1
|
Botle A, Salgaonkar S, Tiwari R, Barabde G. Unveiling heavy metal pollution dynamics in sediments of river Ulhas, Maharashtra, India: a comprehensive analysis of anthropogenic influence, pollution indices, and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:419. [PMID: 39249566 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Metals and metalloids tainting sediments is an eminent issue, predominantly in megacities like Mumbai and Navi Mumbai, requiring an exhaustive examination to identify metal levels in river bodies that serve various populations. Thus, utilising pollution indices, multivariate analysis, and health risk assessment studies, we propose a novel investigation to examine the metal content in the Ulhas River sediments, a prominent agricultural and drinking water supply (320 million-litre per day) near Mumbai in Maharashtra, India. The eleven metals and metalloids (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) were examined monthly from 10 stations totaling 120 sediment specimens from October 2022 to September 2023. Investigations revealed that average values of Cr, Cu, Hg, and Ni exceeded Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agriculture and Resource Management Council values, while all metals exceeded World surface rock average limits except As. Various pollution indices showed that upstream sites had none to low level contamination, whereas downstream locations had moderate to considerable contamination, suggesting anthropogenic influences. Furthermore, multivariate analysis including correlation, cluster, and principal component analysis identified that sediment pollution was mostly caused by anthropogenic activities. Lastly, health risk assessment indicated Fe was non-carcinogenic to children, whereas Cr and Ni were carcinogenic to children and adults, with children being more susceptible. Thus, from the findings of the study it is clear that, despite low to moderate pollution levels, metals may have significant repercussions, thus requiring long-term planning, frequent monitoring, and metal abatement strategies to mitigate river contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Botle
- Department of Environmental Science, The Institute of Science, Dr. Homi Bhabha State University, 15, Madame Cama Rd, Mantralaya, Fort, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400032, India
| | - Sayli Salgaonkar
- Department of Environmental Science, The Institute of Science, Dr. Homi Bhabha State University, 15, Madame Cama Rd, Mantralaya, Fort, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400032, India
| | - Rahul Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Basic Science, Dr. B R Ambedkar University, Agra, 282002, India
| | - Gayatri Barabde
- Department of Environmental Science, The Institute of Science, Dr. Homi Bhabha State University, 15, Madame Cama Rd, Mantralaya, Fort, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400032, India.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Institute of Science, Dr. Homi Bhabha State University, 15, Madame Cama Rd, Mantralaya, Fort, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400032, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen H, Qiao S, Li C, Wu Y, Li D, Li L, Liu J. Source-oriented risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soils around a multimetal smelting area near the Yellow River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:59. [PMID: 38280129 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01849-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metal(loid) (HM) contamination in agricultural soils, particularly in areas severely impacted by smelting industries, has attracted worldwide attention. In this study, agricultural soils were collected in a flourishing multimetal smelting area near the Yellow River in central China. By an integrated approach encompassing the positive matrix factorization model, ordinary kriging interpolation and hierarchical clustering analysis (PMF-OK-HC), a total of four major sources and their mass contributions were identified, namely, soil parent material (56.6%), industrial waste and Mo smelting (24.0%), metal smelting and traffic emissions (12.8%), and coal combustion (6.7%). On this basis, the health risk of HMs was evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations and showed that a higher risk, with a higher proportion of exceeding-thresholds risk, was observed for children than for adults in terms of both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. Exposure pathways of oral ingestion in children could result in a higher attributed risk than other pathways. Furthermore, source-oriented risk assessment (SORA) revealed that the sources of coal combustion, industrial waste and Mo smelting had the highest contributions to noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. Overall, for effective environmental management in agricultural soil, the framework of SORA was verified as an effective tool in the identification of the priority control of HMs and their sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Shuo Qiao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Chang Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yong Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Donghao Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ebeling A, Wippermann D, Zimmermann T, Klein O, Kirchgeorg T, Weinberg I, Hasenbein S, Plaß A, Pröfrock D. Investigation of potential metal emissions from galvanic anodes in offshore wind farms into North Sea sediments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115396. [PMID: 37582306 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate potential metal emissions from offshore wind farms (OWFs), 215 surface sediment samples from different German North Sea OWFs taken between 2016 and 2022 were analyzed for their mass fractions of metals and their isotopic composition of Sr. For the first time, this study provides large-scale elemental data from OWFs of the previously proposed galvanic anode tracers Cd, Pb, Zn, Ga and In. Results show that mass fractions of the legacy pollutants Cd, Pb and Zn were mostly within the known variability of North Sea sediments. At the current stage the analyzed Ga and In mass fractions as well as Ga/In ratios do not point towards an accumulation in sediments caused by galvanic anodes used in OWFs. However, further investigations are advisable to evaluate long-term effects over the expected lifetime of OWFs, especially with regard to the current intensification of offshore wind energy development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ebeling
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Department Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Universität Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Wippermann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Department Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Universität Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tristan Zimmermann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Department Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Ole Klein
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Department Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Torben Kirchgeorg
