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Wu JL, Liu ZH, Ma QG, Wan YP, Dang Z, Liu Y, Liu Y. Combined collection systems of sewage and rainfall runoff seriously affect the spatial distributions of natural estrogens and their conjugates in river water: Insights from the Pearl River of China. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 256:121588. [PMID: 38636120 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
So far, little has been known about how the combined collection systems of sewage and rainfall runoff (CCSs) affect emerging contaminants in river water. To fill up the knowledge gap, this study was conducted to investigate the spatial distributions of three natural estrogens (NEs, i.e., estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3)) and their conjugates (C-NEs) in the Pearl River in the wet and dry seasons. Results showed that the respective average concentrations of NEs and C-NEs at different locations alongside the Pearl River in the wet season were 7.3 and 1.8 times those in the dry season. Based on estrogen equivalence (EEQ), the average estimated EEQ level in the Pearl River waters in the wet season was nearly 10 times that in the dry season. These seemed to imply that the CCSs in the wet season not only cause untreated sewage into the receiving water body, but greatly decrease the removal efficiency of NEs and C-NEs in wastewater treatment plant. Furthermore, the estimated annual loads of E1, E2, and E3 to the Pearl River in the wet season accounted for about 88.6 %, 100 %, and 99.3 % of the total annual loads. Consequently, this work for the first time demonstrated that the CCSs in cities with high precipitation are unfavorable for controlling of emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Le Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qing-Guang Ma
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Ping Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Engineering Laboratory of Low-Carbon Unconventional Water Resources Utilization and Water Quality Assurance, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Wu X, Du Z, Ma R, Zhang X, Yang D, Liu H, Zhang Y. Qualitative and quantitative studies of phthalates in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) combined with long short term memory (LSTM) neural network. Food Chem 2024; 433:137300. [PMID: 37657163 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are commonly used plasticizers in the plastics industry, and have received extensive attention due to their reproductive toxicity. Since phthalates are lipophilic solutions, phthalates can easily migrate from packaging to edible oils. This study synthesized stable and sensitive Gold Nanostars as SERS substrates to conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis of two common phthalates, dibutyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Two ethanol standard solutions and actual oil solutions of phthalates at different concentrations (10, 5, 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.02 mg/kg) were prepared. After dimension reduction, LSTM achieved the accuracy of 98% for pure EVOO and EVOO adulterated with different types of phthalates. In terms of quantification, LSTM demonstrates great predictive performance with Rp2 greater than 0.97 and the ratio of performance to deviation greater than 5. These results have certain guiding significance for the analysis of plasticizers in edible oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijun Wu
- Measurement Technology & Instrumentation Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004 China
| | - Zherui Du
- Measurement Technology & Instrumentation Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004 China.
| | - Renqi Ma
- Measurement Technology & Instrumentation Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004 China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Measurement Technology & Instrumentation Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004 China
| | - Daolin Yang
- Measurement Technology & Instrumentation Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004 China
| | - Hailong Liu
- Measurement Technology & Instrumentation Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004 China
| | - Yungang Zhang
- Measurement Technology & Instrumentation Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004 China
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Murtaza B, Wang L, Li X, Nawaz MY, Saleemi MK, Khatoon A, Yongping X. Recalling the reported toxicity assessment of deoxynivalenol, mitigating strategies and its toxicity mechanisms: Comprehensive review. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 387:110799. [PMID: 37967807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins frequently contaminate a variety of food items, posing significant concerns for both food safety and public health. The adverse consequences linked to poisoning from these substances encompass symptoms such as vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, the potential for cancer development, impairments to the immune system, disruptions in neuroendocrine function, genetic damage, and, in severe cases, fatality. The deoxynivalenol (DON) raises significant concerns for both food safety and human health, particularly due to its potential harm to vital organs in the body. It is one of the most prevalent fungal contaminants found in edible items used by humans and animals globally. The presence of harmful mycotoxins, including DON, in food has caused widespread worry. Altered versions of DON have arisen as possible risks to the environment and well-being, as they exhibit a greater propensity to revert back to the original mycotoxins. This can result in the buildup of mycotoxins in both animals and humans, underscoring the pressing requirement for additional investigation into the adverse consequences of these modified mycotoxins. Furthermore, due to the lack of sufficient safety data, accurately evaluating the risk posed by modified mycotoxins remains challenging. Our review study delves into conjugated forms of DON, exploring its structure, toxicity, control strategies, and a novel animal model for assessing its toxicity. Various toxicities, such as acute, sub-acute, chronic, and cellular, are proposed as potential mechanisms contributing to the toxicity of conjugated forms of DON. Additionally, the study offers an overview of DON's toxicity mechanisms and discusses its widespread presence worldwide. A thorough exploration of the health risk evaluation associated with conjugated form of DON is also provided in this discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Murtaza
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China; Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China; Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China
| | | | | | - Aisha Khatoon
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Xu Yongping
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China; Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China.
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Gao X, Cui L, Mu Y, Li J, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Xing F, Duan L, Yang J. Cumulative health risk in children and adolescents exposed to bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116865. [PMID: 37562736 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been widely concerned owing to its widespread detection and endocrine disrupting effect. Nevertheless, systematic analysis and evaluation of the current status of DEHP contamination are still insufficient for children and adolescents. Dietary exposure and nondietary exposure to DEHP were investigated to estimate the total average daily dose (ADD). The top three contributors were dust exposure, edible oil and vegetable intake. Dietary intake contributed highly (70%) to daily exposure to DEHP. By analyzing the monitoring data on DEHP exposure, the cumulative health risks of DEHP were assessed for different age groups of children and adolescents in East China. The probability distributions of noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were determined by Monte Carlo simulation. The results showed that the risk level reduced with age. The predicted mean noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for all age groups exceeded the acceptable level, indicating that the general population would be at high risk by DEHP overexposure. Schoolchildren at ages 6∼<9 were more susceptible to DEHP exposure, with a 30% possibility of exceeding the safety limit Based on these results, gradual banning and restriction should be carried out to decrease DEHP contamination and potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Liang Cui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yingming Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Haiya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Fei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Liang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Kong DM, Tang Z, Liu ZH, Dang Z, Guo PR, Song YM, Liu Y. Simultaneous determination of twelve natural estrogens in dairy milk using liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:112908-112921. [PMID: 37843706 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
There have been many analytical methods for natural estrogens in commercial dairy milk samples, but in most of which, only four major estrogens (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-estradiol (αE2)) were included. This work developed an effective GC-MS analytical method for simultaneous analysis of twelve natural estrogens in commercial dairy milk sample, in which eight far-less well-known natural estrogens (2-hydroxyestone (2OHE1), 4-hydroxyestrone (4OHE1), 2-hydroxyestradiol (2OHE2), 4-hydroxyestradiol (4OHE2), 16-epiestriol (16epiE3), 16α-hydroxyestrone (16αOHE1), 16-ketoestradiol (16ketoE2) and 17epiestriol (17epiE3)) were included besides the four major natural estrogens. With liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction, twelve natural estrogens in commercial dairy milk could be effectively extracted. The established method showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9991), low limits of detections (LODs, 0.02-0.11 ng/g), as well as excellent recoveries (64-117%) with satisfactory low relative standard deviations (RSDs, 0.8-14.7%). This established method was applied to seven commercial dairy milk samples, and all the twelve natural estrogens were frequently detected except for 4OHE2 without detection in any sample. Our results showed that the concentration contribution ratios of the eight far-less well-known natural estrogens in commercial dairy milk samples contributed to 32-83%, while the corresponding contribution ratios based on estrogen equivalence (EEQ) were 21-62%. This work highlighted the high abundance of the eight far-less well-known natural estrogens in commercial dairy milk based on both concentration and EEQ, which has been neglected for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Ming Kong
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Zhao Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng-Ran Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yu-Mei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Civil and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Huang DK, Liu ZH, Wan YP, Dang Z. Analysis and contamination levels of ten phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in Chinese commercial bubble tea: a comparison with commercial milk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:103153-103163. [PMID: 37682440 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid ester (PAE) contamination in popular drink bubble tea has been hardly studied in the world. In this work, a liquid-liquid extraction following solid phase extraction (LLE-SPE)-UPLC-MS/MS method was first established for trace determination of ten PAEs in bubble tea. The developed method was validated with respect to linearity (R2 > 0.992), low limit of detections (LODs, 0.49-3.16 µg/L), and satisfactory recoveries (61.8-127.6%) with a low relative standard derivations (RSDs, 1.1-16.4%), which was also validated for commercial milk. Six out of ten PAEs, i.e., diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dihexyl phthalate (DHP), and diphenyl phthalate (DPP) were detected in Chinese bubble tea with concentrations ranging from not detection (ND) to 53.43 µg/L, while DEHP, DBP, DIBP, DEP, and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) were detected in commercial milk with concentrations ranging from ND to 110.58 µg/L. The respective average concentrations of DEHP in Chinese bubble tea and commercial milk were 19.40 and 23.46 µg/L, which were over two times that in drinking water quality standards of several countries including Israel, Korea, Oman, and Singapore (i.e., 8 µg/L). Calculated with human estimated daily intake (EDI), the average EDIs of five out of seven PAEs in bubble tea were higher than those in commercial milk. For example, the calculated EDI of DIBP in bubble tea was 5 times that in commercial milk, while their respective corresponding EDIs of DBP and DEHP were over 2.4 and 1.6 times. Based on estrogen equivalence (EEQ) with the unit of ng E2/L, the average EEQs of the ten PAEs in Chinese bubble tea and commercial milk were 14.26 and 17.06 ng E2/L, which were 52.8 and 62.3 times the observed effect concentration that could cause egg mortality of zebrafish. It is evident that the potential estrogenic effect of PAEs in bubble tea and commercial milk cannot be negligible. Given the fact that PAE contamination in bubble tea has been hardly investigated, such study is urgently to be performed in a global view.
