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Parvizian BA, Helm PA, Fernando S, Crimmins BS, Hopke PK, Holsen TM. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in surface sediment from Lake Ontario. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:38358-38366. [PMID: 38801611 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33788-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Concentrations of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) were analyzed and investigated in surficial sediment collected in 2018 from ten different nearshore sites in Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River influenced by inputs from varying urban and historical land uses. Sites were grouped into two categories of tributary and lake according to their location. Results show that tributary sites had higher concentrations of total chlorinated paraffin (CP) than lake sites. Humber Bay, a lake site, had the highest total CP concentration (55,000 ng/gTOC) followed by Humber River, a tributary site (50,000 ng/gTOC). The lowest concentrations were found in eastern Lake Ontario and Lake St. Francis in the St. Lawrence River (540 ng/gTOC). Higher concentrations of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) were found where runoff and wastewater inputs from urban areas, current industrial activities, and population were the greatest. Levels of MCCPs were higher than SCCPs at all sites but one, Lake St. Francis. Among the SCCPs, C13 and among the MCCPs C14 were the dominant chain length alkanes, with C14 being the highest among both groups. The SCCPs and MCCPs profiles suggest that they can be used to distinguish between sites impacted by local sources vs. sites impacted by short-/long-range transport of these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Alipour Parvizian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Paul A Helm
- Environmental Monitoring & Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, ON, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Sujan Fernando
- Center for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Bernard S Crimmins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
- AEACS, 1015 Hunt Valley Cir, LLC, New Kensington, PA, 15068, USA
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA.
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
- Center for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
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2
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Tahir A, Abbasi NA, He C, Ahmad SR, Baqar M, Qadir A. Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of short and medium chain chlorinated paraffins in water and sediments of river Ravi, Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171964. [PMID: 38537810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Short (SCCPs) and medium (MCCPs) chain chlorinated paraffins being the emerging organic pollutants have raised serious concerns due to their widespread use and related human health risks. However, their occurrence in aquatic bodies like rivers and associated damage to ecological integrity is yet unknown in some regions of the world. The current study is the first ever assessment of SCCPs and MCCPs in sediment and water of river Ravi, Pakistan. Spatial occurrence and associated ecological risks were investigated from sediments (n = 16) and composite water samples (n = 8) collected at eight locations along the stretch of river Ravi. The concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs varied from below limit of detection (
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Tahir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Akhtar Abbasi
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Chang He
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
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3
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Yang L, Yao Y, Zeng Y, Yu S, Liu Y, An Q, Aamir M, Xu C, Hayat K, Liu W. Exposure to Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins and the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Nested Case-Control Study in Eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:3665-3676. [PMID: 38358856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Toxicological studies have indicated that exposure to chlorinated paraffins (CPs) may disrupt intracellular glucose and energy metabolism. However, limited information exists regarding the impact of human CP exposure on glucose homeostasis and its potential association with an increased risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Here, we conducted a prospective study with a nested case-control design to evaluate the link between short- and medium-chain CP (SCCPs and MCCPs) exposures during pregnancy and the risk of GDM. Serum samples from 102 GDM-diagnosed pregnant women and 204 healthy controls were collected in Hangzhou, Eastern China. The median (interquartile range, IQR) concentration of SCCPs was 161 (127, 236) ng/mL in the GDM group compared to 127 (96.9, 176) ng/mL in the non-GDM group (p < 0.01). For MCCPs, the GDM group had a median concentration of 144 (117, 174) ng/mL, while the control group was 114 (78.1, 162) ng/mL (p < 0.01). Compared to the lowest quartile as the reference, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of GDM were 7.07 (95% CI: 2.87, 17.40) and 3.34 (95% CI: 1.48, 7.53) in the highest quartile of ∑SCCP and ∑MCCP levels, respectively, with MCCPs demonstrating an inverted U-shaped association with GDM. Weighted quantile sum regression evaluated the joint effects of all CPs on GDM and glucose homeostasis. Among all CP congeners, C13H23Cl5 and C10H16Cl6 were the crucial variables driving the positive association with the GDM risk. Our results demonstrated a significant positive association between CP concentration in maternal serum and GDM risk, and exposure to SCCPs and MCCPs may disturb maternal glucose homeostasis. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the health risks of CP exposure and the role of environmental contaminants in the pathogenesis of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yujia Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shijie Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yingxue Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qi An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Chenye Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Kashif Hayat
