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Jiang X, Tehreem S, Rahim K, Wang M, Wu P, Zhang G. Enhancing the thermal stability and activity of zearalenone lactone hydrolase to promote zearalenone degradation via semi-rational design. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 180:110499. [PMID: 39191068 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a fungal toxin produced by Fusarium exospore, which poses a significant threat to both animal and human health due to its reproductive toxicity. Removing ZEN through ZEN lactonase is currently the most effective method reported, however, all published ZEN lactonases suffer from the poor thermal stability, losing almost all activity after 10 min of treatment at 55℃. In this study, we heterologously expressed ZHD11A from Phialophora macrospora and engineered it via semi-rational design. A mutant I160Y-G242S that can retain about 40 % residual activity at 55℃ for 10 min was obtained, which is the most heat-tolerant ZEN hydrolase reported to date. Moreover, the specific activity of the I160Y-G242S was also elevated 2-fold compared to ZHD11A from 220 U/mg to 450 U/mg, which is one of the most active ZEN lactonses reported. Dynamics analysis revealed that the decreased flexibility of the main-chain carbons contributes to increased thermal stability and the improved substrate binding affinity and catalytic turnover contribute to enhanced activity of variant I160Y-G242S. In all, the mutant I160Y-G242S is an excellent candidate for the industrial application of ZEN degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Sana Tehreem
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China
| | - Kashif Rahim
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Meixing Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China
| | - Pan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China
| | - Guimin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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2
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Wang G, Wu W, Keller NP, Guo X, Li E, Ma J, Xing F. Metarhizium spp. encode an ochratoxin cluster and a high efficiency ochratoxin-degrading amidohydrolase revealed by genomic analysis. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00308-4. [PMID: 39089618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ochratoxins (OTs) are worldwide regulated mycotoxins contaminating a variety of food-environment and agro-environment. Several Aspergillus and Pencillium species synthesize OTs from a six-gene biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) to produce the highly toxic final product OTA. Although many studies on OTA-degrading enzymes were performed, high efficiency enzymes with strong stability are extremely needed, and the OTA degrading mechanism is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to explore the OT-degradation enzyme and investigate its degradation mechanisms in Metarhizium, which contain an OT biosynthetic gene cluster. METHODS Phylogenomic relationship combined with RNA expression analysis were used to explore the distribution of OT BGC in fungi. Bioactivity-guided isolation and protein mass spectrometry were conducted to trace the degrading enzymes in Metarhizium spp., and the enzymes were heterologously expressed in E. coli and verified by in vitro assays. Structure prediction and point mutation were performed to reveal the catalytic mechanism of MbAmh1. RESULTS Beyond Aspergillus and Pencillium species, three species of the distant phylogenetic taxon Metarhizium contain an expressed OT-like BGC but lack an otaD gene. Unexpectedly, no OT BGC products were found in some Metarhizium species. Instead, Metarhizium metabolized both OTA and OTB to their non-toxic degradation products. This activity of M. brunneum was attributed to an intracellular hydrolase MbAmh1, which was tracked by bioactivity-guided proteomic analysis combined with in vitro reaction. Recombinant MbAmh1 (5 μg/mL) completely degraded 1 μg/mL OTA within 3 min, demonstrating a strong degrading ability towards OTA. Additionally, MbAmh1 showed considerable temperature adaptability ranging from 30 to 70 °C and acidic pH stability ranging from 4.0 to 7.0. Identification of active sites supported the crucial role of metal iron for this enzymatic reaction. CONCLUSION These findings reveal different patterns of OT synthesis in fungi and provide a potential OTA degrading enzyme for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Wenqing Wu
- Horticulture and Landscape College, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, PR China.
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Xu Guo
- Horticulture and Landscape College, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, PR China.
| | - Erfeng Li
- Horticulture and Landscape College, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, PR China.
| | - Junning Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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3
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Liu M, Zhang X, Luan H, Zhang Y, Xu W, Feng W, Song P. Bioenzymatic detoxification of mycotoxins. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1434987. [PMID: 39091297 PMCID: PMC11291262 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1434987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced during the growth, storage, and transportation of crops contaminated by fungi and are physiologically toxic to humans and animals. Aflatoxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin, patulin, and fumonisin are the most common mycotoxins and can cause liver and nervous system damage, immune system suppression, and produce carcinogenic effects in humans and animals that have consumed contaminated food. Physical, chemical, and biological methods are generally used to detoxify mycotoxins. Although physical methods, such as heat treatment, irradiation, and adsorption, are fast and simple, they have associated problems including incomplete detoxification, limited applicability, and cause changes in food characteristics (e.g., nutritive value, organoleptic properties, and palatability). Chemical detoxification methods, such as ammonification, ozonation, and peroxidation, pollute the environment and produce food safety risks. In contrast, bioenzymatic methods are advantageous as they achieve selective detoxification and are environmentally friendly and reusable; thus, these methods are the most promising options for the detoxification of mycotoxins. This paper reviews recent research progress on common mycotoxins and the enzymatic principles and mechanisms for their detoxification, analyzes the toxicity of the degradation products and describes the challenges faced by researchers in carrying out enzymatic detoxification. In addition, the application of enzymatic detoxification in food and feed is discussed and future directions for the development of enzymatic detoxification methods are proposed for future in-depth study of enzymatic detoxification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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Liu J, Zeng S, Zhu H, Wan X, Sohan ASMMF, Yin B. A Portable Automated Microfluidic Platform for Point-of-Care Testing for Multiple Mycotoxins in Wine. Foods 2024; 13:2066. [PMID: 38998571 PMCID: PMC11241659 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Food safety requires point-of-care testing (POCT) for mycotoxins, since their presence in wine significantly impacts the wine industry and poses a severe threat to human life. Traditional detection methods are usually limited to detecting one mycotoxin and cannot achieve high-throughput, automated, and rapid quantitative analysis of multiple mycotoxins in real samples. Here, we propose a portable automated microfluidic platform (PAMP) integrating a chemiluminescence (CL) imaging system and a microfluidic chip to realize POCT for multiple mycotoxins in real samples, simplifying complex manual operations, shortening the detection time, and improving the detection sensitivity. Specially, silicone films were used as substrates on microfluidic chips to incubate mycotoxin conjugations, and the streptavidin-biotin (SA-B) system and an indirect immunoassay were implemented on silicone films to improve the sensitivity of reaction results. Interestingly, these methods significantly improved detection results, resulting in sensitive detection of mycotoxins, including zearalenone (ZEA) ranging from 1 to 32 ng/mL, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) ranging from 0.2 to 6.4 ng/mL, and ochratoxin A (OTA) ranging from 2 to 64 ng/mL. The recovery of samples reached 91.39-109.14%, which verified the reliability and practicability of the PAMP. This PAMP enables sensitive and rapid detection of multiple mycotoxins in markets or wineries that lack advanced laboratory facilities. Therefore, it is essential to develop a portable microfluidic platform for POCT to detect mycotoxins in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Suqian Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Suqian 223800, China
