1
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Yuan Y, Chen X, Cai R, Li X, Li Y, Yin R, Li D, Yan C, Liu Y, He K, Kulmala M, Jiang J. Resolving Atmospheric Oxygenated Organic Molecules in Urban Beijing Using Online Ultrahigh-Resolution Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:17777-17785. [PMID: 39329193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c04214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Gaseous oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs) are crucial precursors of atmospheric organic aerosols. OOMs in urban atmospheres have complex compositions, posing challenges to understanding their formation, evolution, and influences. In this study, we identify 2403 atmospheric gaseous OOMs in urban Beijing using online nitrate-based chemical ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometry based on one-year atmospheric measurements. We find that OOMs in urban atmospheres can be identified with higher accuracy and wider coverage, compared to previously used online mass spectrometry. With optimized OOM resolving capabilities, previous knowledge of OOMs in urban atmospheres can be expanded. First, clear homologous and oxygen-addition characteristics of the OOMs are revealed. Second, OOMs with lower concentrations or higher masses are identified and characterized with high confidence, e.g., OOMs with masses above 350 Da. In particular, dimers of OOMs (e.g., C20H32O8-15N2), crucial species for organic nucleation, are identified. During four seasons, nitrogen-containing OOMs dominate the total concentration of OOMs, and OOMs are mainly from aromatic and aliphatic oxidation. Additionally, radicals with similar composition as OOMs, intermediates for OOM formation, are identified with clear diurnal variation, e.g., CnH2n-5O6 radicals (n = 8-10) and CmH2m-4NO9 radicals (m = 9-10), peak during the daytime and nighttime, respectively, previously having scarce measurement evidence in urban atmospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yuan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Runlong Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Yuyang Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Rujing Yin
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Dandan Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
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2
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Daellenbach KR, Cai J, Hakala S, Dada L, Yan C, Du W, Yao L, Zheng F, Ma J, Ungeheuer F, Vogel AL, Stolzenburg D, Hao Y, Liu Y, Bianchi F, Uzu G, Jaffrezo JL, Worsnop DR, Donahue NM, Kulmala M. Substantial contribution of transported emissions to organic aerosol in Beijing. NATURE GEOSCIENCE 2024; 17:747-754. [PMID: 39131449 PMCID: PMC11315673 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Haze in Beijing is linked to atmospherically formed secondary organic aerosol, which has been shown to be particularly harmful to human health. However, the sources and formation pathways of these secondary aerosols remain largely unknown, hindering effective pollution mitigation. Here we have quantified the sources of organic aerosol via direct near-molecular observations in central Beijing. In winter, organic aerosol pollution arises mainly from fresh solid-fuel emissions and secondary organic aerosols originating from both solid-fuel combustion and aqueous processes, probably involving multiphase chemistry with aromatic compounds. The most severe haze is linked to secondary organic aerosols originating from solid-fuel combustion, transported from the Beijing-Tianjing-Hebei Plain and rural mountainous areas west of Beijing. In summer, the increased fraction of secondary organic aerosol is dominated by aromatic emissions from the Xi'an-Shanghai-Beijing region, while the contribution of biogenic emissions remains relatively small. Overall, we identify the main sources of secondary organic aerosol affecting Beijing, which clearly extend beyond the local emissions in Beijing. Our results suggest that targeting key organic precursor emission sectors regionally may be needed to effectively mitigate organic aerosol pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar R. Daellenbach
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jing Cai
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simo Hakala
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Meteorology (MISU) and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lubna Dada
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Chao Yan
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Nanjing-Helsinki Institute in Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Du
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lei Yao
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feixue Zheng
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jialiang Ma
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian Ungeheuer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexander L. Vogel
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominik Stolzenburg
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yufang Hao
- PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gaëlle Uzu
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institute of Engineering and Management Univ. Grenoble Alpes (Grenoble INP), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institute of Engineering and Management Univ. Grenoble Alpes (Grenoble INP), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA USA