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
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Cao X, Gao L, Jiang X, Cheng X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Ai Q, Weng J, Zheng M. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in sediment from the Haihe River Basin: Sources, distributions, and ecological risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140856. [PMID: 38048831 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) can accumulate in sediment and pose risks to ecological systems and human health. The Haihe River Basin is one of the seven main river basins in China and is mainly in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, which is densely populated and very urbanized. There is therefore a high probability of CP pollution in the Haihe River Basin. However, CP pollution and the environmental risks posed by CPs in the Haihe River are not well understood. In this study, the concentrations of short-chain CPs (SCCPs) and medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) in sediment from six rivers in the Haihe River Basin system were determined using two-dimensional gas chromatography electron-capture negative ionization mass spectrometry. The total SCCP and MCCP concentrations in the sediment samples ranged from 131.83 to 1767.71 and from 89.72 to 1442.82 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The total organic carbon content did not significantly correlate with the CP concentrations. The dominant SCCP congener groups were C10Cl6-7 and the dominant MCCP congener groups were C14Cl7-8. Significant relationships (R = 0.700, p < 0.05) were found between the SCCP and MCCP concentrations, indicating that SCCPs and MCCPs may have similar sources. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis indicated that sediment in the study area was contaminated with CPs through the use of the CP-42 and CP-52 commercial products in industrial processes and human activities. The ecological risks posed by CPs were assessed and SCCPs were found to pose high risks in the Yongding New River but moderate risks in the other rivers. MCCPs were found to pose minimal risks to the aquatic environment at most of the sampling points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | - Xiaoxu Jiang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiaofeng Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiyuan Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
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5
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Liu X, Wang S, Hou Y, Liu C, Ling J, Wei C, Zhou Q, Zheng X. Freshwater environment risk assessment and derivation of human health ambient water quality criteria for SCCPs in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122379. [PMID: 37586687 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, CxH2x+2-yCly, where x = 10 to 13 and y = 3 to x) are a complex family of emerging contaminants that have been identified as persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) substances. Because of their persistence, high toxicity, bioaccumulation and long-distance mobility, SCCPs were added to the list of controlled POPs in the Stockholm Convention in 2017. China is the largest producer and user of SCCPs all over the world, thus SCCPs have been widely distributed in the freshwater environment. But the ecological risk and human health risk of SCCPs in China were still less evaluated. This study collected and screened the exposure data of SCCPs in freshwater environment in China, and then evaluated the freshwater and sediments ecological risk of SCCPs by risk quotient (RQ) method and the human health risk by margin of exposure (MOE) method. Our results showed that the pollution of SCCPs in the freshwater environment in China was not optimistic. The ecological risks and human health risks had occurred, and even there were high ecological risks occurred in some regions in China. Besides, because of the absence of the concentration threshold of SCCPs to protect human health in freshwater at present, we derived the human health ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) values of SCCPs based on exposure data and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) in China. The human health AWQC values of SCCPs ranged from 14.99 ng L-1 to 154.54 ng L-1 in different regions in China, and the national human health AWQC value was determined as 24.08 ng L-1. This study will provide the scientific references for the management and control of SCCPs in China, especially for the formulation of standard of water environmental quality for SCCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Shuping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Yin Hou
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Chen Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
| | - Jianan Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Chao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Quan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
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6
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He W, Sun P, Zhao Y, Pu Q, Yang H, Hao N, Li Y. Source toxicity characteristics of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffin in multi-environmental media: Product source toxicity, molecular source toxicity and food chain migration control through silica methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162861. [PMID: 36931521 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Short and medium-chain chlorinated paraffin (SCCP/MCCP) have been widely studied because of their extensive environmental hazards. In this study, product source toxicity, molecular source toxicity and food chain migration of SCCP and MCCP in multi-environmental media were comprehensively considered. The additive combination of SCCP and MCCP in the air, water and soil environment was adjusted, and PVC, PU and rubber products with the lowest source toxicity were screened. The source toxicity of SCCP and MCCP in the water environment was inhibited by design of the feed additive addition scheme (highest inhibition was 16.29 %), and the source toxicity of SCCP and MCCP in the soil environment was affected by different field management measures (highest inhibition was 38.22 %). A forage fertilizer addition plan, a cattle feed addition plan and a special population healthy complementary food regulation plan were developed to prevent the migration step by step and absorption of SCCP and MCCP in the terrestrial food chain. In addition, by means of density functional theory and analysis of key amino acid residues, the mechanism of toxicity difference between SCCP and MCCP was analyzed from the level of chemical interaction, and rationality of the inhibition scheme designed in this study was verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peixuan Sun