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Affiliation(s)
- De- Kang Huang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yi-Ping Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
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Tang Z, Liu ZH, Wang H, Wan YP, Dang Z, Guo PR, Song YM, Chen S. Twelve natural estrogens and ten bisphenol analogues in eight drinking water treatment plants: Analytical method, their occurrence and risk evaluation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 243:120310. [PMID: 37473512 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol analogues (BPs) and natural estrogens (NEs) as two important groups of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) have been hardly investigated except bisphenol A (BPA) and three major NEs including estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3). In this study, a GC-MS analytical method was firstly established and validated for trace simultaneous determination of ten BPs and twelve NEs in drinking water, which included BPA, bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol C (BPC), bisphenol E (BPE), bsiphenol F (BPF), bsiphenol P (BPP), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol Z (BPZ), bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol AP (BPAP), E1, E2, E3, 17α-estradiol (17α-E2), 2-hydroestrone (2OHE1), 16hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1), 4-hydroestrone (4OHE1), 2-hydroxyesstradiol (2OHE2), 4-hydroxyestradiol (4OHE2), 17-epiestriol (17epiE3), 16-epiestriol (16epiE3) and 16keto-estraiol (16ketoE2). This investigation showed that eighteen out of twenty-two targeted compounds were detected in drinking source waters of eight DWTPs with concentrations ranging from not detected to 142.8 ng/L. Although the conventional treatment process of DWTP could efficiently remove both BPs and NEs with respective removal efficiencies of 74.1%-90.9% and 74.5%-100%, BPA, BPS, BPE, BPZ, E1, 2OHE1, and 2OHE2 were found in the finished drinking waters. Chlorination could remove part of BPs and NEs, but the efficiency varied greatly with DWTP and the reason was unknown. In the finished drinking waters of eight DWTPs, the highest chemically calculated estrogen equivalence (EEQ) derived from BPs and NEs was up to 6.11 ngE2/L, which was over 22 times that could do harm to zebrafish, indicating a potential risk to human health. Given the fact that many chlorination products of BPs and NEs likely have higher estrogenic activities, the estrogenic effect of BPs and NEs in finished drinking water should be accurately examined urgently with the inclusion of BPs, NEs as well as their main chlorinated by-products. This study shed new light on the occurrence, removal, and potential estrogenic effects of BPs and NEs in DWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Ping Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng-Ran Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yu-Mei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Sa Chen
- Zhongshan Public Water Co., LTD, Zhongshan 528403, China
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Krithivasan R, Miller GZ, Belliveau M, Gearhart J, Krishnamoorthi V, Lee S, Kannan K. Analysis of ortho-phthalates and other plasticizers in select organic and conventional foods in the United States. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:778-786. [PMID: 37726506 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ortho-phthalates and other plasticizers impart flexibility to plastics in food production, processing, and packaging; food consumption is a dominant plasticizer exposure pathway. Lower molecular weight ortho-phthalates are being replaced in plastic products due to toxicity concerns, but toxic hazards of and exposures to replacement ortho-phthalates and other plasticizers are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We measured 12 ortho-phthalates and 9 other plasticizers in conventional and organic U.S. food products to assess magnitude and profiles of contamination. METHODS We measured plasticizers in 34 vegetable oils, 10 milks, 18 infant formulas, and 9 cheese powders from macaroni kits using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We analyzed plastic packaging composition using FTIR spectroscopy. RESULTS We detected eight ortho-phthalates and three alternatives ((1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH), diethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHT), and diisobutyl adipate (DIBA). Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was measured in all 71 products. DEHT had the highest concentration of any plasticizer (>10,000 ng/g in three oils). Oils had the highest total plasticizer (median = 770 ng/g, max = 14,900 ng/g) and milk the lowest (median = 88 ng/g, max = 120 ng/g). Organic milk and refined oils had higher median plasticizer levels than conventional. Refined oils had significantly lower concentrations than unrefined oils. Maximum contributors for every category were non-ortho-phthalates: DEHT (powdered infant formula and oils) and DIBA (cheese powder, milk and liquid formula). Plasticizers were not detected in packaging except epoxidized soybean oil in liquid formula lids. IMPACT STATEMENT Human exposure to plasticizers is a significant public health concern. Nevertheless, sources of such exposures are poorly characterized. This study adds valuable information for estimating legacy and alternative plasticizer exposures from foods. The method developed for measuring DINCH, DINP and DIDP broadens the range of plasticizers other researchers may analyze in future work. The profiles of plasticizer contamination varied depending on the food type. We also document that food processing may be a source of plasticizer contamination in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sunmi Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, 12201, USA
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9
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Wan YP, Ma QG, Hayat W, Liu ZH, Dang Z. Ten bisphenol analogues in Chinese fresh dairy milk: high contribution ratios of conjugated form, importance of enzyme hydrolysis and risk evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:88049-88059. [PMID: 37438504 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28737-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated concentration levels of ten bisphenols (BPs) in 13 Chinese commercial fresh low temperature dairy milk samples (fresh milk) of main local and national brands with or without enzyme hydrolysis. The results showed that at least two BPs were detected in each fresh milk sample without enzyme hydrolysis and the respective mean concentrations of bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol C (BPC), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol AP (BPAP), bisphenol PP (BPP), bisphenol Z (BPZ), and bisphenol E (BPE) were 0.73, 0.61, 1.86, 0.87, 0.42, 0.11, 1.06, 1.42, 1.5, and 0.04 ng/mL, while their respective detection frequencies ranged from 23.1-92.3%. These results indicated the frequent detection of BPs in fresh milk samples. With enzyme hydrolysis, the respective mean concentrations of BPAF, BPA, BPB, BPC, BPF, BPS, and BPAP were increased 7.1-107.1%, indicating the long-ignored importance of enzyme hydrolysis. The respective average estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of BPA by adult and children in China via fresh milk were 32.5 and 37.5 ng/kg bw/d, indicating that BPA in fresh milk was a crucial source to human. Six out of nine other BPs had higher average EDIs than that of BPA, among which the EDI of BPAP was almost three times that of BPA, suggesting the widespread contamination of other BPs in Chinese fresh milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qing-Guang Ma
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Waseem Hayat
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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10
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Liu Y, Chai Z, Haixia Y. Identification of pressed and extracted vegetable oils by headspace GC-MS. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18532. [PMID: 37576238 PMCID: PMC10412762 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible vegetable oils are produced either by mechanical pressing or extraction. Although pressing retains the inherent flavor and nutritional value of the oil, the oil yield is low and the process expensive. Extraction methods have high oil yields, low processing costs, and economic benefits; however, No. 6 solvent, which may pose potential risks to human health, is commonly used in the extraction and cleaning process. Differentiating extracted oil containing these solvents from pressed oil, for quality control, based on visual appearance is difficult. Hence, in this study, an identification method using the characteristic components of solvent No. 6 under optimized headspace Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) conditions was established. It also provided a reference for quality control of industrial production by estimating the amount of solvent present in the oil. Results showed that, in addition to five main components (2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, and n-hexane, Methylcyclopentane, Cyclohexane), accounting for 97% of the solvent, No. 6 solvent also contains 16 types of organic substances, such as olefins, aromatic hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Under optimized headspace GC-MS conditions (headspace sampler equilibrium temperature = 150 °C), the No. 6 solvent exhibits high linearity over a concentration range of 0.05-1 mg/kg with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 and a detection limit of 0.01 mg/kg. Pressed and extracted oils can be determined as follows: If three or fewer main components of the No. 6 solvent are detected, and the total content of No. 6 solvent is less than 0.5 mg/kg, it is a pressed oil; if four or more main components of No. 6 solvent are detected, or the total content of No. 6 solvent is ≥0.5 mg/kg, it is confirmed as an extracted oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Zhejiang Academy of Forestry (Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Forest Resources), 399 Liuhe Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310023, China
| | - Zhenlin Chai
- Zhejiang Academy of Forestry (Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Forest Resources), 399 Liuhe Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310023, China
| | - Yu Haixia
- Zhejiang Academy of Forestry (Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Forest Resources), 399 Liuhe Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310023, China
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11
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Peivasteh-roudsari L, Barzegar-bafrouei R, Sharifi KA, Azimisalim S, Karami M, Abedinzadeh S, Asadinezhad S, Tajdar-oranj B, Mahdavi V, Alizadeh AM, Sadighara P, Ferrante M, Conti GO, Aliyeva A, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Origin, dietary exposure, and toxicity of endocrine-disrupting food chemical contaminants: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18140. [PMID: 37539203 PMCID: PMC10395372 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a growing public health concern worldwide. Consumption of foodstuffs is currently thought to be one of the principal exposure routes to EDCs. However, alternative ways of human exposure are through inhalation of chemicals and dermal contact. These compounds in food products such as canned food, bottled water, dairy products, fish, meat, egg, and vegetables are a ubiquitous concern to the general population. Therefore, understanding EDCs' properties, such as origin, exposure, toxicological impact, and legal aspects are vital to control their release to the environment and food. The present paper provides an overview of the EDCs and their possible disrupting impact on the endocrine system and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raziyeh Barzegar-bafrouei
