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Eun DM, Han YS, Nam I, Chang Y, Lee S, Park JH, Gong SY, Youn JS. Ambient volatile organic compounds in the Seoul metropolitan area of South Korea: Chemical reactivity, risks and source apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118749. [PMID: 38522743 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The chemical reactivity, contribution of emission sources, and risk assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere of the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) were analyzed. Datasets collected from 6 photochemical assessment monitoring stations (PAMS) of SMA from 2018 to 2021 were used. Alkenes and aromatics contributed significantly to ozone formation relative to the emission concentrations, and aromatics accounted for most of the secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formation in the SMA. The contributions of ozone and SOA formation were found to be notably higher at measurement stations in residential areas such as Guwol (GW) and Sosabon (SS) compared to other measurement stations. From the results of an emission source analysis, it was confirmed that anthropogenic sources such as combustion sources, vehicle exhaust, fuel evaporation, and solvent use had a significant effect at all measurement stations. Assessing the health risk, non-carcinogenic compounds were at acceptable level at all measurement stations. On the other hand, carcinogenic compounds were approaching risk level (10-4), thereby demanding immediate attention. The level of exposure to carcinogenic compounds increased by age group, and male was more vulnerable than female. It was found that SS had the highest level of exposure to carcinogens in the atmosphere of the population ages 60 or older. The health threat of the SMA population is expected due to direct exposure from inhalation of ambient toxic compounds and indirect exposure from ozone and PM2.5 formations through oxidation of VOCs. This study emphasizes the importance of addressing specific emission sources within the metropolitan area and developing comprehensive regional strategies to mitigate VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Mee Eun
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Yun-Sung Han
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Ilkwon Nam
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - YuWoon Chang
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Sepyo Lee
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoo Park
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Sung Yong Gong
- Climate, Air Quality and Safety Research Group/Division for Atmospheric Environment, Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, 30147, South Korea
| | - Jong-Sang Youn
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea.
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Huang W, Xiao Y, Li X, Wu C, Zhang C, Wang X. Bibliometric analysis of research hotspots and trends in the field of volatile organic compound (VOC) emission accounting. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:42547-42573. [PMID: 38884935 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been extensively studied because of their significant roles as precursors of atmospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol pollution. The research aims to comprehend the current advancements in domestic and international VOC emission accounting. The study utilized the CiteSpace software to represent the pertinent material from Web of Science visually. The hot spots and future development trends of VOC emission calculation are analyzed from the perspectives of thesis subject words, cooperative relationships, co-citation relationships, journals, and core papers. According to the statistics, the approaches most often employed in VOC accounting between 2013 and 2023 are source analysis and emission factor method. Atmospheric environment is the journal with the most publications in the area. The Chinese Academy of Sciences and the University of Colorado System are prominent institutions in VOC emission accounting research, both domestically and internationally. The primary research focuses on the realm of VOC emission accounting clusters, which are "emission factor," "source analysis," "model," "air quality," and "health." A current trend in VOC emission accounting involves the construction of a VOC emission inventory using a novel model that combines emission factors and source analysis. This study reviews the progress made in calculating volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions over the past decade. It aims to provide researchers with a new perspective to promote the development of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiu Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Vapor Recovery, Changzhou, 213164, China.
- School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
| | - Yilan Xiao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Vapor Recovery, Changzhou, 213164, China
- School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Xufei Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Vapor Recovery, Changzhou, 213164, China
- School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Vapor Recovery, Changzhou, 213164, China
- School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Vapor Recovery, Changzhou, 213164, China
- School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Xinya Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Vapor Recovery, Changzhou, 213164, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
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Lyu Y, Gao Y, Pang X, Sun S, Luo P, Cai D, Qin K, Wu Z, Wang B. Elucidating contributions of volatile organic compounds to ozone formation using random forest during COVID-19 pandemic: A case study in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123532. [PMID: 38365075 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Ozone has been reported to increase despite nitrogen oxides reductions during the COVID-19 pandemic, and ozone formation needs to be revisited using volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are rarely measured during the pandemic. Here, a total of 98 VOCs species were monitored in an economy-active city in China from January 2021 to August 2022 to assess contributions to ozone formation during the pandemic. Total VOCs concentrations were 35.55 ± 21.47 ppb during the entire period, among which alkanes account for the largest fraction (13.78 ppb, 38.0%), followed by aromatics (6.16 ppb, 16.8%) and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs, 5.69 ppb, 15.7%). Most VOCs groups (e.g., alkenes, OVOCs) and individual species (e.g., isoprene, methyl vinyl ketone) display obvious seasonal and diurnal variations, which are related to their sources and reactivities. No weekend effects of VOCs suggest limited influences from traffic emissions during pandemic. Aromatics and alkenes are the major contributors (39% and 33%) to ozone formation potential, largely driven by o/m/p-xylene (21%), ethylene (15%), toluene (9%). Secondary organic aerosol formation potential is dominated by toluene (>50%) despite its low proportion (5%). Further inclusion of VOCs and meteorology in the Random Forest model shows good ozone prediction performance (R2 = 0.77-0.86, RMSE = 11.95-19.91 μg/m3, MAE = 8.89-14.58 μg/m3). VOCs and NO2 contribute >50% of total importance with the largest difference in importance ratio of VOCs/NO2 in the summer and winter, implying ozone formation regime may vary. No seasonal variations in importance of meteorology are observed, while importance of other variables (e.g., PM2.5) is highest in the summer. This work identifies critical VOCs groups and species for ozone formation during the pandemic, and demonstrates the feasibility of machine learning algorithms in elucidation of ozone formation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lyu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China; Shaoxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Shaoxing, 312077, China
| | - Yibu Gao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xiaobing Pang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Shaoxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Shaoxing, 312077, China.
| | - Songhua Sun
- Shaoxing Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Peisong Luo
- Shaoxing Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Dongmei Cai
- Department of Environment Sciences and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kai Qin
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Zhentao Wu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Baozhen Wang
- Green Intelligence Environmental School, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, China
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Hussain MS, Gupta G, Mishra R, Patel N, Gupta S, Alzarea SI, Kazmi I, Kumbhar P, Disouza J, Dureja H, Kukreti N, Singh SK, Dua K. Unlocking the secrets: Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and their devastating effects on lung cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 255:155157. [PMID: 38320440 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer (LCs) is still a serious health problem globally, with many incidences attributed to environmental triggers such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). VOCs are a broad class of compounds that can be released via various sources, including industrial operations, automobile emissions, and indoor air pollution. VOC exposure has been linked to an elevated risk of lung cancer via multiple routes. These chemicals can be chemically converted into hazardous intermediate molecules, resulting in DNA damage and genetic alterations. VOCs can also cause oxidative stress, inflammation, and a breakdown in the cellular protective antioxidant framework, all of which contribute to the growth of lung cancer. Moreover, VOCs have been reported to alter critical biological reactions such as cell growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, leading to tumor development and metastasis. Epidemiological investigations have found a link between certain VOCs and a higher probability of LCs. Benzene, formaldehyde, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are some of the most well-researched VOCs, with comprehensive data confirming their cancer-causing potential. Nevertheless, the possible health concerns linked with many more VOCs and their combined use remain unknown, necessitating further research. Identifying the toxicological consequences of VOCs in LCs is critical for establishing focused preventative tactics and therapeutic strategies. Better legislation and monitoring mechanisms can limit VOC contamination in occupational and environmental contexts, possibly reducing the prevalence of LCs. Developing VOC exposure indicators and analyzing their associations with genetic susceptibility characteristics may also aid in early identification and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sadique Hussain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India; Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Riya Mishra
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Neeraj Patel
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Chameli Devi Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Khandwa Road, Village Umrikheda, Near Toll booth, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452020, India
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72341, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Popat Kumbhar
- Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala Dist: Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416113, India
| | - John Disouza
- Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala Dist: Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416113, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Neelima Kukreti
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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5
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Duan X, Chen Z, Xia C, Zhong R, Liu L, Long L. Increased Levels of Urine Volatile Organic Compounds Are Associated With Diabetes Risk and Impaired Glucose Homeostasis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e531-e542. [PMID: 37793167 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are pervasive environmental pollutants that have been linked to various adverse health effects. However, the effect of ambient VOCs, whether individually or in mixtures, on diabetes remains uncertain and requires further investigation. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the effects of ambient VOCs exposure, whether single or mixed, on diabetes mellitus and glucose homeostasis in the general population. METHODS Urinary concentrations of VOC metabolites were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Survey-weighted logistic regression and generalized linear regression were used to explore the associations between individual VOC exposure and diabetes risk and glucose homeostasis indicators, respectively. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression models were applied to assess the combined effects of VOC mixtures. RESULTS Out of 8468 participants, 1504 had diabetes mellitus. Eight VOC metabolites showed positive associations with diabetes mellitus (OR, 1.15-1.43; all P < .05), insulin resistance (IR) (OR, 1.02-1.06; P < .05), and other glucose homeostasis indicators (β, 0.04-2.32; all P < .05). Mixed VOC models revealed positive correlations between the WQS indices and diabetes risk (OR = 1.52; 95% CI, 1.29-1.81), IR (OR = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.14-1.62), and other glucose homeostasis indicators (β, 0.17-2.22; all P < .05). CONCLUSION Urinary metabolites of ambient VOCs are significantly associated with an increased diabetes risk and impaired glucose homeostasis. Thus, primary prevention policies aimed at reducing ambient VOCs could attenuate diabetes burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Duan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Chengdu Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Congying Xia
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rong Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Lu Long
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Zuo H, Jiang Y, Yuan J, Wang Z, Zhang P, Guo C, Wang Z, Chen Y, Wen Q, Wei Y, Li X. Pollution characteristics and source differences of VOCs before and after COVID-19 in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167694. [PMID: 37832670 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
During the outbreak of the COVID-19, the change in the way of people's living and production provided the opportunity to study the influence of human activity on Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere. Therefore, this study analyzed VOCs concentration and composition characteristics in urban area of Beijing from 2019 to 2020. The results showed that the concentration of VOCs in Chaoyang district in 2020 was 73.1ppbv, lower than that in 2019 (92.8ppbv), and alkanes (45 % and 47 %) were the most dominant components. The concentrations of isopentane, n-pentane, n-hexane, and OVOCs significantly increased in 2020. According to the results of the PMF model, the contribution of VOCs from vehicle and pharmaceutical-related emissions increased to 45.8 % and 27.1 % in 2020, while coal combustion decreased by 23.7 %. This is likely linked to the strict implementation of the coal conversion policy, as well as the increment in individual travel and pharmaceutical production during the pandemic. The calculation results of OFP and SOAFP indicated that toluene had an increased impact on the formation of O3 and SOA in the Chaoyang district in 2020. Notably, VOCs emitted by vehicles have the highest potential for secondary generation. In addition, VOCs from vehicles and industries pose the greatest health risks, together accounting for 77.4 % and 79.31 % of the total carcinogenic risk in 2019 and 2020. Although industrial emission with the high proportions of halocarbons was controlled to some extent during the pandemic, the carcinogenic risk in 2020 was 3.74 × 10-6, which still exceeded the acceptable level, and more attention and governance efforts should be given to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Yuchun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, State of Ohio 45221, USA
| | - Puzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhanshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ye Chen
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Qing Wen
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150006, China.
