- School of Chemical Engineering, College
of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, Shah Alam,
Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurzawani Md Sofwan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti
Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sarawak Branch, Samarahan Campus, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak,
Malaysia
| | - Rafidah Husen
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti
Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sarawak Branch, Samarahan 2 Campus, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak,
Malaysia
| | - Hazman Seli
- School of Chemical Engineering, College
of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sarawak Branch, Kota Samarahan,
Sarawak, Malaysia
- School of Chemical Engineering, College
of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, Shah Alam,
Selangor, Malaysia
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10
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Co-pyrolysis of oil palm trunk and polypropylene: Pyrolysis oil composition and formation mechanism. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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11
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Techno-Economic Analysis of an Integrated Bio-Refinery for the Production of Biofuels and Value-Added Chemicals from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10101965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulose-rich empty fruit bunches (EFBs) have high potential as feedstock for second-generation biofuel and biochemical production without compromising food security. Nevertheless, the major challenge of valorizing lignocellulose-rich EFB is its high pretreatment cost. In this study, the preliminary techno-economic feasibility of expanding an existing pellet production plant into an integrated bio-refinery plant to produce xylitol and bioethanol was investigated as a strategy to diversify the high production cost and leverage the high selling price of biofuel and biochemicals. The EFB feedstock was split into a pellet production stream and a xylitol and bioethanol production stream. Different economic performance metrics were used to compare the profitability at different splitting ratios of xylitol and bioethanol to pellet production. The analysis showed that an EFB splitting ratio below 40% for pellet production was economically feasible. A sensitivity analysis showed that xylitol price had the most significant impact on the economic performance metrics. Another case study on the coproduction of pellet and xylitol versus that of pellet and bioethanol concluded that cellulosic bioethanol production is yet to be market-ready, requiring a minimum selling price above the current market price to be feasible at 16% of the minimum acceptable return rate.
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12
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Heating and emission characteristics from combustion of charcoal and co-combustion of charcoal with faecal char-sawdust char briquettes in a ceramic cook stove. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10272. [PMID: 36033315 PMCID: PMC9404349 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over reliance on charcoal has accelerated deforestation in sub-Saharan Africa. Seeking alternative sustainable and environmentally friendly sources of biomass energy to meet the escalating energy demand is therefore vital. However, limited evidence exists on the concentrations of toxic emissions of different biomass fuels. Herein, dried human faeces and sawdust were pyrolyzed at 350 °C to produce biochar and mixed in equal ratio to produce briquettes through densification, with molasses (10 wt.%) used as a binder. A comparative study on the heating properties and emission level of carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) during combustion of charcoal, and co-combustion (50:50 wt. %) of charcoal with briquettes was conducted. The thermal profile of the flue gases indicated rapid combustion of volatile gases followed by slow oxidation of the char. Co-combustion significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the amount of heat energy released with flue gases temperatures reaching a peak of 475 °C. The briquettes had a gross calorific value of 19.8 MJ/kg which was lower than 25.7 MJ/kg for charcoal. Combustion of charcoal did not emit NO, however the concentration of CO was above the critical short term limits of 35 ppm. The concentration of CO and H2S was above the short term exposure limits of 35 ppm, and 0.005 ppm, respectively, during co-combustion, whereas NO concentration was below dangerous exposure levels of 100 ppm. These results suggest that co-combustion of charcoal with the briquettes is a promising approach to generate safe and sufficient heat energy for cooking and reduce deforestation.