| | - Shiyu Zeng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Haoyu Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Xinhua Wan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - A S M Muhtasim Fuad Sohan
- School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Binfeng Yin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
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Sun Z, Fang Y, Zhu Y, Tian W, Yu J, Tang J. Biotransformation of zearalenone to non-estrogenic compounds with two novel recombinant lactonases from Gliocladium. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:75. [PMID: 38454365 PMCID: PMC10921726 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) produced by toxigenic fungi is widely present in cereals and its downstream products. The danger of ZEA linked to various human health issues has attracted increasing attention. Thus, powerful ZEA-degrading or detoxifying strategies are urgently needed. Biology-based detoxification methods are specific, efficient, and environmentally friendly and do not lead to negative effects during cereal decontamination. Among these, ZEA detoxification using degrading enzymes was documented to be a promising strategy in broad research. Here, two efficient ZEA-degrading lactonases from the genus Gliocladium, ZHDR52 and ZHDP83, were identified for the first time. This work studied the degradation capacity and properties of ZEA using purified recombinant ZHDR52 and ZHDP83. RESULTS According to the ZEA degradation study, transformed Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) PLySs cells harboring the zhdr52 or zhdp83 gene could transform 20 µg/mL ZEA within 2 h and degrade > 90% of ZEA toxic derivatives, α/β-zearalanol and α/β-zearalenol, within 6 h. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that the optimal pH was 9.0 for ZHDR52 and ZHDP83, and the optimum temperature was 45 °C. The purified recombinant ZHDR52 and ZHDP83 retained > 90% activity over a wide range of pH values and temperatures (pH 7.0-10.0 and 35-50 °C). In addition, the specific activities of purified ZHDR52 and ZHDP83 against ZEA were 196.11 and 229.64 U/mg, respectively. The results of these two novel lactonases suggested that, compared with ZHD101, these two novel lactonases transformed ZEA into different products. The slight position variations in E126 and H242 in ZDHR52/ZEA and ZHDP83/ZEA obtained via structural modelling may explain the difference in degradation products. Moreover, the MCF-7 cell proliferation assay indicated that the products of ZEA degradation using ZHDR52 and ZHDP83 did not exhibit estrogenic activity. CONCLUSIONS ZHDR52 and ZHDP83 are alkali ZEA-degrading enzymes that can efficiently and irreversibly degrade ZEA into non-estrogenic products, indicating that they are potential candidates for commercial application. This study identified two excellent lactonases for industrial ZEA detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongping Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China
- The Anhui Agricultural University's Comprehensive Experimental Station in the Northwest of Anhui Province, Linquan Modern Agricultural Technology Cooperation and Extension Service Center, Anhui, Linquan, 236400, China
| | - Yuting Fang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China
| | - Yaohuan Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China
| | - Wen Tian
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China.
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Shi J, Mwabulili F, Xie Y, Yang Y, Sun S, Li Q, Ma W, Jia H. Characterization, Structural Analysis, and Thermal Stability Mutation of a New Zearalenone-Degrading Enzyme Mined from Bacillus subtilis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3025-3035. [PMID: 38300990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a widespread mycotoxin that causes serious damage to animal husbandry and poses a threat to human health. A screen of ZEN-degrading soil bacteria yielded Bacillus subtilis YT-4, which yielded 80% ZEN degradation after 6 h and 95% after 36 h. The gene sequence encoding the degradative enzyme ZENY was mined from the genome of YT-4 and expressed in yeast. ZENY is an α/β-hydrolase with an optimal enzyme activity at 37 °C and pH 8. By breaking the lactone ring of ZEN, it produces ZENY-C18H24O5 with a molecular weight of 320.16 g/mol. Sequence comparison and molecular docking analyses identified the catalytic ZENY triad 99S-245H-123E and the primary ZEN-binding mode within the hydrophobic pocket of the enzyme. To improve the thermal stability of the enzyme for industrial applications, we introduced a mutation at the N-terminus, specifically replacing the fifth residue N with V, and achieved a 25% improvement in stability at 45 °C. These findings aim to achieve ZEN biodegradation and provide insight into the structure and function of ZEN hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fred Mwabulili
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumin Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibin Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
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Cai P, Liu S, Tu Y, Shan T. Toxicity, biodegradation, and nutritional intervention mechanism of zearalenone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168648. [PMID: 37992844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), a global mycotoxin commonly found in a variety of grain products and animal feed, causes damage to the gastrointestinal tract, immune organs, liver and reproductive system. Many treatments, including physical, chemical and biological methods, have been reported for the degradation of ZEA. Each degradation method has different degradation efficacies and distinct mechanisms. In this article, the global pollution status, hazard and toxicity of ZEA are summarized. We also review the biological detoxification methods and nutritional regulation strategies for alleviating the toxicity of ZEA. Moreover, we discuss the molecular detoxification mechanism of ZEA to help explore more efficient detoxification methods to better reduce the global pollution and hazard of ZEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Cai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuang Tu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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8
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Jiao F, Cui X, Shi S, Jiang G, Dong M, Meng L. Capacity and kinetics of zearalenone adsorption by Geotrichum candidum LG-8 and its dried fragments in solution. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1338454. [PMID: 38274209 PMCID: PMC10808330 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1338454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The application of LG-8 and its dry fragments as zearalenone (ZEN) adsorbents was investigated. The study showed that Geotrichum candidum LG-8 and its fragments dried at 55°C or through lyophilization are able to adsorb around 80% of ZEN. However, besides in water and 55°C-drying conditions, SEM indicated that higher 90% of ZEN binding tended to occur when cell walls of fragments were intact with less adhesion among themselves. Notably, ZEN/LG-8 fragments complexes were quite stable, as only 1.262% and 1.969% of ZEN were released after successive pH treatments for 4 h and 5 min. The kinetic data signified that adsorption of ZEN onto LG-8 fragments followed well the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Isotherm calculations showed Langmuir model was favourable and monolayer adsorption of ZEN occurred at functional binding sites on fragments surface. Therefore, we conclude that it can be an alternative biosorbent to treat water contained with ZEN, since LG-8 is low-cost biomass and its fragments have a considerable high biosorption capacity avoiding impacting final product quality and immunodeficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengping Jiao
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xianping Cui
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shujin Shi
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | | | - Mingsheng Dong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Meng