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Qikun Pu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ning Hao
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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Mu YW, Cheng D, Zhang CL, Zhao XL, Zeng T. The potential health risks of short-chain chlorinated paraffin: A mini-review from a toxicological perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162187. [PMID: 36781137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are ubiquitously distributed in various environmental matrics due to their wide production and consumption globally in the past and ongoing production and use in some developing countries. SCCPs have been detected in various human samples including serum, milk, placenta, nail, and hair, and internal SCCP levels were found to be positively correlated with biomarkers of some diseases. While the environmental occurrence has been reported in a lot of studies, the toxicity and underlying molecular mechanisms of SCCPs remain largely unknown. The current tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) recommended by the world health organization/international programme on chemical safety (WHO/IPCS, 100 μg/kg bw/d) and the UK Committee on Toxicity (COT, 30 μg/kg bw/d) were obtained based on a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of SCCP from the repeated-dose study (90 d exposure) in rodents performed nearly 40 years ago. Importantly, the health risks assessment of SCCPs in a variety of studies has shown that the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) may approach and even over the established TDI by UK COT. Furthermore, recent studies revealed that lower doses of SCCPs could also result in damage to multiple organs including the liver, kidney, and thyroid. Long-term effects of SCCPs at environmental-related doses are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Wen Mu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- Department of Health Test and Detection, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Cui-Li Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Zhang R, Li J, Wang Y, Jiang G. Distribution and exposure risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins and novel brominated flame retardants in toys. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130789. [PMID: 36641847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were examined in children's toys collected from 13 families in China. The concentrations of short-chain CPs (SCCPs), medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) and NBFRs in toys were 32.8-1,220,954 ng/g, not detected-2,688,656 ng/g and 0.08-103,461 ng/g, respectively. Median concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs in toys were 1355 and 1984 ng/g, respectively, while except for pentabromobenzene (median:0.04 ng/g), the median concentrations of the other 8 NBFRs were below method detection limits. Rubber and foam toys contained higher amounts of CPs and NBFRs. Among the SCCPs and MCCPs monitored, Cl6-8-SCCPs/MCCPs and C14-MCCPs were the most abundant congener groups. On the other hand, decabromodiphenyl ethane was the predominant NBFR in toys. Moreover, to understand the role of toys in children's daily exposure to CPs and NBFRs, hand-to-mouth contact, mouthing, and dermal exposure were assessed for children aged 3 months to 6 years. Hand-to-mouth contact is the primary exposure route for children's exposure to CPs (25.4-536 ng/kg/day) and NBFRs (1.24-26.2 ng/kg/day) through toys. A low deleterious risk associated with children's toys concerning CPs and NBFRs was investigated based on the margin of exposure and hazard quotient values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Zhang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Juan Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Lyu L, Fang K, Zhu Z, Li J, Chen Y, Wang L, Mai Z, Li Q, Zhang S. Bioaccumulation of emerging persistent organic pollutants in the deep-sea cold seep ecosystems: Evidence from chlorinated paraffin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130472. [PMID: 36455324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are highly toxic and can accumulate in marine organisms, causing nonnegligible harm to the global marine ecosystem. The Cold seep is an essential marine ecosystem with the critical ecological function of maintaining the deep-sea carbon cycle and buffering global climate change. However, the environmental impact of emerging POPs in the deep-sea cold seep ecosystem is unknown. Here, we investigated the potential pollution of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and their bioaccumulation in the cold seep ecosystem. High concentrations of CPs were detected in the cold seep ecosystems, where CPs bioaccumulated by the keystone species of deep-sea mussels can be released into the surface sediment and vertically migrate into the deeper sediment. Furthermore, more toxic CPs were accumulated from transforming other CPs in the cold seep ecosystem. Our study provides the first evidence that high concentrations of POPs are bioaccumulated by deep-sea mussels in the cold seep ecosystem, causing adverse ecological effects. The discovery of CPs bioaccumulation in the deep-sea cold seep ecosystem is a crucial mechanism affecting deep-sea carbon transport and cycling. This study has important guiding significance for revealing the deep-sea carbon cycle process, addressing global climate change, and making deep-sea ecological and environmental protection policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
| | - Kejing Fang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenchang Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhimao Mai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiqi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
| | - Si Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, Guangdong, China.