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13
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González-Arias J, Sánchez ME, Cara-Jiménez J. Profitability analysis of thermochemical processes for biomass-waste valorization: a comparison of dry vs wet treatments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152240. [PMID: 34896145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein pyrolysis, torrefaction and hydrothermal carbonization of olive tree pruning were compared from an economic perspective. For this economic comparison a hypothetical industrial plant of 1250 kg/h of capacity was selected, and the profitability analysis was performed through the discounted cash flow method. A baseline scenario was defined, which serves for basis of later comparison. Results show that under these circumstances, none of the alternatives are profitable, with net present values between -37 M€ and -45 M€. Therefore, different scenarios were studied regarding either the reduction of the associate costs or the improvement of the revenues to analyze the negative economic outputs obtained in the baseline scenario. From the revenues side, breakeven prices for the different solid products between 1.14 and 1.35 €/kg are needed to reach profitability. To reach such values, either subsidies from governments or greater selling product prices are required. When examining the associated costs share, the energy consumption is the main cost factor (representing between 70 and 90% of the total, depending on the technology). This means that a variation on the rest of the parameters will not significantly affect the overall performance. Covering the total investment needed for the plants would still present negative net present values (around -34 M€ for the three alternatives). Similarly, even if the price of electricity could be reduced to 0.02 €/kWh, none of the alternatives would reach profitability. This study reveals the importance of finding economic solutions to evolve towards circular economy societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith González-Arias
- Chemical and Environmental Bioprocess Engineering Group, Natural Resources Institute (IRENA), University of Leon, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - Marta Elena Sánchez
- Chemical and Environmental Bioprocess Engineering Group, Natural Resources Institute (IRENA), University of Leon, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Jorge Cara-Jiménez
- Chemical and Environmental Bioprocess Engineering Group, Natural Resources Institute (IRENA), University of Leon, 24071 León, Spain
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14
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Liu T, Miao P, Shi Y, Tang KHD, Yap PS. Recent advances, current issues and future prospects of bioenergy production: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:152181. [PMID: 34883167 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
With the immense potential of bioenergy to drive carbon neutrality and achieve the climate targets of the Paris Agreement, this paper aims to present the recent advances in bioenergy production as well as their limitations. The novelty of this review is that it covers a comprehensive range of strategies in bioenergy production and it provides the future prospects for improvement. This paper reviewed more than 200 peer-reviewed scholarly papers mainly published between 2010 and 2021. Bioenergy is derived from biomass, which, through thermochemical and biochemical processes, is converted into various forms of biofuels. This paper reveals that bioenergy production is temperature-dependent and thermochemical processes currently have the advantage of higher efficiency over biochemical processes in terms of lower response time and higher conversion. However, biochemical processes produce more volatile organic compounds and have lower energy and temperature requirements. The combination of the two processes could fill the shortcomings of a single process. The choices of feedstock are diverse as well. In the future, it can be anticipated that continuous technological development to enhance the commercial viability of different processes, as well as approaches of ensuring their sustainability, will be among the main aspects to be studied in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Pengyun Miao
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Architecture and Design, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kuok Ho Daniel Tang
- Environmental Science Program, Division of Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Pow-Seng Yap
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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15
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Energy Potential and Sustainability of Straw Resources in Three Regions of Ghana. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic global warming and the depletion of nonrenewable resources necessitate a transition towards bioenergy to accelerate sustainable development and carbon neutrality. This study quantified the availability and energy potential of crop (cereals, legumes, roots and tubers) straws based on data from the Northern, North East and Savannah regions in Ghana. The annual technical straw potential was 2,967,933 tonnes, whilst the crop straws with the highest technical potential were yam (935,927 tonnes), groundnut (485,236 tonnes), maize (438,926 tonnes) and soybean (374,564 tonnes). The technical energy potential of all the crop straws was 42,256 TJ, although the energy potential of yam, groundnut, maize and soybean was 13,922 TJ, 7611 TJ, 5704 TJ and 5409 TJ, respectively. There was a linear correlation between the straw produced and the energy potential per region. The Northern region (28,153 TJ) recorded the highest energy potential followed by the Savannah (8330 TJ) and North East (5773 TJ) regions. To serve as context, the research placed an emphasis on the sustainability of crop straws for bioenergy and added a brief analysis of the life cycle assessment (LCA) of bioenergy scenarios to explore the environmental sustainability of crop straw-based power generation. This study will serve as a reference in understanding LCA inference on practicable research of crop straw-based, power plant expansion in Ghana and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).
