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Yang L, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Wei J, Zhao X, Zheng Z, Chen B, Xu Z. Nanopriming boost seed vigor: Deeper insights into the effect mechanism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 214:108895. [PMID: 38976940 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Nanopriming, an advanced seed priming technology, is highly praised for its environmental friendliness, safety, and effectiveness in promoting sustainable agriculture. Studies have shown that nanopriming can enhance seed germination by stimulating the expression of aquaporins and increasing amylase production. By applying an appropriate concentration of nanoparticles, seeds can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhance their antioxidant capacity, improve their response to oxidative stress, and enhance their tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. This positive impact extends beyond the seed germination and seedling growth stages, persisting throughout the entire life cycle. This review offers a comprehensive overview of recent research progress in seed priming using various nanoparticles, while also addressing current challenges and future opportunities for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Laitong Zhang
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jinpeng Wei
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xueming Zhao
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Zian Zheng
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Bingxian Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Zhenjiang Xu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Lee JHJ, Kasote DM. Nano-Priming for Inducing Salinity Tolerance, Disease Resistance, Yield Attributes, and Alleviating Heavy Metal Toxicity in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:446. [PMID: 38337979 PMCID: PMC10857146 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
In today's time, agricultural productivity is severely affected by climate change and increasing pollution. Hence, several biotechnological approaches, including genetic and non-genetic strategies, have been developed and adapted to increase agricultural productivity. One of them is nano-priming, i.e., seed priming with nanomaterials. Thus far, nano-priming methods have been successfully used to mount desired physiological responses and productivity attributes in crops. In this review, the literature about the utility of nano-priming methods for increasing seed vigor, germination, photosynthetic output, biomass, early growth, and crop yield has been summarized. Moreover, the available knowledge about the use of nano-priming methods in modulating plant antioxidant defenses and hormonal networks, inducing salinity tolerance and disease resistance, as well as alleviating heavy metal toxicity in plants, is reviewed. The significance of nano-priming methods in the context of phytotoxicity and environmental safety has also been discussed. For future perspectives, knowledge gaps in the present literature are highlighted, and the need for optimization and validation of nano-priming methods and their plant physiological outcomes, from lab to field, is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun H. J. Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Deepak M. Kasote
- Agricultural Research Station, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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3
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Zhao L, Zhou X, Kang Z, Peralta-Videa JR, Zhu YG. Nano-enabled seed treatment: A new and sustainable approach to engineering climate-resilient crops. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 910:168640. [PMID: 37989394 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Under a changing climate, keeping the food supply steady for an ever-increasing population will require crop plants adapted to environmental fluctuations. Genetic engineering and genome-editing approaches have been used for developing climate-resilient crops. However, genetically modified crops have yet to be widely accepted, especially for small-scale farmers in low-income countries and some societies. Nano-priming (seed exposure to nanoparticles, NPs) has appeared as an alternative to the abovementioned techniques. This technique improves seed germination speed, promotes seedlings' vigor, and enhances plant tolerance to adverse conditions such as drought, salinity, temperature, and flooding, which may occur under extreme weather conditions. Moreover, nano-enabled seed treatment can increase the disease resistance of crops by boosting immunity, which will reduce the use of pesticides. This unsophisticated, farmer-available, cost-effective, and environment-friendly seed treatment approach may help crop plants fight climate change challenges. This review discusses the previous information about nano-enabled seed treatment for enhancing plant tolerance to abiotic stresses and increasing disease resistance. Current knowledge about the mechanisms underlying nanomaterial-seed interactions is discussed. To conclude, the review includes research questions to address before this technique reaches its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiaoding Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhao Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jose R Peralta-Videa
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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4
