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Ting YC, Zou YX, Pan SY, Ko YR, Ciou ZJ, Huang CH. Sources-attributed contributions to health risks associated with PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the warm and cold seasons in an urban area of Eastern Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171325. [PMID: 38428604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite the well-established recognition of the health hazards posed by PM2.5-bound PAHs, a comprehensive understanding of their source-specific impact has been lacking. In this study, the health risks associated with PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and source-specific contributions were investigated in the urban region of Taipei during both cold and warm seasons. The levels of PM2.5-bound PAHs and their potential health risks across different age groups of humans were also characterized. Diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization analysis were utilized to identify the sources of PM2.5-bound PAHs. Moreover, potential source contribution function (PSCF), concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) and source regional apportionment (SRA) analyses were employed to determine the potential source regions. Results showed that the total PAHs (TPAHs) concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 2.37 ng m-3, with an average of 0.69 ± 0.53 ng m-3. Vehicular emissions emerged as the primary contributor to PM2.5-bound PAHs, constituting 39.8 % of the TPAHs concentration, followed by industrial emissions (37.6 %), biomass burning (13.8 %), and petroleum/oil volatilization (8.8 %). PSCF and CWT analyses revealed that industrial activities and shipping processes in northeast China, South China Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea, contributed to the occurrence of PM2.5-bound PAHs in Taipei. SRA identified central China as the primary regional contributor of ambient TPAHs in the cold season and Taiwan in the warm season, respectively. Evaluations of incremental lifetime cancer risk demonstrated the highest risk for adults, followed by children, seniors, and adolescents. The assessments of lifetime lung cancer risk showed that vehicular and industrial emissions were the main contributors to cancer risk induced by PM2.5-bound PAHs. This research emphasizes the essential role of precisely identifying the origins of PM2.5-bound PAHs to enhance our comprehension of the related human health hazards, thus providing valuable insights into the mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Ting
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Xuan Zou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yu Pan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ru Ko
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Jhe Ciou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Hsiu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Czech H, Popovicheva O, Chernov DG, Kozlov A, Schneider E, Shmargunov VP, Sueur M, Rüger CP, Afonso C, Uzhegov V, Kozlov VS, Panchenko MV, Zimmermann R. Wildfire plume ageing in the Photochemical Large Aerosol Chamber (PHOTO-LAC). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:35-55. [PMID: 37873726 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00280b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Plumes from wildfires are transported over large distances from remote to populated areas and threaten sensitive ecosystems. Dense wildfire plumes are processed by atmospheric oxidants and complex multiphase chemistry, differing from processes at typical ambient concentrations. For studying dense biomass burning plume chemistry in the laboratory, we establish a Photochemical Large Aerosol Chamber (PHOTO-LAC) being the world's largest aerosol chamber with a volume of 1800 m3 and provide its figures of merit. While the photolysis rate of NO2 (jNO2) is comparable to that of other chambers, the PHOTO-LAC and its associated low surface-to-volume ratio lead to exceptionally low losses of particles to the walls. Photochemical ageing of toluene under high-NOx conditions induces substantial formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) and brown carbon (BrC). Several individual nitrophenolic compounds could be detected by high resolution mass spectrometry, demonstrating similar photochemistry to other environmental chambers. Biomass burning aerosols are generated from pine wood and debris under flaming and smouldering combustion conditions and subsequently aged under photochemical and dark ageing conditions, thus resembling day- and night-time atmospheric chemistry. In the unprecedented long ageing with alternating photochemical and dark ageing conditions, the temporal evolution of particulate matter and its chemical composition is shown by ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry. Due to the spacious cavity, the PHOTO-LAC may be used for applications requiring large amounts of particulate matter, such as comprehensive chemical aerosol characterisation or cell exposures under submersed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendryk Czech
- Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Olga Popovicheva
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitriy G Chernov
- V. E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Kozlov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Eric Schneider
- Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Vladimir P Shmargunov
- V. E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Maxime Sueur
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000, Rouen, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, 76700, Harfleur, France
| | - Christopher P Rüger
- Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000, Rouen, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, 76700, Harfleur, France