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Kurush Aghbolagh Sharifi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shamimeh Azimisalim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Karami
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Abedinzadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shabnam Asadinezhad
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Behrouz Tajdar-oranj
- Food and Drug Administration of Iran, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Mahdavi
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 1475744741, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adel Mirza Alizadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia,” Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia,” Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Aynura Aliyeva
- Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology – State Research Institute, 36 Rakowiecka St., 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Qi M, Li Y, Zhu Z, Du B, Chen D. Current Sample Preparation Methods and Determination Techniques for the Determination of Phthalic Acid Ester Plasticizers in Edible Oils. Molecules 2023; 28:5106. [PMID: 37446766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the process of production, processing, transportation, and storage of edible oils, the oils inevitably come into contact with plastic products. As a result, plasticizers migrate into edible oils, are harmful to human health, and can exhibit reproductive toxicity. Therefore, the determination of plasticizers in edible oils is very important, and a series of sample preparation methods and determination techniques have been developed for the determination of plasticizers in edible oils. Phthalic acid ester (PAE) plasticizers are the most widely used among all plasticizers. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the sample preparation methods and detection techniques reported for the determination of PAEs in edible oils since 2010, focusing on sample preparation methods of edible oils combined with various separation-based analytical techniques, such as gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with different detectors. Furthermore, the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of these techniques as well as the prospective future developments are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghui Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bin Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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13
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Xie Z, Zhang X, Wu J, Wu Y. Risk assessment of phthalate metabolites accumulated in fish to the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins from their largest habitat. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:163094. [PMID: 36996992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Food has consistently been shown to be an important source of exposure to environmental pollutants, drawing attention to the health risks of pollutants in marine mammals with high daily food intake. Here, the dietary exposure risks posed to the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), China, by fourteen phthalate metabolites (mPAEs) were evaluated for the first time. On the basis of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, the levels of ∑14mPAEs in ten main species of prey fish (n = 120) of dolphins ranged from 103.0 to 444.5 ng/g wet weight (ww), among which Bombay duck contained a significantly higher body burden of ∑14mPAEs than other prey species. Phthalic acid (PA), monooctyl phthalate (MnOP), monononyl phthalate (MNP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono (5-carboxy-2-ethylpentyl) phthalate (MECPP), monobutyl phthalate (MBP), and monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP) all had a trophic magnification factor (TMF) greater than unity, indicating the biomagnification potential of these mPAEs in the marine ecosystem of the PRE. A dietary exposure assessment based on the adjusted reference dose values of phthalates (PAEs) showed that bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) may pose a high (HQ > 1) and medium (0.01 < HQ < 1) risk to the dolphin adults and juveniles, respectively. Our results highlight the potential health risks of mPAEs to marine mammals through dietary routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Xie
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xiyang Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Jiaxue Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Yuping Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
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14
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Huang M, Zeng Y, Luo K, Lan B, Luo J, Zeng L, Kang Y. Inhalation bioacessibility and lung cell penetration of indoor PM 2.5-bound PAEs and its implication in risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 322:121216. [PMID: 36746290 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have evaluated the human exposure of phthalate esters (PAEs) in PM2.5 via inhalation route, however, inhalation bioaccessibility and the lung cell penetration of PAEs were barely considered in risk assessment. In the present study, PM2.5 samples collected from indoor environments were investigated for inhalation bioaccessibility of PAEs using two simulated lung fluids (gamble's solution (GMB) and artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF)). The results showed that the inhalation bioaccessibility of PAEs (except for diethyl phthalate) under healthy state (GMB: 8.9%-62.8%) was lower than that under the inflammatory condition (ALF: 14.5%-67.6%). Lung cell permeation and metabolism of three selected PAEs (diethyl phthalate, di(n-butyl)phthalate and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) was tested using equivalent lung cell (A549) model. The inhalation bioavailability obtained by combination of the bioaccessibility of PAEs in indoor PM2.5 and permeability data of A549 cell ranged from 11.7% to 51.1% in health condition, and 13.5%-55.0% in inflammatory state. The calibration parameter (Fc) based on the inhalation bioavailability was established in present study and could provide a reference for a more accurate risk assessment of PM2.5-bound PAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantuo Huang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuqi Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kesong Luo
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bingyan Lan
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiwen Luo
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lixuan Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Kang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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15
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Xiao Y, Wong WY, Chan LY, Yong CK, Abe K, Hancock P, Hird S. Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS). TOXICS 2023; 11:200. [PMID: 36976965 PMCID: PMC10056964 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the use of phthalates has been restricted worldwide, they remain an issue due to health concerns. Diet is one of the most important exposure pathways for humans and due to their solubility in oil, phthalates are commonly found in edible oil and food high in fat. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using electron ionization (EI) has been commonly used for the analysis of the phthalates in foodstuffs, including edible oil. However, this method suffers from issues with sensitivity and selectivity, as most phthalates are fragmented to generate a common phthalic anhydride fragment ion at m/z 149. The molecular ion cannot be observed due to strong fragmentation in EI. In contrast, atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) is a soft ionization technique with less fragmentation, whereby the molecular ion can be used as the precursor ion for multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). In this study, a simple and quick method for the determination of phthalates in vegetable oil using APGC-MS/MS was developed, and performance was assessed. The method was based on dilution of the oil in solvent and direct injection without the need for further cleanup. The established method was evaluated for linearity, recovery, precision, method detection limit (MDL), and method quantitation limit (MQL). The obtained MQL in vegetable oil was in the range of 0.015-0.058 mg/kg, despite limiting the injection volume to 1 µL, which is suitable for investigating dietary exposure and future proof against decreases to the regulatory limit. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to analyze nine phthalates in eight commercially available vegetable oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Xiao
- International Food & Water Research Centre, Waters Pacific Pte Ltd., 1 Science Park Road #01-10, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117528, Singapore
| | - Wen Yee Wong
- Nisshin Global Research Center Sdn. Bhd., Lot. 1, Lebuh Sultan Hishamudin 2, Kawasan 20, Bandar Sultan Suleiman, Port Klang 42009, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Li Yan Chan
- International Food & Water Research Centre, Waters Pacific Pte Ltd., 1 Science Park Road #01-10, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117528, Singapore
| | - Chee Keat Yong
- Nisshin Global Research Center Sdn. Bhd., Lot. 1, Lebuh Sultan Hishamudin 2, Kawasan 20, Bandar Sultan Suleiman, Port Klang 42009, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kosuke Abe
- Nisshin Global Research Center Sdn. Bhd., Lot. 1, Lebuh Sultan Hishamudin 2, Kawasan 20, Bandar Sultan Suleiman, Port Klang 42009, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Peter Hancock
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire SK9 4AX, UK
| | - Simon Hird
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire SK9 4AX, UK
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16
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Wang H, Tang Z, Liu ZH, Zeng F, Zhang J, Dang Z. Ten bisphenol analogs were abundantly found in swine and bovine urines collected from two Chinese farms: concentration profiles and risk evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:13407-13417. [PMID: 36131175 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol analogs (BPs) in livestock urine are important biomarkers to reflect the potential contaminants in food products derived from these animals. Nevertheless, little research has been done on their occurrence in farm animal urine. This work investigated ten BPs in swine and bovine urines collected from two Chinese farms. Results showed that all of these ten BPs were frequently detected in swine and bovine urines. The total mean concentration of the ten BPs (ΣBPs) in sow urines was 59.7 ng/mL, which was significantly higher than that of the boar urine with a mean concentration of 37.0 ng/mL (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the corresponding mean concentration of ΣBPs in dairy cattle urine was 59.6 ng/mL, which was significantly higher than that of the beef cattle urine with 37.0 ng/mL (p < 0.05). The respective mean concentration contribution ratios of BPA to ΣBPs in boar, sow, dairy, and beef cattle urines were only 14.9%, 21.4%, 9.0%, and 14.6%, which clearly indicated that BPA was no longer the dominant BP. The average daily urinary excretion rates of ΣBPs by boar, sow, dairy, and beef cattle were 37.0, 59.8, 167.0, and 36.8 times that of human, which suggested that swine and bovine likely encountered high dosage exposure of BPs in the two Chinese livestock farms. Our results showed that feeds and nutritional supplements as unintentionally added contaminants were the main sources of BPs to swine and bovine. As swine and bovine are important food sources for human being, part of BPs exposed to livestock eventually would enter human body via meat or milk. Therefore, quality controls of these feeds or nutritional supplements are quite important in order to guarantee welfare of livestock as well as protect health of our human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Feng Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