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16
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Rashidi NA, Chai YH, Yusup S. Biomass Energy in Malaysia: Current Scenario, Policies, and Implementation Challenges. BIOENERGY RESEARCH 2022; 15:1371-1386. [PMID: 35079317 PMCID: PMC8776554 DOI: 10.1007/s12155-022-10392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The energy demand in Malaysia has shown a dramatic increase over the last few years: with natural gas and coal being the primary contributors. Nevertheless, due to declining in fossil fuel reserves coupled with negative environmental impacts, shifting to sustainable renewable energy for meeting the future energy demand is recommended. Since Malaysia is rich with natural resources, utilization of biomass energy (bioenergy/biofuel) as the alternative energy is promising to be further explored. Therefore, this review paper intents to discuss the current scenario of different types of biomass energy in Malaysia along with the up-to-date local biomass energy-related environmental policy (from 2016 onwards). In addition, challenges and barriers for large-scale implementation of the biomass energy in Malaysia are to be discussed. Overall, this review paper is interesting as it can assist in promoting the biomass utilization as energy source, and to ensure the future growth of biomass energy market in the country along with its effective implementation while alleviating poor disposal problem and to create job employment opportunities. Furthermore, a collective effort to expand potential biomass feedstocks, apart from oil palm, should be emphasized to encourage the renewable energy production diversification in the nation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Adilla Rashidi
- HICoE – Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Malaysia
| | - Yee Ho Chai
- HICoE – Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Malaysia
| | - Suzana Yusup
- Generation Unit (Fuel & Combustion Section), Tenaga Nasional Berhad Research (TNBR), No 1, Kawasan Institusi Penyelidikan, Jln Ayer Hitam, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
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17
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Towards sustainable catalysts in hydrodeoxygenation of algae-derived oils: A critical review. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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18
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Nigussie Z, Tsunekawa A, Haregeweyn N, Tsubo M, Adgo E, Ayalew Z, Abele S. Small-Scale Woodlot Growers' Interest in Participating in Bioenergy Market In Rural Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 68:553-565. [PMID: 34427762 PMCID: PMC8417006 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-021-01524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Production of value-added outputs from biomass residues represents an opportunity to increase the supply of renewable energy in Ethiopia. Particularly, agroforestry could provide biomass residues for improved bioenergy products. The aim of this study was to characterize the interest of growers to provide biomass residues to a hypothetical biomass feedstock market. This study relied on a survey conducted on a sample of 240 farmers. Although the awareness of potential biomass products was generally quite low, a majority of farmers expressed interest in supplying biomass residues, but the level of interest depended on certain individual socio-economic and demographic characteristics. For example, younger and female household heads were found to be more interested in participating in the hypothetical biomass market, as were households with an improved biomass stove, larger land holdings, and higher income levels. In addition, larger households and those that felt less vulnerable to firewood scarcity also expressed more interest. As a whole, the results imply that farmers, particularly those with younger and female heads of households, should be supported with programs tailored to ensure their inclusion in biomass supply chains. Respondents generally preferred farm-gate sales of biomass, so the collecting, baling, and transporting of woody residues need to be properly incentivized or new actors need to be recruited into the supply chain. Providing households with energy-efficient tools such as improved stoves would not only increase demand for biomass products, but also increase the amount of biomass residues that could be supplied to the market instead of used at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun Nigussie
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Enyew Adgo
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Zemen Ayalew
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Steffen Abele
- Department of Sustainable Regional Management, University of Applied Forest Sciences, Rottenburg, Germany
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19
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Siwal SS, Chaudhary G, Saini AK, Kaur H, Saini V, Mokhta SK, Chand R, Chandel UK, Christie G, Thakur VK. Key ingredients and recycling strategy of personal protective equipment (PPE): Towards sustainable solution for the COVID-19 like pandemics. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 9:106284. [PMID: 34485055 PMCID: PMC8404393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2021.106284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified the complications of plastic trash management and disposal. The current situation of living in fear of transmission of the COVID-19 virus has further transformed our behavioural models, such as regularly using personal protective equipment (PPE) kits and single-use applications for day to day needs etc. It has been estimated that with the passage of the coronavirus epidemic every month, there is expected use of 200 billion pieces of single-use facemasks and gloves. PPE are well established now as life-saving items for medicinal specialists to stay safe through the COVID-19 pandemic. Different processes such as glycolysis, hydrogenation, aminolysis, hydrolysis, pyrolysis, and gasification are now working on finding advanced technologies to transfer waste PPE into value-added products. Here, in this article, we have discussed the recycling strategies of PPE, important components (such as medical gloves, gowns, masks & respirators and other face and eye protection) and the raw materials used in PPE kits. Further, the value addition methods to recycling the PPE kits, chemical & apparatus used in recycling and recycling components into value-added products. Finally, the biorenewable materials in PPE for textiles components have been discussed along with concluded remarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarjeet Singh Siwal
- Department of Chemistry, M.M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Gauri Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, M.M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Adesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Harjot Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, M.M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Vipin Saini
- Department of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Kumarhatti, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Sudesh Kumar Mokhta
- Department of Environment, Science & Technology, Government of Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Ramesh Chand
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - U K Chandel
- Department of surgery, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital (IGMC), Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171001, India
| | - Graham Christie
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
- Enhanced Composites and Structures Center, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, P.Valdena 3/7, LV, 1048 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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20
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Thermal Analysis Technologies for Biomass Feedstocks: A State-of-the-Art Review. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective analytical technique for biomass characterisation is inevitable for biomass utilisation in energy production. To improve biomass processing, various thermal conversion methods such as torrefaction, pyrolysis, combustion, hydrothermal liquefaction, and gasification have been widely used to improve biomass processing. Thermogravimetric analysers (TG) and gas chromatography (GC) are among the most fundamental analytical techniques utilised in biomass thermal analysis. Thus, GC and TG, in combination with MS, FTIR, or two-dimensional analysis, were used to examine the key parameters of biomass feedstock and increase the productivity of energy crops. We can also determine the optimal ratio for combining two separate biomass or coals during co-pyrolysis and co-gasification to achieve the best synergetic relationship. This review discusses thermochemical conversion processes such as torrefaction, combustion, hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification. Then, the thermochemical conversion of biomass using TG and GC is discussed in detail. The usual emphasis on the various applications of biomass or bacteria is also discussed in the comparison of the TG and GC. Finally, this study investigates the application of technologies for analysing the composition and developed gas from the thermochemical processing of biomass feedstocks.
