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da Silva Junior ALS, Santana GM, Nascimento MM, Cunha RL, Mesquita PRR, de Jesus RM. Illicit drugs in Brazil: environmental consequences and consumption patterns. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:47530-47551. [PMID: 39031313 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
This article reviews the literature on the consumption, street drug analysis, distribution, and main environmental impacts of illicit drugs in Brazil and analyzes the III National Survey on Drug Use by the Brazilian Population. The literature review is based on articles published in national and international journals between 2018 and 2023. This review consists of two analyses, the first of which addresses publications from the last 6 years on the monitoring of illicit drugs in Brazil and a second analysis based on the III National Survey on Drug Use that addresses the different possibilities of contact with drugs. The results revealed that the Southeast region of Brazil has the highest number of studies on the subject, especially in the state of São Paulo, while the North and Northeast regions have the lowest number of studies. The Midwest regions only have studies in the federal capital city, Brasília, while no studies were found in states bordering countries that produce illicit drugs, such as Paraguay and Bolivia. Analytical methods that use the concept of miniaturization, green chemistry, and the adoption of acceptance methods are frequent in most articles. Chemometric and statistical tools are widely used for the analysis, development, and conclusion of identification and quantification methods. Among the articles studied, there was a predominance in the analysis of cocaine metabolites and cannabis metabolites in the aquatic environment, where their concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 2000 ng L-1. Studies also reported bioaccumulation in marine biota with concentrations of up to 4.58 µg kg-1 for mussels and sediments, posing a risk to algae, crustaceans, and fish. Furthermore, the data show that the consumption of illicit drugs is increasing in Brazil, especially among young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luiz Sampaio da Silva Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Desenvolvimento E Meio Ambiente, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Gregório Mateus Santana
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Desenvolvimento E Meio Ambiente, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Madson Moreira Nascimento
- Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845-Piatã, Salvador, BA, 41650-010, Brazil
- Centro Tecnológico Agropecuário Do Estado da Bahia (CETAB), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária, Irrigação, Pesca e Aquicultura-SEAGRI, Av. Milton Santos, 967, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Leal Cunha
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Forense, Instituto de Análises E Pesquisas Forenses (IAPF), Polícia Científica, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Ribeiro Mesquita
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas E Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Raildo Mota de Jesus
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Desenvolvimento E Meio Ambiente, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil.
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas E Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil.
- Centro Tecnológico Agropecuário Do Estado da Bahia (CETAB), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária, Irrigação, Pesca e Aquicultura-SEAGRI, Av. Milton Santos, 967, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil.
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Cheng J, Wang B, Hu H, Lin X, Liu Y, Lin J, Zhang J, Niu S, Yan J. Regulation of histone acetylation by garcinol blocks the reconsolidation of heroin-associated memory. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116414. [PMID: 38460374 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug-associated long-term memories underlie substance use disorders, including heroin use disorder (HUD), which are difficult to eliminate through existing therapies. Addictive memories may become unstable when reexposed to drug-related cues and need to be stabilized again through protein resynthesis. Studies have shown the involvement of histone acetylation in the formation and reconsolidation of long-term drug-associated memory. However, it remains unknown whether and how histone acetyltransferases (HAT), the essential regulators of histone acetylation, contribute to the reconsolidation of heroin-associated memories. Herein, we investigated the function of HAT in the reconsolidation concerning heroin-conditioned memory by using a rat self-administration model. Systemic administration of the HAT inhibitor garcinol inhibited cue and heroin-priming induced reinstatement of heroin seeking, indicating the treatment potential of garcinol for relapse prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhe Cheng
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Hongkun Hu
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xinzhu Lin
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jiang Lin
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830001, China
| | - Shuliang Niu
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830001, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830001, China.
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Verovšek T, Celma A, Heath D, Heath E, Hernández F, Bijlsma L. Screening for new psychoactive substances in wastewater from educational institutions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:117061. [PMID: 37659634 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Drug (ab)use among young people is a serious issue, negatively impacting their well-being and prospects. The emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) further complicates the situation as they are easily accessible (e.g., online), but users are at high risk of intoxication as their chemical identity is often unknown and toxicity poorly understood. While surveys and drug testing are traditionally used in educational institutions to comprehend drug use trends and establish effective prevention programs, they are not without their limitations. Accordingly, we investigated the occurrence of NPS in educational institutions through wastewater analysis and critically evaluated the viability of the approach. The study included eight wastewater samples from primary schools (ages 6-15 years), six from secondary schools (ages 15-19 years), three from institutions for both secondary and higher education (ages 15+), and six from higher educational institutions (ages 19+). Samples were obtained mid-week and evaluated in two Slovenian municipalities; the capital Ljubljana and a smaller one (M1). Samples were screened using liquid chromatography-ion mobility-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-IMS-HRMS), and NPS identified at three levels of confidence (Level 1: unequivocal, Level 2: probable, Level 3: tentative) from a suspect list containing over 5600 entries. NPS were identified in all types of educational institutions. Most were synthetic stimulants, with 3-MMC, ephedrine, 4-chloro-α-PPP, and ethcathinone being unequivocally identified. Also, NPS were present in wastewater from all educational institution types revealing potential spatial but no inter-institutional trends. Although specific groups cannot be targeted, the study, as a proof-of-concept, demonstrates that a suspect screening of wastewater employing LC-IMS-HRMS can be used as a radar for NPS in educational institutions and potentially replace invasive drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taja Verovšek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alberto Celma
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden; Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, 12006, Castellón, Spain
| | - David Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, 12006, Castellón, Spain
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, 12006, Castellón, Spain.