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Yeh CK, Tzu FM, Chen PY, Shen HC, Yuan CS, Lin C, Pu HP, Ngo HH, Bui XT. Emission characteristics of naphthalene from ship exhausts under global sulfur cap. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166172. [PMID: 37562633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The global sulfur limit regulation mandates the use of 0.5 % low sulfur fuel oil (LSFO) to reduce emissions of sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). However, the addition of naphthalene (Nap) to LSFO to stabilize its quality has led to an increase in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), with Nap being the main pollutant. This study investigates the effects of Nap in ship exhaust by analyzing the emission concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and Nap in the exhaust of 16 ships, including 2 container ships, 6 bulk carriers, 1 tanker, 2 ferries, 3 fishing vessels, and 2 harbor crafts, based on USEPA method TO-15A. The results show that the percentage of Nap emissions in the exhaust gases of the 16 ship engines ranged from 77 % to 97 % of the total volatile organic compound (TVOC). The Nap concentration in the exhaust of fishing vessels, tanker, and harbor craft exceeded the occupational exposure limit of 50,000 μg/m3, with fishing vessels having the highest TVOC and Nap concentrations. The enhanced Nap emission in the air degrades air quality in port cities and poses an obvious potential public health risk. While the benefits of the global sulfur cap are being secured, additional efforts should be made to reduce the undetected side effects. Alternative stabilizers of LSFO should be considered, or Nap emission control should be boosted to mitigate the potential negative impact on harbor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Ko Yeh
- Department of Marine Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 805301, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Ming Tzu
- Department of Marine Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 805301, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yang Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811213, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chen Shen
- Ph.D. Program in Maritime Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811213, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811213, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Maritime Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811213, Taiwan.
| | - Han-Pin Pu
- Department of Marine Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 805301, Taiwan
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Xuan-Thanh Bui
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung ward, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
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Sanda M, Dunea D, Iordache S, Pohoata A, Glod-Lendvai AM, Onutu I. A Three-Year Analysis of Toxic Benzene Levels and Associated Impact in Ploieşti City, Romania. TOXICS 2023; 11:748. [PMID: 37755758 PMCID: PMC10537639 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the levels of benzene and the potential health impact during three years of continuous monitoring (2019-2021), including the COVID-lockdown period from 2020 in a city that is an important Romanian center for petroleum refining and associated product manufacturing. The dataset contains benzene, toluene, NOx, PM10 concentrations, and meteorological factors monitored by six automatic stations from the national network of which four are in the city and two outside. Special attention was given to the benzene dynamics to establish patterns related to the health impact and leukemia. An assessment of the exposure was performed using EPA's ExpoFIRST v. 2.0 for computing the inhalation Average Daily Dose (ADD) and Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD). The health impact was estimated based on several indicators such as lifetime cancer risk (LCR), Hazard Quotient (HQ), Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY), and Environmental burden of disease (EBD). Overall, the annual average of all stations was almost similar between years i.e., 3.46 in 2019, 3.41 in 2020, and 3.63 µg/m3 in 2021, respectively. The average of all stations during the lockdown period was 2.67 µg/m3, which was lower than the multiannual average of the 2019-2021 period, i.e., 3.5 µg/m3. Significant correlations were present between benzene and other pollutants such as NOx (r = 0.57), PM10 fraction (r = 0.70), and toluene (r = 0.69), and benzene and temperature (r = -0.46), humidity (r = 0.28), and wind speed (r = -0.34). Regarding the ADD, in all scenarios, the most affected age categories are small children, despite a lower outdoor exposure time. From birth to <70 years, the ADD varied depending on the exposure scenario resulting in 3.27 × 10-4, 5.6 × 10-4, and 4.04 × 104 mg/kg-day, and 3.95 × 10-4, 10.6 × 10-4, and 6.76 × 10-4 mg/kg-day for the LADD, respectively. The Integrated Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILTCR) values were 14.1 × 10-5 in winter, 9.04 × 10-5 in spring, 8.74 × 10-5 in summer, and 10.6 × 10-4 in autumn. The ILTCR annual averages were 1.08 × 10-4 (2019), 1.07 × 10-4 (2020), 1.04 × 10-4 (2021), and 1.06 × 10-4 for the entire period. The resulting ILTCR values point out very risky conditions, with the annual averages reaching the definite cancer risk category. The corresponding burden based on the DALY's loss due to leukemia in Ploieşti was estimated at 0.291 (2 μg/m3 benzene), 0.509 (3.5 μg/m3 benzene), 0.582 (4 μg/m3 benzene), and 0.873 DALYs per 100,000 inhabitants (6 μg/m3 benzene), respectively. The current study provides useful insights for a better understanding of the exposure levels to benzene and associated health impact in Ploieşti despite the limitations determined by the data hiatus and incomplete or missing information regarding the health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Sanda
- Faculty of Petroleum Processing and Petrochemistry, Petroleum-Gas University, Bulevardul București 39, 100680 Ploieşti, Romania; (M.S.); (I.O.)
| | - Daniel Dunea
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Food Science, Valahia University of Targoviste, Aleea Sinaia no.13, 130004 Targoviste, Romania;
| | - Stefania Iordache
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Food Science, Valahia University of Targoviste, Aleea Sinaia no.13, 130004 Targoviste, Romania;
| | - Alin Pohoata
- Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Valahia University of Targoviste, Aleea Sinaia no.13, 130004 Targoviste, Romania;
| | - Ana-Maria Glod-Lendvai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Food Science, Valahia University of Targoviste, Aleea Sinaia no.13, 130004 Targoviste, Romania;
| | - Ion Onutu
- Faculty of Petroleum Processing and Petrochemistry, Petroleum-Gas University, Bulevardul București 39, 100680 Ploieşti, Romania; (M.S.); (I.O.)