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Wüstland 2, 22589 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Weinberg
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Wüstland 2, 22589 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Hasenbein
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Wüstland 2, 22589 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Plaß
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Wüstland 2, 22589 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Pröfrock
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Department Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jeong H, Araújo DF, Garnier J, Mulholland D, Machado W, Cunha B, Ponzevera E. Copper and lead isotope records from an electroplating activity in sediments and biota from Sepetiba Bay (southeastern Brazil). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 190:114848. [PMID: 37027955 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
An old electroplating plant in Sepetiba Bay discharged metal-enriched wastes into the surrounding mangroves for 30 years (from the 1960s to 1990s), resulting in a hotspot zone of legacy sediments highly concentrated in toxic trace metals. This study applies Cu and Pb isotope systems to investigate the contributions of past punctual sources relative to emerging modern diffuse sources. The electroplating activity imprinted particular isotopic signatures (average δ65CuSRM-976: 0.4 ‰ and 206Pb/207Pb: 1.14) distinct from the natural baseline and urban fluvial sediments. The isotopic compositions of tidal flat sediments show intermediate isotope compositions reflecting the mixing of Cu and Pb from the hotspot zone and terrigenous materials carried by rivers. Oyster isotope fingerprints match legacy sediments, attesting that anthropogenic Cu and Pb are bioavailable to the biota. These findings confirm the interest in combining two or more metal isotope systems to discriminate between modern and past metal source emissions in coastal environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeryeong Jeong
- Ifremer, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Écosystèmes Marins, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Daniel F Araújo
- Ifremer, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Écosystèmes Marins, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Jeremie Garnier
- Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, L2, Asa Norte, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Daniel Mulholland
- Laboratório de Águas e Efluentes & Laboratório de Análises Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Rua Badejos, Gurupi, TO, Brazil
| | - Wilson Machado
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Geoquímica, Campus do Valonguinho, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cunha
- Universidade de São Paulo Instituto de Geociências, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo SP Brazil CEP 05508-080
| | - Emmanuel Ponzevera
- Ifremer, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Écosystèmes Marins, F-44000 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tumuklu A, Sunkari ED, Yalcin F, Ozer Atakoglu O. Data analysis of the Gumusler Dam Lake Reservoir soils using multivariate statistical methods (Nigde, Türkiye). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 20:5391-5404. [DOI: 10.1007/s13762-022-04519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
|
6
|
Klein O, Zimmermann T, Hildebrandt L, Pröfrock D. Technology-critical elements in Rhine sediments - A case study on occurrence and spatial distribution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158464. [PMID: 36057312 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite their presence in almost every technical device, little is known about the occurrence, distribution, and fate of technology-critical elements (TCEs) within the environment. Due to high economic demands and short product lifespans as well as low recycling rates, many TCEs appear to become emerging contaminants. Within the scope of this work, 57 sediment samples from the German part of the Rhine river, as well as various tributaries, were collected to study the occurrence and distribution of TCEs. This specific catchment area has consistently been subjected to strong anthropogenic influences over the last century. Hierarchical cluster analysis, as well as principal component analysis were used to gain first insights into the spatial distribution and possible sources of TCEs along the Rhine. Obtained mass fractions in conjunction with corresponding geoaccumulation indices (Igeo) provide first indications of a possible enrichment along the Rhine for the TCEs of interest (Ga, Ge, Nb, In, Te, rare earth elements, and Ta). Especially the mass fractions of Zn, Ge, In, La, Sm, and Gd exhibit significant anthropogenic inputs. For stations characterized by high Ge and In mass fractions, element fingerprints imply possible atmospheric deposition stemming from e.g. combustion processes. Distinct anomalies of La and Sm most likely originate from discharges located at the city of Worms into the Upper Rhine. Statistical analysis of all analyzed 55 elemental mass fractions revealed similar behavior of TCEs compared to classical heavy metals. Diffuse as well as point sources of TCEs are likely. As a result, this study provides further insight into the role of TCEs as potential emerging contaminants in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ole Klein
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Universität Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tristan Zimmermann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Lars Hildebrandt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Daniel Pröfrock
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu Y, Peng Z, Zhou Y, Jia L, He Y, Yang D, Li H, Wang X, Huang S, Zhang J. Pilot study on provenance tracing of cocoons via strontium isotopes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:157982. [PMID: 35963413 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Isotopic analysis has seen significant use in archaeological sciences to date objects, determine their origin, and depict ancient human dietary habits. However, the potential of this technique for provenance studies of ancient silks remains underdeveloped. In this study, we applied Sr isotopic ratios to the provenance tracing of silkworm cocoons. We investigated the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of cocoons from seven Chinese provinces to determine their regional differences. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of mulberry leaves and cocoons in Shandong and Sichuan were analyzed and silkworms were cultured at four sampling locations in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, to determine isotopic signature relationships between mulberry leaves and cocoons. Those results showed that the 87Sr/86Sr signature of cocoons not only reflected regional differences, but also was related to the type of soil in each sampling location from which the samples were collected. It is suggested that the Sr isotope ratios was able to be an effective tool for the provenance tracing of cocoons. The Mann-Whitney test result indicated no significant differences in isotopic ratios between mulberry leaves and cocoons. In other words, mulberry leaves may predict mean isotopic values in the cocoons. No clear evidence of Sr isotopic fractionation was found in our control experiments. However, mulberry leaves and cocoons from Sichuan did not show significant correlation between them, overall reducing the predictive power of the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of mulberry leaf for provenance studies of cocoons. Finally, in order to improve the accuracy of Sr isotope ratios for the provenance tracing of cocoons, more 87Sr/86Sr data should be complemented and the relationship needs to be established between Sr isotope information in more kinds of proxies and cocoons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Institute of Textile Conservation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhiqin Peng