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Fang J, Sheng L, Ye Y, Ji J, Sun J, Zhang Y, Sun X. Recent advances in biosynthesis of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes and their applications in food and feed. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-17. [PMID: 38108665 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2294166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi in food and feed, which can cause serious health problems. Bioenzymatic degradation is gaining increasing popularity due to its high specificity, gentle degradation conditions, and environmental friendliness. We reviewed recently reported biosynthetic mycotoxin-degrading enzymes, traditional and novel expression systems, enzyme optimization strategies, food and feed applications, safety evaluation of both degrading enzymes and degradation products, and commercialization potentials. Special emphasis is given to the novel expression systems, advanced optimization strategies, and safety considerations for industrial use. Over ten types of recombinases such as oxidoreductase and hydrolase have been studied in the enzymatic hydrolysis of mycotoxins. Besides traditional expression system of Escherichia coli and yeasts, these enzymes can also be expressed in novel systems such as Bacillus subtilis and lactic acid bacteria. To meet the requirements of industrial applications in terms of degradation efficacy and stability, genetic engineering and computational tools are used to optimize enzymatic expression. Currently, registration and technical difficulties have restricted commercial application of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes. To overcome these obstacles, systematic safety evaluation of both biosynthetic enzymes and their degradation products, in-depth understanding of degradation mechanisms and a comprehensive evaluation of their impact on food and feed quality are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpei Fang
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Lina Sheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Yongli Ye
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Jian Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
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10
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Hu J, Du S, Qiu H, Wu Y, Hong Q, Wang G, Mohamed SR, Lee YW, Xu J. A Hydrolase Produced by Rhodococcus erythropolis HQ Is Responsible for the Detoxification of Zearalenone. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:688. [PMID: 38133192 PMCID: PMC10747462 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), an estrogenic mycotoxin, is one of the prevalent contaminants found in food and feed, posing risks to human and animal health. In this study, we isolated a ZEN-degrading strain from soil and identified it as Rhodococcus erythropolis HQ. Analysis of degradation products clarified the mechanism by which R. erythropolis HQ degrades ZEN. The gene zenR responsible for degrading ZEN was identified from strain HQ, in which zenR is the key gene for R. erythropolis HQ to degrade ZEN, and its expression product is a hydrolase named ZenR. ZenR shared 58% sequence identity with the hydrolase ZenH from Aeromicrobium sp. HA, but their enzymatic properties were significantly different. ZenR exhibited maximal enzymatic activity at pH 8.0-9.0 and 55 °C, with a Michaelis constant of 21.14 μM, and its enzymatic activity is 2.8 times that of ZenH. The catalytic triad was identified as S132-D157-H307 via molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis. Furthermore, the fermentation broth of recombinant Bacillus containing ZenR can be effectively applied to liquefied corn samples, with the residual amount of ZEN decreased to 0.21 μg/g, resulting in a remarkable ZEN removal rate of 93%. Thus, ZenR may serve as a new template for the modification of ZEN hydrolases and a new resource for the industrial application of biological detoxification. Consequently, ZenR could potentially be regarded as a novel blueprint for modifying ZEN hydrolases and as a fresh resource for the industrial implementation of biological detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.H.); (S.D.); (H.Q.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (G.W.); (Y.-W.L.)
| | - Shilong Du
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.H.); (S.D.); (H.Q.)
| | - Han Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.H.); (S.D.); (H.Q.)
| | - Yuzhuo Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | - Qing Hong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.H.); (S.D.); (H.Q.)
| | - Gang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (G.W.); (Y.-W.L.)
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | - Sherif Ramzy Mohamed
- Food Industries and Nutrition Research Institute, Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Tahreer St., Dokki, Giza 12411, Egypt;
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (G.W.); (Y.-W.L.)
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.H.); (S.D.); (H.Q.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (G.W.); (Y.-W.L.)
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
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11
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Ouyang B, Zhang W, Guang C, Xu W, Mu W. Identification and Modification of Enzymatic Substrate Specificity through Residue Alteration in the Cap Domain: A Thermostable Zearalenone Lactonase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18943-18952. [PMID: 37990968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) and its derivatives are prevalent contaminants in cereal crops. This study investigated a novel thermostable ZEN lactonase (ZENM) from Monosporascus sp. GIB2. ZENM demonstrated its highest activity at 60 °C, maintaining over 90% relative activity from 50 to 60 °C. Notably, efficient hydrolysis of ZEN and its two derivatives was achieved using ZENM, with specific activities of 333 U/mg for ZEN, 316 U/mg for α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), and 300 U/mg for α-zearalanol (α-ZAL). The activity of ZENM toward α-ZOL is noteworthy as most ZEN lactonases rarely achieve such a high degradation rate of α-ZOL. Based on the sequence-structure analysis, five residues (L123, G163, E171, S199, and S202) conserved in other ZEN lactonases were substituted in ZENM. Of interest was the G163S mutant in the cap domain that displayed enhanced activity toward α-ZOL compared to the wild-type enzyme. Notably, the mutant G163S exhibited higher catalytic activity toward α-ZOL (kcat/Km 0.223 min-1 μM-1) than ZEN (kcat/Km 0.191 min-1 μM-1), preferring α-ZOL as its optimum substrate. In conclusion, a thermostable ZEN lactonase has been reported, and the alteration of residue G163 in the cap domain has been shown to modify the substrate specificity of ZEN lactonase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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12
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Chen S, Xu T, Xu A, Chu J, Luo D, Shi G, Li S. Quercetin alleviates zearalenone-induced apoptosis and necroptosis of porcine renal epithelial cells by inhibiting CaSR/CaMKII signaling pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114184. [PMID: 37951344 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin that is highly contaminated in feed and can cause severe toxic effects on the kidneys and other organs of animals. Quercetin (QUE) is a plant-derived flavonoid with a variety of detoxification properties, but the mechanism by which QUE detoxifies the toxic effects induced by ZEA has not yet been fully elucidated. We treated porcine kidney cells (PK15) with 80 μM ZEA and/or 30 μM QUE. The results showed that ROS and MDA levels were increased, antioxidant system levels were down-regulated, anti-apoptotic factor expression levels were decreased, and apoptotic and necroptosis-related factors were up-regulated after ZAE exposure. In addition, the results of Ca2+ staining, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial dynamics-related indicators showed that ZEA induced Ca2+ overload in PK15 cells and increased mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake (MCU expression increased). The accumulated ROS and free Ca2+ further aggravate mitochondrial damage and eventually lead to mitochondrial pathway apoptosis and necroptosis. Nevertheless, QUE targets CaSR to inhibit the CaSR/CaMKII pathway and regulate calcium homeostasis, thereby alleviating apoptosis and necroptosis mediated by mitochondrial dynamic disorder and dysfunction. The present study demonstrated the mechanism by which ZEA induces apoptosis and necroptosis in PK15 and the protective role of QUE in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Anqi Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jiahong Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Dongliu Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Guangliang Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Shu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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13