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21
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Perspectives on Bioenergy Feedstock Development in Pakistan: Challenges and Opportunities. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13158438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pakistan faces challenges in both food and energy security. Indeed, extensive literature suggests that food and energy security are interdependent. While acknowledging that food security is still a primary concern for Pakistan, energy security is also a major issue. It is crucial to develop sustainable energy sources for energy production. Among sustainable sources, biomass is a promising source that can be effectively used for environmentally friendly energy production. This article addresses the energy issues and potential solutions using crop residues, non-edible energy crops, and animal and municipal solid wastes in Pakistan. The current research challenges, relevant industries, opportunities, and the future share of energy production derived from renewable and sustainable sources are emphasized with a focus on the potential of biomass energy. This article shows that Pakistan has considerable potential to develop bioenergy crops on marginal lands without compromising food security, with considerable greenhouse gas (GHG) benefits. Pakistan has vast biomass resources, including crop residues, animal waste, municipal solid waste, and forest residues, which collectively produce 230 billion tons of biomass annually. There are about 72 million bovines (cows and buffaloes), 81 million tons per year of crop biomass, and about 785 million birds in poultry farms across the country. Land that is currently non-productive could be used for energy crops, and this has the potential to produce 2500–3000 MW of energy. The utilization of waste cooking oil and fats is the most economically feasible option for obtaining biodiesel due to its easy and almost free availability in Pakistan. Systematic management is needed to collect this huge quantity of waste cooking oil and efficiently convert it to biodiesel. Similarly, molasses may be a promising source for bioethanol production. Furthermore, this study suggests that Pakistan’s energy policies need to be amended to ensure that the energy supply meets the demand. In the future, massive energy projects on biomass-based bioenergy need to be implemented in Pakistan. To achieve its bioenergy potential, Pakistan needs to develop incentive-based bioenergy technologies. Moreover, this objective can only be achieved in the country by initiating R&D projects to promote advanced biomass conversion technologies, such as biogas plants and combustion systems.
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22
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Naqvi SR, Tariq R, Shahbaz M, Naqvi M, Aslam M, Khan Z, Mackey H, Mckay G, Al-Ansari T. Recent developments on sewage sludge pyrolysis and its kinetics: Resources recovery, thermogravimetric platforms, and innovative prospects. Comput Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2021.107325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Das P, V P C, Mathimani T, Pugazhendhi A. A comprehensive review on the factors affecting thermochemical conversion efficiency of algal biomass to energy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:144213. [PMID: 33418252 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Algae are one of the most viable feedstock options that can be converted into different bioenergies viz., bioethanol, biobutanol, biodiesel, biomethane, biohydrogen, etc. owing to their renewable, sustainable and economic credibility features. Algal biomass to fuel biorefining process is generally classified into three categories as chemical, biochemical and thermochemical methods. The present article aims to provide a state-of-the-art review on the factors affecting the thermochemical conversion process of algal biomass to bioenergy. Further, reaction conditions of each techniques (torrefaction, pyrolysis, gasification and hydrothermal process) influence biochar, bio-oil and syngas yield were discussed. Reaction parameters or factors such as reactor temperature, residence time, pressure, biomass load/feedstock composition, catalyst addition and carrier gas flow affecting process efficiency in terms of product yield and quality were spotlighted and extensively discussed with copious literature. It also presents the novel insights on production of solid (char), liquid (bio-oil) and gaseous (syngas) biofuel through torrefaction, pyrolysis and gasification, respectively. It is found that the energy intensive drying was more efficient mode involved in thermochemical process for wet algal biomass. However other modes of thermochemical process were having unique feature on improving the product yield and quality. Among the various factors, reaction temperature and residence time were relatively more important factors which affected the process efficiency. The other factors signposted in this review will lay a roadmap to researchers to choose an optimal thermochemical conditions for high quality end product. Lastly, the perspectives and challenges in thermochemical conversion algae biomass to biofuels were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Das
- Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana 506004, India
| | - Chandramohan V P
- Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana 506004, India.