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10
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Bolan S, Padhye LP, Mulligan CN, Alonso ER, Saint-Fort R, Jasemizad T, Wang C, Zhang T, Rinklebe J, Wang H, Siddique KHM, Kirkham MB, Bolan N. Surfactant-enhanced mobilization of persistent organic pollutants: Potential for soil and sediment remediation and unintended consequences. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130189. [PMID: 36265382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to provide an overview of the sources and reactions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and surfactants in soil and sediments, the surfactant-enhanced solubilisation of POPs, and the unintended consequences of surfactant-induced remediation of soil and sediments contaminated with POPs. POPs include chemical compounds that are recalcitrant to natural degradation through photolytic, chemical, and biological processes in the environment. POPs are potentially toxic compounds mainly used in pesticides, solvents, pharmaceuticals, or industrial applications and pose a significant and persistent risk to the ecosystem and human health. Surfactants can serve as detergents, wetting and foaming compounds, emulsifiers, or dispersants, and have been used extensively to promote the solubilization of POPs and their subsequent removal from environmental matrices, including solid wastes, soil, and sediments. However, improper use of surfactants for remediation of POPs may lead to unintended consequences that include toxicity of surfactants to soil microorganisms and plants, and leaching of POPs, thereby resulting in groundwater contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Catherine N Mulligan
- Department of Bldg, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Emilio Ritore Alonso
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Sevilla, Camino de los Descubrimientos, s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Roger Saint-Fort
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science & Technology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, AB T3E6K6, Canada
| | - Tahereh Jasemizad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Chensi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water, and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil, and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hailong Wang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- UWA institute of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; UWA institute of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia.
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11
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Zhang Y, Gao Q, Liu SS, Tang L, Li XG, Sun H. Hormetic dose-response of halogenated organic pollutants on Microcystis aeruginosa: Joint toxic action and mechanism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154581. [PMID: 35304143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quinolones (QNs), dechloranes (DECs), and chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are three kinds of new halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs), which originate from the use of flame retardants, lubricants and pesticides. Since QNs, DECs, and CPs are frequently detected in waters and sediments, it is necessary to investigate the toxic effects of these HOPs with dwelling phytoplankton, especially for cyanobacteria, to explore their potential hormetic effects and contributions to algal blooms. In the present study, we investigate single and joint toxicity of QNs, DECs and CPs on Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa), a cyanobacterium that is frequently implicated with algal blooms. The results indicate single QNs and DECs induce marked hormetic effects on the proliferation of M. aeruginosa but CPs do not. The stimulatory effect of hormesis is linked with accelerated replication of DNA, which is considered to stem from the moderate rise in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Joint toxicity tests reveal that both QNs & CPs mixtures and DECs & CPs mixtures show hormetic effects on M. aeruginosa, but QNs & DECs mixtures show no hormetic effect. QNs & DECs mixtures exhibit synergistic toxic actions, which may be caused by a sharp rise in intracellular ROS simultaneously produced by the agents. Joint toxic actions of both QNs & CPs, and DECs & CPs shift from addition to antagonism as concentration increases, and this shift may mainly depend on the influence of CPs on cell membrane hydrophobicity of M. aeruginosa. This study provides data and toxic mechanisms for the hormetic phenomenon of single and joint HOPs on M. aeruginosa. The hormetic effects of HOPs may benefit the proliferation of M. aeruginosa in the aquatic environment, aggravating the formation of algal blooms. This study also reflects the important role of hormesis in environmental risk assessment of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Liang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xin-Gui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Haoyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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12
