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Bai T, Wang P, Qiu Y, Zhang Y, Hu S. Nitrogen availability mediates soil carbon cycling response to climate warming: A meta-analysis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:2608-2626. [PMID: 36744998 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Global climate warming may induce a positive feedback through increasing soil carbon (C) release to the atmosphere. Although warming can affect both C input to and output from soil, direct and convincing evidence illustrating that warming induces a net change in soil C is still lacking. We synthesized the results from field warming experiments at 165 sites across the globe and found that climate warming had no significant effect on soil C stock. On average, warming significantly increased root biomass and soil respiration, but warming effects on root biomass and soil respiration strongly depended on soil nitrogen (N) availability. Under high N availability (soil C:N ratio < 15), warming had no significant effect on root biomass, but promoted the coupling between effect sizes of root biomass and soil C stock. Under relative N limitation (soil C:N ratio > 15), warming significantly enhanced root biomass. However, the enhancement of root biomass did not induce a corresponding C accumulation in soil, possibly because warming promoted microbial CO2 release that offset the increased root C input. Also, reactive N input alleviated warming-induced C loss from soil, but elevated atmospheric CO2 or precipitation increase/reduction did not. Together, our findings indicate that the relative availability of soil C to N (i.e., soil C:N ratio) critically mediates warming effects on soil C dynamics, suggesting that its incorporation into C-climate models may improve the prediction of soil C cycling under future global warming scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongshuo Bai
- Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunpeng Qiu
- Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuijin Hu
- Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Niu X, Chen Z, Pang Y, Liu X, Liu S. Soil moisture shapes the environmental control mechanism on canopy conductance in a natural oak forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159363. [PMID: 36240914 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Canopy conductance (gc) is an important biophysical parameter closely related to ecosystem energy partitioning and carbon sequestration, which can be used to judge drought effect on forest ecosystems. It is very important to explore how soil moisture change affects the environmental control mechanism of gc, especially in natural oak forests in Central China where frequent extreme precipitation (P) and drought will occur in a context of climate change. In this study, variations of gc and its environmental control mechanisms in a warm-temperate forest over three consecutive years under different hydroclimatic conditions were examined by using eddy-covariance technique. Results showed that the averaged gc in the three growing seasons were 11.2, 11.3 and 7.8 mms-1, respectively, with a CV of 19.7 %. The lowest gc occurred in the year with the lowest P. Using three years of data, we found that vapor pressure deficit (VPD) exhibited the dominate effect on gc, both diffuse photosynthetically active radiation (PARdif) and air temperature (Ta) were positively correlated with gc. When relative extractable water content (REW) was larger than 0.4, however, inhibiting effect of high VPD on gc disappeared and the effect of direct photosynthetically active radiation (PARdir) on gc was larger compared to PARdif. When REW was <0.1, the positive relationship between Ta and gc became negative. Our results indicated that soil moisture ultimately shapes the environmental control mechanism of gc in a natural oak forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Zhicheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yong Pang
- Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Baotianman National Nature Reserve Administrative Bureau, Nanyang 474350, Henan, China
| | - Shirong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
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Liu S, Xu G, Chen H, Zhang M, Cao X, Chen M, Chen J, Feng Q, Shi Z. Contrasting responses of soil microbial biomass and extracellular enzyme activity along an elevation gradient on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:974316. [PMID: 36744094 PMCID: PMC9889656 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.974316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil microbial community composition and extracellular enzyme activity are two main drivers of biogeochemical cycling. Knowledge about their elevational patterns is of great importance for predicting ecosystem functioning in response to climate change. Nevertheless, there is no consensus on how soil microbial community composition and extracellular enzyme activity vary with elevation, and little is known about their elevational variations on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, a region sensitive to global change. We therefore investigated the soil microbial community composition using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) analysis, and enzyme activities at 2,820 m (coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest), 3,160 m (dark coniferous forest), 3,420 m (alpine dwarf forest), and 4,280 m (alpine shrubland) above sea level. Our results showed that soil microbial community composition and extracellular enzyme activities changed significantly along the elevational gradient. Biomass of total microbes, bacteria, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at the highest elevation were the significantly lowest among the four elevations. In contrast, extracellular enzyme activities involved in carbon (C)-, nitrogen (N)-, and phosphorus (P)- acquiring exhibited the maximum values at the highest elevation. Total nutrients and available nutrients, especially P availability jointly explained the elevational pattern of soil microbial community, while the elevational variation of extracellular enzyme activities was dependent on total nutrients. Microbial metabolism was mainly C- and P-limited with an increasing C limitation but a decreasing P limitation along the elevational gradient, which was related significantly to mean annual temperature and total P. These results indicated a vital role of soil P in driving the elevational patterns of soil microbial community and metabolism. Overall, the study highlighted the contrasting responses of soil microbial biomass and extracellular enzyme activities to elevation, possibly suggesting the differences in adaption strategy between population growth and resource acquisition responding to elevation. The results provide essential information for understanding and predicting the response of belowground community and function to climate change on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China,Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County, China
| | - Gexi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China,Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County, China
| | - Huanhuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China,Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China,Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County, China