| | - Viktor Uzhegov
- V. E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Valerii S Kozlov
- V. E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Panchenko
- V. E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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3
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Martens P, Czech H, Orasche J, Abbaszade G, Sklorz M, Michalke B, Tissari J, Bizjak T, Ihalainen M, Suhonen H, Yli-Pirilä P, Jokiniemi J, Sippula O, Zimmermann R. Brown Coal and Logwood Combustion in a Modern Heating Appliance: The Impact of Combustion Quality and Fuel on Organic Aerosol Composition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5532-5543. [PMID: 36976662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Residential heating with solid fuels is one of the major drivers for poor air quality in Central and Eastern Europe, and coal is still one of the major fuels in countries, such as Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. In this work, emissions from a single-room heater fueled with brown coal briquettes (BCBs) and spruce logs (SLs) were analyzed for signatures of inorganic as well as semivolatile aromatic and low-volatile organic constituents. High variations in organic carbon (OC) emissions of BCB emissions, ranging from 5 to 22 mg MJ-1, were associated to variations in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, ranging from 900 to 1900 mg MJ-1. Residential BCB combustion turned out to be an equally important source of levoglucosan, an established biomass burning marker, as spruce logwood combustion, but showed distinct higher ratios to manosan and galactosan. Signatures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted by BCB combustion exhibited defunctionalization and desubstitution with increasing combustion quality. Lastly, the concept of island and archipelago structural motifs adapted from petroleomics is used to describe the fraction low-volatile organic compounds in particulate emissions, where a transition from archipelago to island motifs in relation with decreasing CO emissions was observed in BCB emissions, while emissions from SL combustion exhibited the island motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Martens
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock D-18059, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock D-18059, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Department Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Department Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Department Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Department Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Jarkko Tissari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Tine Bizjak
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Heikki Suhonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Pasi Yli-Pirilä
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock D-18059, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Department Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
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4
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Leskinen J, Hartikainen A, Väätäinen S, Ihalainen M, Virkkula A, Mesceriakovas A, Tiitta P, Miettinen M, Lamberg H, Czech H, Yli-Pirilä P, Tissari J, Jakobi G, Zimmermann R, Sippula O. Photochemical Aging Induces Changes in the Effective Densities, Morphologies, and Optical Properties of Combustion Aerosol Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5137-5148. [PMID: 36944040 PMCID: PMC10077587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Effective density (ρeff) is an important property describing particle transportation in the atmosphere and in the human respiratory tract. In this study, the particle size dependency of ρeff was determined for fresh and photochemically aged particles from residential combustion of wood logs and brown coal, as well as from an aerosol standard (CAST) burner. ρeff increased considerably due to photochemical aging, especially for soot agglomerates larger than 100 nm in mobility diameter. The increase depends on the presence of condensable vapors and agglomerate size and can be explained by collapsing of chain-like agglomerates and filling of their voids and formation of secondary coating. The measured and modeled particle optical properties suggest that while light absorption, scattering, and the single-scattering albedo of soot particle increase during photochemical processing, their radiative forcing remains positive until the amount of nonabsorbing coating exceeds approximately 90% of the particle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Leskinen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Anni Hartikainen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Sampsa Väätäinen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Aki Virkkula
- Atmospheric
Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological
Institute, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland
| | - Arunas Mesceriakovas
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Petri Tiitta
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
- Finnish
Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Research
Centre of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Mirella Miettinen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Heikki Lamberg
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
and Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München 81379, Germany
| | - Pasi Yli-Pirilä
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Jarkko Tissari
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Gert Jakobi
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
and Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München 81379, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
and Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München 81379, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu 80101, Finland
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5
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Jin R, Liu G, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Lin B, Liu Y, Qi Z, Zheng M. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives in environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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6
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Liu L, Li C, Yu H, Yang X. A critical review on air pollutant exposure and age-related macular degeneration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 840:156717. [PMID: 35709989 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual impairments and blindness worldwide in the elderly and its incidence strongly increases with ages. The etiology of AMD is complex and attributed to the genetic modifiers, environmental factors and gene-environment interactions. Recently, the impacts of air pollution on the development of eye diseases have become the new area of focus, and disordered air exposure combined with inadequate health management has caused problems for the eye health, such as dry eye, glaucoma, and retinopathy, while its specific role in the occurrence of AMD is still not well understood. In order to summarize the progress of this research field, we performed a critical review to summarize the epidemiological and mechanism evidence on the association between air pollutants exposure and AMD. This review documented that exposure to air pollutants will accelerate or worsen the morbidity and prevalence of AMD. Air pollutants exposure may change the homeostasis, interfere with the inflammatory response, and take direct action on the lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in the macula. More attention should be given to understanding the impact of ambient air pollution on AMD worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Cong Li
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Honghua Yu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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7
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Liu Z, Sun Y, Zeng Y, Guan Y, Huang Y, Chen Y, Li D, Mo L, Chen S, Mai B. Semi-volatile organic compounds in fine particulate matter on a tropical island in the South China Sea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128071. [PMID: 34922134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of hazardous semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in remote tropical regions are rare. In this study, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) [including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs)], organophosphate esters (OPEs), and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were measured in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at Yongxing Island in the South China Sea (SCS). The concentrations of PACs (median = 53.5 pg/m3) were substantially low compared with previous measurements. The concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) model showed that the eastern and southern China was the main source region of PAC, occurring largely during the northeast (NE) monsoon. The PM2.5 showed remarkably high concentrations of OPEs (median = 3231 pg/m3) and moderate concentrations of PAEs (13,013 pg/m3). Some Southeast Asian countries were largely responsible for their higher concentrations, driven by the tropical SCS monsoons. We found significant atmospheric loss of the SVOCs, which is an explanation for the low concentrations of PACs. Enhanced formation of N/OPAHs originated from tropical regions was also observed. The positive matrix factorization model was applied to apportion the SVOC sources. The results, as well as correlation analyses of the SVOC concentrations, further indicate insignificant local sources and enhanced atmospheric reactions on this island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yufeng Guan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuqi Huang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuping Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daning Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Ling Mo
- Water Quality Monitoring Section, Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Haikou 571126, China
| | - Shejun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Ihantola T, Hirvonen MR, Ihalainen M, Hakkarainen H, Sippula O, Tissari J, Bauer S, Di Bucchianico S, Rastak N, Hartikainen A, Leskinen J, Yli-Pirilä P, Martikainen MV, Miettinen M, Suhonen H, Rönkkö TJ, Kortelainen M, Lamberg H, Czech H, Martens P, Orasche J, Michalke B, Yildirim AÖ, Jokiniemi J, Zimmermann R, Jalava PI. Genotoxic and inflammatory effects of spruce and brown coal briquettes combustion aerosols on lung cells at the air-liquid interface. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150489. [PMID: 34844316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Solid fuel usage in residential heating and cooking is one of the largest sources of ambient and indoor air particulate matter, which causes adverse effects on the health of millions of peoples worldwide. Emissions from solid fuel combustion, such as biomass or coal, are detrimental to health, but toxicological responses are largely unknown. In the present study, we compared the toxicological responses regarding cytotoxicity, inflammation and genotoxicity of spruce (SPR) and brown coal briquette (BCB) combustion aerosols on human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) as well as a coculture of A549 and differentiated human monocytic cells (THP-1) into macrophages exposed at the air-liquid interface (ALI). We included both the high emissions from the first hour and moderate emissions from the third hour of the batch combustion experiment in one ALI system, whereas, in the second ALI system, we exposed the cells during the whole 4-hour combustion experiment, including all combustion phases. Physico-chemical properties of the combustion aerosol were analysed both online and offline. Both SPR and BCB combustion aerosols caused mild cytotoxic but notable genotoxic effects in co-cultured A549 cells after one-hour exposure. Inflammatory response analysis revealed BCB combustion aerosols to cause a mild increase in CXCL1 and CXCL8 levels, but in the case of SPR combustion aerosol, a decrease compared to control was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuukka Ihantola
