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Freitas BLS, Fava NMDN, Melo-Neto MGD, Dalkiranis GG, Tonetti AL, Byrne JA, Fernandez-Ibañez P, Sabogal-Paz LP. Efficacy of UVC-LED radiation in bacterial, viral, and protozoan inactivation: an assessment of the influence of exposure doses and water quality. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 266:122322. [PMID: 39213680 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) have demonstrated the ability to inactivate microorganisms in water, offering an environmentally safer alternative to the conventional mercury lamp, in UV applications. While several studies have explored the microbiological effect of UVC-LEDs (200nm-280nm), limited information exists regarding their effects on waters with critical qualities. These critical qualities encompass bacteria, viruses, and protozoa - drinking water quality indicators defined by the World Health Organization for small water systems. For the first time, this work reports on the Escherichia coli, PhiX-174, MS2, and Cryptosporidium oocysts inactivation using a bench-scale UVC-LED (280 nm) water disinfection system. UV doses at a wavelength of 280 nm (UV280) of up to 143.4 mJ/cm2 were delivered under two quality-critical water conditions: filtered water (UV transmittance at 280 nm - UVT280 90.2 %) and WHO challenge water (UVT 15.7 %). Results revealed microbiological reductions dependent on exposure time and UVT. For UV280 dose of 16.1 mJ/cm2, 2.93-3.70 log E. coli reductions were observed in UVT 90.2 % and 15.7 %, 3.49-4.21 log for PhiX-174, 0.63-0.78 log for MS2, and 0.02-0.04 log for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Significantly higher UV280 doses of 143.4 mJ/cm2 led to reductions of 3.94-5.35 log for MS2 and 0.42-0.46 log for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Statistical analysis revealed that the sensitivity among the organisms to UV280 exposure was E. coli = PhiX-174 > MS2 >> Cryptosporidium oocysts. Although experiments with WHO challenge water posed greater challenges for achieving 1 log reduction compared to filtered water, this difference only proved statistically significant for PhiX-174 and MS2 reductions. Overall, UVC-LED technology demonstrated notable efficacy in microbiological inactivation, achieving significant reductions based on WHO scheme of evaluation for POU technologies in both bacteria and viruses even in critical-quality waters. The findings emphasize the potential for extending the application of UVC-LED as a viable solution for household water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Luíza Souza Freitas
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Natália Melo de Nasser Fava
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Murilo Guilherme de Melo-Neto
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Gonçalves Dalkiranis
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Adriano Luiz Tonetti
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism - FECFAU, UNICAMP (State University of Campinas), Avenida Albert Einstein, 951, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP, 13083-852, Brazil
| | - John Anthony Byrne
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre, School of Engineering, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Fernandez-Ibañez
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre, School of Engineering, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Lyda Patricia Sabogal-Paz
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil.
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Azuma T, Usui M, Hasei T, Hayashi T. On-Site Inactivation for Disinfection of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Hospital Effluent by UV and UV-LED. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:711. [PMID: 39200012 PMCID: PMC11350808 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is not limited to the medical field but is also becoming prevalent on a global scale in the environmental field. Environmental water pollution caused by the discharge of wastewater into aquatic environments has caused concern in the context of the sustainable development of modern society. However, there have been few studies focused on the treatment of hospital wastewater, and the potential consequences of this remain unknown. This study evaluated the efficacy of the inactivation of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (AMRB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (AMRGs) in model wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) wastewater and hospital effluent based on direct ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation provided by a conventional mercury lamp with a peak wavelength of 254 nm and an ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) with a peak emission of 280 nm under test conditions in which the irradiance of both was adjusted to the same intensity. The overall results indicated that both UV- and UV-LED-mediated disinfection effectively inactivated the AMRB in both wastewater types (>99.9% after 1-3 min of UV and 3 min of UV-LED treatment). Additionally, AMRGs were also removed (0.2-1.4 log10 for UV 254 nm and 0.1-1.3 log10 for UV 280 nm), and notably, there was no statistically significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the AMRGs between the UV and UV-LED treatments. The results of this study highlight the importance of utilizing a local inactivation treatment directly for wastewater generated by a hospital prior to its flow into a WWTP as sewage. Although additional disinfection treatment at the WWTP is likely necessary to remove the entire quantity of AMRB and AMRGs, the present study contributes to a significant reduction in the loads of WWTP and urgent prevention of the spread of infectious diseases, thus alleviating the potential threat to the environment and human health risks associated with AMR problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Azuma
- Department of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-1094, Japan; (T.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Masaru Usui
- Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan;
| | - Tomohiro Hasei
- Department of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-1094, Japan; (T.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-1094, Japan; (T.H.); (T.H.)