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Hai S, Zhao J, Chen C, Wang C, Ma L, Rahman SU, Zhao C, Feng S, Wu J, Wang X. Zearalenone promotes porcine ESCs apoptosis by enhancing Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation and activating the JNK pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114110. [PMID: 37879531 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is widely present in food and feed, and pigs are susceptible to its effects. This study explored the underlying function of ZEA-induced apoptosis in porcine endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) through activation of the JNK signaling pathway and mitochondrial division. This study utilized ESCs to explore the impact of exposure to ZEA. A mitochondrial division inhibitor (Mdivi) was also included as a reference. The results indicated a gradual decrease in cell viability with increasing ZEA concentration. In addition, ZEA can modify the growth status of porcine ESCs, disrupt their ultrastructure, and lead to apoptosis of porcine ESCs via the mitochondrial division pathway and JNK signaling pathway. In summary, our study found the critical targets of ZEA infected with pig ESCs, which provided a conceptual foundation to prevent and control ZEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirao Hai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Chuangjiang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Chenlong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Sajid Ur Rahman
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Shibin Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jinjie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Animal Food Quality and Bio-safety, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Xichun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Animal Food Quality and Bio-safety, Hefei, 230036, China.
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14
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Gari J, Abdella R. Degradation of zearalenone by microorganisms and enzymes. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15808. [PMID: 37601268 PMCID: PMC10434127 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by fungi that may cause serious health problems in humans and animals. Zearalenone is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium, widely exists in animal feed and human food. One concern with the use of microbial strains and their enzyme derivatives for zearalenone degradation is the potential variability in the effectiveness of the degradation process. The efficiency of degradation may depend on various factors such as the type and concentration of zearalenone, the properties of the microbial strains and enzymes, and the environmental conditions. Therefore, it is important to carefully evaluate the efficacy of these methods under different conditions and ensure their reproducibility. Another important consideration is the safety and potential side effects of using microbial strains and enzymes for zearalenone degradation. It is necessary to evaluate the potential risks associated with the use of genetically modified microorganisms or recombinant enzymes, including their potential impact on the environment and non-target organisms. Additionally, it is important to ensure that the degradation products are indeed harmless and do not pose any health risks to humans or animals. Furthermore, while the use of microbial strains and enzymes may offer an environmentally friendly and cost-effective solution for zearalenone degradation, it is important to explore other methods such as physical or chemical treatments as well. These methods may offer complementary approaches for zearalenone detoxification, and their combination with microbial or enzyme-based methods may improve overall efficacy. Overall, the research on the biodegradation of zearalenone using microorganisms and enzyme derivatives is promising, but there are important considerations that need to be addressed to ensure the safety and effectiveness of these methods. Development of recombinant enzymes improves enzymatic detoxification of zearalenone to a non-toxic product without damaging the nutritional content. This review summarizes biodegradation of zearalenone using microorganisms and enzyme derivatives to nontoxic products. Further research is needed to fully evaluate the potential of these methods for mitigating the impact of mycotoxins in food and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiregna Gari
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Ambo University, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Rahma Abdella
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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15
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Liu X, Wu N, Zhang M, Xue F, Xu Q. Isolation and Characterization of the Zearalenone-Degrading Strain, Bacillus spizizenii B73, Inspired by Esterase Activity. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:488. [PMID: 37624245 PMCID: PMC10467065 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a widespread mycotoxin found in grain and feed, presenting a serious threat to animal and human health. This study investigated the ability of the novel strain B73, isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil, to detoxify ZEN. B73 was identified as Bacillus spizizenii through physiological and biochemical tests, and further confirmed based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence and the complete genome sequence. B. spizizenii B73 was capable of degrading up to 99.3% of ZEN at a concentration of 10 μg/mL in a minimal medium (pH = 7.0) within 8 h at 37 °C via HPLC-UV. In addition, B. spizizenii B73 was used to treat ZEN-contaminated wheat bran, dried distillers grains (DDGS), and corn meal, whereby the respective degradation rates reached 96.32%, 98.73%, and 80.31% after 36 h of treatment. HPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS analysis revealed one of the degradation products to have the formula C17H24O4. B. spizizenii B73 is a novel strain isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil, and the extracellular enzymes secreted by this strain show a remarkable ability to degrade ZEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Na Wu
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224007, China
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Feng Xue
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Qing Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
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16
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Hong XZ, Han ZG, Yang JK, Liu YH. The Motion Paradigm of Pre-Dock Zearalenone Hydrolase Predictions with Molecular Dynamics and the Docking Phase with Umbrella Sampling. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114545. [PMID: 37299021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the most prevalent estrogenic mycotoxins, is produced mainly by the Fusarium family of fungi, and poses a risk to the health of animals. Zearalenone hydrolase (ZHD) is an important enzyme capable of degrading ZEN into a non-toxic compound. Although previous research has investigated the catalytic mechanism of ZHD, information on its dynamic interaction with ZEN remains unknown. This study aimed to develop a pipeline for identifying the allosteric pathway of ZHD. Using an identity analysis, we identified hub genes whose sequences can generalize a set of sequences in a protein family. We then utilized a neural relational inference (NRI) model to identify the allosteric pathway of the protein throughout the entire molecular dynamics simulation. The production run lasted 1 microsecond, and we analyzed residues 139-222 for the allosteric pathway using the NRI model. We found that the cap domain of the protein opened up during catalysis, resembling a hemostatic tape. We used umbrella sampling to simulate the dynamic docking phase of the ligand-protein complex and found that the protein took on a square sandwich shape. Our energy analysis, using both molecular mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann (Generalized-Born) surface area (MMPBSA) and Potential Mean Force (PMF) analysis, showed discrepancies, with scores of -8.45 kcal/mol and -1.95 kcal/mol, respectively. MMPBSA, however, obtained a similar score to that of a previous report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Zhi Hong
- Pilot Base of Food Microbial Resources Utilization of Hubei Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430024, China
| | - Zheng-Gang Han
- Pilot Base of Food Microbial Resources Utilization of Hubei Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430024, China
| | - Jiang-Ke Yang
- Pilot Base of Food Microbial Resources Utilization of Hubei Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430024, China