| | - Xiangwen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China,Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County, China
| | - Miao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China,Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China,Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County, China
| | - Qiuhong Feng
- Ecological Restoration and Conservation on Forest and Wetland Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Wolong Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu, China
| | - Zuomin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China,Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County, China,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China,Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Turino, Italy,*Correspondence: Zuomin Shi, ✉
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Zeng XM, Feng J, Chen J, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Zhang Q, Zhou XQ, Yuan Y, Feng S, Zhang K, Liu YR, Huang Q. Microbial assemblies associated with temperature sensitivity of soil respiration along an altitudinal gradient. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153257. [PMID: 35065115 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the drivers of the response of soil microbial respiration to warming is integral to accurately forecasting the carbon-climate feedbacks in terrestrial ecosystems. Microorganisms are the fundamental drivers of soil microbial respiration and its response to warming; however, the specific microbial communities and properties involved in the process remain largely undetermined. Here, we identified the associations between microbial community and temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil microbial respiration in alpine forests along an altitudinal gradient (from 2974 to 3558 m) from the climate-sensitive Tibetan Plateau. Our results showed that changes in microbial community composition accounted for more variations of Q10 values than a wide range of other factors, including soil pH, moisture, substrate quantity and quality, microbial biomass, diversity and enzyme activities. Specifically, co-occurring microbial assemblies (i.e., ecological clusters or modules) targeting labile carbon consumption were negatively correlated with Q10 of soil microbial respiration, whereas microbial assemblies associated with recalcitrant carbon decomposition were positively correlated with Q10 of soil microbial respiration. Furthermore, there were progressive shifts of microbial assemblies from labile to recalcitrant carbon consumption along the altitudinal gradient, supporting relatively high Q10 values in high-altitude regions. Our results provide new insights into the link between changes in major microbial assemblies with different trophic strategies and Q10 of soil microbial respiration along an altitudinal gradient, highlighting that warming could have stronger effects on microbially-mediated soil organic matter decomposition in high-altitude regions than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiao Feng
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ji Chen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele 8830, Denmark
| | | | - Qianggong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xin-Quan Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yusen Yuan
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Songhui Feng
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu-Rong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qiaoyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Tang S, Yuan P, Tawaraya K, Tokida T, Fukuoka M, Yoshimoto M, Sakai H, Hasegawa T, Xu X, Cheng W. Winter nocturnal warming affects the freeze-thaw frequency, soil aggregate distribution, and the contents and decomposability of C and N in paddy fields. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149870. [PMID: 34525703 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is expected to cause greater increases in nocturnal temperatures than daytime temperatures, thereby altering freeze-thaw cycles. Although the importance of freeze-thaw cycles in regulating soil aggregate stability and nutrient availability has attracted increasing attention, little is known about how winter nocturnal warming modulates freeze-thaw frequency, soil aggregate distribution, or the contents and mineralization of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in paddy fields. The nocturnal soil temperature in the upper 0-2 cm layer in a paddy field was elevated by approximately 2 °C using a passive nocturnal warming method during winter. An anaerobic experiment with a first-order reaction model was conducted to measure the C decomposition (C0) and N mineralization (N0) potentials in bulk soil and four soil aggregate fractions. Winter nocturnal warming significantly decreased freeze-thaw frequency and affected soil aggregate distribution and SOC and TN contents in <0.25 mm aggregate. Both SOC and TN fractions were significantly increased in the 0.25-1 mm aggregate but decreased in the >2 mm aggregate due to winter nocturnal warming. Winter nocturnal warming did not affect C0, N0, C0/SOC, and N0/TN in bulk soil. However, it decreased C0 and C0/SOC in all aggregates except the 0.25-1 mm aggregate, and increased N0 and N0/TN in all aggregates except the >2 mm aggregate. In the nocturnal warming treatment, the highest C0 and N0 values were found in the <0.25 mm aggregate, but only the N0 in the <0.25 mm aggregate was significantly larger than that in the other three soil aggregates. Our study indicated that winter nocturnal warming would reduce the freeze-thaw frequency and change C and N distributions in soil aggregates, resulting in increased soil N availability in the subsequent rice growth season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuirong Tang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23, Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ping Yuan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23, Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Yamagata, Japan; College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Keitaro Tawaraya
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23, Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tokida
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-3, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8604, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Minehiko Fukuoka
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-3, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8604, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yoshimoto
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-3, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8604, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Sakai
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-3, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8604, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Hasegawa
- Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 4 Akahira, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka 020-0198, Iwate, Japan
| | - Xingkai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiguo Cheng
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23, Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Yamagata, Japan.