| | - Thangavel Mathimani
- Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli 620 015, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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24
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Das P, V P C, Mathimani T, Pugazhendhi A. Recent advances in thermochemical methods for the conversion of algal biomass to energy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:144608. [PMID: 33421791 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermochemical techniques are being operated for the complete conversion of diverse biomasses to biofuels. Among the feedstocks used for thermochemical processes, algae are the promising biomass sources owing to their advantages over other feedstocks such as biomass productivity, renewability and sustainability. Due to several advantages, algal biomass is considered as a source for third generation biofuel. This review work aims to provide a state-of-the-art on the most commonly used thermochemical methods namely torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification processes. Furthermore, the production of biofuels from algal biomass was comprehensively articulated. Different algal strains used in thermochemical techniques and their conditions of operation were compared and discussed. The yield and quality of solid (char), liquid (bio-oil) and gaseous (syngas) products obtained through thermochemical methods were reviewed and analysed to understand the efficacy of each technique. End product percentage, quality and advantages of the torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification were summarized. It is found that the biofuel produced from the torrefaction process was easy to store and deliver and had higher utilization efficiency. Among the existing thermochemical methods, the pyrolysis process was widely used for the complete conversion of algal biomass to bio-oil or char. This study also revealed that the gasification (supercritical) method was the most energy efficient process for conversion of wet algal biomass. The reactor used in the thermochemical process and its subprocess was also highlighted. This study revealed that the fixed bed reactor was suitable for small scale production whereas the fluidized bed reactor could be scaled up for industrial production. In addition to that environmental impacts of the products were also spotlighted. Finally, the perspectives and challenges of algal biomass to bioenergy conversion were addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Das
- Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana 506004, India
| | - Chandramohan V P
- Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana 506004, India.
| | - Thangavel Mathimani
- Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli 620 015, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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25
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Flores EMM, Cravotto G, Bizzi CA, Santos D, Iop GD. Ultrasound-assisted biomass valorization to industrial interesting products: state-of-the-art, perspectives and challenges. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 72:105455. [PMID: 33444940 PMCID: PMC7808943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the application of ultrasound (US) energy for assisting the lignocellulosic biomass and waste materials conversion into value-added products has dramatically increased. In this sense, this review covers theoretical aspects, promising applications, challenges and perspectives about US and its use for biomass treatment. The combination of US energy with a suitable reaction time, temperature and solvent contributes to the destruction of recalcitrant lignin structure, allowing the products to be used in thermochemical and biological process. The main mechanisms related to US propagation and impact on the fragmentation of lignocellulosic materials, selectivity, and yield of conversion treatments are discussed. Moreover, the synergistic effects between US and alternative green solvents with the perspective of industrial applications are investigated. The present survey analysed the last ten years of literature, studying challenges and perspectives of US application in biorefinery. We were aiming to highlight value-added products and some new areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erico M M Flores
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Cezar A Bizzi
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Santos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle D Iop
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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26
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The Potential of Sustainable Biomass Producer Gas as a Waste-to-Energy Alternative in Malaysia. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13073877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been widely accepted worldwide, that the greenhouse effect is by far the most challenging threat in the new century. Renewable energy has been adopted to prevent excessive greenhouse effects, and to enhance sustainable development. Malaysia has a large amount of biomass residue, which provides the country with the much needed support the foreseeable future. This investigation aims to analyze potentials biomass gases from major biomass residues in Malaysia. The potential biomass gasses can be obtained using biomass conversion technologies, including biological and thermo-chemical technologies. The thermo-chemical conversion technology includes four major biomass conversion technologies such as gasification, combustion, pyrolysis, and liquefaction. Biomass wastes can be attained through solid biomass technologies to obtain syngas which includes carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. The formation of tar occurs during the main of biomass conversion reaction such as gasification and pyrolysis. The formation of tar hinders equipment or infrastructure from catalytic aspects, which will be applied to prevent the formation of tar. The emission, combustion, and produced gas reactions were investigated. It will help to contribute the potential challenges and strategies, due to sustainable biomass, to harness resources management systems in Malaysia to reduce the problem of biomass residues and waste.