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Nascimento MM, Nascimento ML, Pereira Dos Anjos J, Cunha RL, da Rocha GO, Ferreira Dos Santos I, Pereira PADP, de Andrade JB. A green method for the determination of illicit drugs in wastewater and surface waters-based on a semi-automated liquid-liquid microextraction device. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1710:464230. [PMID: 37826922 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) is a simple, low-cost, and eco-friendly technique that enables the detection of trace concentrations of organic contaminants in water samples. In this work, a novel customized microextraction device was developed for the LPME extraction and preconcentration of nine illicit drugs in surface water and influent and effluent wastewater samples, followed by analysis by GC-MS without derivatization. The customized device was semi-automated by coupling it with a peristaltic pump to perform the collection of the upper layer of the organic phase. The extraction parameters affecting the LPME efficiency were optimized. The optimized conditions were: 100 µL of a toluene/DCM/EtAc mixture as extractor solvent; 30min of extraction time under vortex agitation (500rpm) and a solution pH of 11.6. The limits of detection and quantification ranged from 10.5ng L-1 (ethylone) to 22.0ng L-1 (methylone), and from 34.9ng L-1 to 73.3ng L-1 for these same compounds, respectively. The enrichment factors ranged from 39.7 (MDMA) to 117 (cocaethylene) and the relative recoveries ranged from 80.4% (N-ethylpentylone) to 120% (cocaine and cocaine-d3). The method was applied to real surface water, effluent, and influent wastewater samples collected in Salvador City, Bahia, Brazil. Cocaine was the main drug detected and quantified in wastewater samples, and its concentration ranged from 312ng L-1 to 1,847ng L-1. Finally, the AGREE metrics were applied to verify the greenness of the proposed method, and an overall score of 0.56 was achieved, which was considered environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madson Moreira Nascimento
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Melise Lemos Nascimento
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Jeancarlo Pereira Dos Anjos
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 - Piatã, Salvador, BA 41650-010, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Leal Cunha
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Forense, Instituto de Análises e Pesquisas Forenses - IAPF, Polícia Científica, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Gisele Olimpio da Rocha
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus de Ondina, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Ivanice Ferreira Dos Santos
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n - Feira de Santana, Novo Horizonte - BA 44036-900, BA, Brazil
| | - Pedro Afonso de Paula Pereira
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus de Ondina, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 - Piatã, Salvador, BA 41650-010, Brazil
| | - Jailson Bittencourt de Andrade
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 - Piatã, Salvador, BA 41650-010, Brazil.
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Verovšek T, Janža M, Heath D, Šuštarič A, Prosen H, Heath E. Occurrence and sources of residues of drugs of abuse in an urban aquifer: Chemical analysis and solute transport modelling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 892:164364. [PMID: 37257590 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence and potential sources of residues of drugs of abuse in an urban aquifer beneath the City of Ljubljana using water analysis and a solute transport model designed to predict nitrogen distribution. Samples were collected from three sources: 28 wastewater samples (24-h composites), 4 aquifer-recharging river samples (grab), and 22 groundwater samples. The samples were analysed for residues of commonly (ab)used licit drugs (nicotine and alcohol), medications of abuse (morphine, methadone, codeine, and ketamine), and illicit drugs (tetrahydrocannabinol - THC, cocaine, amphetamines, and heroin) using liquid-liquid (alcohol residue) and solid-phase extraction, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Additionally, we used solute transport modelling to predict the spatial distribution of drug residues in the aquifer and their potential sources. Nicotine (up to 45,7 ng/L), cotinine (up to 5.86 ng/L), trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (up to 0.528 ng/L) and benzoylecgonine (up to 0.572 ng/L) were the most commonly detected drug residues in groundwater, followed by cocaine (<LOQ). In comparison, methadone (0.054 ng/L) was detected only once. A higher prevalence of residues of drugs of abuse was observed in samples obtained at the south-eastern edge of the aquifer, downgradient from the main zone of urbanisation, agreeing with model predictions. Although drug residues were detected in river water, modelling suggests that the city's leaky sewer system is the primary source of drug residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taja Verovšek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Janža
- Geological Survey of, Slovenia, Dimičeva ulica 14, 1000 Ljubljana