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Wang H, Yan Z, Zhang Z, Jiang K, Yu J, Yang Y, Yang B, Shu J, Yu Z, Wei Z. Real-time emission characteristics, health risks, and olfactory effects of VOCs released from soil disturbance during the remediation of an abandoned chemical pesticide industrial site. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:93617-93628. [PMID: 37516703 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released along with soil disturbance during the remediation of abandoned industrial sites have attracted great attention due to their possible toxicity and odour. However, the real-time emission characteristics of these VOCs and their subsequent effects on health and olfaction are less understood. In this study, the gaseous VOCs released from soil disturbance by excavators and drilling rigs at an abandoned chemical pesticide plant were monitored online with a laboratory-built single photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (SPI-TOFMS). Twelve main VOCs with total mean concentrations ranging from 2350 to 3410 μg m-3 were observed, with dichloromethane (DCM) having a significant contribution. The total concentrations of the remaining 11 VOCs increased substantially during soil disturbance, with the total mean concentrations increasing from 18.65-39.05 to 37.95-297.94 μg m-3 and those of peak concentrations increasing from 28.46-58.97 to 88.38-839.13 μg m-3. This increase in VOC concentrations during soil disturbance leads to an enhanced heath risk for on-site workers. The distinctive difference between the mean and peak concentrations of VOCs indicates the importance of using mean and peak concentrations, respectively, for risk and olfactory evaluation due to the rapid response of the human nose to odours. As a result, the cumulative noncarcinogenic risk at the relatively high pollutant plot was higher than the occupational safety limit, while the total carcinogenic risks at all monitored scenarios exceeded the acceptable limit. Among the VOCs investigated, DCM and trichloroethylene (TCE) were determined to be crucial pollutants for both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of VOCs. With regard to olfactory effects, organic sulphides, including dimethyl disulphide (DMDS), dimethyl sulphide (DMS), and dimethyl trisulphide (DMTS) were identified as dominant odour contributors (78.28-92.11%) during soil disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Zitao Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuojian Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Yu
- China State Science Dingshi Environmental Engineering Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- China State Science Dingshi Environmental Engineering Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100102, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinian Shu
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangqi Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyang Wei
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China
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Wang M, Jiang D, Ding D, Deng S, Kong L, Wei J, Xia F, Li M, Long T. Spatiotemporal characteristics and dynamic risk assessment of a multi-solvents abandoned pesticide-contaminated site with a long history, in China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 336:117633. [PMID: 36898240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With the development of the economy and the adjustment of urban planning and layout, abandoned pesticide sites are widely distributed in major and medium cities in China. Groundwater pollution of a large number of abandoned pesticide-contaminated sites has caused great potential risks to human health. Up to now, few relevant studies concerned the spatiotemporal variation of risks exposure to multi-pollutants in groundwater using probabilistic methods. In our study, the spatiotemporal characteristics of organics contamination and corresponding health risks in the groundwater of a closed pesticide site were systematically assessed. A total of 152 pollutants were targeted for monitoring over a time span up to five years (i.e., June 2016-June 2020). BTEX, phenols, chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, and chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons were the main contaminants. The metadata was subjected to health risk assessments using the deterministic and probabilistic methods for four age groups, and the results showed that the risks were highly unacceptable. Both methods showed that children (0-5 years old) and adults (19-70 years old) were the age groups with the highest carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, respectively. Compared with inhalation and dermal contact, oral ingestion was the predominant exposure pathway that contributed 98.41%-99.69% of overall health risks. Spatiotemporal analysis further revealed that the overall risks first increased then decreased within five years. The risk contributions of different pollutants were also found to vary substantially with time, indicating that dynamic risk assessment is necessary. Compared with the probabilistic method, the deterministic approach relatively overestimated the true risks of OPs. The results provide a scientific basis and practical experience for scientific management and governance of abandoned pesticide sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Dengdeng Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Da Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Shaopo Deng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210046, China.
| | - Lingya Kong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Jing Wei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Feiyang Xia
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Tao Long
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210046, China
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11
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Zhao F, Peng Y, Huang L, Li Z, Tu W, Wu B. Fugitive emissions of volatile organic compounds from the pharmaceutical industry in China based on leak detection and repair monitoring, atmospheric prediction, and health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2023; 58:1-14. [PMID: 37102223 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2023.2204806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a leak detection and repair program was conducted on five pharmaceutical factories in China to analyze the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission characteristics of leaking equipment. The results indicated that the monitored components were mainly flanges, accounting for 70.23% of the total, and open-ended lines were the components most prone to leaks. The overall percentage of VOCs emissions reduction after the repair was 20.50%, and flanges were the most repairable components, with an average emission reduction of 47.5 kg/a for each flange. In addition, atmospheric predictions were conducted for the VOCs emissions before and after the repair of the components at the research factories. The atmospheric predictions showed that emissions from equipment and facilities have a noticeable impact on VOCs concentration at boundary and the emissions are positively correlated with the pollution source strength. The hazard quotient of the investigated factories was lower than the acceptable risk level set by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The quantitative assessment of the lifetime cancer risk showed that the risk levels of factories A, C, and D exceeded the EPA's acceptable risk level, and the on-site workers were exposed to inhalation cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhao
- Consulting Department, Chongqing Research Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Huitian Environmental Protection Engineering Co., LTD, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Peng
- Consulting Department, Chongqing Research Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Consulting Department, Chongqing Research Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Huitian Environmental Protection Engineering Co., LTD, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Consulting Department, Chongqing Research Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Weinan Tu
- Consulting Department, Chongqing Research Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Huitian Environmental Protection Engineering Co., LTD, Chongqing, China
| | - Biao Wu
- Consulting Department, Chongqing Research Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chongqing, China
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12
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Wang S, Li Q, Duan K, Wang B, Zhu X, Wang X, Shen Y, Liu H, Ma Y. Profile of atmospheric VOC over the Yellow Sea, China: A tale of distribution, constraints, and sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161634. [PMID: 36669669 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the winter of 2018-2019, 75 air samples were collected through four ship-borne measurements in the Yellow Sea (YS) to assess the levels, confinement processes, and source distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A total of 41 were eventually detected, which mainly were non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHCs), oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), and volatile organic sulfur compounds (VSCs). Aromatics (31.93 %) and alkenes (11.04 %) in the atmosphere of the YS accounted for a larger proportion of NMHCs compared with the coastal areas. C3-C5 alkanes, propylene, and chloroform exhibited strong latitudinal gradients and opposite latitudinal distributions in the North and South YS, highlighting the strong contribution of regional outflow to YS's atmosphere. The level of Σ41VOCs increased significantly during the heavy pollution period with some chemical monomers detected, which was further enhanced by the emissions from industrial parks near the Liaodong Peninsula and the Shandong Peninsula. Five main VOC sources were identified by the Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, which were industrial emissions (13.33 %), fuel use and volatilization (6.67 %), Freon R-22 emissions (33.33 %), oil and gas production (20.00 %), and solvent volatilization (26.67 %). These observations revealed the strong causal relationship between coastal air mass transport and the atmosphere in the marginal sea and emphasized that full attention should be paid to the unintentional and unorganized emission of chemical monomers in the industrial process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Green Shipping and Carbon Neutrality Laboratory, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 116026, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qingbo Li
- Green Shipping and Carbon Neutrality Laboratory, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 116026, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Kuiquan Duan
- Green Shipping and Carbon Neutrality Laboratory, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 116026, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Baopeng Wang
- Green Shipping and Carbon Neutrality Laboratory, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 116026, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- Dalian Eco-environmental Affairs Service Center, 116026, No. 58 Lianshan Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, China
| | - Xuanya Wang
- China Academy of Transportation Science, 10029, No. 240, Huixinli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Shen
- Green Shipping and Carbon Neutrality Laboratory, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 116026, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Green Shipping and Carbon Neutrality Laboratory, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 116026, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ye Ma
- Green Shipping and Carbon Neutrality Laboratory, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 116026, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
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13
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Asif Z, Chen Z, Haghighat F, Nasiri F, Dong J. Estimation of Anthropogenic VOCs Emission Based on Volatile Chemical Products: A Canadian Perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 71:685-703. [PMID: 36416924 PMCID: PMC9685044 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-022-01732-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban areas are of great interest due to their significant role in forming ground-level ozone and adverse public health effects. Emission inventories usually compile the outdoor VOCs emission sources (e.g., traffic and industrial emissions). However, considering emissions from volatile chemical products (e.g., solvents, printing ink, personal care products) is challenging because of scattered data and the lack of an effective method to estimate the VOCs emission rate from these chemical products. This paper aims to systematically analyse potential sources of VOCs emission in Canada's built environment, including volatile chemical products. Also, spatial variation of VOCs level in the ambient atmosphere is examined to understand the VOC relationship with ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation. The study shows that VOCs level may vary among everyday microenvironments (e.g., residential areas, offices, and retail stores) depending on the frequency of product consumption, building age, ventilation condition, and background ambient concentration in the atmosphere. However, it is very difficult to establish VOC speciation and apportionment to different volatile chemical products that contribute most significantly to exposure and target subpopulations with elevated levels. Thus, tracer compounds can be used to identify inventory sources at the consumer end. A critical overview highlights the limitations of existing VOC estimation methods and possible approaches to control VOC emissions. The findings provide crucial information to establish an emission inventory framework for volatile chemical products at a national scale and enable policymakers to limit VOCs emission from various volatile chemical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Asif