| | - Yi-Han Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300453, China
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17
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Kanagathara N, Thanigaiarasu V, Ragavendran V, Marchewka M, Saravanan L, Lo AY. Quantum computational investigation into structural, spectroscopic, topological and electronic properties of L-histidinium-L-tartrate hemihydrate: Nonlinear optical organic single crystal. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14879. [PMID: 37025852 PMCID: PMC10070154 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
For the first time, a systematic investigation of optimization in the geometrical, vibrational, natural bonding orbital (NBO), electronic, linear and nonlinear optical properties, and Hirshfeld surface analysis for the L-histidinium-l-tartrate hemihydrate (HT) crystal is reported by employing the density functional theory (DFT). The geometrical parameters and vibrational frequencies obtained from the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory are in good agreement with the experimental values. The presence of strong hydrogen bonding interactions in the molecule causes an intense absorption peak in the infrared spectrum below 2000 cm-1. Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) has been used to evaluate the topology of the electron density of a particular molecule to identify the critical points of the system using Multiwfn 3.8. These studies included ELF, LOL, and RDG studies. A time-dependent DFT approach is employed to obtain the excitation energies, oscillator strengths, and UV-Vis spectra for different solvents, such as methanol, ethanol, and water. The NBO analysis of the chosen compound, HT, is performed in terms of atom hybridization and electronic structure. The HOMO-LUMO energies and other associated electronic parameters are also computed. The nucleophilic sites are identified from MEP and Fukui functions analysis. The electrostatic potential and total density of states spectra of HT are discussed in detail. The theoretically obtained polarizability and first order hyperpolarizability values confirm that the grown material HT has NLO efficiency 15.771 times that of urea, and is proposed to be an exceptional nonlinear optical material. In addition, Hirshfeld surface analysis is performed to determine the inter-and intramolecular interactions in the title compound.
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18
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Hu J, Wang G, Hou M, Du S, Han J, Yu Y, Gao H, He D, Shi J, Lee YW, Mohamed SR, Dawood DH, Hong Q, Liu X, Xu J. New Hydrolase from Aeromicrobium sp. HA for the Biodegradation of Zearalenone: Identification, Mechanism, and Application. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2411-2420. [PMID: 36701132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is an estrogenic mycotoxin most frequently found in cereals that can cause reproductive disorders in livestock and pose a severe threat to animal husbandry. In this study, we isolated a ZEN-degrading Aeromicrobium strain from soil and found that ZenH, a hydrolase, is responsible for the hydrolysis of ZEN through comparative proteomics and biochemical studies. ZenH exhibited the highest similarity with lactone hydrolase ZHD607 from Phialophora americana at 21.52%. ZenH displayed maximal enzymatic activity at pH 7.0 and 55 °C with a Michaelis constant of 12.64 μM. The catalytic triad of ZenH was identified as S117-D142-H292 by molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis. ZenH catalyzed the hydrolysis of ZEN to a novel metabolite, (S,E)-4-hydroxy-2-(10-hydroxy-6-oxoundec-1-en-1-yl)-7-oxabicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-8-one, which exhibited significantly lower estrogenic toxicity than ZEN. This study illustrates a novel ZEN-degrading enzyme and reveals a new degradation product. Furthermore, the enzyme showed good potential for detoxifying ZEN during food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs /Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing210014, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs /Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing210014, People's Republic of China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxuan Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs /Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilong Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs /Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs /Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangguang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs /Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing210014, People's Republic of China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs /Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing210014, People's Republic of China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs /Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianrong Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs /Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sherif Ramzy Mohamed
- Food Industries and Nutrition Research Institute, Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Tahreer St., Dokki, Giza12411, Egypt
| | - Dawood H Dawood
- Department of Agriculture Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura35516, Egypt
| | - Qing Hong
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs /Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing210014, People's Republic of China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs /Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing210014, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing210095, People's Republic of China
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Zhao C, Xie P, Jin J, Jin Q, Wang X. Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Mechanism of Enzymatic Degradation of Zearalenone in Degummed Corn Oil. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:19. [PMID: 36668839 PMCID: PMC9867155 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics and thermodynamics of the enzymatic degradation of zearalenone (ZEN) in degummed corn oil were investigated by analyzing the impacts of temperature, pH, ZEN hydrolase dosage and ZEN concentration on the initial reaction rate. The kinetic study found that the maximum reaction rate was 0.97 μmol × kg−1 min−1, the Michaelis constant (Km) was 11,476 μmol × kg−1 and the Michaelis equation was V = 0.97[S]/(11,476 + [S]). The thermodynamic study showed that the activation energy (Ea) was 70.37 kJ·mol−1, the activation enthalpy change of the reaction (ΔH) > 0, the free energy of activation (ΔG) > 0 and the activation entropy change (ΔS) < 0, indicating the reaction could not be spontaneous. The reaction mechanism of ZEN was studied by a hybrid quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometer. It was found that ZEN first generated the intermediate G/L/D/W-ZEN+H2O, followed by generating the intermediate W-ZEN-H2O under the action of a degrading enzyme. Then, the lactone bond was opened to produce C18H24O6, and finally the decarboxylation product C17H24O4 formed automatically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qingzhe Jin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Hydrolysis Mechanism of Carbamate Methomyl by a Novel Esterase PestE: A QM/MM Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010433. [PMID: 36613879 PMCID: PMC9820155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Methomyl is one of the most important carbamates that has caused potential hazardous effects on both human beings and the environment. Here, we systematically investigated the hydrolysis mechanism of methomyl catalyzed by esterase PestE using molecular dynamics simulations (MD) and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations. The hydrolysis mechanism involves two elementary steps: (Ⅰ) serine-initiated nucleophilic attack and (Ⅱ) C-O bond cleavage. Our work elicits the atomic level details of the hydrolysis mechanism and free energy profiles along the reaction pathway. The Boltzmann-weighted average potential barriers are 19.1 kcal/mol and 7.5 kcal/mol for steps Ⅰ and Ⅱ, respectively. We identified serine-initiated nucleophilic attack as the rate determining-step. The deep learning-based kcat prediction model indicated that the barrier of the rate-determining step is 15.4 kcal/mol, which is in good agreement with the calculated results using Boltzmann-weighted average method. We have elucidated the importance of the protein-substrate interactions and the roles of the key active site residues during the hydrolysis process through noncovalent interactions analysis and electrostatic potential (ESP) analysis. The results provide practical value for achieving efficient degradation of carbamates by hydrolases.