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Overcoming Barriers to Agriculture Green Technology Diffusion through Stakeholders in China: A Social Network Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17196976. [PMID: 32987659 PMCID: PMC7579563 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17196976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
It is crucial to actively encourage the development of agriculture green technology, which has been regarded as one of the most effective solutions to the environmental degradation caused by agricultural activities. However, agriculture green technology diffusion is indeed a challenging task and still faces numerous barriers. The stakeholders who can potentially deal with these barriers, however, have been overlooked by previous studies. To address these issues, social network analysis was performed to identify critical stakeholders and barriers. Their interactions in agriculture green technology diffusion were analyzed based on the literature, a questionnaire survey and expert judgments. A two-mode network and two one-mode networks were used to analyze the relationships among the identified 12 barriers and 14 stakeholders who can influence these 12 barriers identified. The results show that agricultural research institutes, universities, agribusiness, agencies of township promotion, the government and farmers’ relatives are key stakeholders and that the limited market demand for green technology and the high cost of its diffusion are two main barriers. However, poor green technology operability and farmer families in distress are factors that are not as important as previously perceived. Finally, some recommendations and suggestions are provided to promote agriculture green technology diffusion in China.
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Hayati AP, Zhafran M, Sidiq MA, Rinaldi A, Fitria B, Tarisma R, Bindar Y. Analysis of power from palm oil solid waste for biomass power plants: A case study in Aceh Province. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 253:126714. [PMID: 32464776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the solid waste produced from palm oil has become one of the essential oils in the world in general and especially in Indonesia. Biomass waste is processed through substantial quantities of palm oil extraction. With the reduction in fossil fuels in recent years, it has had an impact on the deterioration of electricity supply at the National and International levels. Biomass is a renewable energy that can replace conventional energy. Besides, power generation from biomass is environmentally friendly and sustainable. This simulation was conducted to analyze the maximum power from the burning of oil palm biomass for the electricity generation. The novelty of the article is the performance and behavior of palm oil biomass-based co-fuel in the power generation process. The biomass wastes used in this simulation include OPF, EFB, PKS, and OPM. The results of this simulation indicate that the maximum power produced with OPF can produce 49.54 MW with variations in the flow rate of biomass at 8 kg/s. While at the time of recycling up to 100% OPM biomass produces 61.05 MW higher than OPF, EFB and PKS. Meanwhile, the OPF-PKS mixed biomass can produce 106.15 MW of power plants when the airflow rate reaches 171 kg/s. The overall results of the simulation for the analysis of the maximum power that can be used as a power station show suitability and can apply in rural/remote areas. Besides, the availability of oil palm biomass in Aceh Province is also sufficient to overcome electricity shortages and reduce dependence on conventional energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Hayati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - M Zhafran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - M A Sidiq
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - A Rinaldi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - B Fitria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - R Tarisma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Y Bindar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40116, Indonesia
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Cao L, Yu IKM, Xiong X, Tsang DCW, Zhang S, Clark JH, Hu C, Ng YH, Shang J, Ok YS. Biorenewable hydrogen production through biomass gasification: A review and future prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109547. [PMID: 32335432 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen is recognized as one of the cleanest energy carriers, which can be produced from renewable biomass as a promising feedstock to achieve sustainable bioeconomy. Thermochemical technologies (e.g., gasification and pyrolysis) are the main routes for hydrogen production from biomass. Although biomass gasification, including steam gasification and supercritical water gasification, shows a high potential in field-scale applications, the selectivity and efficiency of hydrogen production need improvement to secure cost-effective industrial applications with high atom economy. This article reviews the two main-stream biomass-to-hydrogen technologies and discusses the significance of operating conditions and considerations in the catalytic system design. Challenges and prospects of hydrogen production via biomass gasification are explored to advise on the critical information gaps that require future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leichang Cao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Iris K M Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Xinni Xiong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - James H Clark
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yun Hau Ng