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | - Mika Ihalainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Tissari
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stefanie Bauer
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany
| | - Narges Rastak
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany
| | - Anni Hartikainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jani Leskinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Yli-Pirilä
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Mirella Miettinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Suhonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu J Rönkkö
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miika Kortelainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Lamberg
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany; Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Rostock University, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Patrick Martens
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Rostock University, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany; Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Rostock University, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
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9
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Sun J, Shen Z, Zhang B, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Wang D, Huang Y, Liu S, Cao J. Chemical source profiles of particulate matter and gases emitted from solid fuels for residential cooking and heating scenarios in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117503. [PMID: 34090071 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Incomplete combustion of solid fuels (animal dung and bituminous coal) is a common phenomenon during residential cooking and heating in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), resulting in large amounts of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. This study investigated the pollutant emissions from six burning scenarios (heating and cooking with each of the three different fuels: yak dung, sheep dung, and bitumite) in the QTP's pastoral dwellings. Target pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), fine particles (PM2.5, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm), carbonaceous aerosols, water-soluble ions, and particle-phase PAHs were investigated. Emission factors (EFs) (mean ± standard deviation) of PM2.5 from the six scenarios were in the range of 1.21 ± 0.47-7.03 ± 1.95 g kg-1, of which over 60% mass fractions were carbonaceous aerosols. The ratio of organic carbon to elemental carbon ranged from 9.6 ± 2.7-33.4 ± 11.5 and 81.7 ± 30.4-91.9 ± 29.0 for dung and bitumite burning, respectively. These values were much larger than those reported in the literature, likely because of the region's high altitudes-where the oxygen level is approximately 65% of that at the sea level-thus providing a deficient air supply to stoves. However, the toxicity and carcinogenicity of PAHs emitted from solid fuel combustion in the QTP are significant, despite a slightly lower benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic potency (Bapeq) in this study than in the literature. The gas-to-particle partitioning coefficient of PAHs and VOC emission profiles in the QTP differed significantly from those reported for other regions in the literature. More attention should be paid to the emissions of PAH derivatives (oxygenated PAHs and nitro-PAHs), considering their enhanced light-absorbing ability and high BaPeq from solid fuel combustion in the QTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Diwei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yu Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
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10
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Kösling P, Rüger CP, Schade J, Fort KL, Ehlert S, Irsig R, Kozhinov AN, Nagornov KO, Makarov A, Rigler M, Tsybin YO, Walte A, Zimmermann R. Vacuum Laser Photoionization inside the C-trap of an Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer: Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9418-9427. [PMID: 34170684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