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Sharma K, Sharma R, Kumari S, Kumari A. Enhancing wheat crop production with eco-friendly chitosan encapsulated nickel oxide nanocomposites: A safe and sustainable solution for higher yield. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127413. [PMID: 37858657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we looked at using nickel oxide (NiO) nanocomposites with chitosan encapsulation as a nano-primer to improve wheat crop output. A straightforward green precipitation procedure was used to create the nanocomposites, and they were then characterized using several methods. According to the findings, the chitosan-encapsulated NiO nanocomposites possessed a large surface area and were resilient to changes in pH. Following this, wheat seeds were primed with the nanocomposites, and under greenhouse circumstances, the impact on crop growth was assessed. The findings demonstrated that, in comparison to the control group, nanocomposites priming considerably enhanced wheat growth and germination rate up to 99 %. In comparison to untreated plants, the wheat plants treated with the nanocomposites primer had greater plant height i.e. shoot length (11.4 cm) and root length (10.3 cm), leaf area, and biomass accumulation. Further research into the mechanism underlying the priming effect of nanocomposites on wheat growth revealed that the nanocomposites enhanced nutrient absorption, photosynthesis, and stress tolerance in wheat plants. In conclusion, our research shows that chitosan-encapsulated NiO nanocomposites have the potential to improve wheat crop productivity in an environmentally benign and long-term manner, offering a viable strategy for sustainable farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashama Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Career Point University Bhoranj, (Tikker - kharwarian), Hamirpur, MDR 35, Himachal Pradesh 176041, India; Centre of Nano Science & Technology, Career Point University, Bhoranj, (Tikker - kharwarian), Hamirpur, MDR 35, Himachal Pradesh 176041, India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Career Point University Bhoranj, (Tikker - kharwarian), Hamirpur, MDR 35, Himachal Pradesh 176041, India; Centre of Nano Science & Technology, Career Point University, Bhoranj, (Tikker - kharwarian), Hamirpur, MDR 35, Himachal Pradesh 176041, India
| | - Seema Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Career Point University Bhoranj, (Tikker - kharwarian), Hamirpur, MDR 35, Himachal Pradesh 176041, India; Centre of Nano Science & Technology, Career Point University, Bhoranj, (Tikker - kharwarian), Hamirpur, MDR 35, Himachal Pradesh 176041, India
| | - Asha Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Career Point University Bhoranj, (Tikker - kharwarian), Hamirpur, MDR 35, Himachal Pradesh 176041, India; Centre of Nano Science & Technology, Career Point University, Bhoranj, (Tikker - kharwarian), Hamirpur, MDR 35, Himachal Pradesh 176041, India.
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5
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Zhao W, Wu Z, Amde M, Zhu G, Wei Y, Zhou P, Zhang Q, Song M, Tan Z, Zhang P, Rui Y, Lynch I. Nanoenabled Enhancement of Plant Tolerance to Heat and Drought Stress on Molecular Response. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20405-20418. [PMID: 38032362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Global warming has posed significant pressure on agricultural productivity. The resulting abiotic stresses from high temperatures and drought have become serious threats to plants and subsequent global food security. Applying nanomaterials in agriculture can balance the plant's oxidant level and can also regulate phytohormone levels and thus maintain normal plant growth under heat and drought stresses. Nanomaterials can activate and regulate specific stress-related genes, which in turn increase the activity of heat shock protein and aquaporin to enable plants' resistance against abiotic stresses. This review aims to provide a current understanding of nanotechnology-enhanced plant tolerance to heat and drought stress. Molecular mechanisms are explored to see how nanomaterials can alleviate abiotic stresses on plants. In comparison with organic molecules, nanomaterials offer the advantages of targeted transportation and slow release. These advantages help the nanomaterials in mitigating drought and heat stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhangguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Meseret Amde
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Haramaya University, Oromia 103, Ethiopia
| | - Guikai Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yujing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Pingfan Zhou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yukui Rui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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6
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Yang Q, Guo J, Long X, Pan C, Liu G, Peng J. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Jasminum nudiflorum Flower Extract and Their Antifungal and Antioxidant Activity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2558. [PMID: 37764587 PMCID: PMC10536130 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of metal nanomaterials is a timely topic due to their widespread use in fields such as crop protection, the environment, medicine, and engineering. Green synthesis of nanoparticles, which uses plant extracts instead of industrial chemical agents to reduce metal ions, has been developed to decrease costs, reduce pollution, and improve environmental and human health safety. In this paper, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized from the flower extract of Jasminum nudiflorum. The green synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and other technologies. The antifungal activity of the prepared AgNPs against Alternaria longipes was tested using the plate method, the concentration dilution method, and other methods, and the antioxidant activity of the prepared AgNPs was evaluated by DPPH and hydroxyl free scavenging methods. The results showed that AgNPs synthesized from J. nudiflorum flower extract have a face-centered cubic structure (fcc), and the average grain size of the nanoparticles is 13 nm; they are also mainly spherical in shape. Additionally, the concentration of AgNPs (ranging from 16 to 128 μg/mL) significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of A. longipes in comparison to the control. The inhibitory rate gradually increased with increasing AgNP concentration, ranging from 70.64% to 79.60% at a concentration of 128 μg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration was observed at 32 μg/mL. AgNPs induced overaccumulation of MDA in A. longipes, resulting in cell membrane damage and nucleic acid leakage. Moreover, the AgNPs have significant antioxidant properties, which increase with increasing concentration. The clearance rate of DPPH was 25.46 ± 0.90% when the concentration of AgNPs was 8 μg/mL, and the clearance rate of the hydroxyl radical was 28.62 ± 0.59% when the concentration of AgNPs was 128 μg/mL. Thus, the flower extract from J. nudiflorum holds potential as an environmentally friendly and green alternative for the synthesis of AgNPs, which have antifungal and antioxidant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiantao Peng