| | - David Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ariana Šuštarič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena Prosen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Verovšek T, Šuštarič A, Laimou-Geraniou M, Krizman-Matasic I, Prosen H, Eleršek T, Kramarič Zidar V, Mislej V, Mišmaš B, Stražar M, Levstek M, Cimrmančič B, Lukšič S, Uranjek N, Kozlovič-Bobič T, Kosjek T, Kocman D, Heath D, Heath E. Removal of residues of psychoactive substances during wastewater treatment, their occurrence in receiving river waters and environmental risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161257. [PMID: 36608822 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Continuous consumption combined with incomplete removal during wastewater treatment means residues of psychoactive substances (licit drugs, medications of abuse and illicit drugs) are constantly introduced into the aquatic environment, where they have the potential to affect non-target organisms. In this study, 17 drug residues of psychoactive substances were determined in wastewater influent, effluent and in receiving rivers of six Slovene municipal wastewater treatment plants employing different treatment technologies. Variations in removal efficiencies (REs) during spring, summer and winter were explored, and ecotoxic effects were evaluated using in silico (Ecological Structure-Activity Relationships software-ECOSAR) and in vivo (algal growth inhibition test) methods. Drug residues were detected in influent and effluent in the ng/L to μg/L range. In receiving rivers, biomarkers were in the ng/L range, and there was good agreement between measured and predicted concentrations. On average, REs were highest for nicotine, 11-nor-9-carboxy-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), cocaine residues, and amphetamine (>90 %) and lowest for methadone residues (<30 %). REs were comparable between treatments involving activated sludge and membrane bioreactors, while the moving biofilm bed reactor (MBBR) removed cotinine, cocaine, and benzoylecgonine to a lesser extent. Accordingly, higher levels of nicotine and cocaine residues were detected in river water receiving MBBR discharge. Although there were seasonal variations in REs and levels of drug residues in receiving rivers, no general pattern could be observed. No significant inhibition of algal growth (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) was observed for the tested compounds (1 mg/L) during 72 h and 240 h of exposure, although effects on aquatic plants were predicted in silico. In addition, environmental risk assessment revealed that levels of nicotine, methadone, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), morphine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) pose a risk to aquatic organisms. Since nicotine and EDDP can have acute and chronic effects, the authors support regular monitoring of receiving surface waters, followed up by regulatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taja Verovšek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ariana Šuštarič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maria Laimou-Geraniou
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Helena Prosen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Eleršek
- National Institute of biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Vesna Mislej
- JP Vodovod Kanalizacija Snaga, d.o.o., Vodovodna cesta 90, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Mišmaš
- JP Vodovod Kanalizacija Snaga, d.o.o., Vodovodna cesta 90, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjeta Stražar
- JP Central Wastewater Treatment Plant Domžale-Kamnik, d.o.o., Študljanska 91, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Marjetka Levstek
- JP Central Wastewater Treatment Plant Domžale-Kamnik, d.o.o., Študljanska 91, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | | | - Simon Lukšič
- Komunala Novo mesto, d.o.o., Podbevškova ulica 12, 8000 Novo mesto, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Uranjek
- Komunalno podjetje Velenje, d.o.o., Koroška cesta 37/b, 3320 Velenje, Slovenia
| | | | - Tina Kosjek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Kocman
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Bowes DA, Driver EM, Halden RU. A framework for wastewater sample collection from a sewage cleanout to inform building-scale wastewater-based epidemiology studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155576. [PMID: 35504397 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a public health tool utilized for drug surveillance, and more recently, infectious disease monitoring of SARS-CoV-2. Sample collection is historically performed at a wastewater treatment plant, however, at this spatial resolution, much information related to actionable and contextually relevant community health data may be lost. Sampling from within the sewer collection system is now being employed more widely, bringing unique challenges, including health and safety concerns related to sample collection. As proof of concept, we tested the efficacy of sampling at the building-level from a sewer cleanout at an undisclosed location in Greater Phoenix, AZ, USA, to (i) test the feasibility of wastewater sample collection from this alternative access point, (ii) assess the advantages and limitations experienced for both maintenance-hole and cleanout-level sampling, (iii) screen for chemical analytes to evaluate detectability, and (iv) create a sampling framework for future near-source WBE investigations. Results indicate that use of a sewer cleanout compared to a maintenance hole is cost-effective, practical, and safe, while still preserving the anonymity and privacy for the contributing population. Additionally, of the 37 biomarkers screened over two sampling events, 20 were detected that cover a wide range of human behavior, exposure, and activity, indicating use of a sewer cleanout to be entirely feasible for downstream analysis. This reported success of sewer cleanout sampling for WBE and corresponding framework may allow practitioners to isolate specific complexes or buildings of interest, while avoiding challenges that can arise from maintenance hole sampling, thus allowing for widescale implementation of WBE for public health purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin A Bowes
- The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, AZ 85287-8101, USA; School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, AZ 85287-8101, USA
| | - Erin M Driver
- The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, AZ 85287-8101, USA
| | - Rolf U Halden
- The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, AZ 85287-8101, USA; School for Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, AZ 85287-8101, USA; OneWaterOneHealth, The Arizona State University Foundation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, 800 S. Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
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