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17
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Huang X, Li H, Ruan Y, Li Z, Yang H, Xie G, Yang Y, Du Q, Ji K, Yang M. An integrated approach utilizing raman spectroscopy and chemometrics for authentication and detection of adulteration of agarwood essential oils. Front Chem 2022; 10:1036082. [PMID: 36618867 PMCID: PMC9810987 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1036082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarwood is a precious aromatic plant which has good pharmacological effects such as antidepressant and sedation. It also has good ornamental and collection value. However, due to it is long and complex production process, the output of agarwood essential oils (AEOs) is scarce, so the price is expensive, the quality is uneven, and the adulteration events is endless. From the commercial and pharmaceutical point of view, the authenticity and quality of the commercial products labeled as AEOs is very important. This paper tested the applicability of Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometrics in classification and authenticity identification of AEOs. In this study, Raman spectroscopy and principal component analysis (PCA) combined with partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to comprehensively evaluate AEOs from different geographical origins and/or extracted by different methods which showed different characteristic bands. The characteristic component of AEOs, chromone derivatives, and two commonly used adulterants were also detected. These characteristic bands provide spectrum information of AEO samples and reference materials, which can be used as Raman spectral markers for the qualitative identification of AEOs. This study can provide a novel, fast and convenient method for identification of AEOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Huiting Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Huiting Li, ; Yinlan Ruan,
| | - Yinlan Ruan
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China,*Correspondence: Huiting Li, ; Yinlan Ruan,
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Huda Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Guixin Xie
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Qing Du
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Guxiangjinyun Great Health Industry Co. Ltd, Nanchang, China
| | - Kaidi Ji
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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18
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Jing JJ, Zhang LE, Lu WM, Peng Y, Wang L, Liu SH, Wang MJ, Ou SF, Yang J, Zou YF. Household cooking oil type and risk of oral micronucleus frequency in Chinese nonsmokers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119520. [PMID: 35623571 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Household animal fat has been linked to increased incidence of cancers compared with vegetable fat. However, few epidemiological studies have associated these two cooking oil types with precancerous genotoxic effects, such as occurrence of micronuclei (MN). This study aimed to explore the association between oral MN frequency and household cooking oil type and whether the association can be attributed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We collected information about individual cooking oil use, measured genotoxic effects by MN tests and urinary PAHs metabolites (OHPAHs) in 245 nonsmokers. The associations between household cooking oil type and MN frequency and OHPAHs were analyzed using generalized linear models (GLMs) and logistic regression models, evaluating odds ratios and coefficient (95% confidence intervals) (ORs, 95% Cls; β, 95% Cls). The odds of animal fat consumers, rather than vegetable fat consumers, was positively associated with higher MN frequency (OR = 1.94, P < 0.05). The associations were discovered in participants only using kitchen ventilation (OR = 2.04, P < 0.05). Animal fat consumers had higher total OHPAHs than vegetable fat consumers (1.58 ± 0.22 mg/mol, Cr vs 1.20 ± 0.12 mg/mol, Cr; P = 0.028). Significant correlations were observed between total OHPAHs quartiles and increased MN frequency (β = 0.38, P-trend = 0.026). After stratifying by household cooking oil type, sensitivity analyses showed that the positive association between total OHPAHs quartiles and increased MN frequency was only observed in animal fat consumers (β = 0.61, P-trend = 0.030). In conclusion, usage of household animal fat was associated with an increased odds of oral MN frequency in Chinese nonsmokers and the odds correlated with increased PAHs exposure. This finding supplemented evidence associating cooking oil type with genotoxic effects and explained its association with PAHs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jun Jing
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Li-E Zhang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Wen-Min Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yang Peng
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Public Health, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Shao-Hui Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Ming-Jun Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Song-Feng Ou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yun-Feng Zou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
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19
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Tang Z, Liu ZH, Chen W, Wang C, Wu YJ, Wang H, Dang Z, Liu Y. Twelve natural estrogens in urines of six threatened or endangered mammalian species in Zoo Park: implications and their potential risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:49404-49410. [PMID: 35504991 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20554-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work was the first to report twelve natural estrogens (NEs) in the urines of six threatened or endangered mammalians in a Zoo Park of Guangzhou (i.e., panda, gorilla, elephant, African lion, jaguar, and leopard). Ten out of twelve NEs were detected at least in one urine sample of the six mammalians studied, including the four major NEs (i.e., estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-estradiol (αE2), estriol (E3)), and six other NEs (i.e., 4-hydroxyestrone (4OHE1), 2-hydroxyestradiol (2OHE2), 4-hydroxyestradiol (4OHE2), 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1), 16ketoestradiol (16ketoE2), and 17epiestriol (17epiE3)). The six studied mammalians, ranked in the order of high to low urinary concentration of total NEs, were jaguar, African lion, gorilla, elephant, panda, and leopard, with respective urinary concentrations of 110.4, 86.4, 71.4, 66.0, 55.9, and 52.8 ng/mL. According to the average urinary concentration of NE in the six mammalians ranked from high to low, the top five NEs detected were 16α-OHE1, 4OHE1, E1, E3, and 17epiE3, respectively. These clearly indicated the occurrence of NEs other than the four major types in urines of animals in a Zoo Park. Moreover, the daily excretion rates of the five detected NEs by one elephant ranged from 1162-2254 μg/d with a total daily excretion rate of 8260 μg/d, suggesting that the total urinary excretion of NEs by one adult elephant was equivalent to that by 170 premenopausal women or 506 adult men. Consequently, it appears from this study that NEs in the urines of zoo animals should be considered an emerging source of NEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Jiang Wu
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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20
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Priya Rani M, Gokul Raj MR, Bahuleyan Rameshkumar K. Garcinia gummi-gutta seeds: a novel source of edible oils. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:3475-3479. [PMID: 34796508 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Edible oils are important for human nutrition and health. The demand for edible oils is increasing globally and the situation warrants the identification of new natural sources of oils that have been subjected to proper quality and safety evaluation. Garcinia gummi-gutta is a widely cultivated fruit crop in Kerala, south India. The fruit rinds are the useful part, while the seeds are treated as waste material. This study evaluated the composition, physico-chemical properties, and toxicity of the seed oil with a view to considering its utility in the food sector. RESULTS The yield of oil obtained from the seeds of Garcinia gummi-gutta through hexane extraction was 335.30 g kg-1 . The physico-chemical parameters of the oil were determined through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies. The values agree well with those of conventional edible oils. Stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid, was identified as the main component (55.39%) followed by monounsaturated oleic acid (40.22%) through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Preliminary in vivo acute oral toxicity studies and acute dermal toxicity studies on female Wistar rats, and dermal irritation studies on New Zealand white male rabbits showed no morbidity, mortality, appreciable change in the bodyweight, or clinical signs of dermal responses. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the seeds of G. gummi-gutta are a rich source of edible oil. The presence of stearic acid, a stable fatty acid, as the major constituent suggests that the oil could be suitable for use in value-added food products such as chocolates. Preliminary toxicological studies also recommend the use of the oil in the food and cosmetics sectors. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Priya Rani
- Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, KSCSTE-Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - M R Gokul Raj
- Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, KSCSTE-Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - K Bahuleyan Rameshkumar
- Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, KSCSTE-Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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21