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Cao S, Wan Q, Cao R, Wang J, Huang T, Wen G. Solar/ClO 2 system inactivates fungal spores in drinking water: Synergy, efficiency and mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174886. [PMID: 39032749 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The risk of fungal pollution in drinking water has been paid attention. Solar/chlorine dioxide (ClO2) combined system is an environment-friendly, economical and efficient disinfection method, especially for countries and regions that are economically backward and still exposed to unsafe drinking water. In this paper, the kinetics, influencing factors, mechanism and regrowth potential of inactivated Aspergillus niger (A. niger) spores by solar/ClO2 were reported for the first time. The inactivation curve can be divided into three stages: instant inactivation within 1-2 min, slow linear inactivation and finally a tail. The synergistic factors produced by solar/ClO2 in terms of log reduction and maximum inactivation rate were 1.194 and 1.112, respectively. The inhibitory effect on the regrowth of A. niger spores inactivated by solar/ClO2 was also stronger than that by ClO2 alone. Strongly oxidizing reactive species produced by solar/ClO2 accelerated the accumulation of endogenic reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by oxidation stress of A. niger spores, improving the inactivation ability of the system. The inactivation order of A. niger spores was: loss of culturability, accumulation of intracellular ROS, loss of membrane integrity, leakage of intracellular species and change of morphology. The inactivation performance of solar/ClO2 was better than solar/chlor(am)ine according to the comparison of inactivation efficiency and regrowth potential. Results also suggested that solar/ClO2 process was more suitable for the treatment of ground water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Cao
- Shaanxi Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Water Quality in Qinling Mountains, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Qiqi Wan
- Shaanxi Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Water Quality in Qinling Mountains, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Ruihua Cao
- Shaanxi Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Water Quality in Qinling Mountains, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Shaanxi Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Water Quality in Qinling Mountains, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- Shaanxi Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Water Quality in Qinling Mountains, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Gang Wen
- Shaanxi Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Water Quality in Qinling Mountains, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
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4
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Zhang Z, Zhang H, Wu G, Xu X, Cao R, Wan Q, Xu H, Wang J, Huang T, Wen G. The aggregation characteristics of Aspergillus spores under various conditions and the impact on LPUV inactivation: Comparisons with chlorine-based disinfection. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121323. [PMID: 38377927 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Aggregation is the primary step prior to fungal biofilm development. Understanding the attributes of aggregation is of great significance to better control the emergence of waterborne fungi. In this study, the aggregation of Aspergills spores (A. flavus and A. fumigatus) under various salt, culture medium, and humic acid (HA) conditions was investigated for the first time, and the inactivation via low-pressure ultraviolet (LPUV) upon aggregated Aspergillus spores was also presented. The aggregation efficiency and size of aggregates increased over time and at low salt (NaCl and CaCl2) concentration (10 mM) while decreasing with the continuous increase of salt concentration (100 and 200 mM). Increasing the concentration of culture medium and HA promoted the aggregation of fungal spores. Spores became hydrated, swelled, and secreted more viscous substances during the growth period, which accelerated the aggregation process. Results also suggested that fungal spores aggregated more easily in actual water, posing a high risk of biohazard in real-life scenarios. Inactivation efficiency by LPUV decreased with higher aggregation degrees due to the protection from the damaged spores on the outer layer and the shielding of pigments in the cell wall. Compared to chlorine-based disinfection, the aggregation resulted in the extension of shoulder length yet neglectable change of inactivation rate constant under LPUV treatment. Further investigation of cell membrane integrity and intracellular reactive oxygen species was conducted to elucidate the difference in mechanisms between various techniques. This study provides insight into the understanding and controlling of the aggregation of fungal spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Gehui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Huining Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Ishida K, Onoda Y, Kadomura-Ishikawa Y, Nagahashi M, Yamashita M, Fukushima S, Aizawa T, Yamauchi S, Fujikawa Y, Tanaka T, Uebanso T, Akutagawa M, Mawatari K, Takahashi A. Development of a standard evaluation method for microbial UV sensitivity using light-emitting diodes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27456. [PMID: 38509990 PMCID: PMC10951525 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light is an effective disinfection method. In particular, UV light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) are expected to have many applications as light sources owing to their compact form factor and wide range of choices of wavelengths. However, the UV sensitivity of microorganisms for each UV wavelength has not been evaluated comprehensively because standard experimental conditions based on LED characteristics have not been established. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a standard evaluation method based on LED characteristics. Here, we developed a new UV-LED device based on strictly controlled irradiation conditions using LEDs for each wavelength (250-365 nm), checked the validity of the device characteristics and evaluated the UV sensitivity of Escherichia coli using this new evaluation method. For this new device, we considered accurate irradiance, accurate spectra, irradiance uniformity, accurate dose, beam angle, surrounding material reflections, and sample condition. From our results, the following UV irradiation conditions were established as standard: 1 mW/cm2 irradiance, bacterial solution with absorbance value of A600 = 0.5 diluted 10 times solution, solution volume of 1 mL, working distance (WD) of 100 mm. In order to compare the effects of irradiation under uniform conditions on inactivation of microorganisms, we assessed inactivation effect of E. coli by LED irradiation at each wavelength using the U280 LED as a standard wavelength. The inactivation effect for U280 LED irradiation was -0.95 ± 0.21 log at a dose of 4 mJ/cm2. Under this condition of dose, our results showed a high wavelength dependence of the inactivation effect at each UV wavelength peaking at 267 nm. Our study showed that this irradiation system was validated for the standard UV irradiation system and could be contributed to the establishment of food and water hygiene control methods and the development of equipment for the prevention of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ishida
- Department of Microbial Control, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yushi Onoda
- Department of Microbial Control, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- Nichia Corporation, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kadomura-Ishikawa
- Department of Microbial Control, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Miharu Nagahashi
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Michiyo Yamashita
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shiho Fukushima
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Takashi Uebanso
- Department of Microbial Control, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masatake Akutagawa
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Mawatari
- Department of Microbial Control, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akira Takahashi
- Department of Microbial Control, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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6
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Xu J, Xia W, Sheng G, Jiao G, Liu Z, Wang Y, Zhang X. Progress of disinfection catalysts in advanced oxidation processes, mechanisms and synergistic antibiotic degradation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169580. [PMID: 38154648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Human diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms make people pay more attention to disinfection. Meanwhile, antibiotics can cause microbial resistance and increase the difficulty of disease treatment, resulting in risk of triggering a vicious circle. Advanced oxidation process (AOPs) has been widely studied in the field of synergistic treatment of the two contaminates. This paper reviews the application of catalytic materials and their modification strategies in the context of AOPs for disinfection and antibiotic degradation. It also delves into the mechanisms of disinfection such as the pathways for microbial inactivation and the related influencing factors, which are essential for understanding the pivotal role of catalytic materials in disinfection principles by AOPs. More importantly, the exploratory research on the combined use of AOPs for disinfection and antibiotic degradation is discussed, and the potential and prospects in this field is highlighted. Finally, the limitations and challenges associated with the application of AOPs in disinfection and antibiotic degradation are summarized. It aims to provide a starting point for future research efforts to facilitate the widespread use of advanced oxidation processes in the field of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Wannan Xia
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Guo Sheng
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Guanhao Jiao
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhenhao Liu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yin Wang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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7
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Lara de Larrea J, MacIsaac SA, Rauch KD, Stoddart AK, Gagnon GA. Comparison of Legionella pneumophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens Quantification Methods for Assessing UV LED Disinfection. ACS ES&T WATER 2023; 3:3667-3675. [PMID: 37970541 PMCID: PMC10644340 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses the efficacy of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV LEDs) for deactivating Legionella pneumophila (pure culture) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (pure culture and biofilms) on relevant drinking water distribution system surfaces (cast iron and stainless steel). UV LED treatment at 280 nm demonstrated superior performance compared to that at 365 nm, achieving a 4.8 log reduction value (LRV) for P. fluorescens pure cultures and, for biofilms, 4.02 LRV for stainless steel and 2.96 LRV for cast iron at 280 nm. Conversely, the results were less effective at 365 nm, with suspected photolytic reactions on cast iron. Quantification of L. pneumophila yielded varying results: 4 LRV using standard plate counts, 1.8 LRV with Legiolert, and 1 LRV with quantitative polymerase chain reaction at 280 nm, while the results were less than 1.5 LRV at 365 nm. This study provides insights into managing opportunistic pathogens and biofilms, emphasizing the need for improved quantification tools to better assess treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaser Lara de Larrea