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Shang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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Almomani F. Kinetic modeling of microalgae growth and CO 2 bio-fixation using central composite design statistical approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137594. [PMID: 32143050 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The optimum growth (μ), CO2 bio-fixation (RCO2) rates and the energy ratio (ER) of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (C.v) were identified using central composite design statistical approach (CCD-SA). μ and RCO2 parameters including temperature of photobioreactor (TPBR), concentration of CO2 (CCO2 ), nutrients (carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus), gas flow rate (Qgas), initial inoculum concentration (INden) and the solar light intensity (Itot) were considered. Results revealed mild operational conditions in the range 20-25 °C, CCO2 of 2.5-20% (v/v), Qgas of 0.5-0.8 vvm and Itot of 50-200 μE/m2·s would generate considerable μ and RCO2. The highest μ and RCO2 with a significant ER of 19.5 were generated under CCD-SA optimized parameters of T = 25 °C, CCO2 = 20%, Qgas = 0.5 ± 0.05 (Std. Dev. = 0.04) vvm, total inorganic nitrogen (TN) = 19 ± 2 (Std. Dev. = 0.1) mg-N/L, Total phosphorous = 7 ± 1 (Std. Dev. = 0.7) mg-P/L, COD = 20 ± 2 (Std. Dev. = 0.5) mg-COD/L, INden = 0.52 ± 0.01 (Std. Dev. = 0.05) mg/L and Itot = 150 ± 2(Std. Dev. = 0.6) μE/m2s). Microalgae technology can be considered as a promising technology for CO2 bio-fixation in a large scale with a sustainable value of the produced biomass for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Almomani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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de Caprariis B, Bracciale MP, Bavasso I, Chen G, Damizia M, Genova V, Marra F, Paglia L, Pulci G, Scarsella M, Tai L, De Filippis P. Unsupported Ni metal catalyst in hydrothermal liquefaction of oak wood: Effect of catalyst surface modification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:136215. [PMID: 31905587 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction of oak wood was carried out in tubular micro reactors at different temperatures (280-330 °C), reaction times (10-30 min), and catalyst loads (10-50 wt%) using metallic Ni catalysts. For the first time, to enhance the catalytic activity of Ni particles, a coating technique producing a nanostructured surface was used, maintaining anyway the micrometric dimension of the catalyst, necessary for an easier recovery. The optimum conditions for non-catalytic liquefaction tests were determined to be 330 °C and 10 min with the bio-crude yield of 32.88%. The addition of metallic Ni catalysts (Commercial Ni powder and nanostructured surface-modified Ni particle) increased the oil yield and inhibited the char formation through hydrogenation action. Nano modified Ni catalyst resulted in a better catalytic activity in terms of bio-crude yield (36.63%), thanks to the higher surface area due to the presence of flower-like superficial nanostructures. Also, bio-crude quality resulted improved with the use of the two catalysts, with a decrease of C/H ratio and a corresponding increase of the high heating value (HHV). The magnetic recovery of the catalysts and their reusability was also investigated with good results.
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Affiliation(s)
- B de Caprariis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - M P Bracciale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - I Bavasso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - G Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - M Damizia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - V Genova
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy; INSTM Reference Laboratory for Engineering of Surface Treatments, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - F Marra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy; INSTM Reference Laboratory for Engineering of Surface Treatments, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - L Paglia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy; INSTM Reference Laboratory for Engineering of Surface Treatments, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - G Pulci
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy; INSTM Reference Laboratory for Engineering of Surface Treatments, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - M Scarsella
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - L Tai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy.
| | - P De Filippis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy
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Zhang C, Shao Y, Zhang L, Zhang S, Westerhof RJM, Liu Q, Jia P, Li Q, Wang Y, Hu X. Impacts of temperature on evolution of char structure during pyrolysis of lignin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134381. [PMID: 31677466 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the pyrolysis of lignin pyrolysis in a temperature region from 200 to 800 °C, aiming to understand influence of pyrolysis temperature on evolution of structures of the resulting char. The results showed that fusion of the ring structure initiated at 200 °C, where the C/H ratio in the char was equal to that in naphthalene (two fused rings). The C/H ratio in the char obtained at 350 °C corresponded to that in pyrene (four fused rings), while the char produced at 550 °C was equivalent to 20 fused benzene rings in terms of C/H ratio. The increasing pyrolysis temperature also shifted the oxygen-containing functionalities such as the carbonyl, esters, ketones in the bio-oil to the ether functionality that had a higher thermal stability. The DRIFTS study of pyrolysis of lignin showed that drastic changes of the functionalities and the internal structure of the char occurred in a narrow temperature region from 520 to 530 °C. The carbonyl functionality and the aliphatic structure were eliminated, and new conjugated π-bond systems formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenting Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Yuewen Shao
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Shu Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Roel J M Westerhof
- Sustainable Process Technology Group, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522, the Netherlands
| | - Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, Shandong, PR China
| | - Peng Jia
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Qingyin Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China..
| | - Xun Hu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China.