| | - Neil M. Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Huang J, Cai A, Wang W, He K, Zou S, Ma Q. The Variation in Chemical Composition and Source Apportionment of PM 2.5 before, during, and after COVID-19 Restrictions in Zhengzhou, China. TOXICS 2024; 12:81. [PMID: 38251036 PMCID: PMC10819188 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Despite significant improvements in air quality during and after COVID-19 restrictions, haze continued to occur in Zhengzhou afterwards. This paper compares ionic compositions and sources of PM2.5 before (2019), during (2020), and after (2021) the restrictions to explore the reasons for the haze. The average concentration of PM2.5 decreased by 28.5% in 2020 and 27.9% in 2021, respectively, from 102.49 μg m-3 in 2019. The concentration of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs) was 51.87 μg m-3 in 2019, which decreased by 3.1% in 2020 and 12.8% in 2021. In contrast, the contributions of SIAs to PM2.5 increased from 50.61% (2019) to 68.6% (2020) and 61.2% (2021). SIAs contributed significantly to PM2.5 levels in 2020-2021. Despite a 22~62% decline in NOx levels in 2020-2021, the increased O3 caused a similar NO3- concentration (20.69~23.00 μg m-3) in 2020-2021 to that (22.93 μg m-3) in 2019, hindering PM2.5 reduction in Zhengzhou. Six PM2.5 sources, including secondary inorganic aerosols, industrial emissions, coal combustion, biomass burning, soil dust, and traffic emissions, were identified by the positive matrix factorization model in 2019-2021. Compared to 2019, the reduction in PM2.5 from the secondary aerosol source in 2020 and 2021 was small, and the contribution of secondary aerosol to PM2.5 increased by 13.32% in 2020 and 12.94% in 2021. In comparison, the primary emissions, including biomass burning, traffic, and dust, were reduced by 29.71% in 2020 and 27.7% in 2021. The results indicated that the secondary production did not significantly contribute to the PM2.5 decrease during and after the COVID-19 restrictions. Therefore, it is essential to understand the formation of secondary aerosols under high O3 and low precursor gases to mitigate air pollution in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinting Huang
- College of Surveying and Mapping Engineering, Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute, Kaifeng 475004, China;
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Aomeng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Integrated Air Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Weisi Wang
- Henan Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Kuan He
- College of Surveying and Mapping Engineering, Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute, Kaifeng 475004, China;
| | - Shuangshuang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Qingxia Ma
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Integrated Air Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Kaifeng 475004, China
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4
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Wang H, Zhang L. Trends of inorganic sulfur and nitrogen species at an urban site in western Canada (2004-2018). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122079. [PMID: 37343916 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
A 15-year (2004-2018) record of measurement data of gaseous and particulate sulfur and nitrogen pollutants in air collected at an urban site in Burnaby in western Canada was analyzed for generating their decadal trends using three different methods, including linear regression, Mann-Kendall test and Theil-Sen trend estimator (MK-TS), and ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD). Annual mean concentration of SO2 and SO42- decreased by about 59% and 42%, respectively, during the 15-year period. The slower decreases of SO42- than SO2 were mainly caused by the increased O3 concentration and temperature in spring and summer, which promoted conversion of SO2 to SO42- through gas-phase reaction, and by the increased aerosol pH value and availability of H2O2 in winter, which enhanced aqueous-phase SO42- formation. Accordingly, the sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) increased by 23% or more in spring, summer, and winter during the 15-year period. Annual mean concentrations of NO2 and NO3- declined by 36% and 38%, respectively, during this period. On seasonal basis, NO3- decreased faster than NO2 in autumn and slower in winter. The non-linear responses of NO3- to NO2 concentration decreases were more evident in winter than the other seasons, partly due to the increased particulate NO3- fraction caused by decreased temperature, increased aerosol pH value, and enhanced NO3- formation caused by increased O3 concentrations. Annual mean concentration of NH3 showed small increases due to stable NH3 emission and reduced conversion of NH3 to NH4+. NH4+ concentration decreased by 51% during the 15-year period. These results suggest that reduced oxidants levels are likely responsible for weakened formation of secondary inorganic aerosols, besides emission reductions for SO2 and NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbo Wang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, M3H 5T4, Canada.