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Moraes WB, Madden LV, Paul PA. Efficacy of Genetic Resistance and Fungicide Application Against Fusarium Head Blight and Mycotoxins in Wheat Under Persistent Pre- and Postanthesis Moisture. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2839-2855. [PMID: 35471074 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-22-0263-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of fungicide treatments in combination with genetic resistance against Fusarium head blight (FHB) and its associated mycotoxins under persistently wet pre- and postanthesis conditions in plots inoculated with Fusarium graminearum-colonized corn spawn. Treatments consisted of a single application of prothioconazole + tebuconazole at early anthesis (PA), or at 3 (P3), 6 (P6), or 9 (P9) days after early anthesis, or PA followed by a single application of metconazole at 3 (PA+C3), 6 (PA+C6), or 9 (PA+C9) days after early anthesis. PA and P3 were the most efficacious of the single-application treatments in terms of mean percentage control of FHB index (IND), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), and mean increase in grain yield and test weight (TW) relative to the nontreated susceptible check (S_CK). The double-application treatments (PA+C3, PA+C6, and PA+C9) were the most effective of all tested fungicide programs. However, relative to S_CK, the highest overall mean percentage reduction in IND, DON, and ZEA and increase in grain yield and TW were observed when the double-application fungicide programs were integrated with genetic resistance. The estimated net cash income (NCI) of the integrated management (IM) programs was consistently higher than the NCI of other tested programs across different grain prices and fungicide application costs. Thus, the benefits of the two-treatment IM programs under highly favorable conditions for FHB development were enough to offset the cost of two applications, making these programs profitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderson Bucker Moraes
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Laurence V Madden
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Pierce A Paul
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
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22
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Insight into the boosted ZEN degradation over defective Bi2WO6 ultrathin layers: ROS-mediated mechanism and application in corn oil. Food Chem 2022; 405:134895. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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23
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Ji J, Yu J, Ye Y, Sheng L, Fang J, Yang Y, Sun X. Biodegradation methods and product analysis of zearalenone and its future development trend: A review. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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24
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Fang Y, Zhang Z, Xu W, Zhang W, Guang C, Mu W. Zearalenone lactonase: characteristics, modification, and application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6877-6886. [PMID: 36173450 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) and its derivatives are one of the most contaminated fungal toxins worldwide, posing a severe threat to food security and human life. Traditional physical and chemical detoxifying methods are unsatisfactory due to incomplete detoxification, nutrient loss, and secondary pollutants. In recent years, bioremediation for eliminating fungal toxins has been gradually investigated. ZEN lactone hydrolase (lactonase) has been widely studied because of its high activity, mild conditions, and non-toxic product property. This review comprehensively represents the gene mining, characterization, molecular modification, and application of microbial-derived ZEN lactonases. It is aimed to elucidate the advantages and challenges of ZEN lactonases in industrial application, which also provides perspectives on obtaining innovative and promising biocatalysts for ZEN degradation. KEY POINTS: • A timely and concise review related to enzymatic elimination towards ZEN is shown. • The catalytic conditions and mechanism of ZEN lactonase is presented. • The modification and application of ZEN lactonase are exhibited also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Zhenxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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Isolation and Mechanistic Characterization of a Novel Zearalenone-Degrading Enzyme. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182908. [PMID: 36141036 PMCID: PMC9498698 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) and its derivatives pose a serious threat to global food quality and animal health. The use of enzymes to degrade mycotoxins has become a popular method to counter this threat. In this study, Aspergillus niger ZEN-S-FS10 extracellular enzyme solution with ZEN-degrading effect was separated and purified to prepare the biological enzyme, FSZ, that can degrade ZEN. The degradation rate of FSZ to ZEN was 75−80% (pH = 7.0, 28 °C). FSZ can function in a temperature range of 28−38 °C and pH range of 2.0−7.0 and can also degrade ZEN derivatives (α-ZAL, β-ZOL, and ZAN). According to the enzyme kinetics fitting, ZEN has a high degradation rate. FSZ can degrade ZEN in real samples of corn flour. FSZ can be obtained stably and repeatedly from the original strain. One ZEN degradation product was isolated: FSZ−P(C18H26O4), with a relative molecular weight of 306.18 g/mol. Amino-acid-sequencing analysis revealed that FSZ is a novel enzyme (homology < 10%). According to the results of molecular docking, ZEN and ZAN can utilize their end-terminal carbonyl groups to bind FSZ residues PHE307, THR55, and GLU129 for a high-degradation rate. However, α-ZAL and β-ZOL instead contain hydroxyl groups that would prevent binding to GLU129; thus, the degradation rate is low for these derivatives.
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26
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Fang Y, Huang Z, Xu W, Wang C, Sun Y, Zhang W, Guang C, Mu W. Efficient elimination of zearalenone at high processing temperatures by a robust mutant of Gliocladium roseum zearalenone lactonase. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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27
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Murtaza B, Li X, Dong L, Javed MT, Xu L, Saleemi MK, Li G, Jin B, Cui H, Ali A, Wang L, Xu Y. Microbial and enzymatic battle with food contaminant zearalenone (ZEN). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4353-4365. [PMID: 35705747 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) contamination of various foods and feeds is an important global problem. In some animals and humans, ZEN causes significant health issues in addition to massive economic losses, annually. Therefore, removal or degradation of the ZEN in foods and feeds is required to be done. The conventional physical and chemical methods have some serious issues including poor efficiency, decrease in nutritional value, palatability of feed, and use of costly equipment. Research examined microbes from diverse media for their ability to degrade zearalenone and other toxins, and the findings of several investigations revealed that enzymes produced from microbes play a significant role in the degradation of mycotoxins. In established bacterial hosts, genetically engineered technique was used to enhance heterologously produced degrading enzymes. Then, the bio-degradation of ZEN by the use of micro-organisms or their enzymes is much more advantageous and is close to nature and ecofriendly. Furthermore, an effort is made to put forward the work done by different scientists on the biodegradation of ZEN by the use of fungi, yeast, bacteria, and/or their enzymes to degrade the ZEN to non-toxic products. KEY POINTS: •Evolved microbial strains degraded ZEA more quickly •Different degrading properties were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Murtaza
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.,Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Liming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | | | - Le Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | | | - Gen Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Bowen Jin
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Huijing Cui
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ashiq Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.,Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China. .,Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China.