- Centre for Water
Resources
Studies. Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 4R2, NS, Canada
| | - Sean A. MacIsaac
- Centre for Water
Resources
Studies. Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 4R2, NS, Canada
| | - Kyle D. Rauch
- Centre for Water
Resources
Studies. Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 4R2, NS, Canada
| | - Amina K. Stoddart
- Centre for Water
Resources
Studies. Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 4R2, NS, Canada
| | - Graham A. Gagnon
- Centre for Water
Resources
Studies. Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 4R2, NS, Canada
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8
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Luo X, Li W, Liang Z, Liu Y, Fan DE. Portable Bulk-Water Disinfection by Live Capture of Bacteria with Divergently Branched Porous Graphite in Electric Fields. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37224419 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Easy access to clean water is essential to functioning and development of modern society. However, it remains arduous to develop energy-efficient, facile, and portable water treatment systems for point-of-use (POU) applications, which is particularly imperative for the safety and resilience of society during extreme weather and critical situations. Here, we propose and validate a meritorious working scheme for water disinfection via directly capturing and removing pathogen cells from bulk water using strategically designed three-dimensional (3D) porous dendritic graphite foams (PDGFs) in a high-frequency AC field. The prototype, integrated in a 3D-printed portable water-purification module, can reproducibly remove 99.997% E. coli bacteria in bulk water at a few voltages with among the lowest energy consumption at 435.5 J·L-1. The PDGFs, costing $1.47 per piece, can robustly operate at least 20 times for more than 8 h in total without functional degradation. Furthermore, we successfully unravel the involved disinfection mechanism with one-dimensional Brownian dynamics simulation. The system is practically applied that brings natural water in Waller Creek at UT Austin to the safe drinking level. This research, including the working mechanism based on dendritically porous graphite and the design scheme, could inspire a future device paradigm for POU water treatment.
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9
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Azuma T, Katagiri M, Sasaki N, Kuroda M, Watanabe M. Performance of a Pilot-Scale Continuous Flow Ozone-Based Hospital Wastewater Treatment System. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050932. [PMID: 37237835 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is becoming a global concern. Recently, research has emerged to evaluate the human and environmental health implications of wastewater from medical facilities and to identify acceptable wastewater treatment methods. In this study, a disinfection wastewater treatment system using an ozone-based continuous flow system was installed in a general hospital located in Japan. The effectiveness of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobials in mitigating the environmental impact of hospital wastewater was evaluated. Metagenomic analysis was conducted to characterize the microorganisms in the wastewater before and after treatment. The results demonstrated that ozone treatment enables effective inactivation of general gut bacteria, including Bacteroides, Prevotella, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, DNA molecules, and ARGs, as well as antimicrobials. Azithromycin and doxycycline removal rates were >99% immediately after treatment, and levofloxacin and vancomycin removal rates remained between 90% and 97% for approximately one month. Clarithromycin was more readily removed than the other antimicrobials (81-91%), and no clear removal trend was observed for ampicillin. Our findings provide a better understanding of the environmental management of hospital wastewater and enhance the effectiveness of disinfection wastewater treatment systems at medical facilities for mitigating the discharge of pollutants into aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Azuma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-1094, Japan
| | - Miwa Katagiri
- Department of Surgery, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo 153-8515, Japan
| | - Naobumi Sasaki
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Manabu Watanabe
- Department of Surgery, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo 153-8515, Japan
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10
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Wan Q, Wen G, Cui Y, Cao R, Xu X, Wu G, Wang J, Huang T. Occurrence and control of fungi in water: New challenges in biological risk and safety assurance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160536. [PMID: 36574558 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the contamination of fungi in water has aroused widespread concern, which will pose a threat to water quality and safety, and raise diseases risk in the immunocompromised individuals. In this review, the characteristics and different physiological state of fungi in water are summarized. A comprehensive evaluation of the control efficiency and mechanism of waterborne fungi by the commonly used disinfection methods is provided as well. During the disinfection processes of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramine and advanced disinfection processes (ADPs) such as O3-based ADPs and UV-based ADPs, the fungal spores firstly lost their culturability, followed by membrane integrity, and the intracellular reactive oxygen species level increased at the same time, eventually the fungal spores were completely inactivated. The security strategies of drinking water against the contamination of fungi are also discussed in terms of water sources, water treatment plants and pipe network. Finally, future researches need to be explored are proposed: the rapid detection methods, the production laws and control of mycotoxin, and the outbreak conditions of fungi in water. Specifically, exploring efficient, safe and economical technologies, especially ADPs, is still the main direction in the disinfection of fungi in future studies. This review can offer a comprehensive understanding on the occurrence and control of fungi in water to fill the knowledge gap and provide guidance for the future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Gang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