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5
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Xiang W, Wang W, Du L, Zhao B, Liu X, Zhang X, Yao L, Ge M. Toxicological Effects of Secondary Air Pollutants. Chem Res Chin Univ 2023; 39:326-341. [PMID: 37303472 PMCID: PMC10147539 DOI: 10.1007/s40242-023-3050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Secondary air pollutants, originating from gaseous pollutants and primary particulate matter emitted by natural sources and human activities, undergo complex atmospheric chemical reactions and multiphase processes. Secondary gaseous pollutants represented by ozone and secondary particulate matter, including sulfates, nitrates, ammonium salts, and secondary organic aerosols, are formed in the atmosphere, affecting air quality and human health. This paper summarizes the formation pathways and mechanisms of important atmospheric secondary pollutants. Meanwhile, different secondary pollutants' toxicological effects and corresponding health risks are evaluated. Studies have shown that secondary pollutants are generally more toxic than primary ones. However, due to their diverse source and complex generation mechanism, the study of the toxicological effects of secondary pollutants is still in its early stages. Therefore, this paper first introduces the formation mechanism of secondary gaseous pollutants and focuses mainly on ozone's toxicological effects. In terms of particulate matter, secondary inorganic and organic particulate matters are summarized separately, then the contribution and toxicological effects of secondary components formed from primary carbonaceous aerosols are discussed. Finally, secondary pollutants generated in the indoor environment are briefly introduced. Overall, a comprehensive review of secondary air pollutants may shed light on the future toxicological and health effects research of secondary air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Libo Du
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 P. R. China
| | - Xingyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
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6
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Brean J, Rowell A, Beddows DCS, Shi Z, Harrison RM. Estimates of Future New Particle Formation under Different Emission Scenarios in Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4741-4750. [PMID: 36930743 PMCID: PMC10061929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) is a leading source of particulate matter by number and a contributor to particle mass during haze events. Reductions in emissions of air pollutants, many of which are NPF precursors, are expected in the move toward carbon neutrality or net-zero. Expected changes to pollutant emissions are used to investigate future changes to NPF processes, in comparison to a simulation of current conditions. The projected changes to SO2 emissions are key in changing future NPF number, with different scenarios producing either a doubling or near total reduction in sulfuric acid-amine particle formation rates. Particle growth rates are projected to change little in all but the strictest emission control scenarios. These changes will reduce the particle mass arising by NPF substantially, thus showing a further cobenefit of net-zero policies. Major uncertainties remain in future NPF including the volatility of oxygenated organic molecules resulting from changes to NOx and amine emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brean
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental
Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Rowell
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental
Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - David C. S. Beddows
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental
Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental
Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental
Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and
Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Zhang H, Chu B, Liu J, Liu Y, Chen T, Cao Q, Wang Y, Zhang P, Ma Q, Wang Q, He H. Titanium Dioxide Promotes New Particle Formation: A Smog Chamber Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:920-928. [PMID: 36592345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 is a widely used material in building coatings. Many studies have revealed that TiO2 promotes the heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 and the subsequent sulfate formation. However, whether and how much TiO2 contributes to the gaseous H2SO4 and subsequent new particle formation (NPF) still remains unclear. Herein, we used a 1 m3 quartz smog chamber to investigate NPF in the presence of TiO2. The experimental results indicated that TiO2 could greatly promote NPF. The increases in particle formation rate (J) and growth rate due to the presence of TiO2 were quantified, and the promotion effect was attributed to the production of gaseous H2SO4. The promotion effect of TiO2 on SO2 oxidation and subsequent NPF decreased gradually due to the formation of surface sulfate but did not disappear completely, instead partly recovering after washing with water. Moreover, the promotion effect of TiO2 on NPF was observed regardless of differences in RH, and the most significant promotion effect of TiO2 associated with the strongest NPF occurred at an RH of 20%. Based on the experimental evidence, the environmental impact of TiO2 on gaseous H2SO4 and particle pollution in urban areas was estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing100083, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