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Li Y, Zhang J, Ji C, Xiao P, Tang J. Habitat-dependent trophic transfer of legacy and emerging halogenated flame retardants in estuarine and coastal food webs near a source region. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118987. [PMID: 35157930 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the phase-out of legacy halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), such as decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), emerging ones, such as decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), are being widely produced. We conducted field campaigns to assess the trophic transfer of legacy and emerging HFRs in estuarine and coastal food webs of Laizhou Bay, which are located near the largest HFR manufacturing base in China. Seawater, sediment, plankton, invertebrates, and fish were collected from both sites. BDE-209 was the predominant compound in the estuary, whereas DBDPE was the main contributor to HFRs in the bay, followed by BDE-209. Invertebrates, especially bivalves and sea cucumbers, showed higher levels of BDE-209 and DBDPE than fish. The HFR levels in the organisms of the two coastal zones were comparable to each other, although their concentrations in the estuarine water were one order of magnitude higher than those in the bay. The HFR profiles in benthic organisms were similar to those in the sediments, indicating that the bioaccumulation of HFRs in coastal food webs depended on the habitat. The ΣHFR concentrations followed the order filter-feeding > carnivorous for invertebrates, and demersal non-migratory fish showed higher HFR levels than oceanodromous fish. The trophic magnification factors estimated for BDE-209, dechlorane plus, and DBDPE were lower than 1, suggesting biodilution potential in both food webs, whereas several PBDE congeners exhibited biomagnification capacity. Feeding habits, habitats, hydrophobicity, bioavailability, and metabolism may be the main factors impacting the bioaccumulation of HFRs in organisms in estuarine-coastal ecosystems of northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Pei Xiao
- Marine Environmental Monitoring and Forecast Center, Yantai Municipal Marine Development and Fishery Bureau, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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13
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Lee CC, Wu YY, Chen CS, Tien CJ. Spatiotemporal distribution and risk assessment of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in 30 major rivers in Taiwan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150969. [PMID: 34656600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Because of their highly persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic properties, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have become emerging contaminants and have been included in Annex A (elimination) of the Stockholm Convention since 2017. The contamination of SCCPs has been observed in the environment and biota worldwide but has not been detected in Taiwanese river ecosystems. Thus, this study aimed to determine the occurrence of SCCPs in sediments and fish from 30 major rivers in Taiwan and to evaluate the risk of SCCPs to river ecosystems and human health. The concentrations of SCCPs in sediments and fish ranged from ND (not detected) to 12.6 mg/kg dw and ND to 2.07 mg/kg ww, respectively. The concentrations of SCCPs in sediments were significantly correlated with some indicators of the discharge sources and water quality variables, indicating that SCCPs were released via human activities and various discharges into rivers and accumulated in sediments. The bioaccumulation of SCCPs in fish exhibited species-specific profiles and was related to environmental contamination levels and the living pattern and trophic level of the fish. The SCCP levels in sediments from 20 major rivers in Taiwan might pose a potential ecological risk to river ecosystems according to the criteria of the Federal Environmental Quality Guidelines in Canada, the biota-sediment accumulation factor and the risk quotient. Consumption of SCCP-contaminated river fish by different gender and age groups showed no significant health risk to residents in Taiwan evaluated by the estimated daily intake and hazard quotient. However, there was a health concern for the 0- to 3-year-old group due to the consumption of contaminated river fish at a bioaccessibility of 100% for SCCPs by the margin of exposure. Routine monitoring of SCCPs in river ecosystems is needed to protect aquatic organisms and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chang Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic substances, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yun Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Colin S Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, 62, Shen-Chung Road, Yanchao, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jung Tien
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, 62, Shen-Chung Road, Yanchao, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan.