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Drought Affected Ecosystem Water Use Efficiency of a Natural Oak Forest in Central China. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12070839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Global climate models project more frequent drought events in Central China. However, the effect of seasonal drought on ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE) and water regulation strategy in Central China’s natural forests is poorly understood. This study investigated variations in WUE associated with drought in a natural oak (Quercus aliena) forest in Central China from 2017 to 2020 at several timescales based on continuous CO2 and water vapor flux measurements. Results showed that the 4-year mean gross ecosystem production (GEP), evapotranspiration (ET) and WUE of the natural oak forest was 1613.2 ± 116 g Cm−2, 637.8 ± 163.3 mm and 2.6 ± 0.68 g Ckg−1 H2O, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 7.2%, 25.6% and 26.4%, respectively. The inter-annual variation in WUE was large, primarily due to the variation in ET caused by seasonal drought. Drought increased WUE distinctly in summer and decreased it slightly in autumn. During summer drought, surface conductance (gs) usually decreased with an increase in VPD, but the ratios of stomatal sensitivity (m) and reference conductance (gsref) were 0.21 and 0.3 molm−2s−1ln(kPa)−1 in the summer of 2019 and 2020. Strong drought can also affect ecosystem WUE and water regulation strategy in the next year. Decrease in precipitation in spring increased annual WUE. These results suggested that drought in different seasons had different effects on ecosystem WUE. Overall, our findings suggest that the natural oak forest did not reduce GEP by increasing WUE (i.e., reducing ET) under spring and summer drought, which could be due to its typical anisohydric characteristics, although it can also reduce stomatal opening during long-term drought.
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Fu R, Xu X, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Sun Z, Tao X. Forest soil respiration response to increasing nitrogen deposition along an urban–rural gradient. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Tang S, Cheng W, Hu R, Guigue J, Hattori S, Tawaraya K, Tokida T, Fukuoka M, Yoshimoto M, Sakai H, Usui Y, Xu X, Hasegawa T. Five-year soil warming changes soil C and N dynamics in a single rice paddy field in Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:143845. [PMID: 33277011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil temperature is an important determinant of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, but its effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) dynamics as well as rice biomass in rice paddy ecosystems are not fully understood. We conducted a five-year soil warming experiment in a single-cropping paddy field in Japan. Soil temperatures were elevated by approximate 2 °C with heating wires during the rice growing season and by approximate 1 °C with nighttime thermal blankets during the fallow season. Soil samples were collected in autumn after rice harvest and in spring after fallow each year, and anaerobically incubated at 30 °C for four weeks to determine soil C decomposition and N mineralization potentials. The SOC and TN contents, rice biomass, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) concentrations were measured in the study. Soil warming did not significantly enhance rice aboveground and root biomasses, but it significantly decreased SOC and TN contents and thus decreased soil C decomposition and N mineralization potentials due to depletion of available C and N. Moreover, soil warming significantly decreased DOC concentration but significantly increased MBC concentration. The ratios of C decomposition potential to N mineralization potential, decomposition potential to SOC, and N mineralization to TN were not affected by soil warming. There were significant seasonal and annual variations in SOC, C decomposition and N mineralization potentials, soil DOC and MBC under each temperature treatments. Our study implied that soil warming can decrease soil C and N stocks in paddy ecosystem probably via stimulating microbial activities and accelerating the depletion of DOC. This study further highlights the importance of long-term in situ observation of C and N dynamics and their availabilities in rice paddy ecosystems under increasing global warming scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuirong Tang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Weiguo Cheng
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23, Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan.
| | - Ronggui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Julien Guigue
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23, Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan; Chair of Soil Science, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Satoshi Hattori
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23, Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Keitaro Tawaraya
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23, Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tokida
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, 3-1-3, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Minehiko Fukuoka
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, 3-1-3, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yoshimoto
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, 3-1-3, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Sakai
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, 3-1-3, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Usui
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Shinseiminami 9-4, Memuro, Kasai, Hokkaido 082-0081, Japan
| | - Xingkai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Toshihiro Hasegawa
- Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 4 Akahira, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka 020-0198, Japan
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