| | - Qing Cao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing100083, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
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8
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Qi L, Zheng H, Ding D, Wang S. Responses of sulfate and nitrate to anthropogenic emission changes in eastern China - in perspective of long-term variations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158875. [PMID: 36126708 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigate responses of sulfate (SO42-) and nitrate (NO3-) to anthropogenic emission changes in 2006-2017 by fixing meteorology at the 2009 level using nested 3D chemical transport model GEOS-Chem. We find that sulfate concentration decreases following SO2 emissions, but with a relatively smaller reduction rate (by 16 % in North China Plain (NCP) and 28 % in Yangtze River Delta (YRD)) due to larger sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) at lower SO2 level. SOR follows a power law with SO2 emissions in general except in winter in NCP, when and where both SO2 emission reduction and atmospheric oxidation capacity are critical to the inter-annual variations of SOR. Nitrate concentration ([pNO3-]) decreases along with NOx emission reduction in summer, but increases slightly in winter in 2011-2017. Equilibrium with gas phase HNO3, NO3- in particle phase (pNO3-) is determined by total HNO3 (TN = [pNO3-] + [gHNO3]) oxidized from NO2 and gas-particle partitioning (ε(NO3-) = [pNO3-]/TN). TN is decreasing faster in summer (~33 %) than in winter (~25 %) in 2011-2017. In contrast, ε(NO3-) changes marginally in summer (within 5 %) but increases by 36 % in NCP and by 51 % in YRD in winter in 2006-2017. The increasing of ε(NO3-) in winter is attributed to the strong reduction of [pSO42-], which increases the relative abundance of NH3 and thus favors partitioning of NO3- to the particle phase. The effect of increasing ε(NO3-) overcomes that of decreasing TN in winter. We suggest reduce SO2 emissions to further reduce [pSO42-] in eastern China. In addition, we recommend reduce NOx emissions in summer, and reduce atmospheric oxidation capacity and relative abundance of NH3 in winter to reduce [pNO3-].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qi
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haotian Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dian Ding
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
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Ma Q, Wang W, Wu Y, Wang F, Jin L, Song X, Han Y, Zhang R, Zhang D. Haze caused by NO x oxidation under restricted residential and industrial activities in a mega city in the south of North China Plain. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135489. [PMID: 35777547 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The formation of secondary aerosol species, including nitrate and sulfate, induces severe haze in the North China Plain. However, despite substantial reductions in anthropogenic pollutants due to severe restriction of residential and industrial activities in 2020 to stop the spread of COVID-19, haze still formed in Zhengzhou. We compared ionic compositions of PM2.5 during the period of the restriction with that immediately before the restriction and in the comparison period in 2019 to investigate the processes that caused the haze. The average concentration of PM2.5 was 83.9 μg m-3 in the restriction period, 241.8 μg m-3 before the restriction, and 94.0 μg m-3 in 2019. Nitrate was the largest contributor to the PM2.5 in all periods, with an average mass fraction of 24%-30%. The average molar concentration of total nitrogen compounds (NOx + nitrate) was 0.89 μmol m-3 in the restriction period, which was much lower than that in the non-restriction periods (1.85-2.74 μmol m-3). In contrast, the concentration of sulfur compounds (SO2 + sulfate) was 0.34-0.39 μmol m-3 in all periods. The conversion rate of NOx to nitrate (NOR) was 0.35 in the restriction period, significantly higher than that before the restriction (0.26) and in 2019 (0.25). NOR was higher with relative humidity in 40-80% in the restriction period than in the other two periods, whereas the conversion rate of SO2 to sulfate did not, indicating nitrate formation was more efficient during the restriction. When O3 occupied more than half of the oxidants (Ox = O3 + NO2), NOR increased rapidly with the ratio of O3 to Ox and was much higher in the daytime than nighttime. Therefore, haze in the restriction period was caused by increased NOx-to-nitrate conversion driven by photochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Ma
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Integrated Air Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Weisi Wang
- Henan Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yunfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Liyuan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xiaoyan Song
- College of Geosciences and Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Yan Han
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Integrated Air Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 862-8502, Japan.