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Zhou X, Zhang Z, Shi H, Liu Q, Chang Y, Feng W, Zhu S, Sun S. Effects of Lycium barbarum glycopeptide on renal and testicular injury induced by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Cell Stress Chaperones 2022; 27:257-271. [PMID: 35362893 PMCID: PMC9106773 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-022-01266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a common environmental pollutant with renal and reproductive toxicity. Lycium barbarum glycopeptide (LbGp) is the main active component of Lycium barbarum, which can protect the kidney and promote reproduction. Autophagy and apoptosis are the regulatory mechanisms of cell adaptation to external stress. This study investigated whether DEHP and LbGp affect kidney and testis by regulating autophagy and apoptosis. DEHP induced apoptosis in human embryonic kidney-293 (HEK-293) cells and human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells, as well as glomerular enlargement, enhanced renal autophagy and inflammation, decreased testicular germ cells, and enhanced testicular autophagy. LbGp reduced apoptosis in HEK-293 cells and HK-2 cells, reduced glomerular enlargement and renal inflammation, enhanced renal autophagy, increased testicular germ cells, and alleviated testicular autophagy. These results suggested that DEHP induced inflammation to cause kidney injury, mildly enhanced renal autophagy, and also induced excessive autophagy, leading to testicular injury. LbGp reduced inflammation and appropriately enhanced autophagy to alleviate renal injury and also reduced excessive autophagy to alleviate testicular injury. Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1)/forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a)-mediated autophagy and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK)-mediated inflammation played important roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianling Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Heng Shi
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiubo Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yuling Chang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Weifeng Feng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Shengyun Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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22
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Wang H, Tang Z, Liu ZH, Zeng F, Zhang J, Dang Z. Occurrence, spatial distribution, and main source identification of ten bisphenol analogues in the dry season of the Pearl River, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:27352-27365. [PMID: 34978033 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol analogues (BPs) including bisphenol a (BPA) have been broadly utilized as industrial feedstocks and unavoidably discharged into water bodies. However, there is little published data on the occurrence, distribution, and environmental risks of other BPs in surface water. In this study, ten BPs besides BPA were analyzed in surface water from the Pearl River, South China. Among these detected BPs, BPA, bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol AF (BPAF), and bisphenol S (BPS) were the most frequently detected compounds. The median concentrations of the measured BPs were ranked in the order of BPA (34.9 ng/L) > BPS (24.8 ng/L) > BPAF (10.1 ng/L) > bisphenol F (BPF) (9.0 ng/L) > bisphenol B (BPB) (7.6 ng/L) > bisphenol C (BPC) (1.2 ng/L). Among them, BPA and BPS were predominant BPs, contributing 68% of the total ten BPs in surface water of the Pearl River. These results demonstrated that BPA and BPS were the most extensively utilized and manufactured BPs in this region. The source analysis of BPs suggested that the BPs may be originated from domestic wastewater, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, and the leaching of microplastic in surface water of the Pearl River. The calculated BP-derived estrogenic activity exhibited low to medium risks in surface water, but their combined estrogenic effects with other endocrine disrupting compounds should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Feng Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
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23
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Wan YP, Chai BW, Wei Q, Hayat W, Dang Z, Liu ZH. 17α-ethynylestradiol and its two main conjugates in seven municipal wastewater treatment plants: Analytical method, their occurrence, removal and risk evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152489. [PMID: 34942255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work shows the existence of both 17-ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate (EE2-3S) and 17-ethinylestradiol-3-glucuronide (EE2-3G) in seven municipal WWTPs with substantial concentrations (n.d-50.10 ng/L). The calculated removal efficiencies of 17-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in the seven municipal WWTPs ranged from 40.8%-100% with an average removal efficiency of 83.3%. However, upon the inclusion of EE2 concentration transformed from EE2-3S and EE2-3G, the corresponding removal efficiencies were increased to 91.4%-100% with an average removal efficiency of 97.3%. This work is the first to clearly illustrate that EE2 conjugates in raw wastewater could greatly underestimate the removal effectiveness of municipal WWTPs on EE2, indicating the importance of the EE2 conjugates in municipal wastewater having been hardly paid with attention. The EE2-derived estrogen equivalence (EEQ) values in the effluents of seven WWTPs ranged from 0 to 0.98 ng E2/L having an average level of 0.45 ng E2/L, which were relatively low. However, upon the inclusion of EE2 transformable from EE2-3S and EE2-3G in effluents, the EE2-derived EEQ values in effluents would be increased to 0.77-4.85 ng E2/L having an average level of 2.71 ng E2/L, which clearly suggested that ignorance of EE2 conjugates in effluent would largely underestimate EE2's environmental risk to receiving water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Wen Chai
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Medical Devices Research and Testing Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Waseem Hayat
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Zhao KM, Zhong SS, Zhang J, Zhang CS, Dang Z, Liu ZH. Activity measurement of arylsulfatase and β-glucuronidase in activated sludge: HPLC-based versus classical spectrophotometric method. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10704. [PMID: 35373470 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arylsulfatase and β-glucuronidase are two important enzymes in wastewater and surface water, which play important roles on cleavage of sulfate/glucuronide estrogens. In this work, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based new method was firstly established for arylsulfatase/β-glucuronidase with determination of p-nitrophenyl sulfate (pNPS)/p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucuronide (pNPG). The limits of detections (LODs) of the developed method for pNPS and pNPG were 0.164 and 0.098 μM, respectively. Intraday and interday reproducibility expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) values of retention times and peak areas was 0.39%-3.68% and 0.23%-4.74%, respectively. The respective recovery efficiencies of this HPLC-based method spiking at three different concentrations for p-nitrophenol (pNP), pNPS, and pNPG in activated sludge were 76.5%-88.1%, 79.2%-93.1%, and 84.2%-96.1%, with RSD below 3.9%. The HPLC-based method was finally applied to estimate the enzyme activity of arylsulfatase/β-glucuronidase in one activated sludge system and along which the classical spectrophotometric method was also evaluated. Compared with the classic spectrophotometric analytical method, the HPLC-based new method could simultaneously measure arylsulfatase/β-glucuronidase one time, which was convenient and time-saving. Moreover, the developed method could effectively avoid possible underestimation that the spectrophotometric method might encounter. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A new HPLC-based method for activity estimation of arylsulfatase and β-glucuronidase was developed. The HPLC-based method can simultaneously estimate enzyme activity of both arylsulfatase and β-glucuronidase. The HPLC-based method can avoid possible underestimation that spectrophotometric method may encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Meng Zhao
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Shu Zhong
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Key Lab Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cun-Sheng Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Key Lab Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Wang SY, Wang MQ, Yang EQ, Chen XM, Pan FG. Review on Occurrence, Sources of Contamination, and Mitigation Strategies of Phthalates in Vegetable Oils. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su Yin. Wang
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130062 PR China
| | - Man Qiu. Wang
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130062 PR China
| | - En Qi Yang
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130062 PR China
| | - Xian Mao. Chen
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130062 PR China
| | - Feng Guang. Pan
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130062 PR China
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26
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Bidgoli SA, Arabshahi P, Ramezan Y. Ovarian toxicity of plant-derived edible oils: a 28 days hormonal and histopathological study in Wistar rat. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:9153-9163. [PMID: 34498184 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Initial evidence on the endocrine-disrupting effects of genetically modified (GM) food motivated us to evaluate the reproductive toxicity of GM and non-GM plant-derived edible oils in female Wistar rats. Sunflower (non-GM), maize (GM), and canola (GM) oils as popular resource dietary oils were purchased from the local market. After tracking the target sequence of CaMV 35S and Nos terminator in all selected batch numbers of edible oils by real-time PCR, oil samples were daily gavaged to 10 weeks Wistar rats for 28 days. Clinical factors, serum lipid levels, sex hormones, and gonadotropins as well as the histopathological changes were compared among groups by statistical analysis. Besides normal lipid profile, gonadotropin levels, and LH/FSH ratio at day 28, serum estradiol levels were raised in both GM (canola oil (p=0.04)) and non-GM (sunflower oil (p=0.008)) groups. In necropsy studies, ovarian atrophies were detected in canola (p<0.001) and sunflower groups (p<0.043) although uterine remained unchanged in all groups. In histopathological evaluations, all sections showed severe congestion and multiple follicular cysts in the sunflower oil group. Simple and secondary cysts in the maize group were the other type of ovarian toxicity in this short period of time. Remarkable estrogenic properties of GM and non-GM plant-derived edible oils with signs of ovarian atrophy, congestion, and cysts may contribute to phthalate or other xenoestrogenic contaminations; therefore, analytical studies of samples and further human populations studies are highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Arbabi Bidgoli
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences (IAUTMU), Dr. Shariati st., Gholhak, Yakhchal, Pharmaceutical Science Branch, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Peyman Arabshahi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences University (IAUTMU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Ramezan
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical University (IAUTMU), Tehran, Iran
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27