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28
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Gao H, Lu D, Xing M, Xu Q, Xue F. Excavation, expression, and functional analysis of a novel zearalenone-degrading enzyme. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 67:633-640. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-00967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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29
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Al-Otaibi JS, Mary YS, Mary YS, Thirunavukkarasu M, Trivedi R, Chakraborty B. Conformational, Reactivity Analysis, Wavefunction-Based Properties, Molecular Docking and Simulations of a Benzamide Derivative with Potential Antitumor Activity-DFT and MD Simulations. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2039229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamelah S. Al-Otaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - M. Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Physics, Indo-American College, Cheyyar, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Physics, Thiru A. Govindasamy Govt. Arts College, Tindivanam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravi Trivedi
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Brahmananda Chakraborty
- High Pressure and Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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30
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Current and emerging tools of computational biology to improve the detoxification of mycotoxins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0210221. [PMID: 34878810 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02102-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological organisms carry a rich potential for removing toxins from our environment, but identifying suitable candidates and improving them remain challenging. We explore the use of computational tools to discover strains and enzymes that detoxify harmful compounds. In particular, we will focus on mycotoxins-fungi-produced toxins that contaminate food and feed-and biological enzymes that are capable of rendering them less harmful. We discuss the use of established and novel computational tools to complement existing empirical data in three directions: discovering the prospect of detoxification among underexplored organisms, finding important cellular processes that contribute to detoxification, and improving the performance of detoxifying enzymes. We hope to create a synergistic conversation between researchers in computational biology and those in the bioremediation field. We showcase open bioremediation questions where computational researchers can contribute and highlight relevant existing and emerging computational tools that could benefit bioremediation researchers.
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31
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Parvulescu VI, Epron F, Garcia H, Granger P. Recent Progress and Prospects in Catalytic Water Treatment. Chem Rev 2021; 122:2981-3121. [PMID: 34874709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Presently, conventional technologies in water treatment are not efficient enough to completely mineralize refractory water contaminants. In this context, the implementation of catalytic processes could be an alternative. Despite the advantages provided in terms of kinetics of transformation, selectivity, and energy saving, numerous attempts have not yet led to implementation at an industrial scale. This review examines investigations at different scales for which controversies and limitations must be solved to bridge the gap between fundamentals and practical developments. Particular attention has been paid to the development of solar-driven catalytic technologies and some other emerging processes, such as microwave assisted catalysis, plasma-catalytic processes, or biocatalytic remediation, taking into account their specific advantages and the drawbacks. Challenges for which a better understanding related to the complexity of the systems and the coexistence of various solid-liquid-gas interfaces have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasile I Parvulescu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, University of Bucharest, B-dul Regina Elisabeta 4-12, Bucharest 030016, Romania
| | - Florence Epron
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS UMR 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Hermenegildo Garcia
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politencia de Valencia, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pascal Granger
- CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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32
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Zhu L, Huo X, Zhou J, Zhang Q, Wang W. Metabolic activation mechanism of 2,2',3,3',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB136) by cytochrome P450 2B6: A QM/MM approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 776:145579. [PMID: 33652317 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) play an essential role in the bio-transformation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The present work implemented quantum mechanic/molecular mechanic methods (QM/MM) and density functional theory (DFT) to study the metabolic activation of 2,2',3,3',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB136) catalyzed by CYP2B6. Electrophilic additions at the Cα and Cβ positions generate different active intermediates. The electrophilic addition energy barrier of Cβ is 10.9 kcal/mol higher than that of Cα, and Cα is the preferred site for the electrophilic addition reaction. Based on the previous experimental studies, this work investigated the mechanism of converting active intermediates into OH-PCB136, which has high toxicity in a non-enzymatic environment. Structural analysis via the electrostatic and noncovalent interactions indicates that Phe108, Ile114, Phe115, Phe206, Phe297, Ala298, Leu363, Val367, TIP32475 and TIP32667 play crucial roles in substrate recognition and metabolism. The analysis suggests that the halogen-π interactions are important factors for the metabolism of CYP2B6 to halogenated environmental pollutants. This work improved the understanding of the metabolism and activation process of chiral PCBs, and can be used as a guide to improve the microbial degradation efficiency of PCB136.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ledong Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xinxi Huo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Office of Supervisory and Audit, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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Zearalenone and the Immune Response. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040248. [PMID: 33807171 PMCID: PMC8066068 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogenic fusariotoxin, being classified as a phytoestrogen, or as a mycoestrogen. ZEA and its metabolites are able to bind to estrogen receptors, 17β-estradiol specific receptors, leading to reproductive disorders which include low fertility, abnormal fetal development, reduced litter size and modification at the level of reproductive hormones especially in female pigs. ZEA has also significant effects on immune response with immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive results. This review presents the effects of ZEA and its derivatives on all levels of the immune response such as innate immunity with its principal component inflammatory response as well as the acquired immunity with two components, humoral and cellular immune response. The mechanisms involved by ZEA in triggering its effects are addressed. The review cited more than 150 publications and discuss the results obtained from in vitro and in vivo experiments exploring the immunotoxicity produced by ZEA on different type of immune cells (phagocytes related to innate immunity and lymphocytes related to acquired immunity) as well as on immune organs. The review indicates that despite the increasing number of studies analyzing the mechanisms used by ZEA to modulate the immune response the available data are unsubstantial and needs further works.