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10
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Ma T, Duan F, Ma Y, Zhang Q, Xu Y, Li W, Zhu L, He K. Unbalanced emission reductions and adverse meteorological conditions facilitate the formation of secondary pollutants during the COVID-19 lockdown in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155970. [PMID: 35588831 PMCID: PMC9109998 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown in 2020, severe haze pollution occurred in the North China Plain despite the significant reduction in anthropogenic emissions, providing a natural experiment to explore the response of haze pollution to the reduction of human activities. Here, we study the characteristics and causes of haze pollution during the COVID-19 outbreak based on comprehensive field measurements in Beijing during January and February 2020. After excluding the Spring Festival period affected by fireworks activities, we found the ozone concentrations and the proportion of sulfate and nitrate in PM2.5 increased during the COVID-19 lockdown compared with the period before the lockdown, and sulfate played a more important role. Heterogeneous chemistry and photochemistry dominate the formation of sulfate and nitrate during the whole campaign, respectively, and the heterogeneous formation of nitrate at night was enhanced during the lockdown. The coeffects of more reductions in NOx than VOCs, weakened titration of NO, and increased temperature during the lockdown led to the increase in ozone concentrations, thereby promoting atmospheric oxidation capacity and photochemistry. In addition, the increase in relative humidity during the lockdown facilitated heterogeneous chemistry. Our results indicate that unbalanced emission reductions and adverse meteorological conditions induce the formation of secondary pollutants during the COVID-19 lockdown haze, and the formulation of effective coordinated emission-reduction control measures for PM2.5 and ozone pollution is needed in the future, especially the balanced control of NOx and VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yongliang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qinqin Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunzhi Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenguang Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lidan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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11
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Ma Q, Wang W, Liu D, Zhao R, Zhao J, Li W, Pan Y, Zhang D. Haze Occurrence Caused by High Gas-to-Particle Conversion in Moisture Air under Low Pollutant Emission in a Megacity of China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116405. [PMID: 35681990 PMCID: PMC9179953 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Haze occurred in Zhengzhou, a megacity in the northern China, with the PM2.5 as high as 254 μg m−3 on 25 December 2019, despite the emergency response measure of restriction on the emission of anthropogenic pollutants which was implemented on December 19 for suppressing local air pollution. Air pollutant concentrations, chemical compositions, and the origins of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) between 5–26 December were investigated to explore the reasons for the haze occurrence. Results show that the haze was caused by efficient SO2-to-suflate and NOx-to-nitrate conversions under high relative humidity (RH) condition. In comparison with the period before the restriction (5–18 December) when the PM2.5 was low, the concentration of PM2.5 during the haze (19–26 December) was 173 µg m−3 on average with 51% contributed by sulfate (31 µg m−3) and nitrate (57 µg m−3). The conversions of SO2-to-sulfate and NOx-to-nitrate efficiently produced sulfate and nitrate although the concentration of the two precursor gases SO2 and NOx was low. The high RH, which was more than 70% and the consequence of artificial water-vapor spreading in the urban air for reducing air pollutants, was the key factor causing the conversion rates to be enlarged in the constriction period. In addition, the last 48 h movement of the air parcels on 19–26 December was stagnant, and the air mass was from surrounding areas within 200 km, indicating weather conditions favoring the accumulation of locally-originated pollutants. Although emergency response measures were implemented, high gas-to-particle conversions in stagnant and moisture circumstances can still cause severe haze in urban air. Since the artificial water-vapor spreading in the urban air was one of the reasons for the high RH, it is likely that the spreading had unexpected side effects in some certain circumstances and needs to be taken into consideration in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Ma
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Q.M.); (D.L.); (J.Z.); (W.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Integrated Air Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Weisi Wang
- Henan Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Zhengzhou 450007, China;
| | - Dexin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Q.M.); (D.L.); (J.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Rongke Zhao
- Henan Kaifeng College of Science Technology and Communication, Kaifeng 475004, China;
| | - Jingqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Q.M.); (D.L.); (J.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Wanlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Q.M.); (D.L.); (J.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Yanfang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Q.M.); (D.L.); (J.Z.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (D.Z.)