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Fariborz Haghighat
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fuzhan Nasiri
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jinxin Dong
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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14
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Xia T, Wu Z, Gao E, Zhu J, Yao S, Li J. Nano-Au supported on CeO2 for plasma catalytic degradation of n-undecane: Enhancement of activity and stability. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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15
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Rashid A, Ayub M, Ullah Z, Ali A, Sardar T, Iqbal J, Gao X, Bundschuh J, Li C, Khattak SA, Ali L, El-Serehy HA, Kaushik P, Khan S. Groundwater Quality, Health Risk Assessment, and Source Distribution of Heavy Metals Contamination around Chromite Mines: Application of GIS, Sustainable Groundwater Management, Geostatistics, PCAMLR, and PMF Receptor Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20032113. [PMID: 36767482 PMCID: PMC9916341 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater contamination by heavy metals (HMs) released by weathering and mineral dissolution of granite, gneisses, ultramafic, and basaltic rock composition causes human health concerns worldwide. This paper evaluated the heavy metals (HMs) concentrations and physicochemical variables of groundwater around enriched chromite mines of Malakand, Pakistan, with particular emphasis on water quality, hydro-geochemistry, spatial distribution, geochemical speciation, and human health impacts. To better understand the groundwater hydrogeochemical profile and HMs enrichment, groundwater samples were collected from the mining region (n = 35), non-mining region (n = 20), and chromite mines water (n = 5) and then analyzed using ICPMS (Agilent 7500 ICPMS). The ranges of concentrations in the mining, non-mining, and chromite mines water were 0.02-4.5, 0.02-2.3, and 5.8-6.0 mg/L for CR, 0.4-3.8, 0.05-3.6, and 3.2-5.8 mg/L for Ni, and 0.05-0.8, 0.05-0.8, and 0.6-1.2 mg/L for Mn. Geochemical speciation of groundwater variables such as OH-, H+, Cr+2, Cr+3, Cr+6, Ni+2, Mn+2, and Mn+3 was assessed by atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). Geochemical speciation determined the mobilization, reactivity, and toxicity of HMs in complex groundwater systems. Groundwater facies showed 45% CaHCO3, 30% NaHCO3, 23.4% NaCl, and 1.6% Ca-Mg-Cl water types. The noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risk of HMs outlined via hazard quotient (HQ) and total hazard indices (THI) showed the following order: Ni > Cr > Mn. Thus, the HHRA model suggested that children are more vulnerable to HMs toxicity than adults. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis (HACA) showed three distinct clusters, namely the least, moderately, and severely polluted clusters, which determined the severity of HMs contamination to be 66.67% overall. The PCAMLR and PMF receptor model suggested geogenic (minerals prospects), anthropogenic (industrial waste and chromite mining practices), and mixed (geogenic and anthropogenic) sources for groundwater contamination. The mineral phases of groundwater suggested saturation and undersaturation. Nemerow's pollution index (NPI) values determined the unsuitability of groundwater for domestic purposes. The EC, turbidity, PO4-3, Na+, Mg+2, Ca+2, Cr, Ni, and Mn exceeded the guidelines suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). The HMs contamination and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health impacts of HMs showed that the groundwater is extremely unfit for drinking, agriculture, and domestic demands. Therefore, groundwater wells around the mining region need remedial measures. Thus, to overcome the enrichment of HMs in groundwater sources, sustainable management plans are needed to reduce health risks and ensure health safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rashid
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ayub
- Department of Botany, Hazara University, Dhodial P.O. Box 21120, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Asmat Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tariq Sardar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xubo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jochen Bundschuh
- School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Chengcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Seema Anjum Khattak
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Liaqat Ali
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Hamed A. El-Serehy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh l1451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant Kaushik
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar P.O. Box 25120, Pakistan
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Liu C, Xin Y, Zhang C, Liu J, Liu P, He X, Mu Y. Ambient volatile organic compounds in urban and industrial regions in Beijing: Characteristics, source apportionment, secondary transformation and health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158873. [PMID: 36126704 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Field measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were conducted simultaneously at an urban site and one industrial park site in Beijing in summer. The VOCs concentrations were 94.3 ± 157.8 ppbv and 20.7 ± 8.9 ppbv for industrial and urban sites, respectively. Alkanes and aromatics were the major contributors to VOCs in industrial site, while oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) contributed most in urban site. The most abundant VOC species were n-pentane and formaldehyde for industrial site and urban site, respectively. The calculated ozone formation potential (OFP) and OH loss rates (LOH) were 621.1 ± 1491.9 ppbv (industrial site), 102.9 ± 37.3 ppbv (urban site), 22.0 ± 39.0 s-1 (industrial site) and 5.3 ± 2.2 s-1 (urban site), respectively. Based on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, solvent utilization I (34.1 %), solvent utilization II (27.9 %), mixture combustion source (19.3 %), OVOCs related source (9.6 %) and biogenic source (9.1 %) were identified in the industrial site, while OVOCs related source (27.8 %), vehicle exhaust (22.1 %), solvent utilization (19.3 %), coal combustion (16.0 %) and biogenic source (14.8 %) were identified in the urban site. The results of O3-VOCs-NOx sensitivity indicated that O3 formation were respectively under the VOC-limited and NOx-limited conditions in Beijing urban and industrial regions. Additionally, aromatics accounted remarkable SOA formation ability both in the two sites, and SOA potentials of xylene, toluene and ethylbenzene as the indicator species for the solvent utilization in industrial site were remarkable higher than those obtained in urban regions. The hazard index values in the industrial and urban sites were 1.72 and 3.39, respectively, suggesting a high non-carcinogenic risks to the exposed population. Formaldehyde had the highest carcinogenic risks in the two sites, and the cumulative carcinogenic risks in the industrial site and urban site were 1.95 × 10-5 and 1.21 × 10-5, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengtang Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yanyan Xin
- College of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaowei He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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17
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Duan C, Liao H, Wang K, Ren Y. The research hotspots and trends of volatile organic compound emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources: A systematic quantitative review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114386. [PMID: 36162470 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions have attracted wide attention due to their impacts on atmospheric quality and public health. However, most studies reviewed certain aspects of natural VOCs (NVOCs) or anthropogenic VOCs (AVOCs) rather than comprehensively quantifying the hotspots and evolution trends of AVOCs and NVOCs. We combined the bibliometric method with the evolution tree and Markov chain to identify research focus and uncover the trends in VOC emission sources. This study found that research mainly focused on VOC emission characteristics, effects on air quality and health, and VOC emissions under climate change. More studies concerned on AVOCs than on NVOCs, and AVOC emissions have shifted with a decreasing proportion of transport emissions and an increasing share of solvent utilization in countries with high emissions and publications (China and the USA). Research on AVOCs is imperative to develop efficient and economical abatement techniques specific to solvent sources or BTEX species to mitigate the detrimental effects. Research on NVOCs originating from human sources risen due to their application in medicine, while studies on sources sensitive to climate change grew slowly, including plants, biomass burning, microbes, soil and oceans. Research on the long-term responses of NVOCs derived from various sources to climate warming is warranted to explore the evolution of emissions and the feedback on global climate. It is worthwhile to establish an emission inventory with all kinds of sources, accurate estimation, high spatial and temporal resolution to capture the emission trends in the synergy of industrialization and climate change as well as to simulate the effects on air quality. We review VOC emissions from both anthropogenic and natural sources under climate change and their effects on atmospheric quality and health to point out the research directions for the comprehensive control of global VOCs and mitigation of O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chensong Duan
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hu Liao
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Kaide Wang
- Yunnan Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Kunming, 650034, China
| | - Yin Ren
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, China.
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18
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Lu Y, Pang X, Lyu Y, Li J, Xing B, Chen J, Mao Y, Shang Q, Wu H. Characteristics and sources analysis of ambient volatile organic compounds in a typical industrial park: Implications for ozone formation in 2022 Asian Games. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157746. [PMID: 35926610 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at a major industrial park in Yangtze River Delta Region, China, along with an urban site had been investigated for three years (2018-2020). The daily-mean concentration of total 97 VOCs in the industrial park (224.3 ± 139.1 μg/m3) was about twice that of urban site (112.0 ± 64.2 μg/m3). Halohydrocarbons were predominant VOCs species at both sites accounting for 39.0 % and 32.2 % in industrial and urban sites, respectively. Annual-average concentrations of total VOCs slowed down gradually in industrial park, while that of the urban site increased annually. Evident seasonal and diurnal variations were observed for VOCs concentration in both sites. Higher VOCs concentrations appeared in summer for industrial park, and high concentrations generally appeared at 8:00 and 19:00-20:00 in two sites. Diagnostic ratios of m/p-xylene to ethylbenzene indicated vehicle emissions and solvent volatilization were main sources of VOCs in industrial site during winter. Further positive matrix factorization identified fuel usage and industry source as major sources in industrial park and urban site, respectively. Ozone formation potential calculations showed aromatics contributed most to ozone formation, and benzyl chloride was a key species when its concentration was high. Further empirical kinetic modeling approach revealed ozone formation in industrial park was in VOCs-limited regime. Through air mass trajectory analysis, air pollutants especially ozone from industrial park will be transported to stadiums by northeast wind during the 2022 Asian Games. The reductions in VOCs emissions from industrials are highly recommended for ozone control in 2022 Asian Games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiaobing Pang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Yan Lyu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Shaoxing Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Bo Xing
- Shaoxing Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Jianmeng Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Yiping Mao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qianqian Shang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Haonan Wu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Arı A, Arı PE, İlhan SÖ, Gaga EO. Handheld two-stroke engines as an important source of personal VOC exposure for olive farm workers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:78711-78725. [PMID: 35699878 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Personal exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is mainly associated with indoor exposures; however, elevated short-term exposures may also occur during ambient activities. Handheld two-stroke gasoline-powered engines have widespread use in agriculture, but so far, no studies have been conducted on the potential health risks due to the inhalation of emitted VOCs. A one-week passive sampling has been conducted on olive farm workers during the harvesting season to monitor personal exposure levels to VOCs. The first group of workers was selected to represent the contribution of gasoline-powered shaker to daily personal VOC exposures, and one another group of workers was selected as the control, whose have not been using the device. Higher concentrations of 1-pentene, n-hexane, isopentane, n-pentene, and toluene were observed in personal samples collected from machine operators. Personal exposure concentrations of a total of 45 monitored VOCs varied between 29.2 ± 10.7 and 3733.4 ± 3300.1 µg m-3 among 20 volunteer workers. Estimated carcinogenic risks were between the acceptable levels of 10-4 and 10-6 for all workers. All individual chronic HQs and HIs (as the sum of individual HQs) were below the benchmark value of 1 for regular workers in 3 different sampling sites, whereas HI values in both acute (short term) and chronic exposure scenarios were exceeded 1 for shaker machine operators. This represented potential non-carcinogenic health hazards for exposed shaker operators, along with elevated VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akif Arı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Pelin Ertürk Arı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Soner Özenç İlhan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Eftade O Gaga