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Tang Z, Wan YP, Liu ZH, Wang H, Dang Z, Liu Y. Twelve natural estrogens in urines of swine and cattle: Concentration profiles and importance of eight less-studied. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:150042. [PMID: 34525709 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although four major natural estrogens (i.e., estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and 17α-estradiol (αE2)) have been commonly found in livestock urine, this study reports the occurrence of eight other less-studied natural estrogens in urine of swine and cattle, i.e. 2-hydroxyestone (2OHE1), 4-hydroxyestrone (4OHE1), 2-hydroxyestradiol (2OHE2), 4-hydroxyestradiol (4OHE2), 16-epiestriol (16epiE3), 16α-hydroxyestrone (16αE1), 16-ketoestradiol (16ketoE2), and 17epiestriol (17epiE3). Results showed that each estrogen was found in at least one urine sample, and 6 of 8 the less-studied estrogens were present at frequencies of ≥90% in boars, ≥70% in sows, and ≥50% in dairy cattle. Five of eight the less-studied estrogens were present at frequencies of ≥33.3% in four beef cattle and one bull. On a concentration basis, the 8 less-studied natural estrogens represented 73.2%, 85.2%, 39.9%, 47.7%, 26.9%, 56.0% and 44.1% of total concentrations of the twelve natural estrogens when combining data from all animals. Similar results were observed based on estrogen equivalence, which indicated these newly detected eight less-studied natural estrogens were not negligible. This work is the first to figure out the importance of these less-studied natural estrogens in livestock urine, and their potential environmental risks associated with discharge of livestock wastewater should be urgently assessed in a holistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Ping Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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28
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Wan YP, Liu ZH, Liu Y. Veterinary antibiotics in swine and cattle wastewaters of China and the United States: Features and differences. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:1516-1529. [PMID: 33586826 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary antibiotics (VAs) have been widely used in livestock for disease prevention, treatment, and growth promotion. This study compared top 20 VAs in Chinese and US swine and cattle wastewater with published literatures. The sulfonamides (SAs) were found to be predominant, accounting for 62% of the top 20 VAs in Chinese swine wastewater, while tetracyclines (TCs) contributed to about 68.7% of the 18 VAs in US swine wastewater. The average concentration of the 20 major VAs in Chinese swine wastewater was estimated to be 1145 μg/L against 253.6 μg/L in the United States. On the other hand, the five major VAs in Chinese cattle wastewater were identified to be oxytetracycline, nafcillin, apramycin, lincomycin, and amikacin, while monensin was found to be dominant in US cattle wastewater. The average concentration of the top 20 VAs in Chinese and US cattle wastewaters were found to be 54.6 and 46.2 μg/L, respectively. These analyses suggested that VAs were probably over-used in Chinese swine industry, eventually causing the development and spreading of antibiotic resistant-bacteria and genes, which should be paid with attention. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Major veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in swine and cattle wastewater were identified. Top 20 VAs in swine and cattle wastewater of China and the United States were compared. VAs concentration in Chinese swine wastewater was 4.52 times that in the United States. VAs concentration in Chinese cattle wastewater was 1.18 times that of the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Civil and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Tang Z, Liu ZH, Wang H, Dang Z, Liu Y. A review of 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in surface water across 32 countries: Sources, concentrations, and potential estrogenic effects. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 292:112804. [PMID: 34023789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) is a synthetic estrogen with very strong estrogenic potency. Due to its wide usage in human and livestock as well as its high recalcitration to biodegradation, it was ubiquitous in different environment. This review summarized EE2 concentration levels in surface waters among 32 countries across seven continents. EE2 concentrations varied greatly in different surface waters, which ranged from not detected to 17,112 ng/L. The top 10 countries ranked in the order of high to low average EE2 concentration in surface water, were Vietnam, Cambodia, China, Laos, Brazil, Argentina, Kuwait, Thailand, Indonesia and Portugal, with the respective mean concentrations of 27.7, 22.1, 21.5, 21.1, 13.6, 9.6, 9.5, 8.8, 7.6 and 6.6 ng/L. Generally speaking, the EE2 concentration levels in surface waters in developing countries were much higher than those in developed countries. EE2 in effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was the dominant source to most countries, which suggested that improving the EE2 removal performance of municipal WWTP is the key to mitigate EE2 contamination to surface water body. Livestock, hospital, pharmacy factory and aquaculture wastewaters were also the important sources, but further work should be performed to elucidate their contribution. Evaluation based on estrogenic effects, the EE2-derived estrogen equivalence in surface waters ranged from 0 to 33 ng E2/L, among which about 65% of surface waters among 32 countries were at risk or high risk, indicating global serious EE2 contamination. MAIN FINDING: EE2 concentration in surface waters across 32 countries were summarized, along which its potential estrogenic effects were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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Xu S, Li H, Guo M, Wang L, Li X, Xue Q. Liquid-liquid interfacial self-assembled triangular Ag nanoplate-based high-density and ordered SERS-active arrays for the sensitive detection of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in edible oils. Analyst 2021; 146:4858-4864. [PMID: 34231571 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00713k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
DBP, one of the phthalic acid esters (PAEs), is known as an endocrine disruptor and is toxic to humans in abnormal concentrations. Here, a high-density and ordered SERS substrate based on the self-assembly of triangular Ag nanoplate (TAgNP) arrays is developed for DBP detection. Benefiting from the ordered arrangement and sharp corners of TAgNPS, the arrays can provide sufficient and uniform hotspots for reproducible and highly active SERS effects. Using Rhodamine 6G (R6G) as a reporter molecule, the SERS enhancement factor (EF) of the TAgNP arrays was found to be as high as 1.2 × 107 and the relative standard deviation was 6.56%. As a trial for practical applications, the TAgNP array substrates were used for the detection of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in edible oils. In this assay, edible oil samples were added to hexane as an organic phase for the formation of the TAgNP arrays, which caused DBP to be loaded at hotspots. DBP in edible oils could be identified at concentrations as low as 10-7 M. This SERS substrate based on the TAgNP arrays has great potential applications in the high sensitivity and reproducible detection of contaminants in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng Unviersity, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
| | - Hefu Li
- School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Meng Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng Unviersity, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng Unviersity, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
| | - Xia Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng Unviersity, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
| | - Qingwang Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng Unviersity, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
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Luís C, Algarra M, Câmara JS, Perestrelo R. Comprehensive Insight from Phthalates Occurrence: From Health Outcomes to Emerging Analytical Approaches. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9070157. [PMID: 34357900 PMCID: PMC8309855 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9070157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are a group of chemicals used in a multitude of important industrial products (e.g., medical devices, children's toys, and food packages), mainly as plasticizers to improve mechanical properties such as flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The wide occurrence of phthalates in many consumer products, including foods (e.g., bottled water, soft drinks, wine, milk, and meat) brings that most people are exposed to phthalates every day, which raises some concerns. Adverse health outcomes from phthalates exposure have been associated with endocrine disruption, deformities in the human reproductive system, increased risk of preterm birth, carcinogen exposure, among others. Apprehension related to the health risks and ubiquitous incidence of phthalates in foods inspires the development of reliable analytical approaches that allow their detection and quantification at trace levels. The purpose of the current review is to provide information related to the presence of phthalates in the food chain, highlighting the health risks associated with their exposure. Moreover, an overview of emerging extraction procedures and high-resolution analytical approaches for a comprehensive quantification of phthalates is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Luís
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.L.); (J.S.C.)
- Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, Unidade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Manuel Algarra
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain;
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.L.); (J.S.C.)
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Engenharia, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.L.); (J.S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-291-705-224
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Zhu BB, Zhang ZC, Li J, Gao XX, Chen YH, Wang H, Gao L, Xu DX. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces testicular endoplasmic reticulum stress and germ cell apoptosis in adolescent mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:21696-21705. [PMID: 33411269 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a male reproductive toxicant. This research is aimed at investigating the effect of pubertal DEHP exposure on testicular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and germ cell apoptosis. Five-week-old male mice were orally administered with DEHP (0, 0.5, 50, or 500 mg/kg/day) for 35 days. Testis weight and sperm count were reduced in mice exposed to 500 mg/kg/day DEHP. The number of seminiferous tubules in stages VII-VIII, mature seminiferous tubules, was reduced and the number of seminiferous tubules in stages IX-XII, immature seminiferous tubules, was elevated in mice treated with 500 mg/kg/day DEHP. Numerous apoptotic germ cells were observed in mouse seminiferous tubules exposed to 50 and 500 mg/kg/day DEHP. Moreover, cleaved caspase-3 was elevated in mouse testes exposed to 500 mg/kg/day DEHP. In addition, Bcl-2 was reduced and Bax/Bcl-2 was elevated in mouse testes exposed to 500 mg/kg/day DEHP. Additional experiment showed that GRP78, an ER molecular chaperone, was downregulated in mouse testes exposed to 500 mg/kg/day DEHP. Testicular p-IRE-1α, p-JNK, and CHOP, three markers of ER stress, were upregulated in mice exposed to 500 mg/kg/day DEHP. These results suggest that pubertal exposure to high doses of DEHP induces germ cell apoptosis partially through initiating ER stress in testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Zhu
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - Xing-Xing Gao
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan-Hua Chen
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - Lan Gao
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China.
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China.