- Institute of Textile Conservation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Scientific Research Base of Textile Conservation, State Administration for Cultural Heritage, China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou 310002, China
| | - Liling Jia
- Key Scientific Research Base of Textile Conservation, State Administration for Cultural Heritage, China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou 310002, China
| | - YuJie He
- Institute of Textile Conservation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Institute of Textile Conservation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hao Li
- Institute of Textile Conservation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Institute of Textile Conservation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shiying Huang
- Institute of Textile Conservation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jichao Zhang
- Institute of Textile Conservation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
von der Au M, Zimmermann T, Kleeberg U, von Tümpling W, Pröfrock D. Characteristic regional differences in trace element pattern of 2014 German North Sea surface Wadden sediments - A judge and assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 184:114208. [PMID: 36307946 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) requires good ecological status of the marine environment. This also includes the Wadden Sea located in the southeastern part of the North Sea and its chemical status of sediments. Based on results from campaigns conducted in the 1980s, 32 surface sediment samples were taken in 2014 to check whether the sampling strategy required for characterizing the trace element content in sediments is representative and to determine the degree of pollution and potential changes over the last decades. For this purpose the elemental mass fractions of 42 elements were assessed in the ≤20 μm grain size fraction of the surface sediments. Based on cluster analysis a clear correlation between the element distribution and the geographical location of the sampling locations of the German Wadden Sea could be found. As a result of the principal component analysis, three sub-catchments were significantly separated from each other by the characteristic element distributions in the sediments (Norderney and Weser, Elbe and offshore areas, and North Friesland). With the help of discriminant analysis, the classification was confirmed unambiguously. Small anomalies, such as potentially contaminated sites from WWII, could be identified. This proved that the sampling strategy for sediment characterization with reference to trace elements in the Wadden Sea of the German Bight is representative. The impact of regulation and changes on the overall sediment quality is most evident when looking at the environmentally critical elements such as As, Cd, Hg, and Cr. For these elements the mean mass fractions show a significant reduction over the last three decades. Current sediments feature only slightly elevated mass fractions of Ag, Cd, Ce, Cs, Nd, Pb and Se at some sampling locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus von der Au
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Fachbereich 1.1, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tristan Zimmermann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kleeberg
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Carbon Cycles, Helmholtz Coastal Data Center, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Wolf von Tümpling
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung, Wateranalytics and Chemometrics, Brückstrasse 3a, 39144 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Pröfrock
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Klein O, Zimmermann T, Ebeling A, Kruse M, Kirchgeorg T, Pröfrock D. Occurrence and Temporal Variation of Technology-Critical Elements in North Sea Sediments-A Determination of Preliminary Reference Values. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:481-492. [PMID: 35474493 PMCID: PMC9079029 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00929-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
As interest in the investigation of possible sources and environmental sinks of technology-critical elements (TCEs) continues to grow, the demand for reliable background level information of these elements in environmental matrices increases. In this study, a time series of ten years of sediment samples from two different regions of the German North Sea were analyzed for their mass fractions of Ga, Ge, Nb, In, REEs, and Ta (grain size fraction < 20 µm). Possible regional differences were investigated in order to determine preliminary reference values for these regions. Throughout the investigated time period, only minor variations in the mass fractions were observed and both regions did not show significant differences. Calculated local enrichment factors ranging from 0.6 to 2.3 for all TCEs indicate no or little pollution in the investigated areas. Consequently, reference values were calculated using two different approaches (Median + 2 median absolute deviation (M2MAD) and Tukey inner fence (TIF)). Both approaches resulted in consistent threshold values for the respective regions ranging from 158 µg kg-1 for In to 114 mg kg-1 for Ce. As none of the threshold values exceed the observed natural variation of TCEs in marine and freshwater sediments, they may be considered baseline values of the German Bight for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ole Klein
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tristan Zimmermann
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Anna Ebeling
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Madita Kruse
- Department Mechanical Engineering, HTWG Hochschule Konstanz, Alfred-Wachtel-Straße 8, 78462, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Torben Kirchgeorg
- Marine Sciences Department, Marine Chemistry Laboratory - Shipping and Environment, Marine Sediments Section, Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH), Wüstland 2, 22589, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Pröfrock
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|