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
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20
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Shi Y, Liu C, Zhang B, Simayi M, Xi Z, Ren J, Xie S. Accurate identification of key VOCs sources contributing to O 3 formation along the Liaodong Bay based on emission inventories and ambient observations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:156998. [PMID: 35787908 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to achieve the precise control of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) species with high ozone (O3) formation contribution from key sources in Panjin and Yingkou, two coastal industrial cities with severe O3 pollution along the Liaodong Bay, northeast China, the ambient concentrations of 99 VOCs species were measured online at urban-petrochemical (XLT), suburban-industrial (PP), and rural (XRD) sites in July 2019, contemporary monthly anthropogenic VOCs emission inventories were developed. The source contribution of ambient VOCs resolved by positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was comparable with emission inventories, and the location of VOCs sources were speculated by potential source contribution function (PSCF). 17.5 Gg anthropogenic VOCs was emitted in Panjin and Yingkou in July 2019 with potential to form 54.7 Gg-O3 estimated by emission inventories. The average VOC mixing ratios of 47.1, 26.7, and 16.5 ppbv was observed at XLT, PP, and XRD sites, respectively. Petroleum industry (22 %), organic chemical industry (21 %), and mobile vehicle emission (19 %) were identified to be the main sources contributing to O3 formation at XLT site by PMF, while it is organic chemical industry (33 %) and solvent utilization (28 %) contributed the most at PP site. Taking the subdivided source contributions of emission inventories and source locations speculated by PSCF into full consideration, organic raw chemicals manufacturing, structural steel coating, petroleum refining process, petroleum products storage and transport, off-shore vessels, and passenger cars were identified as the key anthropogenic sources. High O3-formation contribution sources, organic chemical industry and solvent utilization were located in the industrial parks at the junction of the two cities and the southeast of Panjin, and petroleum industry distributed in the whole Panjin and offshore areas. These results identify the key VOCs species and sources and speculate the potential geographical location of sources for precisely controlling ground-level O3 along the Liaodong Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Shi
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- Liaoning Ecological and Environmental Service Center, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, PR China
| | - Baosheng Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Environment of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, PR China
| | - Maimaiti Simayi
- College of Resources and Environments, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, PR China
| | - Ziyan Xi
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Jie Ren
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Shaodong Xie
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
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21
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Xiong Y, Huang Y, Du K. Health Risk-Oriented Source Apportionment of Hazardous Volatile Organic Compounds in Eight Canadian Cities and Implications for Prioritizing Mitigation Strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12077-12085. [PMID: 35939835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, environmental authorities make regulatory policies for controlling volatile organic compound (VOC) pollution based on the mitigation of dominant VOC sources. However, the emission from each VOC source has a unique combination of VOC species of different toxicities. Without quantitatively assessing the health risk associated with each source, the effectiveness of the mitigation policy could be undermined. To address this shortcoming, we developed a new health risk-oriented source apportionment method that can provide quantitative health risk assessment and source-specific mitigation strategies for hazardous VOCs. We estimated that the integrated inhalation cancer risk (ICR) of hazardous VOCs was 7.7 × 10-5 in Western Canada, indicating a 100% likelihood of exceeding Health Canada's acceptable risk level (1.0 × 10-5). Anthropogenic sources were responsible for 56.3-73.8% of cancer risks across eight Canadian cities except for the regional background island, where natural sources contributed over 77% to the integrated ICR. Thus, substantial environmental and health cobenefits could be achieved via reducing the ambient levels of benzene and 1,3-butadiene by 39.3-75.7 and 14-69.3%, respectively, and mitigating emissions from fuel combustion (by 31.3-54.1%), traffic source (3.0-36.8%), and other anthropogenic sources (5.3-20.1%) in Western Canada. Our study has significant implications for prioritizing air pollution mitigation policies, especially for quantitative reduction of hazardous air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Yaoxian Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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22
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Luo W, Deng Z, Zhong S, Deng M. Trends, Issues and Future Directions of Urban Health Impact Assessment Research: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19105957. [PMID: 35627492 PMCID: PMC9141375 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Health impact assessment (HIA) has been regarded as an important means and tool for urban planning to promote public health and further promote the integration of health concept. This paper aimed to help scientifically to understand the current situation of urban HIA research, analyze its discipline co-occurrence, publication characteristics, partnership, influence, keyword co-occurrence, co-citation, and structural variation. Based on the ISI Web database, this paper used a bibliometric method to analyze 2215 articles related to urban HIA published from 2012 to 2021. We found that the main research directions in the field were Environmental Sciences and Public Environmental Occupational Health; China contributed most articles, the Tehran University of Medical Sciences was the most influential institution, Science of the Total Environment was the most influential journal, Yousefi M was the most influential author. The main hotspots include health risk assessment, source appointment, contamination, exposure, particulate matter, heavy metals and urban soils in 2012–2021; road dust, source apposition, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, air pollution, urban topsoil and the north China plain were always hot research topics in 2012–2021, drinking water and water quality became research topics of great concern in 2017–2021. There were 25 articles with strong transformation potential during 2020–2021, but most papers carried out research on the health risk assessment of toxic elements in soil and dust. Finally, we also discussed the limitations of this paper and the direction of bibliometric analysis of urban HIA in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Luo
- School of Business, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (W.L.); (Z.D.)
- School of Accounting, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Zhongping Deng
- School of Business, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (W.L.); (Z.D.)
| | - Shihu Zhong
- Shanghai National Accounting Institute, Shanghai 201702, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Mingjun Deng
- Big Data and Intelligent Decision Research Center, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China;
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23
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Characteristics and Impact of VOCs on Ozone Formation Potential in a Petrochemical Industrial Area, Thailand. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the ambient concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were intensively measured from January 2012 to December 2016 using an evacuated canister and were analyzed using a gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometer (GC/MS) based on the US EPA TO-15 in the community and industrial areas of the largest petroleum refinery and petrochemical industrial complex in Map Ta Phut Thailand. The ternary diagram was used to identify the source of VOCs. Reactivity of VOCs on their ozone formation potential (OFP) were quantified by the maximum incremental reactivity coefficient method (MIR) and propylene-equivalent concentration methods. Results from the study revealed that aromatic hydrocarbon was the dominant group of VOCs greatly contributing to the total concentration of measured VOCs. Among the measured VOCs species, toluene had the highest concentration and contributed as the major precursor to ozone formation. The ternary analysis of benzene:toluene:ethybenzene ratios indicated that VOCs mainly originated from mobile sources and industrial processes. Within the industrial area, measured VOC concentration was dominated by halogenated hydrocarbons, and alkene was the highest contributor to ozone formation. The propylene-equivalent concentration method was also used to evaluate the reactivity of VOCs and their role in ozone formation, and secondly to support findings from the MIR method.
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Abstract
In order to investigate the seasonal variation in chemical characteristics of VOCs in the urban and suburban areas of southwest China, we used SUMMA canister sampling in Jinghong city from October 2016 to June 2017. Forty-eight VOC species concentrations were analyzed using atmospheric preconcentration gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), Then, regional VOC pollution characteristics, ozone formation potentials (OFP), source identity, and health risk assessments were studied. The results showed that the average concentration of total mass was 144.34 μg·m−3 in the urban area and 47.81 μg·m−3 in the suburban area. Alkanes accounted for the highest proportion of VOC groups at 38.11%, followed by olefins (36.60%) and aromatic hydrocarbons (25.28%). Propane and isoprene were the species with the highest mass concentrations in urban and suburban sampling sites. The calculation of OFP showed that the contributions of olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons were higher than those of alkanes. Through the ratio of specific species, the VOCs were mainly affected by motor vehicle exhaust emissions, fuel volatilization, vegetation emissions, and biomass combustion. Combined with the analysis of the backward trajectory model, biomass burning activities in Myanmar influenced the concentration of VOCs in Jinghong. Health risk assessments have shown that the noncarcinogenic risk and hazard index of atmospheric VOCs in Jinghong were low (less than 1). However, the value of the benzene cancer risk to the human body was higher than the safety threshold of 1 × 10−6, showing that benzene has carcinogenic risk. This study provides effective support for local governments formulating air pollution control policies.
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25
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Characterization of VOCs during Nonheating and Heating Periods in the Typical Suburban Area of Beijing, China: Sources and Health Assessment. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the “coal to electricity” project (CTEP) using clean energy instead of coal for heating has been implemented by Beijing government to cope with air pollution. However, VOC pollution after CTEP was rarely studied in suburbs of Beijing. To fill this exigency, 116 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were observed during nonheating (P1) and heating (P2) periods in suburban Beijing. The results showed that the total of VOCs (TVOCs) was positively correlated with PM2.5, PM10, NO2, CO, and SO2 but negatively correlated with O3 and wind speed. The average TVOCs concentration was 19.43 ± 12.41 ppbv in P1 and 16.25 ± 8.01 ppbv in P2. Aromatics and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) were the main contributors to ozone formation potential (OFP). Seven sources of VOCs identified by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were industrial source, coal combustion, fuel evaporation, gasoline vehicle exhaust, diesel vehicle exhaust, background and biogenic sources, and solvent usage. The contribution of coal combustion to VOCs increased significantly during P2, whereas industrial sources, fuel evaporation, and solvent usage exhibited opposite trends. The potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) were used to analyze the source distributions. The results showed that VOC pollution was caused mainly by air mass from southern Hebei during P1 but by local emissions during P2. Therefore, although the contribution of coal combustion after heating increased, TVOCs concentration during P2 was lower than that during P1. Chronic noncarcinogenic risks of all selected VOC species were below the safe level, while the carcinogenic risks of most selected VOC species were above the acceptable risk level, especially for tetrachloromethane and 1,2-dichloroethane. The cancer risks posed by gasoline vehicle emissions, industrial enterprises, and coal combustion should be paid more attention.