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14
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Godéré M, Malleret L, Höhener P, Doumenq P. Passive sampling of chlorinated paraffins by silicone: Focus on diffusion and silicone-water partition coefficients. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132201. [PMID: 34509757 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are under regulation through the European Water Framework Directive and were recently classified as POPs. Consecutively, the increasing use of middle-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) becomes of growing concern. Knowledge on the occurrence of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) is still scarce particularly in water phase. To achieve sufficient method sensitivity, the passive sampling approach, acting as a relevant alternative to usual grab sampling, has been considered only very recently for the monitoring of CPs in water. The present work aimed at determining the diffusion coefficients in silicone (Ds) and the silicone-water partition coefficients (Ksw) of various CP groups, having different chlorine contents and carbon chain lengths, in four commercial CP mixtures. Log Ds (-10.78 to -10.21) was found to vary little and to be high for the groups of CPs studied. Thus, their uptake in silicone is controlled by the water boundary layer, which allows to consider the release of performance and reference compounds for in-field estimation of the sampling rate. Moreover, CPs partitioned strongly towards silicone rubbers. Both the chlorination degree and the carbon chain length of CPs cause large uncertainties in the partitioning between silicone and water (log Ksw between 4.85 and 6.30), indicating that instead of an average value, differentiated Ksw should be used to estimate aqueous CPs more accurately. Even so, the probable influence of chlorine atoms position on polarity and partitioning may be an argument for favoring sampling in the kinetic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Godéré
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, France
| | - Laure Malleret
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, France.
| | - Patrick Höhener
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, France
| | - Pierre Doumenq
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, France
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15
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Wu Y, Wu J, Wu Z, Zhou J, Zhou L, Lu Y, Liu X, Wu W. Groundwater contaminated with short-chain chlorinated paraffins and microbial responses. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117605. [PMID: 34488140 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The vertical migrations of toxic and persistent short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in soils as well as the microbial responses have been reported, however, there is a paucity of data on the resulting groundwater contamination. Here, we determined the concentration and congener profile of SCCPs in the groundwater beneath a production plant of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and characterized the microbial community to explore their responses to SCCPs. Results showed that SCCPs ranged from not detected to 70.3 μg/L, with C13-CPs (11.2-65.8%) and Cl7-CPs (27.2-50.6%), in mass ratio, as the dominant groups. Similar to the distribution pattern in soils, SCCPs in groundwater were distributed in hotspot pattern. CP synthesis was the source of SCCPs in groundwater and the entire contamination plume significantly migrated downgradient, while there was an apparent hysteresis of C13-CP migration. Groundwater microbial community was likely shaped by both hydrogeological condition (pH and depth) and SCCPs. Specifically, the microbial community responded to the contamination by forming a co-occurrence network with "small world" feature, where Desulfobacca, Desulfomonile, Ferritrophicum, Methylomonas, Syntrophobacter, Syntrophorhabdus, Syntrophus, and Thermoanaerobaculum were the keystone taxa. Furthermore, the interrelations between bacterial taxa and SCCPs indicated that the microbial community might cooperate to achieve the dechlorination and mineralization of SCCPs through either anaerobic organohalide respiration mainly functioned by the keystone taxa, or cometabolic degradation processes functioned by Aquabacterium and Hydrogenophaga. Results of this study would provide a better understanding of the environmental behavior and ecological effects of SCCPs in groundwater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Wu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Jiahui Wu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Zhuohao Wu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Jingyan Zhou
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Lingli Zhou
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Yang Lu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Wencheng Wu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China.
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16
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Han X, Chen H, Deng M, Du B, Zeng L. Chlorinated paraffins in infant foods from the Chinese market and estimated dietary intake by infants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 411:125073. [PMID: 33454569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Food intake has been identified as a major route for infants to short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively), but evaluations of SCCPs and MCCPs exposure for infants via dietary sources are limited. Here, SCCPs and MCCPs were analyzed in three categories of commonly used infant foods from the Chinese market. The mean concentrations (range) of SCCPs in infant formulas, cereals, and purees were 7.95 (2.32-54.2), 4.26 (2.73-8.81), and 4.66 (1.33-8.43) ng g-1 fresh weight, respectively, and the mean (range) MCCP concentrations were 4.77 (1.67-20.9), 2.91 (1.21-8.24), and 1.89 (0.53-5.41) ng g-1 fresh weight, respectively. Chlorinated paraffins (CP) concentrations in whole milk samples were significantly higher than those detected in the other infant foods (p < 0.01). This study is the first to determine the occurrence of CPs in baby purees. The estimated margin of exposure (MOE) values (SCCPs-MOE and MCCPs-MOE) in this study were all greater than 1000, indicating that there were no health risks posed by CP contamination in infant foods. Principal component analysis indicated that foods of animal origin were more influenced by MCCPs than those of plant-origin, indicating different contamination patterns of CPs between food groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Man Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bibai Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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