| | - Yuhong Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Ruihua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Xiangqian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Gehui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
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11
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Lin W, Zuo J, Li K, Hu R, Xu X, Huang T, Wen G, Ma J. Pre-exposure of peracetic acid enhances its subsequent combination with ultraviolet for the inactivation of fungal spores: Efficiency, mechanisms, and implications. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119404. [PMID: 36446176 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne fungi pose a potential threat to water supply safety due to their high resistance to disinfectants. Peracetic acid, as a promising alternative disinfectant to chlorine, has attracted increasing attention in water treatment. In this study, the inactivation of two dominant fungal species (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus) by sequential application of peracetic acid and ultraviolet (PAA-UV/PAA) was reported for the first time. Results revealed that the pre-exposure of PAA could facilitate the subsequent process of UV/PAA combination and shorten the lag phase in fungi inactivation. After 10 min of PAA pre-exposure, PAA-UV/PAA achieved 3.03 and 2.40 log inactivation of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus, which were 2- and 4.3-fold higher than that of direct UV/PAA under the same UV and PAA doses. PAA-UV/PAA disinfection also exhibited a stronger regrowth inhibition for incompletely inactivated fungal spores than direct UV/PAA. The increase of pH (5.0-9.0) and humic acid concentration (1.0-5.0 mg L - 1) showed an inhibitory effect on PAA-UV/PAA inactivation, but PAA-UV/PAA was more adaptable in a wide pH range and the presence of humic acid compared to direct UV/PAA. The more severe cell membrane damage and higher reactive oxygen species level in PAA-UV/PAA were evidenced for the first time by flow cytometry. The increased hydroxyl radical generation and higher synergism were primarily responsible for inactivation improvement. This study enhances the further understanding of the PAA-UV/PAA process, and the findings are expected to promote the development of PAA as a promising disinfectant for effective fungi control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Jie Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Ruizhu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xiangqian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Gang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Li Y, Li K, Wan Q, Xu X, Cao R, Wang J, Huang T, Wen G. Inactivation of fungal spores in water by CuO-activated peracetic acid: Kinetics, mechanism and regrowth. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129611. [PMID: 35863220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The disinfection of pathogenic microorganisms in water treatment by peracetic acid (PAA)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) has been gaining increasing concern. In this work, the inactivation mechanism, influencing factors and regrowth of two pathogenic Aspergillus species in the system of CuO-activated PAA were studied for the first time. The k values of A. niger and A. flavus inactivated by PAA/CuO system were 3.9 and 2.1-fold higher than those inactivated by PAA alone. PAA concentration and CuO dose were positively correlated with the inactivation efficiency, while humic acid and pH were negatively correlated. The main active species that contributed to the inactivation of fungal spores in PAA/CuO system were •OH, CH3C(O)OO• and 1O2. PAA/CuO system had more intense oxidative stimulation and more serious damage to fungal spores according to the analysis of cell membrane integrity and intracellular ROS levels. In addition, the PAA/CuO system was less impacted by the water matrix and kept a good inactivation efficiency in real water samples. The regrowth potential of fungal spores after disinfection was also reduced in PAA/CuO system so as to avoid the risk of biological regrowth. This study provides a feasible PAA-based advanced oxidation method for activating PAA and inactivating fungal spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Qiqi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Xiangqian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Ruihua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Gang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
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13