- Guizhou Key Laboratory for Tobacco Quality Research, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
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Esquivel-Castro TA, Oliva J, Rodríguez-González V, Rosu HC. Immobilized mesoporous materials for carvacrol delivery to the germination and early growth of tomato plants (Solanum Lycopersicum). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 228:115860. [PMID: 37030405 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The immobilization of TiO2-SiO2 (TSO) materials on seed mats stands as a practical way to help the germination and early growth of tomato plants (Solanum Lycopersicum). Mesoporous materials are functionalized with triethanolamine (TEA) and loaded with the biocide molecule of carvacrol (CAR). The effect of CAR on the parameters of germination percentage, germination time, root, shoot length, and chlorophyll content of seeds and/or tomato seedlings are investigated. The germination experiments were carried out using seed mats coated with the TSO materials, also TSO powdered materials were put directly on the tomato seeds to study their effect on germination. Direct deposition of TSO composites achieved the complete germination and longer shoots due to the cooperative interactions among nanomaterials, carvacrol, and the tomato seed. However, the handling of the seeds and the detrimental effect of powder in the germination system made difficult the application with agricultural purposes. The plastic seed mats provide a practical system with lower germination, but more homogenous growth of root/shoot is possible. Surprisingly, in this methodology the carvacrol presents a detrimental effect on germination due to less interaction with the seeds. The handling of seeds and recover of the nanomaterials and its reuse are advantages of the plastic seed mats, which together with less wastage of seeds suggest a potential use in agriculture. The as-synthetized TSO NPs, together with the functionalization of triethanolamine and carvacrol used to promote the health germination of the seeds, allows the control of the time for seed germination, germination %, and length for the root/shoot of seed tomato germination. The immobilization of mesoporous materials results in an alternative to help the germination and early growth of agricultural plants searching to avoid the lixiviation of nanomaterials to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzipatly A Esquivel-Castro
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICyT), División de Materiales Avanzados, Camino a la presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a sección, 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Jorge Oliva
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICyT), División de Materiales Avanzados, Camino a la presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a sección, 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Vicente Rodríguez-González
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICyT), División de Materiales Avanzados, Camino a la presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a sección, 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
| | - Haret C Rosu
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICyT), División de Materiales Avanzados, Camino a la presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a sección, 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
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Wan J, Ye J, Zhang Y, Li Z, Wu Z, Dang C, Fu J. Interaction of silver nanoparticles with marine/lake snow in early formation stage. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 241:120160. [PMID: 37270947 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Marine and lake snows play an important ecological role in aquatic systems, and recent researches have also revealed their interactions with various pollutants. In this paper, the interaction of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), a typical nano-pollutant, with marine/lake snow in the early formation stage was investigated by roller table experiments. Results indicated Ag-NPs promoted the accumulation of larger marine snow flocs while inhibited the development of lake snow. The promotion effect of AgNPs might be attributed to their oxidative dissolution into low-toxic silver chloride complexes in seawater, and the subsequent incorporation into marine snow, which would enhance the rigidity and strength of larger flocs and favor the development of biomass. Conversely, Ag-NPs mainly existed in the form of colloidal nanoparticles in lake water and their strong antimicrobial effect suppressed the growths of biomass and lake snow. In addition, Ag-NPs could also affect the microbial community of marine/lake snow, including impact on microbial diversity, and elevation on abundances of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) synthesis genes and silver resistance genes. This work has deepened our understanding of the fate and ecological effect of Ag-NPs via the interaction with marine/lake snow in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Juefei Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhenbing Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chenyuan Dang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jie Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Iordache AM, Nechita C, Podea P, Șuvar NS, Mesaroṣ C, Voica C, Bleiziffer R, Culea M. Comparative Amino Acid Profile and Antioxidant Activity in Sixteen Plant Extracts from Transylvania, Romania. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112183. [PMID: 37299164 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the naturopathic medicines based on the antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, or antioxidant properties of plant extracts that have been capitalized upon through the pharmaceutical industry, the increasing interest of the food industry in this area requires potent new materials capable of supporting this market. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro amino acid contents and antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts from sixteen plants. Our results show high accumulated amino acid contents, mainly of proline, glutamic, and aspartic acid. The most consistent values of essential amino acids were isolated from T. officinale, U. dioica, C. majus, A. annua, and M. spicata. The results of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay indicate that R. officinalis was the most potent antioxidant, followed by four other extracts (in decreasing order): T. serpyllum, C. monogyna, S. officinalis, and M. koenigii. The network and principal component analyses found four natural groupings between samples based on DPPH free radical scavenging activity content. Each plant extracts' antioxidant action was discussed based on similar results found in the literature, and a lower capacity was observed for most species. An overall ranking of the analyzed plant species can be accomplished due to the range of experimental methods. The literature review revealed that these natural antioxidants represent the best side-effect-free alternatives to synthetic additives, especially in the food processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Maria Iordache
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, 4 Uzinei Str., 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Constantin Nechita
- National Research and Development Institute for Forestry "Marin Dracea" Calea Bucovinei, 73 Bis, 725100 Campulung Moldovenesc, Romania
| | - Paula Podea
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Arany Janos 11, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Niculina Sonia Șuvar
- National Institute for Research and Development in Mine Safety and Protection to Explosion, 32-34 General Vasile Milea Str., 332047 Petroșani, Romania
| | - Cornelia Mesaroṣ
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gh. Marinescu Str., 540139 Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Cezara Voica
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Str., 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ramona Bleiziffer
- Biomolecular Physics Department, Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University, Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Monica Culea
- Biomolecular Physics Department, Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University, Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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10
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Pagano A, Macovei A, Balestrazzi A. Molecular dynamics of seed priming at the crossroads between basic and applied research. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:657-688. [PMID: 36780009 PMCID: PMC9924218 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-02988-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The potential of seed priming is still not fully exploited. Our limited knowledge of the molecular dynamics of seed pre-germinative metabolism is the main hindrance to more effective new-generation techniques. Climate change and other recent global crises are disrupting food security. To cope with the current demand for increased food, feed, and biofuel production, while preserving sustainability, continuous technological innovation should be provided to the agri-food sector. Seed priming, a pre-sowing technique used to increase seed vigor, has become a valuable tool due to its potential to enhance germination and stress resilience under changing environments. Successful priming protocols result from the ability to properly act on the seed pre-germinative metabolism and stimulate events that are crucial for seed quality. However, the technique still requires constant optimization, and researchers are committed to addressing some key open questions to overcome such drawbacks. In this review, an update of the current scientific and technical knowledge related to seed priming is provided. The rehydration-dehydration cycle associated with priming treatments can be described in terms of metabolic pathways that are triggered, modulated, or turned off, depending on the seed physiological stage. Understanding the ways seed priming affects, either positively or negatively, such metabolic pathways and impacts gene expression and protein/metabolite accumulation/depletion represents an essential step toward the identification of novel seed quality hallmarks. The need to expand the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms ruling the seed response to priming is underlined along with the strong potential of applied research on primed seeds as a source of seed quality hallmarks. This route will hasten the implementation of seed priming techniques needed to support sustainable agriculture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pagano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', Via Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anca Macovei
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', Via Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alma Balestrazzi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', Via Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133, Palermo, Italy.
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11
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Nanoparticles as a Promising Strategy to Mitigate Biotic Stress in Agriculture. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020338. [PMID: 36830248 PMCID: PMC9951924 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are recognized due to their particular physical and chemical properties, which are conferred due to their size, in the range of nanometers. Nanoparticles are recognized for their application in medicine, electronics, and the textile industry, among others, but also in agriculture. The application of nanoparticles as nanofertilizers and biostimulants can help improve growth and crop productivity, and it has therefore been mentioned as an essential tool to control the adverse effects of abiotic stress. However, nanoparticles have also been noted for their exceptional antimicrobial properties. Therefore, this work reviews the state of the art of different nanoparticles that have shown the capacity to control biotic stress in plants. In this regard, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and others, such as silica nanoparticles, have been described. Moreover, uptake and translocation are covered. Finally, future remarks about the studies on nanoparticles and their beneficial role in biotic stress management are made.