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Metabolism of Zearalenone in the Rumen of Dairy Cows with and without Application of a Zearalenone-Degrading Enzyme. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020084. [PMID: 33499402 PMCID: PMC7911295 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is a frequent contaminant of animal feed and is well known for its estrogenic effects in animals. Cattle are considered less sensitive to ZEN than pigs. However, ZEN has previously been shown to be converted to the highly estrogenic metabolite α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) in rumen fluid in vitro. Here, we investigate the metabolism of ZEN in the reticulorumen of dairy cows. To this end, rumen-fistulated non-lactating Holstein Friesian cows (n = 4) received a one-time oral dose of ZEN (5 mg ZEN in 500 g concentrate feed) and the concentrations of ZEN and ZEN metabolites were measured in free rumen liquid from three reticulorumen locations (reticulum, ventral sac and dorsal mat layer) during a 34-h period. In all three locations, α-ZEL was the predominant ZEN metabolite and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) was detected in lower concentrations. ZEN, α-ZEL and β-ZEL were eliminated from the ventral sac and reticulum within 34 h, yet low concentrations of ZEN and α-ZEL were still detected in the dorsal mat 34 h after ZEN administration. In a second step, we investigated the efficacy of the enzyme zearalenone hydrolase ZenA (EC 3.1.1.-, commercial name ZENzyme®, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Getzersdorf, Austria) to degrade ZEN to the non-estrogenic metabolite hydrolyzed zearalenone (HZEN) in the reticulorumen in vitro and in vivo. ZenA showed a high ZEN-degrading activity in rumen fluid in vitro. When ZenA was added to ZEN-contaminated concentrate fed to rumen-fistulated cows (n = 4), concentrations of ZEN, α-ZEL and β-ZEL were significantly reduced in all three reticulorumen compartments compared to administration of ZEN-contaminated concentrate without ZenA. Upon ZenA administration, degradation products HZEN and decarboxylated HZEN were detected in the reticulorumen. In conclusion, endogenous metabolization of ZEN in the reticulorumen increases its estrogenic potency due to the formation of α-ZEL. Our results suggest that application of zearalenone hydrolase ZenA as a feed additive may be a promising strategy to counteract estrogenic effects of ZEN in cattle.
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Feng S, Yue Y, Chen J, Zhou J, Li Y, Zhang Q. Biodegradation mechanism of polycaprolactone by a novel esterase MGS0156: a QM/MM approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2332-2344. [PMID: 33146659 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays micro-plastic pollution has become one of the most serious global environmental problems. A potential strategy in managing micro-plastic waste is enzyme-catalyzed degradation. MGS0156 is a hydrolase screened from environmental metagenomes, which can efficiently degrade commercial plastics such as polycaprolactone, polylactide, etc. Here a combined molecular dynamics, molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area, and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanism method was used to reveal the enzymatic depolymerization mechanism. By systematically analyzing the binding processes of nine oligomers (from a monomer to tetramer), we found that longer oligomers have relatively stronger binding energy. The degradation process involves two concerted elementary steps: triad-assisted nucleophilic attack and C-O bond cleavage. C-O bond cleavage is the rate determining step with an average barrier of 15.7 kcal mol-1, which is consistent with the experimentally determined kcat (1101 s-1, corresponds to 13.3 kcal mol-1). The electrostatic influence analysis of twenty amino acids highlights His231 and Asp237 as potential mutation targets for designing more efficient MGS0156 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Feng
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, P. R. China.
| | - Yue Yue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, P. R. China.
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, P. R. China.
| | - Yanwei Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, P. R. China.
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, P. R. China.
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Janik E, Niemcewicz M, Ceremuga M, Stela M, Saluk-Bijak J, Siadkowski A, Bijak M. Molecular Aspects of Mycotoxins-A Serious Problem for Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8187. [PMID: 33142955 PMCID: PMC7662353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic fungal secondary metabolities formed by a variety of fungi (moulds) species. Hundreds of potentially toxic mycotoxins have been already identified and are considered a serious problem in agriculture, animal husbandry, and public health. A large number of food-related products and beverages are yearly contaminated by mycotoxins, resulting in economic welfare losses. Mycotoxin indoor environment contamination is a global problem especially in less technologically developed countries. There is an ongoing effort in prevention of mould growth in the field and decontamination of contaminated food and feed in order to protect human and animal health. It should be emphasized that the mycotoxins production by fungi (moulds) species is unavoidable and that they are more toxic than pesticides. Human and animals are exposed to mycotoxin via food, inhalation, or contact which can result in many building-related illnesses including kidney and neurological diseases and cancer. In this review, we described in detail the molecular aspects of main representatives of mycotoxins, which are serious problems for global health, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, patulin, and zearalenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Janik
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Niemcewicz
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Ceremuga
- Military Institute of Armament Technology, Prymasa Stefana Wyszyńskiego 7, 05-220 Zielonka, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Stela
- CBRN Reconnaissance and Decontamination Department, Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry, Antoniego Chrusciela "Montera" 105, 00-910 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Saluk-Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Adrian Siadkowski
- Department of Security and Crisis Menagement, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Dabrowa Gornicza, Zygmunta Cieplaka 1c, 41-300 Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland
| | - Michal Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Shcherbakova L, Rozhkova A, Osipov D, Zorov I, Mikityuk O, Statsyuk N, Sinitsyna O, Dzhavakhiya V, Sinitsyn A. Effective Zearalenone Degradation in Model Solutions and Infected Wheat Grain Using a Novel Heterologous Lactonohydrolase Secreted by Recombinant Penicillium canescens. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E475. [PMID: 32722498 PMCID: PMC7472149 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the first results on obtaining an enzyme preparation that might be promising for the simultaneous decontamination of plant feeds contaminated with a polyketide fusariotoxin, zearalenone (ZEN), and enhancing the availability of their nutritional components. A novel ZEN-specific lactonohydrolase (ZHD) was expressed in a Penicillium canescens strain PCA-10 that was developed previously as a producer of different hydrolytic enzymes for feed biorefinery. The recombinant ZHD secreted by transformed fungal clones into culture liquid was shown to remove the toxin from model solutions, and was able to decontaminate wheat grain artificially infected with a zearalenone-producing Fusarium culmorum. The dynamics of ZEN degradation depending on the temperature and pH of the incubation media was investigated, and the optimal values of these parameters (pH 8.5, 30 °C) for the ZHD-containing enzyme preparation (PR-ZHD) were determined. Under these conditions, the 3 h co-incubation of ZEN and PR-ZHD resulted in a complete removal of the toxin from the model solutions, while the PR-ZHD addition (8 mg/g of dried grain) to flour samples prepared from the infected ZEN-polluted grain (about 16 µg/g) completely decontaminated the samples after an overnight exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Shcherbakova
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (V.D.)
| | - Alexandra Rozhkova
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.R.); (D.O.); (I.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Dmitrii Osipov
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.R.); (D.O.); (I.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Ivan Zorov
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.R.); (D.O.); (I.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Oleg Mikityuk
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (V.D.)
| | - Natalia Statsyuk
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (V.D.)
| | - Olga Sinitsyna
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vitaly Dzhavakhiya
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (V.D.)
| | - Arkady Sinitsyn
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.R.); (D.O.); (I.Z.); (A.S.)
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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