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Tang Z, Liu ZH, Wang H, Dang Z, Liu Y. Occurrence and removal of 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in municipal wastewater treatment plants: Current status and challenges. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 271:129551. [PMID: 33453480 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a synthetic estrogen, 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) has been known to show the strong estrogenic potency. This work critically reviewed the occurrence and removal of EE2 in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Based on the on-site investigations from 282 municipal WWTPs across 29 countries, the concentrations of EE2 in influent and effluent ranged from n.d-7890 and n.d-549 ng/L, with respective average concentrations of 78.4 and 12.3 ng/L. The average effluent concentration of EE2 was more than 61 times higher than the reported lowest-observed-effect concentration, indicating an urgent need for removing EE2 in WWTPs. The calculated removal efficiencies of EE2 in different wastewater treatment processes varied from -100%-100%. Averagely, 47.5% of EE2 was removed in the primary treatment process, 55.3% by biological filter treatment, 59.4% by lagoon and 71.5% by activated sludge process. The observed removal of EE2 in municipal WWTP could be mainly attributed to adsorption and biodegradation, which could be predicted according to its solid-water distribution coefficients and biodegradation rate constants. However, it should be noted that the predicted removal of EE2 was found to deviate from the in-plant observation, likely attributing to the existence of EE2 conjugates in raw municipal wastewater. Therefore, the effect of EE2 conjugates on the EE2 removal in WWTPs should be taken into account in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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34
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Liu ZH, Dang Z, Liu Y. Legislation against endocrine-disrupting compounds in drinking water: essential but not enough to ensure water safety. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:19505-19510. [PMID: 33620688 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Since the last several decades, there has been a growing concern on the presence of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in potable water due to their negative impacts on public health of mankind. As such, more and more EDCs have been regulated in many national drinking water quality standards. Given this situation, this work attempted to deliberately offer new insights into some remaining scientific challenges, i.e., (1) what should the allowable EDC concentration be in drinking water?; (2) should the main chlorinated byproducts of EDCs be regulated in potable water?; and (3) what concentration should be regulated for each chlorinated EDC? It is expected that these could help to better design the water quality regulations for EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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35
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Zhong SS, Zhang J, Liu ZH, Dang Z, Liu Y. Inhibition Properties of Arylsulfatase and β-Glucuronidase by Hydrogen Peroxide, Hypochlorite, and Peracetic Acid. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8163-8170. [PMID: 33817475 PMCID: PMC8014925 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Arylsulfatase and β-glucuronidase are two important enzymes in humans, which play an important role in the dynamic equilibrium of steroidal estrogens. This work probably for the first time reported that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hypochlorite, and peracetic acid (PAA) could effectively inhibit the activities of arylsulfatase and/or β-glucuronidase. The 50% of inhibitions (IC50) of H2O2, hypochlorite, and PAA on arylsulfatase were found to be 142.90 ± 9.00, 91.83 ± 10.01, and 43.46 ± 2.92 μM, respectively. The corresponding IC50 values of hypochlorite and PAA on β-glucuronidase were 704.90 ± 41.40 and 23.26 ± 0.82 μM, whereas H2O2 showed no inhibition on β-glucuronidase. The inhibitions of arylsulfatase and/or β-glucuronidase by these three chemicals were pH-dependent. It was further revealed that the inhibitions of hypochlorite on both arylsulfatase and β-glucuronidase were irreversible. On the contrary, the inhibitions by H2O2 and PAA were reversible. In addition, the inhibition by H2O2 was competitive and that by PAA was noncompetitive. In general, H2O2 and hypochlorite can be endogenously produced in humans, which suggested that the two compounds are potential endocrine disruption compounds (EDCs) as they can cause endocrine disruption via the inhibition of arylsulfatase and β-glucuronidase. This work further indicated that any agent that can induce the production of H2O2 or hypochlorite in humans is a potential EDC, which explains why some EDCs with very weak or no estrogenic potency can cause endocrine disruption, which is confirmed in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Shu Zhong
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Prasad B. Phthalate pollution: environmental fate and cumulative human exposure index using the multivariate analysis approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:389-399. [PMID: 33566875 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00396d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive review was performed on the environmental fate, environmental occurrence, toxicity, physical-chemical properties, abiotic and biotic removal and degradation of phthalate esters (PAEs) to compute the overall phthalate exposure and their impact on human beings. The removal and degradation of these wide spread pollutants by abiotic processes such as hydrolysis and photodecomposition are very slow and insignificant. On the other hand, the breakdown of PAEs by microorganisms is considered to be one of the major routes of environmental degradation for these widespread pollutants. Numerous microbial strains have been reported to degrade these compounds under aerobic, anaerobic and facultative conditions. Concurrently, the environmental fate, transport and transformation/degradation of these compounds under natural conditions are highly dependent on their physical and chemical properties. In order to understand the relationship between the concentrations of PAEs of different environmental compartments and human exposure prospects, a novel average phthalate pollution index (PPI) and cumulative phthalate exposure index (PEI) were proposed using the multivariate analysis approach. These indices were computed on the basis of relative importance, environmental occurrence, toxicity, physical-chemical properties, abiotic and biotic removal and degradation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) and diethyl-hexyl phthalate (DEHP). At present, the average PPI and cumulative PEI of 29 countries were evaluated using the concentrations of PAEs reported in the literature. These indices signify the overall phthalate pollution, human exposure and their interrelation. According to the index, Slovakia, Canada, Taiwan, Sweden and South Africa are among the top five countries in terms of cumulative phthalate exposure as per the existing data. The exposure percentage of total PAEs significantly varies between 23 and 44% since many environmental compartments are not directly exposed to human beings and they are degraded under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bablu Prasad
- Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, India.
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Morová M, Senko T, Olexová L, Dzirbíková Z, Kršková L. A mixture of diethylhexyl, diisononyl and dibutyl phthalate decreased anogenital distance, postnatal testosterone levels, and changed social behavior in Wistar rats. Physiol Res 2020; 69:S489-S498. [PMID: 33476171 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are chemicals interfering with the function of testosterone and are suspected to play a role in the emergence of neurodevelopmental diseases. This could be due to interference with brain development for which optimal testosterone levels are essential. We investigated the effect of prenatal and early postnatal exposure to a phthalate mixture on the anogenital distance (AGD), plasma testosterone levels and social behavior in rats. Pregnant rats were exposed to a mixture of diethylhexyl, diisononyl and dibutyl phthalate, each at a dose of 4.5 mg/kg/day, from gestational day 15 to postnatal day 4. A social interaction test was performed to assess sociability in the three ontogenetic stages (weaning, puberty, adulthood). AGD was measured in adulthood to assess changes in prenatal testosterone levels. Plasma testosterone levels were measured in adults by a radioimmunoassay. The total frequency and time of socio-cohesive interactions were decreased in phthalate exposed females in weaning, puberty and adulthood. Phthalate exposed males showed a decrease in the frequency of social interactions in weaning only. Shorter anogenital distance was observed in adult males exposed to phthalates. Decreased testosterone levels were observed in the exposed group in both sexes. Our results suggest that early developmental phthalate exposure may play an important role in the hormonal and behavioral changes associated with several neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morová
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Kotowska U, Kapelewska J, Sawczuk R. Occurrence, removal, and environmental risk of phthalates in wastewaters, landfill leachates, and groundwater in Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115643. [PMID: 33254702 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates or phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are chemical compounds whose use is exceptionally widespread in everyday materials but, at the same time, have been proven to have harmful effects on living organisms. Effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and leachates from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are important sources of phthalates with respect to naturally occurring waters. The main aim of this research was determination, mass loads, removal rates and ecological risk assessment of eight phthalates in municipal wastewaters, landfill leachates and groundwater from Polish WWTPs and MSW landfills. Solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry were used for the extraction and determination of analytes. Summed up concentrations of eight phthalates ranged from below LOD to 596 μg/L in influent wastewater with the highest concentration found for bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) (143 μg/L). The average degree of phthalate removal varies depending on the capacity of a given treatment plant with larger treatment plants coping better than smaller ones. The highest treatment efficiency for all tested treatment plants, over 90%, was reported for dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP). Overall concentrations of phthalates in leachates ranged from below LOD to 303 μg/L while the highest maximum concentration was registered for DEHP (249 μg/L). Overall concentrations of phthalic acid esters in groundwater from upstream monitoring wells ranged from below LOD to 1.8 μg/L and from LOD to 27.9 μg/L in samples from wells downstream of MSW landfills. The obtained data shows that diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), DEHP, and diisononyl phthalate (DINP) pose a high risk for all trophic levels being considered in effluent wastewaters. In the case of groundwater high environmental risk was recorded for DBP and DEHP for all tested trophic levels. Phthalates, in concentrations that pose a high environmental risk, are present in Polish municipal after-treatment wastewater as well as in groundwater under municipal solid waste landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Kotowska
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K Street, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Justyna Kapelewska
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K Street, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Róża Sawczuk
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K Street, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
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Stewart MK, Mattiske DM, Pask AJ. Exogenous Oestrogen Impacts Cell Fate Decision in the Developing Gonads: A Potential Cause of Declining Human Reproductive Health. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8377. [PMID: 33171657 PMCID: PMC7664701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of testicular dysgenesis syndrome-related conditions and overall decline in human fertility has been linked to the prevalence of oestrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the environment. Ectopic activation of oestrogen signalling by EDCs in the gonad can impact testis and ovary function and development. Oestrogen is the critical driver of ovarian differentiation in non-mammalian vertebrates, and in its absence a testis will form. In contrast, oestrogen is not required for mammalian ovarian differentiation, but it is essential for its maintenance, illustrating it is necessary for reinforcing ovarian fate. Interestingly, exposure of the bi-potential gonad to exogenous oestrogen can cause XY sex reversal in marsupials and this is mediated by the cytoplasmic retention of the testis-determining factor SOX9 (sex-determining region Y box transcription factor 9). Oestrogen can similarly suppress SOX9 and activate ovarian genes in both humans and mice, demonstrating it plays an essential role in all mammals in mediating gonad somatic cell fate. Here, we review the molecular control of gonad differentiation and explore the mechanisms through which exogenous oestrogen can influence somatic cell fate to disrupt gonad development and function. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for defining the effects of oestrogenic EDCs on the developing gonads and ultimately their impacts on human reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie K. Stewart
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (D.M.M.); (A.J.P.)