State-of-the-art mass spectrometry with ultraviolet (UV) photoionization is mostly limited to time-of-flight (ToF) mass spectrometers with 1000-10 000 m/Δm mass resolution. However, higher resolution and higher spectral dynamic range mass spectrometry may be indispensable in complex mixture characterization. Here, we present the concept, implementation, and initial evaluation of a compact ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometer with gas-phase laser ionization. The concept is based on direct laser photoionization in the ion accumulation and ejection trap (C-trap) of an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) using 266 nm UV pulses from a frequency-quadrupled Nd:YAG laser was applied for selective and efficient ionization of monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The system is equipped with a gas inlet for volatile compounds and a heated gas chromatography coupling. The former can be employed for rapid system m/z-calibration and performance evaluation, whereas the latter enables analysis of semivolatile and higher-molecular-weight compounds. The capability to evaluate complex mixtures is demonstrated for selected petrochemical materials. In these experiments, several hundred to over a thousand compounds could be attributed with a root-mean-square mass error generally below 1 ppm and a mass resolution of over 140 000 at 200 m/z. Isobaric interferences could be resolved, and narrow mass splits, such as 3.4 mDa (SH4/C3), are determined. Single laser shots provided limits of detection in the 20-ppb range for p-xylene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, similar to compact vacuum REMPI-ToF systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kösling
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christopher P Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Julian Schade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Kyle L Fort
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (Bremen) GmbH, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Sven Ehlert
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Photonion GmbH, 19061 Schwerin, Germany
| | - Robert Irsig
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Photonion GmbH, 19061 Schwerin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
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11
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Gehm C, Streibel T, Ehlert S, Schulz-Bull D, Zimmermann R. External trap-and-release membrane inlet for photoionization mass spectrometry: Towards fast direct analysis of aromatic pollutants in aquatic systems. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e8863. [PMID: 32557743 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fast and sensitive detection of aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) in water is of high importance because of their significant impact on human health and the environment. For this, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) coupled to trap-and-release membrane-introduction mass spectrometry (T&R-MIMS) offers the possibility of sensitive on-line water analysis with a time resolution of minutes. METHODS REMPI is a versatile tool for sensitive gas-phase analysis, in which AHs are selectively ionized in complex gas mixtures by the subsequent absorption of at least two photons. In T&R-MIMS, selective extraction and enrichment of analytes from water can be achieved using semipermeable membranes. By the subsequent stimulated desorption of enriched compounds, mass spectrometric detection is enabled. RESULTS We present an external T&R inlet for hollow-fiber membranes coupled to REMPI time-of-flight mass spectrometry, which enables direct and sensitive detection of semi-volatile AHs in water. In laboratory experiments, spiked water samples were analyzed. For the investigated compounds, limits of detection (LODs) in the range 1-47 ng/L were determined. The LODs are approximately one order of magnitude lower than in a previously reported continuous membrane-introduction approach using a planar membrane. Further improvement of LOD may be realized by extending the trapping time and by increasing the release temperature. Furthermore, the system was applied to investigate different fuels suspended in water and real water samples. The obtained data are in good agreement with findings of a former study. CONCLUSIONS In the framework of the present study, we demonstrate the high potential of the combination of REMPI and T&R-MIMS in the form of a newly developed external hollow-fiber membrane inlet. With the developed system, semi-volatile AHs can be directly detected down to ng/L levels on a minute time scale. The approach thus may pave the way to future ship application in marine sciences, natural resources exploration or pollutant and hazard detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gehm
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, Rostock, 18059, Germany
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, Rostock, 18059, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center of Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Sven Ehlert
- Photonion GmbH, Hagenower Strasse 73, Schwerin, 19061, Germany
| | - Detlef Schulz-Bull
- Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, Rostock-Warnemünde, 18119, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, Rostock, 18059, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center of Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
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12
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Rüger CP, Le Maître J, Riches E, Palmer M, Orasche J, Sippula O, Jokiniemi J, Afonso C, Giusti P, Zimmermann R. Cyclic Ion Mobility Spectrometry Coupled to High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Equipped with Atmospheric Solid Analysis Probe for the Molecular Characterization of Combustion Particulate Matter. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:206-217. [PMID: 33237780 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic air pollution has a severe impact on climate and human health. The immense molecular complexity and diversity of particulate matter (PM) is a result of primary organic aerosol (POA) as well as secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). In this study, a direct inlet probe (DIP), i.e., atmospheric solids analysis probe (ASAP), with ion mobility high-resolution mass spectrometric detection is applied. Primary particulate matter emissions from three sources were investigated. Furthermore, photochemically aged emissions were analyzed. DIP introduction allowed for a direct analysis with almost no sample preparation and resulted in a complex molecular pattern. This pattern shifted through oxidation processes toward heavier species. For diesel emissions, the fuel's chemical characteristic is partially transferred to the particulate matter by incomplete combustion and characteristic alkylated series were found. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were identified as major contributors. Ion mobility analysis results in drift time profiles used for structural analysis. The apex position was used to prove structural changes, whereas the full-width-at-half-maximum was used to address the isomeric diversity. With this concept, the dominance of one or a few isomers for certain PAHs could be shown. In contrast, a broad isomeric diversity was found for oxygenated species. For the in-depth specification of fresh and aged spruce emissions, the ion mobility resolving power was almost doubled by allowing for three passes in the circular traveling wave design. The results prove that ASAP coupled with ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) serves as a promising analytical approach for tackling the vast molecular complexity of PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- International Joint Laboratory-iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville (TRTG), 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Johann Le Maître
- International Joint Laboratory-iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville (TRTG), 76700 Harfleur, France
- TOTAL Refining and Chemicals, Gonfreville, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | | | - Martin Palmer
- Waters Corporation, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Carlos Afonso
- International Joint Laboratory-iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville (TRTG), 76700 Harfleur, France
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université de Rouen-Normandie, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 76130 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Pierre Giusti
- International Joint Laboratory-iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville (TRTG), 76700 Harfleur, France
- TOTAL Refining and Chemicals, Gonfreville, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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13
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Violi A, Cormier S, Gullett B, Jansson S, Lomnicki S, Luyet C, Mayer A, Zimmermann R. Combustion by-products and their health effects: Summary of the 16th international congress. FUEL (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 283:118562. [PMID: 33446939 PMCID: PMC7802799 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The 16th International Congress on Combustion By-Products and their Health Effects (PIC2019) was held in Ann Arbor, Michigan, from July 10 to 12, 2019. For the last 28 years, this conference has served as an interdisciplinary platform for the discussion of the formation, environmental fate, health effects, policy, and remediation of combustion by-products. The technical areas for PIC2019 included mobile and stationary sources in urban environments, open fires, indoor air pollution, and halogenated pollutants. The congress was sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), the U.S. EPA, the School of Public Health at the University of Michigan, the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at the University of Michigan, the Mechanical Engineering Department at the University of Michigan, the Aerospace Engineering Department at the University of Michigan, and the Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering Department at the University of Michigan. Special features of the conference included a career path and round table discussion on translating research and engaging communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Mayer
- Technik Termische Maschinen (TTM), Niederrohrdorf, Switzerland
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14
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Bizzarri BM, Manini P, Lino V, d'Ischia M, Kapralov M, Krasavin E, Mráziková K, Šponer J, Šponer JE, Di Mauro E, Saladino R. High‐Energy Proton‐Beam‐Induced Polymerization/Oxygenation of Hydroxynaphthalenes on Meteorites and Nitrogen Transfer from Urea: Modeling Insoluble Organic Matter? Chemistry 2020; 26:14919-14928. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mattia Bizzarri
- Ecological and Biological Sciences Department (DEB) University of Tuscia Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc 01100 Viterbo Italy
| | - Paola Manini
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Naples Federico II Campus Monte S. Angelo Via Cinthia 21 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Valeria Lino
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Naples Federico II Campus Monte S. Angelo Via Cinthia 21 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Naples Federico II Campus Monte S. Angelo Via Cinthia 21 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Michail Kapralov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research JINR's Laboratory of Radiation Biology Dubna Russia
| | - Eugene Krasavin
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research JINR's Laboratory of Radiation Biology Dubna Russia
| | - Klaudia Mráziková
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Královopolská 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šponer
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Královopolská 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Judit E. Šponer