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (D.Z.)
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12
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Kulmala M, Cai R, Stolzenburg D, Zhou Y, Dada L, Guo Y, Yan C, Petäjä T, Jiang J, Kerminen VM. The contribution of new particle formation and subsequent growth to haze formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2022; 2:352-361. [PMID: 35694136 PMCID: PMC9119031 DOI: 10.1039/d1ea00096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the contribution of atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) and subsequent growth of the newly formed particles, characterized by high concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). In addition to having adverse effects on visibility and human health, these haze particles may act as cloud condensation nuclei, having potentially large influences on clouds and precipitation. Using atmospheric observations performed in 2019 in Beijing, a polluted megacity in China, we showed that the variability of growth rates (GR) of particles originating from NPF depend only weakly on low-volatile vapor - highly oxidated organic molecules (HOMs) and sulphuric acid - concentrations and have no apparent connection with the strength of NPF or the level of background pollution. We then constrained aerosol dynamic model simulations with these observations. We showed that under conditions typical for the Beijing atmosphere, NPF is capable of contributing with more than 100 μg m-3 to the PM2.5 mass concentration and simultaneously >103 cm-3 to the haze particle (diameter > 100 nm) number concentration. Our simulations reveal that the PM2.5 mass concentration originating from NPF, strength of NPF, particle growth rate and pre-existing background particle population are all connected with each other. Concerning the PM pollution control, our results indicate that reducing primary particle emissions might not result in an effective enough decrease in total PM2.5 mass concentrations until a reduction in emissions of precursor compounds for NPF and subsequent particle growth is imposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Kulmala
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT) Beijing China.,Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Finland .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Runlong Cai
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Dominik Stolzenburg
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Ying Zhou
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT) Beijing China
| | - Lubna Dada
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Finland .,Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen Switzerland
| | - Yishuo Guo
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT) Beijing China
| | - Chao Yan
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT) Beijing China.,Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Finland .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Veli-Matti Kerminen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Finland .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University Nanjing China
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13
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Feng Z, Zheng F, Yan C, Fu P, Zhang Y, Lin Z, Cai J, Du W, Wang Y, Kangasluoma J, Bianchi F, Petäjä T, Wang Y, Kulmala M, Liu Y. The impact of ammonium on the distillation of organic carbon in PM 2.5. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:150012. [PMID: 34525708 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thermal desorption coupled with different detectors is an important analysis method for ambient carbonaceous aerosols. However, it is unclear how the compounds coexisting in both the gas and particle phases affect carbonaceous aerosol concentrations and measurements during thermal desorption. We observed matrix effects leading to a redistribution of different OC fractions (OC1 to OC4) during the thermal desorption process. These factors led to the formation of OC with low volatility (OC4), mainly from high-volatility OC (OC1 and OC2). Laboratory studies further indicated that ammonium promotes such matrix effects by transforming OC in the particle phase. Therefore, in addition to providing insights into the chemical evolution of OC during haze events, we argue that thermal-desorption-based OC measurements should be used with caution, which is an important step towards a more accurate measurement of OC in the ambient atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Feng
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Feixue Zheng
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peng Fu
- Hebei Sailhero Environmental Protection Hi-Tech., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhuohui Lin
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wei Du
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Juha Kangasluoma
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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14