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26
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Hu Z, Liu H, Zuo Y, Ji Y, Li S, Zhang W, Liu Z, Chen Z, Zhang X, Wang X. Facile synthesis of magnesium-based metal-organic framework with tailored nanostructure for effective volatile organic compounds adsorption. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211544. [PMID: 35360355 PMCID: PMC8965413 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel Mg(II) metal-organic framework (Mg-MOF) was synthesized based on the ligand of 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid. Single-crystal X-ray structural analysis confirmed that three-dimensional-nanostructure Mg-MOFs formed a monoclinic system with a channel size of 15.733 Å × 23.736 Å. N2 adsorption isotherm, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy were performed to characterize the thermal stability and purity of the Mg-MOFs. The adsorption studies on four typical volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted during wood drying showed that Mg-MOFs have noteworthy adsorption capacities, especially for benzene and β-pinene with adsorptions of 182.26 mg g-1 and 144.42 mg g-1, respectively. In addition, the adsorption of Mg-MOFs mainly occurred via natural adsorption, specifically, multi-layer physical adsorption, accompanied by chemical forces, which occurred in the pores where the VOCs molecules combined with active sites. As an adsorbent, Mg-MOFs exhibit versatile behaviour for toxic gas accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichu Hu
- College of Science, Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Material Science and Art Design, Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Zuo
- College of Science, Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufei Ji
- College of Science, Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujing Li
- College of Material Science and Art Design, Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanqi Zhang
- College of Material Science and Art Design, Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhechen Liu
- College of Material Science and Art Design, Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangjing Chen
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- College of Science, Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Sandy Shrubs Fibrosis and Energy Development and Utilization, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Ximing Wang
- College of Material Science and Art Design, Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Sandy Shrubs Fibrosis and Energy Development and Utilization, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
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Chen WQ, Zhang XY. 1,3-Butadiene: a ubiquitous environmental mutagen and its associations with diseases. Genes Environ 2022; 44:3. [PMID: 35012685 PMCID: PMC8744311 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a petrochemical manufactured in high volumes. It is a human carcinogen and can induce lymphohematopoietic cancers, particularly leukemia, in occupationally-exposed workers. BD is an air pollutant with the major environmental sources being automobile exhaust and tobacco smoke. It is one of the major constituents and is considered the most carcinogenic compound in cigarette smoke. The BD concentrations in urban areas usually vary between 0.01 and 3.3 μg/m3 but can be significantly higher in some microenvironments. For BD exposure of the general population, microenvironments, particularly indoor microenvironments, are the primary determinant and environmental tobacco smoke is the main contributor. BD has high cancer risk and has been ranked the second or the third in the environmental pollutants monitored in most urban areas, with the cancer risks exceeding 10-5. Mutagenicity/carcinogenicity of BD is mediated by its genotoxic metabolites but the specific metabolite(s) responsible for the effects in humans have not been determined. BD can be bioactivated to yield three mutagenic epoxide metabolites by cytochrome P450 enzymes, or potentially be biotransformed into a mutagenic chlorohydrin by myeloperoxidase, a peroxidase almost specifically present in neutrophils and monocytes. Several urinary BD biomarkers have been developed, among which N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine is the most sensitive and is suitable for biomonitoring BD exposure in the general population. Exposure to BD has been associated with leukemia, cardiovascular disease, and possibly reproductive effects, and may be associated with several cancers, autism, and asthma in children. Collectively, BD is a ubiquitous pollutant that has been associated with a range of adverse health effects and diseases with children being a subpopulation with potentially greater susceptibility. Its adverse effects on human health may have been underestimated and more studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Qi Chen
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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28
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Gu Y, Liu B, Dai Q, Zhang Y, Zhou M, Feng Y, Hopke PK. Multiply improved positive matrix factorization for source apportionment of volatile organic compounds during the COVID-19 shutdown in Tianjin, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106979. [PMID: 34991244 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ambient concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) vary with emission rates, meteorology, and chemistry. Conventional positive matrix factorization (PMF) loses information because of dilution variations and chemical losses. Multiply improved PMF incorporates the ventilation coefficient, and total solar radiation or oxidants to reduce the effects of dispersion and chemical loss. These methods were applied to hourly speciated VOC data from November 2019 to March 2020 including during the COVID-19 shutdown. Various comparisons were made to assess the influences of these fluctuation drivers by time of day. Dispersion normalized PMF (DN-PMF) reduced the dispersion variations. Dispersion-radiation normalized PMF (DRN-PMF) reduced the impact of chemical loss, especially at night, which was better than Dispersion-Ox normalized PMF (DON-PMF). The conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF) plots of DRN-PMF results were consist with actual source locations. The DN-PMF, DRN-PMF, and DON-PMF results were consistent between 10:00 and 15:00, suggesting dispersion was significantly more influential than photochemical reactions during these times. The DRN-PMF results indicated that the highest VOC contributors during the COVID-19 shutdown were liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (28.8%), natural gas (25.2%), and pulverized coal boilers emissions (19.6%). Except for petrochemical-related enterprises and LPG, the contribution concentrations of all other sources decreased substantially during the COVID-19 shutdown, by 94.7%, 90.6%, and 86.8% for vehicle emissions, gasoline evaporation, and the mixed source of diesel evaporation and solvent use, respectively. Controlling the use of motor vehicles and related volatilization of diesel fuel and gasoline can be effective in controlling VOCs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Gu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
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29
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Zhang K, Chang S, Fu Q, Sun X, Fan Y, Zhang M, Tu X, Qadeer A. Occurrence and risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in multiple drinking water sources in the Yangtze River Delta region, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 225:112741. [PMID: 34481355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are widely present in water environment, which can threaten ecological sustainability and human health. The concentrations of VOCs and their ecological risks in drinking water are of great concern to human beings. Therefore, 54 kinds of VOCs were investigated from 58 locations of the Yangtze River Delta Region (Yangtze River, Qiantang River, Huangpu River, Taihu Lake and Jiaxing Urban River). Out of 54 target compounds, only 31 VOCs were detected, with total concentrations ranging from 0.570 to 46.820 μg/L from 58 locations of all drinking water sources. Among all detected VOCs compounds, only toluene and styrene can cause high-level ecological risk at location TH-2 of Taihu Lake. According to the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk index, compounds such as 1,2-dichloroethane, bromodichloromethane and 1,1,2-trichloroethane posed a higher carcinogenic risk, and 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethylene and toluene posed a higher non-carcinogenic risk. Olfactory risks of water bodies in the Yangtze River Delta region are negligible. Although the concentrations of VOCs in the Yangtze River Delta region did not exceed national standards in China and guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water, the presence of some ecological and health risks indicated that future monitoring studies and control practices are important to ensure ecological safety of drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunfeng Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Sheng Chang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Qing Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Xingbin Sun
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yueting Fan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Moli Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Xiang Tu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Abdul Qadeer
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
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Chen R, Li T, Huang C, Yu Y, Zhou L, Hu G, Yang F, Zhang L. Characteristics and health risks of benzene series and halocarbons near a typical chemical industrial park. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117893. [PMID: 34385133 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Health risks of typical benzene series and halocarbons (BSHs) in a densely populated area near a large-scale chemical industrial park were investigated. Ambient and indoor air and tap water samples were collected in summer and winter; and the concentration characteristics, sources, and exposure risks of typical BSH species, including five benzene series (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m,p-xylene) and five halocarbons (dichloromethane, trichloromethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloromethane, and tetrachloroethylene), were analysed. The total mean concentrations of BSHs were 53.32 μg m-3, 36.29 μg m-3, and 26.88 μg L-1 in indoor air, ambient air, and tap water, respectively. Halocarbons dominated the total BSHs with concentrations relatively higher than those in many other industrial areas. Industrial solvent use, industrial processes, and vehicle exhaust emissions were the principal sources of BSHs in ambient air. The use of household products (e.g., detergents and pesticides) was the principal source of indoor BSHs. Inhalation is the primary human exposure route. Ingestion of drinking water was also an important exposure route but had less impact than inhalation. Lifetime non-cancer risks of individual and cumulative BSHs were below the threshold (HQ = 1), indicating no significant lifetime non-cancer risks in the study area. However, tetrachloromethane, benzene, trichloromethane, ethylbenzene, and trichloroethylene showed potential lifetime cancer risk. The cumulative lifetime cancer risks exceeded the tolerable benchmark (1 × 10-4), indicating a lifetime cancer risk of BSHs to residents near the chemical industry park. This study provides valuable information for the management of public health in chemical industrial parks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404000, China
| | - Tingzhen Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404000, China
| | - Chengtao Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404000, China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404000, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Li Zhou
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Guocheng Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404000, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404000, China; National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Liuyi Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404000, China.