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James Rubinsin N, Daud WRW, Kamarudin SK, Masdar MS, Rosli MI, Samsatli S, Tapia JF, Wan Ab Karim Ghani WA, Lim KL. Optimization of oil palm empty fruit bunches value chain in Peninsular Malaysia. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hu C, Wei M, Chen J, Liu H, Kou M. Comparative study of the adsorption/immobilization of Cu by turmeric residues after microbial and chemical extraction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:1082-1088. [PMID: 31466190 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The turmeric industry produces a huge amount of residues annually. After undergoing different extraction process, turmeric residue biomass may be transformed from waste to resource. Turmeric residues exhibit different characteristics suitable for various environmental applications. In this work, the adsorption of Cu(II) onto turmeric residues from microbial (TR-A) and chemical (TR-B) extraction was investigated. The characteristics of the residues were examined via Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Then, applications to Cu(II) immobilization were identified. Results suggested that although TR-B had better thermal stability, larger surface area, and more pores than TR-A, the adsorption capacity of Cu(II) onto TR-A was higher (13.12 mg/g) than that onto TR-B (7.37 mg/g) because TR-A had more microbial cell debris, metabolites, and S element than TR-B. In practice, TR-A-added soil achieved 40% more Cu immobilization than TR-B-added soil under continuous leaching of simulated acid rain. Consequently, the residues extracted using the microbial method prevented pollution after the traditional extraction process and transformed waste into a material for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Hu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables of Hubei Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Mi Wei
- Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables of Hubei Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China; Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jiamin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables of Hubei Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Huiying Liu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables of Hubei Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Meng Kou
- Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables of Hubei Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
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Teng SY, Loy ACM, Leong WD, How BS, Chin BLF, Máša V. Catalytic thermal degradation of Chlorella vulgaris: Evolving deep neural networks for optimization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 292:121971. [PMID: 31445240 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify the optimum thermal conversion of Chlorella vulgaris with neuro-evolutionary approach. A Progressive Depth Swarm-Evolution (PDSE) neuro-evolutionary approach is proposed to model the Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data of catalytic thermal degradation of Chlorella vulgaris. Results showed that the proposed method can generate predictions which are more accurate compared to other conventional approaches (>90% lower in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Bias Error (MBE)). In addition, Simulated Annealing is proposed to determine the optimal operating conditions for microalgae conversion from multiple trained ANN. The predicted optimum conditions were reaction temperature of 900.0 °C, heating rate of 5.0 °C/min with the presence of HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst to obtain 88.3% of Chlorella vulgaris conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Yong Teng
- Brno University of Technology, Institute of Process Engineering & NETME Centre, Technicka 2896/2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adrian Chun Minh Loy
- National HiCoE Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass, Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Sustainable Building, Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
| | - Wei Dong Leong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bing Shen How
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Bridgid Lai Fui Chin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Vítězslav Máša
- Brno University of Technology, Institute of Process Engineering & NETME Centre, Technicka 2896/2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
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Choosing Physical, Physicochemical and Chemical Methods of Pre-Treating Lignocellulosic Wastes to Repurpose into Solid Fuels. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11133604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Various methods of physical, chemical and combined physicochemical pre-treatments for lignocellulosic biomass waste valorisation to value-added feedstock/solid fuels for downstream processes in chemical industries have been reviewed. The relevant literature was scrutinized for lignocellulosic waste applicability in advanced thermochemical treatments for either energy or liquid fuels. By altering the overall naturally occurring bio-polymeric matrix of lignocellulosic biomass waste, individual components such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin can be accessed for numerous downstream processes such as pyrolysis, gasification and catalytic upgrading to value-added products such as low carbon energy. Assessing the appropriate lignocellulosic pre-treatment technology is critical to suit the downstream process of both small- and large-scale operations. The cost to operate the process (temperature, pressure or energy constraints), the physical and chemical structure of the feedstock after pre-treatment (decomposition/degradation, removal of inorganic components or organic solubilization) or the ability to scale up the pre-treating process must be considered so that the true value in the use of bio-renewable waste can be revealed.
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