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Tang Z, Liu ZH, Wang H, Dang Z, Yin H, Zhou Y, Liu Y. Trace determination of eleven natural estrogens and insights from their occurrence in a municipal wastewater treatment plant and river water. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 182:115976. [PMID: 32622129 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As endocrine disruptors, natural estrogens including estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) in wastewaters of municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) as well as other environmental matrix have been widely studied. However, the far-less studied natural estrogens such as 2-hydroxyestrone (2OHE1), 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1), 4-hydroxyestrone (4OHE1), etc., found in human urine have been almost ignored. Therefore, it is important to investigate the occurrence of these far-less studied natural estrogens in municipal WWTP and other environment. In this study, a GC-MS analytical method was firstly established and validated for trace determination of eleven natural estrogens in waste and surface waters, including E1, E2, E3, 2OHE1, 16α-OHE1, 4OHE1, 2-hydroxyestradiol (2OHE2), 4-hydroxyestradiol (4OHE2), 17-epiestriol (17epiE3), 16-epiestriol (16epiE3), and 16keto-estradiol (16ketoE2). All the eleven natural estrogens were detected in the influent of one municipal WWTP, which ranged from 7.9 to 62.9 ng/L. The top five natural estrogens in the influent were E1, E3, 16α-OHE1, 16ketoE2, and 2OHE1 with respective concentrations of 62.9, 62.6, 46.9, 32.7, and 28.8 ng/L. Most of them were detected in both the effluent and river water, in which their detected concentrations were n.d-14.7 and n.d-51.7 ng/L, respectively. This work is the first to indicate that the so far less commonly studied natural estrogens in the environment likely pose adverse health effect on humans and wildlife due to their relative strong estrogenic potencies and high levels in wastewater and river water. More work should be done to understand their removals in municipal WWTPs and their occurrence in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yu Liu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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Giuliani A, Zuccarini M, Cichelli A, Khan H, Reale M. Critical Review on the Presence of Phthalates in Food and Evidence of Their Biological Impact. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5655. [PMID: 32764471 PMCID: PMC7460375 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are a huge class of chemicals with a wide spectrum of industrial uses, from the manufacture of plastics to food contact applications, children's toys, and medical devices. People and animals can be exposed through different routes (i.e., ingestion, inhalation, dermal, or iatrogenic exposure), as these compounds can be easily released from plastics to water, food, soil, air, making them ubiquitous environmental contaminants. In the last decades, phthalates and their metabolites have proven to be of concern, particularly in products for pregnant women or children. Moreover, many authors reported high concentrations of phthalates in soft drinks, mineral waters, wine, oil, ready-to-eat meals, and other products, as a possible consequence of their accumulation along the food production chain and their accidental release from packaging materials. However, due to their different physical and chemical properties, phthalates do not have the same human and environmental impacts and their association to several human diseases is still under debate. In this review we provide an overview of phthalate toxicity, pointing out the health and legal issues related to their occurrence in several types of food and beverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Giuliani
- "G.d'Annunzio" School of Advanced Studies, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Angelo Cichelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Interuniversity Center on Interactions between Electromagnetic Fields and Biosystems, National Research Council-Institute for Electromagnetic Detection of The Environment, (ICEMB-CNR-IREA), 80124 Naples, Italy
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Delove Tegladza I, Qi T, Chen T, Alorku K, Tang S, Shen W, Kong D, Yuan A, Liu J, Lee HK. Direct immersion single-drop microextraction of semi-volatile organic compounds in environmental samples: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 393:122403. [PMID: 32126428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Single-drop microextraction (SDME) techniques are efficient approaches to pretreatment of aqueous samples. The main advantage of SDME lies in the miniaturization of the solvent extraction process, minimizing the hazards associated with the use of toxic organic solvents. Thus, SDME techniques are cost-effective, and represent less harm to the environment, subscribing to green analytical chemistry principles. In practice, two main approaches can be used to perform SDME - direct immersion (DI)-SDME and headspace (HS)-SDME. Even though the DI-SDME has been shown to be quite effective for extraction and enrichment of various organic compounds, applications of DI-SDME are normally more suitable for moderately polar and non-polar semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) using organic solvents which are immiscible with water. In this review, we present a historical overview and current advances in DI-SDME, including the common analytical tools which are usually coupled with DI-SDME. The review also focuses on applications concerning SVOCs in environmental samples. Currents trends in DI-SDME and possible future direction of the procedure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Delove Tegladza
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Tong Qi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Tianyu Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Kingdom Alorku
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Sheng Tang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Wei Shen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Dezhao Kong
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Aihua Yuan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200137, PR China
| | - Hian Kee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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Kıralan SS, Toptancı İ, Öncül Abacıgil T, Ramadan MF. Phthalates levels in olive oils and olive pomace oils marketed in Turkey. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1332-1338. [PMID: 32496879 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1766120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are used as additives and plasticisers in packaging for personal care and food products. Several investigations reported the harmful impact of phthalates on human health. In this study, different types of olive oils (12 olive oil; 20 extra virgin oil; 4 refined pomace oil) in different packaging materials [polyethylene terephthalate (PET), glass and metal] obtained from local markets in Turkey in 2019, were analysed using GC-MS for the presence of benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP). The average recoveries of the 5 phthalates in olive oils were 87%-100%, with limits of quantification (LOQs) of 0.09-2.28 mg/kg. DEHP was the abundant phthalate in all olive oil samples ranging from below the LOQ (0.23 mg/kg) to 602 mg/kg. In all analysed samples, the levels of DINP and DIDP were less than their LOQ, thus these phthalates were not detected. The highest DEHP content was found in an olive oil sample containing 602 mg/kg, whilst 5 samples did not contain detectable phthalate esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sezer Kıralan
- Department of Food Engineering, Balıkesir University , Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - İsra Toptancı
- Department of Dioxin, Istanbul Food Control Laboratory , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuba Öncül Abacıgil
- Department of Olive Processing Technology, Balıkesir University , Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan
- Agricultural Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University , Zagazig, Egypt.,Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University , Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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44
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Utilization of wastewater from edible oil industry, turning waste into valuable products: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Wang H, Liu ZH, Tang Z, Zhang J, Yin H, Dang Z, Wu PX, Liu Y. Bisphenol analogues in Chinese bottled water: Quantification and potential risk analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136583. [PMID: 31955091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polycarbonate (PC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as the package materials have been widely used for Chinese bottled water, from which estrogenic bisphenol analogues might migrate into bottled water. Therefore, there is a strong need to investigate the occurrence and potential risk of such estrogenic bisphenol analogues in Chinese bottled waters. In this study, a GC-MS method was first established and validated for determination of trace-level ten kinds of bisphenol analogues, including bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol C (BPC), bisphenol E (BPE), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol P (BPP), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol Z (BPZ), bisphenol AP (BPAP), and bisphenol AF (BPAF). BPA was detected in all eleven brands of PET bottled waters with concentrations of 12.4-44.9 ng/L. Some bisphenol analogues were detected in PET bottled waters, and the average concentrations of BPA, BPE, and BPAF in PET bottled waters were found to be 20.8, 1.8, and 2.2 ng/L, respectively. The other eight bisphenol analogues were not detected in PET bottled waters. On the other hand, BPA was detected with high concentrations of 111.8 to 6452.8 ng/L in ten brands of PC bottled water. The average concentrations of BPA, BPS, BPAP, and BPAF were determined to be 1394.3, 1.9, 1.4 and 1.0 ng/L, respectively, while the other seven bisphenol analogues were not detected. High BPA concentration detected in PC bottled waters would remarkably increase human BPA daily intake through daily consumption of such bottled waters. Meanwhile, high estrogen equivalence (EEQ) in PC bottled waters of China is mainly due to the presence of BPA, which may imply adverse effect on human. Therefore, further investigation should be dedicated to assess PC bottled water-associated BPA risks in a more holistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhao Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping-Xiao Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech one, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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