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Lin N, Kwarteng L, Godwin C, Warner S, Robins T, Arko-Mensah J, Fobil JN, Batterman S. Airborne volatile organic compounds at an e-waste site in Ghana: Source apportionment, exposure and health risks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126353. [PMID: 34175701 PMCID: PMC9925107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Informal e-waste recycling processes emit various air pollutants. While there are a number of pollutants of concern, little information exists on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) releases at e-waste sites. To assess occupational exposures and estimate health risks, we measured VOC levels at the Agbogbloshie e-waste site in Ghana, the largest e-waste site in Africa, by collecting both fixed-site and personal samples for analyzing a wide range of VOCs. A total of 54 VOCs were detected, dominated by aliphatic and aromatic compounds. Mean and median concentrations of the total target VOCs were 46 and 37 μg/m3 at the fixed sites, and 485 and 162 μg/m3 for the personal samples. Mean and median hazard ratios were 2.1 and 1.4, respectively, and cancer risks were 4.6 × 10-4 and 1.5 × 10-4. These risks were predominantly driven by naphthalene and benzene; chloroform and formaldehyde were also high in some samples. Based on the VOC composition, the major sources were industry, fuel evaporation and combustion. The concentration gradient across sites and the similarity of VOC profiles indicated that the e-waste site emissions reached neighboring communities. Our results suggest the need to protect e-waste workers from VOC exposure, and to limit emissions that can expose nearby populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China 200025
| | - Lawrencia Kwarteng
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Ghana, School of Public Health, P.O. Box LG13, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christopher Godwin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Sydni Warner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Thomas Robins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - John Arko-Mensah
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Ghana, School of Public Health, P.O. Box LG13, Accra, Ghana
| | - Julius N Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Ghana, School of Public Health, P.O. Box LG13, Accra, Ghana
| | - Stuart Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109.
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Xie G, Chen H, Zhang F, Shang X, Zhan B, Zeng L, Mu Y, Mellouki A, Tang X, Chen J. Compositions, sources, and potential health risks of volatile organic compounds in the heavily polluted rural North China Plain during the heating season. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147956. [PMID: 34052493 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe volatile organic compound (VOC) pollution has become an urgent problem during the heating season in the North China Plain (NCP), as exposure to hazardous VOCs can lead to chronic or acute diseases. A campaign with online VOC measurements was conducted at a rural site in Wangdu, NCP during the 2018 heating season to characterize the compositions and associated sources of VOCs and to assess their potential health risks. The total concentration of VOCs with 94 identified species was 77.21 ± 54.39 ppb. Seven source factors were identified by non-negative matrix factorization, including coal combustion (36.1%), LPG usage (21.1%), solvent usage (13.9%), biomass burning and secondary formation (14.2%), background (7.0%), industrial emissions (4.5%), and vehicle emissions (3.3%). The point estimate approach and Monte Carlo simulation were used to estimate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of harzadous VOCs. The results showed that the cumulative health risk of VOCs was above the safety level. Acrolein, 1.2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, chloroform, 1,3-butadiene, and benzene were identified as the key hazardous VOCs in Wangdu. Benzene had the highest average carcinogenic risk. Solvent usage and secondary formation were the dominant sources of adverse health effects. During the Spring Festival, most sources were sharply reduced; and VOC concentration declined by 49%. However, coal and biomass consumptions remained relatively large, probably due to heating demand. This study provides important references for the control strategies of VOCs during the heating season in heavily polluted rural areas in the NCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhao Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Fei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Acadamy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaona Shang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bixin Zhan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion, Aerothermique, Reactivite et Environnement, CNRS, 45071 Orleans cedex 02, France
| | - Xu Tang
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Zhang D, He B, Yuan M, Yu S, Yin S, Zhang R. Characteristics, sources and health risks assessment of VOCs in Zhengzhou, China during haze pollution season. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 108:44-57. [PMID: 34465436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Zhengzhou is one of the most haze-polluted cities in Central China with high organic carbon emission, which accounts for 15%-20% of particulate matter (PM2.5) in winter and causes significantly adverse health effects. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the precursors of secondary PM2.5 and O3 formation. An investigation of characteristics, sources and health risks assessment of VOCs was carried out at the urban area of Zhengzhou from 1st to 31st December, 2019. The mean concentrations of total detected VOCs were 48.8 ± 23.0 ppbv. Alkanes (22.0 ± 10.4 ppbv), halocarbons (8.1 ± 3.9 ppbv) and aromatics (6.5 ± 3.9 ppbv) were the predominant VOC species, followed by alkenes (5.1 ± 3.3 ppbv), oxygenated VOCs (3.6 ± 1.8 ppbv), alkyne (3.5 ± 1.9, ppbv) and sulfide (0.5 ± 0.9 ppbv). The Positive Matrix Factorization model was used to identify and apportion VOCs sources. Five major sources of VOCs were identified as vehicular exhaust, industrial processes, combustion, fuel evaporation, and solvent use. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk values of species were calculated. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of almost all air toxics increased during haze days. The total non-carcinogenic risks exceeded the acceptable ranges. Most VOC species posed no non-carcinogenic risk during three haze events. The carcinogenic risks of chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dibromoethane, benzyl chloride, hexachloro-1,3-butadiene, benzene and naphthalene were above the acceptable level (1.0 × 10-6) but below the tolerable risk level (1.0 × 10-4). Industrial emission was the major contributor to non-carcinogenic, and solvent use was the major contributor to carcinogenic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bing He
- Environmental Protection Monitoring Center Station of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Minghao Yuan
- Environmental Protection Monitoring Center Station of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Shijie Yu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shasha Yin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Xie F, Zhou X, Wang H, Gao J, Hao F, He J, Lü C. Heating events drive the seasonal patterns of volatile organic compounds in a typical semi-arid city. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147781. [PMID: 34034182 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The emission characteristics, source apportionment and chemical behavior of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important for strategy-making on ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) control. Based on the continuous observation during four seasons, the seasonal characteristics, chemical reactivity and source apportionment of 116 VOCs species were studied in a typical semi-arid city with no relevant research. The results showed that the annual average concentrations of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) in Hohhot was 44.67 ± 46.59 ppbv with the predominant of alkanes and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs). The sharp increment of TVOCs were explained by the elevating OVOCs and alkanes in autumn, while alkanes and alkenes in winter. The levels of alkenes presented negative and positive correlations with solar radiation and PM10, respectively. The mixing ratios accounted for 30% (alkanes) and 23% (alkenes and aromatics) of the TVOCs, respectively; while their ozone formation potential (OFP) ~15% and nearly 50% (even 75% in winter), respectively, indicating that the OFP of different VOCs species depends not only on their concentrations but more importantly on their chemical activity in atmosphere. According to the seasonal source apportionment, both the high levels of short-chain alkanes, alkenes and aromatics and the increasing coal sales volume suggested that the combustion sources were the predominant in heating seasons, while solvent uses was extracted as the most predominant during non-heating seasons. In non-heating seasons, the biogenic emission sources, ranking as the second contributor, were significantly higher than heating seasons. Isoprene was the most active biogenic VOCs species, bagging test results showed that deciduous trees were the predominant contributors for isoprene (~99%), while coniferous trees and shrub for monoterpenes (>95%). It will be helpful for understanding the characteristics of VOCs in Chinese national key development areas and informing policy to control semi-arid regional VOCs air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, 010021 Hohhot, China; Inner Mongolia Environmental Monitoring Center, 010011 Hohhot, China
| | - Xingjun Zhou
- Inner Mongolia Environmental Monitoring Center, 010011 Hohhot, China
| | - Haoji Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, 010021 Hohhot, China
| | - Jimei Gao
- Inner Mongolia Environmental Monitoring Center, 010011 Hohhot, China
| | - Feng Hao
- Inner Mongolia Environmental Monitoring Center, 010011 Hohhot, China
| | - Jiang He
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, 010021 Hohhot, China; Institute of Environmental Geology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Changwei Lü
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, 010021 Hohhot, China; Institute of Environmental Geology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
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Mei H, Wang M, Jin B, Zhu R, Wang Y, Wang L, Li S, Zhang R, Bao X. Characteristics of tailpipe volatile halogenated hydrocarbon (VHC) emissions from in-use vehicles during real-world driving. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:47227-47238. [PMID: 33893578 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vehicular emissions have become a primary anthropogenic source of urban atmospheric volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHCs) with the rapid increase of vehicle population, while characteristics of the VHC emissions from different vehicles were rarely systematically investigated. In this study, the on-road tailpipe emissions were sampled from seven in-use vehicles, including two light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGV), three light-duty diesel trucks (LDDT), one heavy-duty diesel truck (HDDT), and a liquefied petroleum gas-electric hybrid bus (LPGB), using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) combined with summa canisters, and 35 individual VHC species were identified by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry detector (GC-MSD). Results showed that VHC emissions under urban driving conditions were much higher than those on the suburban roads and highways. The VHC emission factors of LDGV were 1.2 ± 0.34 mg/km and 3.6 ± 1.5, 6.8 ± 0.89, and 1.6 ± 0.28 mg/km for LDDT, HDDT, and LPGB, respectively. For the LDGV, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, and hexachlorobutadiene were the top three VHC species. 1,2-Dichloroethane, trichloromethane, and methyl chloride were the main VHC constituents in the LDDT. Chlorobenzene was the most abundant VOC species for the HDDT, followed by 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,4-dichlorobenzene. The major species for LPGB were 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, and benzyl chloride. The major tailpipe VHC species obtained in this study were partial consistent with previous studies with different test methods. The results provide an initial evaluation of the tailpipe VHC emissions, which may provide experimental data support for the refined source apportionment of atmospheric VHCs and the control of vehicular VHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Mei
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Menglei Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Boqiang Jin
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Rencheng Zhu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Yunjing Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shunyi Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaofeng Bao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Xiong Y, Zhou J, Xing Z, Du K. Cancer risk assessment for exposure to hazardous volatile organic compounds in Calgary, Canada. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129650. [PMID: 33486452 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oil and natural gas (O&G) extraction operations emit hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in quantities that have adverse effects on human health. Our current understanding of the exposure risks associated with upstream O&G exploitations remains limited, and very few quantitative on-site remediation strategies have been proposed. To this end, we assessed the health risks associated with the emission of hazardous VOCs and presented a set of remediation goals for the city of Calgary, which is a major center of the Canadian oil industry. Results from probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) suggested that although VOCs had a negligible impact on chronic non-cancer-associated risk, inhalation-associated cancer risk remained a significant concern. Carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and 1,3-butadiene were the dominant VOCs, representing 88% of the integrated inhalation cancer risk (= 7.8 × 10-5); background, solid fuel combustion, and O&G extraction were among the primary sources that posed the greatest threat to human health. Results of a Monte Carlo simulation revealed that the probability of developing cancer due to inhalation of hazardous VOCs was ∼13.1% on clean air days and 45.9% on days with significant levels of air pollution. Preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) included reductions of 24.2-65.1% and 11.4-50.9% targeting priority VOCs and their sources, respectively. Taken together, our findings suggest that stringent control of the sources of VOCs, particularly fossil fuel combustion, is an urgent priority. PRA coupled with PRGs provides informative risk assessments and suggests quantitative remediation strategies that can be applied toward improved management of hazardous pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Jiabin Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China.