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Xia D, Chen J, Wang Y, Xu T, Su L, Xie HB, Allen DT. Organic acid-ammonia ion-induced nucleation pathways unveiled by quantum chemical calculation and kinetics modeling: A case study of 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131354. [PMID: 34216930 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nucleation of organic acids (OAs) and H2SO4 is an important source for new particle formation in the atmosphere. However, it is still unclear whether organic acids can produce nanoparticles independent of H2SO4. In this study, 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid (MBTCA) was adopted as a model of OAs. Pathways of clustering from MBTCA, ammonia and ions (NH4+ and NO3-) to form a 1.9 nm nucleus were investigated by quantum chemical calculation and kinetic modeling. Results show recombination of charged clusters/ions plays an essential role in the nucleation processes. Cluster formation rates increase by a factor of 103 when NH3 increases from 2.6 × 108 molecules·cm-3 (under clean conditions) to 2.6 × 1011 molecules·cm-3 (under polluted conditions), as NH3 can stabilize MBTCA clusters and change ion compositions from H3O+ to NH4+. Although the proposed new mechanism cannot compete with H2SO4-NH3-H2O or H2SO4-OA nucleation currently, it may be important in the future with the decline of SO2 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (China Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (China Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (China Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (China Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Lihao Su
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (China Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (China Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - David T Allen
- Center for Energy and Environmental Resources, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States
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15
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Yin R, Yan C, Cai R, Li X, Shen J, Lu Y, Schobesberger S, Fu Y, Deng C, Wang L, Liu Y, Zheng J, Xie H, Bianchi F, Worsnop DR, Kulmala M, Jiang J. Acid-Base Clusters during Atmospheric New Particle Formation in Urban Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10994-11005. [PMID: 34338506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Molecular clustering is the initial step of atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) that generates numerous secondary particles. Using two online mass spectrometers with and without a chemical ionization inlet, we characterized the neutral clusters and the naturally charged ion clusters during NPF periods in urban Beijing. In ion clusters, we observed pure sulfuric acid (SA) clusters, SA-amine clusters, SA-ammonia (NH3) clusters, and SA-amine-NH3 clusters. However, only SA clusters and SA-amine clusters were observed in the neutral form. Meanwhile, oxygenated organic molecule (OOM) clusters charged by a nitrate ion and a bisulfate ion were observed in ion clusters. Acid-base clusters correlate well with the occurrence of sub-3 nm particles, whereas OOM clusters do not. Moreover, with the increasing cluster size, amine fractions in ion acid-base clusters decrease, while NH3 fractions increase. This variation results from the reduced stability differences between SA-amine clusters and SA-NH3 clusters, which is supported by both quantum chemistry calculations and chamber experiments. The lower average number of dimethylamine (DMA) molecules in atmospheric ion clusters than the saturated value from controlled SA-DMA nucleation experiments suggests that there is insufficient DMA in urban Beijing to fully stabilize large SA clusters, and therefore, other basic molecules such as NH3 play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujing Yin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Runlong Cai
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiewen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yiqun Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | | | - Yueyun Fu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chenjuan Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hongbin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Aerodyne Research Inc, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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16
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Li H, Ma Y, Duan F, Zhu L, Ma T, Yang S, Xu Y, Li F, Huang T, Kimoto T, Zhang Q, Tong D, Wu N, Hu Y, Huo M, Zhang Q, Ge X, Gong W, He K. Stronger secondary pollution processes despite decrease in gaseous precursors: A comparative analysis of summer 2020 and 2019 in Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116923. [PMID: 33751950 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To control the spread of COVID-19, China implemented a series of lockdowns, limiting various offline interactions. This provided an opportunity to study the response of air quality to emissions control. By comparing the characteristics of pollution in the summers of 2019 and 2020, we found a significant decrease in gaseous pollutants in 2020. However, particle pollution in the summer of 2020 was more severe; PM2.5 levels increased from 35.8 to 44.7 μg m-3, and PM10 increased from 51.4 to 69.0 μg m-3 from 2019 to 2020. The higher PM10 was caused by two sandstorm events on May 11 and June 3, 2020, while the higher PM2.5 was the result of enhanced secondary formation processes indicated by the higher sulfate oxidation rate (SOR) and nitrate oxidation rate (NOR) in 2020. Higher SOR and NOR were attributed mainly to higher relative humidity and stronger oxidizing capacity. Analysis of PMx distribution showed that severe haze occurred when particles within Bin2 (size ranging 1-2.5 μm) dominated. SO42-(1/2.5) and SO42-(2.5/10) remained stable under different periods at 0.5 and 0.8, respectively, indicating that SO42- existed mainly in smaller particles. Decreases in NO3-(1/2.5) and increases in NO3-(2.5/10) from clean to polluted conditions, similar to the variations in PMx distribution, suggest that NO3- played a role in the worsening of pollution. O3 concentrations were higher in 2020 (108.6 μg m-3) than in 2019 (96.8 μg m-3). Marked decreases in fresh NO alleviated the titration of O3. Furthermore, the oxidation reaction of NO2 that produces NO3- was dominant over the photochemical reaction of NO2 that produces O3, making NO2 less important for O3 pollution. In comparison, a lower VOC/NOx ratio (less than 10) meant that Beijing is a VOC-limited area; this indicates that in order to alleviate O3 pollution in Beijing, emissions of VOCs should be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yongliang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Lidan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tao Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yunzhi Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimoto
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - Qinqin Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dan Tong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Nana Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yunxing Hu
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - Mingyu Huo
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiang Ge
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - Wanru Gong
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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17
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Li X, Li Y, Lawler MJ, Hao J, Smith JN, Jiang J. Composition of Ultrafine Particles in Urban Beijing: Measurement Using a Thermal Desorption Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2859-2868. [PMID: 33577293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFPs) dominate the particle number population in the urban atmosphere and revealing their chemical composition is important. The thermal desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometer (TDCIMS) can semicontinuously measure UFP composition at the molecular level. We modified a TDCIMS and deployed it in urban Beijing. Radioactive materials in the TDCIMS for aerosol charging and chemical ionization were replaced by soft X-ray ionizers so that it can be operated in countries with tight regulations on radioactive materials. Protonated N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone ions were used as the positive reagent ion, which selectively detects ammonia and low-molecular weight-aliphatic amines and amides vaporized from the particle phase. With superoxide as the negative reagent ion, a wide range of inorganic and organic compounds were observed, including nitrate, sulfate, aliphatic acids with carbon numbers up to 18, and highly oxygenated CHO, CHON, and CHOS compounds. The latter two can be attributed to parent ions or the decomposition products of organonitrates and organosulfates/organosulfonates, respectively. Components from both primary emissions and secondary formation of UFPs were identified. Compared to the UFPs measured at forest and marine sites, those in urban Beijing contain more nitrogen-containing and sulfur-containing compounds. These observations illustrate unique features of the UFPs in the urban environment and provide insights into their origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yuyang Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Michael J Lawler
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - James N Smith
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
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18
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Zhang Q, Jia S, Yang L, Krishnan P, Zhou S, Shao M, Wang X. New particle formation (NPF) events in China urban clusters given by sever composite pollution background. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127842. [PMID: 32799146 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
New Particle Formation (NPF) refers to transformation of gaseous precursors in the atmosphere due to nucleation and subsequent growth process through physicochemical interaction. It has generated a lot of interest due to its profound impact on global and regional environment, climate and human health. We reviewed the studies on NPF in three city clusters of China: the North China Plain, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta obtained through experiment simulations (e.g., chamber simulation, flow-tube simulation, etc.), field observations, and numerical simulations. Due to its atmospheric background pollution and strong oxidation capacities resulting in high source rate of precursors, China's atmosphere possesses challenges different from those evaluated in previous studies on cleaning sites and other developing countries. Hence, NPF events can simultaneously exhibit high condensable sink, formation rate and growth rate. In addition, the high intensity of anthropogenic emissions in urban China has led to greater diversity of pollutant species involved in NPF nucleation and subsequent growth, compared to the dominant role of biogenic precursors at cleaning sites. Differences in geographical location and industrial structure also lead to significant distinctions in NPF characteristics of the three city clusters. Consequently, the lack of understanding of nucleation mechanism of complexly polluted background sites makes the global and regional climate models with submodels based on clean background have enormous uncertainty when applied to urban China. The establishment of a mature research ecosystem including field observations, laboratory simulations and numerical simulations is the key to the breakthrough of NPF research in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, PR China
| | - Shiguo Jia
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Padmaja Krishnan
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Shengzhen Zhou
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Min Shao
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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