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Tian S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Qi J, Tian L, Ma J, Wen G, Wang L. Comparative study on heterogeneous activation of peroxydisulfate and peroxymonosulfate with black carbon derived from coal tar residues: Contribution of free radical, 1O 2 and surface-bound radicals. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 433:128819. [PMID: 35381510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon materials draw increasing attention as metal-free catalysts for persulfates activation. Herein, the potential of black carbon (BC) derived from coal tar residues on heterogeneous activation of peroxydisulfate (PDS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to eliminate organic pollutants was investigated. Compared with UV/persulfates systems, persulfates/BC systems degraded 3 selected phenolic compounds (i.e. phenol, 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and bisphenol A (BPA)) with an order of magnitude higher oxidation rates, and removed dissolved organics (DOC) with over 27% higher efficiency. In the PDS/BC system, 1O2 and surface-bound radicals were proved to be the dominant active species, while free radicals, 1O2, and surface-bound radicals were responsible for organics oxidation in the PMS/BC system. Relative contribution of different reactive species in persulfates/BC systems was pH-dependent. Surface oxygen functionalities of BC were involved in 1O2 generation, and its structural defects played a critical role in forming free radicals and surface-bound radicals. This study provided an in-depth insight into carbon-driven persulfates activation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Yulei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jingyao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Liquan Tian
- Hebei Safety Technology Center for Radiation Environment, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Gang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Wu G, Zhao H, Wan Q, Xu X, Cao R, Li K, Wang J, Huang T, Lu J, Wen G. Inactivation and subsequent reactivation of Aspergillus species by the combination of UV and monochloramine: Comparisons with UV/chlorine. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:105-118. [PMID: 35725063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)/monochloramine (NH2Cl) as an advanced oxidation process was firstly applied for Aspergillus spores inactivation. This study aims to: i) clarify the inactivation and photoreactivation characteristics of UV/NH2Cl process, ii) compared with UV/Cl2 in inactivation efficiency, photoreactivation and energy consumption. The results illustrated that UV/NH2Cl showed better inactivation efficiency than that of UV alone and UV/Cl2, and could effectively control the photoreactivation. For instance, the inactivation rates for Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus in the processes of UV/NH2Cl (2.0 mg/L) was 0.034, 0.030 and 0.061 cm2/mJ, respectively, which were higher than that of UV alone (0.027, 0.026 and 0.024 cm2/mJ) and UV/Cl2 (0.023, 0.026 and 0.031 cm2/mJ). However, there was no synergistic effect for Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus. As for Aspergillus niger, the best synergistic effect can reach 1.86-log10. This may be due to their different resistance to disinfectants, which were related to the size, an outer layer of rodlets (hydrophobins) and pigments. After UV/NH2Cl inactivation, the degree of cell membrane damage and intracellular reactive oxygen species were higher than that of UV alone. UV/NH2Cl had the advantages of high inactivation efficiency and inhibition of photoreactivation, which provides a new entry point for the disinfection of waterborne fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; State Key Laboratory of Green Building in Western China, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Qiqi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xiangqian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Ruihua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Jinsuo Lu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; State Key Laboratory of Green Building in Western China, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Gang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; State Key Laboratory of Green Building in Western China, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
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15
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Tian S, Liu Y, Jia L, Tian L, Qi J, Ma J, Wen G, Wang L. Insight into the oxidation of phenolic pollutants by enhanced permanganate with biochar: The role of high-valent manganese intermediate species. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128460. [PMID: 35180522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrated that the oxidation of phenolic pollutants by permanganate (KMnO4) was effectively enhanced by a commercial biochar. Detailed characterization data indicated that the biochar contains porous structures, amounts of defective sites and abundant redox-active groups. In the presence of biochar, the degradation efficiency of 4-nitrophenol by KMnO4 surged from 5% to 92% in 180 min, up to 37.8% of total organic carbon (TOC) was removed. Meanwhile, acute toxicity of 4-nitrophenol was greatly reduced. Through analyzing oxidation products of triclosan (TCS) and using methyl phenyl sulfoxide (PMSO) as a chemical probe, high-valent Mn intermediates (i.e. Mn(VI)/Mn(V)) were proved to be the dominant oxidant in the KMnO4/biochar system. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) were established between oxidation rate constants of various substituted phenols and classical descriptor variables (i.e., Hammett constant σ+). KMnO4/biochar was found to be less selective to the substituent variation of phenolic compounds compared with O3, K2FeO4, ClO2 and persulfate/carbon nanotube (PDS/CNT). This work provided a novel catalytic oxidation technology for eliminating phenolic compounds, and improved insights into the mechanistic study of the KMnO4-based oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Yulei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Linran Jia
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576 Singapore, ĪSingapore
| | - Liquan Tian
- Hebei Safety Technology Center for Radiation Environment, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Jingyao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Gang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
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