| | - Zhenyu Xing
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Nieto A, Zhang L, Bhandari D, Zhu W, Blount BC, De Jesús VR. Exposure to 1,3-Butadiene in the U.S. Population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2016. Biomarkers 2021; 26:371-383. [PMID: 33729088 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2021.1904000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene is a volatile organic compound with a gasoline-like odour that is primarily used as a monomer in the production of synthetic rubber. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified 1,3-butadiene as a human carcinogen. We assessed 1,3-butadiene exposure in the U.S. population by measuring its urinary metabolites N-acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine (34HBMA), N-acetyl-S-(1-hydroxymethyl-2-propenyl)-L-cysteine (1HMPeMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxy-3-butenyl)-L-cysteine (2HBeMA), and N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine (4HBeMA). Urine samples from the 2011 to 2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analysed for 1,3-butadiene metabolites using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. 34HBMA and 4HBeMA were detected in >96% of the samples; 1HMPeMA and 2HBeMA were detected in 0.66% and 9.84% of the samples, respectively. We used sample-weighted linear regression models to examine the influence of smoking status (using a combination of self-reporting and serum-cotinine data), demographic variables, and diet on biomarker levels. The median 4HBeMA among exclusive smokers (31.5 µg/g creatinine) was higher than in non-users (4.11 µg/g creatinine). Similarly, the median 34HBMA among exclusive smokers (391 µg/g creatinine) was higher than in non-users (296 µg/g creatinine). Furthermore, smoking 1-10, 11-20, and >20 cigarettes per day (CPD) was associated with 475%, 849%, and 1143% higher 4HBeMA (p < 0.0001), respectively. Additionally, smoking 1-10, 11-20, and >20 CPD was associated with 33%, 44%, and 102% higher 34HBMA (p < 0.0001). These results provide significant baseline data for 1,3-butadiene exposure in the U.S. population, and demonstrate that tobacco smoke is a major exposure source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Nieto
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luyu Zhang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deepak Bhandari
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wanzhe Zhu
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Víctor R De Jesús
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
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Xiong Y, Zhou J, Xing Z, Du K. Optimization of a volatile organic compound control strategy in an oil industry center in Canada by evaluating ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation potential. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110217. [PMID: 32971083 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a vital role in the formation of photochemical smog and haze in large urban environments. Previous source apportionment studies have focused on the contribution of different sources to VOC concentration with a view to pinpointing the major culprits for effective emission mitigation. However, different VOC sources may have different ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potentials. From a control perspective, it would be more rational to consider the role of individual VOC sources in secondary pollution; therefore, here, we propose a tiered source identification method that considers the formation potentials of O3 and SOA, which we applied in Calgary, Alberta, a site under the influence of multiple competing VOC sources. The pollution characteristics, secondary pollutant formation potential, and geographical origin of VOC sources were investigated over a five-year period. Seven major sources were identified using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, among which vehicle exhausts and solid fuel combustion were the dominant VOC sources responsible for O3 (60%) and SOA (63%) formation. Combustion of both liquid fuel (gasoline and diesel) and solid fuel (wood and coal) has exceeded the contribution of oil and gas production and become the top contributor to O3 and aerosol pollution in Calgary. This finding is consistent with the significant reduction (32.2-99.8%) in oil and gas production in Calgary over the period of 2013-2017. The source apportionment results show that the primary VOC source has shifted from conventional oil and gas extraction to a mixture of vehicle exhausts and oil and gas extraction, indicating the effectiveness of emission control measures taken in the energy sectors. Moreover, regionally transported VOCs from combustion sources in southeastern British Columbia have greatly increased the VOC level and secondary pollutant formation in Calgary. To effectively alleviate secondary pollution problems, the performance of joint pollution control measures has been suggested by the governments of both Alberta and British Columbia. These findings reveal that the tiered source identification strategy combining the traditional receptor model with socioeconomic factors, emission inventory, and source region analysis is a robust and promising tool for the interpretation of source apportionment results and optimization of secondary pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jiabin Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Zhenyu Xing
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Fu S, Guo M, Luo J, Han D, Chen X, Jia H, Jin X, Liao H, Wang X, Fan L, Cheng J. Improving VOCs control strategies based on source characteristics and chemical reactivity in a typical coastal city of South China through measurement and emission inventory. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140825. [PMID: 32755775 PMCID: PMC7354770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In China, the corresponding control directives for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been based on primary emissions, rarely considering reactive speciation. To seek more effective VOCs control strategies, we investigated 107 VOC species in a typical coastal city (Beihai) of South China, from August to November 2018. Meanwhile, a high-resolution anthropogenic VOCs monthly emission inventory (EI) was established for 2018. For source apportionments (SAs) reliability, comparisons of source structures derived from positive matrix factorization (PMF) and EI were made mainly in terms of reaction losses, uncertainties and specific ratios. Finally, for the source-end control, a comprehensive reactivity control index (RCI) was established by combing SAs with reactive speciation profiles. Ambient measurements showed that the average concentration of VOCs was 26.38 ppbv, dominated by alkanes (36.7%) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) (29.4%). VOC reactivity was estimated using ozone formation potential (52.35 ppbv) and propylene-equivalent concentration (4.22 ppbv). EI results displayed that the entire VOC, OFP, and propylene-equivalent emissions were 40.98 Gg, 67.98 Gg, and 105.93 Gg, respectively. Comparisons of source structures indicated that VOC SAs agreed within ±100% between two perspectives. Both PMF and EI results showed that petrochemical industry (24.0% and 33.0%), food processing and associated combustion (19.1% and 29.2%) were the significant contributors of anthropogenic VOCs, followed by other industrial processes (22.2% and 13.3%), transportation (18.9% and 12.0%), and solvent utilization (9.1% and10.5%). Aimed at VOCs abatement according to RCI: for terminal control, fifteen ambient highly reactive species (predominantly alkenes and alkanes) were targeted; for source control, the predominant anthropogenic sources (food industry, solvent usage, petrochemical industry and transportation) and their emitted highly reactive species were determined. Particularly, with low levels of ambient VOC and primary emissions, in this VOC and NOx double-controlled regime, crude disorganized emission from food industry contributed a high RCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Meixiu Guo
- Beihai Ecology and Environment Agency, Beihai, Guangxi 536000, China
| | - Jinmin Luo
- Beihai Ecology and Environment Agency, Beihai, Guangxi 536000, China
| | - Deming Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haohao Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaodan Jin
- Environmental Protection Research Institute of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi 530022, China
| | - Haoxiang Liao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Linping Fan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Xiong Y, Du K. Source-resolved attribution of ground-level ozone formation potential from VOC emissions in Metropolitan Vancouver, BC. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137698. [PMID: 32169644 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The common regulatory approach for managing ground-level ozone (O3) formation is based upon reducing the emission of total VOC in VOC limited regions, and the emission of NOx in NOx limited regions. However, the characteristic VOC species emitted from different sources are of different ozone formation potentials (OFP). Without an in-depth understanding of the relative OFP contributions from specific sources, the effectiveness of the existing approach for controlling ground-level O3 at the regional scale is limited. This study collected and analyzed five years (2012-2016) of monitoring data for 56 most photochemically reactive VOC species at Port Moody, an industrial city in Metro Vancouver, Canada that has experienced elevated O3 levels in its ambience. Source-specific contributions to OFP were quantified for major VOC emitters to deliberate the underlying causes of elevated O3 recently observed in this populated region. Six sources were identified using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, consisting of fuel production and combustion, fuel evaporation, vehicle exhaust, industrial coatings/solvents, petrochemical source, and other industrial emission. Although the top three contributors to total VOCs are fuel production and combustion (34.5%), fuel evaporation (21.4%), and vehicle exhaust (20.6%), the top three contributors to OFP are fuel production and combustion (27.1%), vehicle exhaust (23.7%), and industrial coatings/solvents (17.2%). Additionally, potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis was conducted to generate the geographical distribution of VOC and OFP sources in different seasons. The results revealed that, in the Metro Vancouver area, the OFP hotspots have been significantly different from the VOC emission hotspots. In general, regional sources, especially those located in the northeastern direction of Metro Vancouver, have greater influence on the VOCs levels. However, OFP has been predominantly affected by transportation and industrial sources at the local scale. Therefore, to formulate effective strategies for reducing ground-level O3, the seasonal and spatial variations of major OFP sources should be assessed by the regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada.
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