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Královopolská 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Ernesto Di Mauro
- Ecological and Biological Sciences Department (DEB) University of Tuscia Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc 01100 Viterbo Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Ecological and Biological Sciences Department (DEB) University of Tuscia Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc 01100 Viterbo Italy
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Dreij K, Lundin L, Le Bihanic F, Lundstedt S. Polycyclic aromatic compounds in urban soils of Stockholm City: Occurrence, sources and human health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:108989. [PMID: 31835119 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are ubiquitous pollutants that are found everywhere in our environment, including air, soil and water. The aim of this study was to determine concentrations, distribution, sources and potential health risk of 43 PACs in soils collected from 25 urban parks in Stockholm City, Sweden. These PACs included 21 PAHs, 11 oxygenated PAHs, 7 methylated PAHs, and 4 azaarenes whose concentrations ranged between 190 and 54 500, 30.5-5 300, 14.9-680, and 4.17-590 ng/g soil, respectively. Fluoranthene was found at the highest levels ranging between 17.7 and 9800 ng/g, benzo[a]pyrene between 9.64 and 4600 ng/g, and the highly potent carcinogen dibenzo[a,l]pyrene up to 740 ng/g. The most abundant oxy-PAH was 6H-benzo[cd]pyren-6-one (2.09-2300 ng/g). Primary sources of PAHs were identified by use of diagnostic ratios and Positive Matrix Factorization modelling and found to be pyrogenic including vehicle emissions and combustion of biomass. Estimating the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRS) associated with exposure to PAHs in these soils indicated that the PAH levels in some parks constitute a considerable increased risk level for adults and children (total ILCR > 1 × 10-4). Compared to worldwide urban parks contamination, we conclude that the PAC soil levels in parks of Stockholm City in general are low, but that some parks are more heavily contaminated and should be considered for clean-up actions to limit human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lisa Lundin
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Florane Le Bihanic
- Laboratoire EPOC, UMR CNRS 5805, Université de Bordeaux, 33405, Talence Cedex, France
| | - Staffan Lundstedt
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Clinical Chemistry, Umeå Univeristy, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
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16
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Fine Particle Emissions from Sauna Stoves: Effects of Combustion Appliance and Fuel, and Implications for the Finnish Emission Inventory. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10120775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sauna Stoves (SS) are simple wood combustion appliances used mainly in Nordic countries. They generate emissions that have an impact on air quality and climate. In this study, a new measurement concept for comparing the operation, thermal efficiency, and real-life fine particle and gaseous emissions of SS was utilized. In addition, a novel, simple, and universal emission calculation procedure for the determination of nominal emission factors was developed for which the equations are presented for the first time. Fine particle and gaseous concentrations from 10 different types of SS were investigated. It was found that each SS model was an individual in relation to stove performance: stove heating time, air-to-fuel ratio, thermal efficiency, and emissions. Nine-fold differences in fine particle mass (PM1) concentrations, and about 90-fold differences in concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were found between the SS, when dry (11% moisture content) birch wood was used. By using moist (18%) wood, particle number and carbon monoxide concentrations increased, but interestingly, PM1, PAH, and black carbon (BC) concentrations clearly decreased, when comparing to dry wood. E.g., PAH concentrations were 5.5–9.6 times higher with dry wood than with moist wood. Between wood species, 2–3-fold maximum differences in the emissions were found, whereas about 1.5-fold differences were observed between bark-containing and debarked wood logs. On average, the emissions measured in this study were considerably lower than in previous studies and emission inventories. This suggests that overall the designs of sauna stoves available on the market have improved during the 2010s. The findings of this study were used to update the calculation scheme behind the inventories, causing the estimates for total PM emissions from SS in Finland to decrease. However, wood-fired sauna stoves are still estimated to be the highest individual emission source of fine particles and black carbon in Finland.
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Gehm C, Streibel T, Ehlert S, Schulz-Bull D, Zimmermann R. Development and Optimization of an External-Membrane Introduction Photoionization Mass Spectrometer for the Fast Analysis of (Polycyclic)Aromatic Compounds in Environmental and Process Waters. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15547-15554. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gehm
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center of Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sven Ehlert
- Photonion GmbH, Hagenower Strasse 73, 19061 Schwerin, Germany
| | - Detlef Schulz-Bull
- Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock−Warnemünde, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center of Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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