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Yan X, Chen S, Pan Z, Zhao W, Rui Y, Zhao L. AgNPs-Triggered Seed Metabolic and Transcriptional Reprogramming Enhanced Rice Salt Tolerance and Blast Resistance. ACS NANO 2023; 17:492-504. [PMID: 36525364 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are facing harsher environments due to the changing climate. Improving seeds' stress resilience is critical to reduce yield loss. Here, we propose that using ROS-generating nanoparticles (NPs) to prestimulate seeds would enhance the stress resilience of seeds and seedlings through triggering stress/immune responses. We examined this hypothesis by exposing AgNPs-primed rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds under salt conditions (NaCl). The results showed that primed seeds exhibit accelerated germination speed, increased seedling vigor (from 22.5 to 47.6), biomass (11%), and root length (83%) compared to seeds with hydropriming treatment. Multiomics (metabolomics and transcriptomics) analyses reveal that AgNPs-priming triggered metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming in rice seeds. Signaling metabolites, such as salicylic acid, niacinamide, and glycerol-3-phosphate, dramatically increased upon AgNPs-priming. KEGG pathway analysis reveals that AgNPs-priming activated stress signaling and defense related pathways, such as plant hormone signal transduction, glutathione metabolism, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, MAPK signaling pathway, and plant-pathogen interaction. These metabolic and transcriptional changes indicate that AgNPs-priming triggered stress/immune responses. More importantly, this "stress memory" can last weeks, providing protection to rice seedlings against salt stress and rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae). Overall, we show that prestimulated seeds with ROS-generating AgNPs not only enable faster and better germination under stress conditions, but also increase seedling resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This simple nanobiostimulant-based strategy may contribute to sustainable agriculture by maintaining agricultural production and reducing the use of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Si Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Zhengyan Pan
- Liaoning Rice Research Institute, Shenyang110101, China
| | - Weichen Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Yukui Rui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
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Aqeel M, Khalid N, Nazir A, Irshad MK, Hakami O, Basahi MA, Alamri S, Hashem M, Noman A. Foliar application of silver nanoparticles mitigated nutritional and biochemical perturbations in chilli pepper fertigated with domestic wastewater. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 194:470-479. [PMID: 36508781 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to environmental pollution, crop growth and productivity are threatened at different levels. Recapitulation of changes in plant bodies due to water pollution and mitigating strategies reveal the need for précised actions to save crop losses. The present study was carried out to estimate modulations in growth, mineral homeostasis, and nutrient profile of fruits in Capsicum annum L. grown with three concentrations of wastewater (25, 50, 100%) and two levels of silver nanoparticles (40 and 80 mg/L AgNPs). It has been reported that ion accumulation patterns from wastewater clearly vary among crops. Our findings manifested that the application of AgNPs significantly improved the mineral ions in different plant tissues, that ultimately helped to improve growth. Highest improvements were recorded for root shoot P (316 and 197%) at T9 (80 mg/L AgNPs + normal water), while K (273 and 262%), Mg (638 and 916%), and Ca (148 and 273%), at T11 (80 mg/L AgNPs + 50% Wastewater), in comparison with control. Such reduction in elemental uptake that remain detrimental even at low concentrations positively correlates with growth and nutrition of Capsicum plants. Another facet of our observation is dose-dependent improvement in nutritive attributes of fruits i.e., crude fibers, proteins, and carbohydrates by AgNPs. T8 (40 mg/L AgNPs + 100% Wastewater), improved nutritional attributes such as P (55%), Mn (44%), Zn (38%), Carbohydrates (62%), Crude fat (38%), and Fibers (49%) as compared to control. Application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) combined with untreated wastewater (WW) reduced the hazards of contaminants in plants. The finding of the current study suggested that AgNPs are a cost-efficient and environment friendly material having the potential to mitigate harmful impacts of WW on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aqeel
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Noreen Khalid
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Atia Nazir
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif Irshad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Othman Hakami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Basahi
- Shaqra University, College of Science and Arts Sajir, P.O. Box 33, Shaqra, 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alamri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Assiut University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Colombo F, Pagano A, Sangiorgio S, Macovei A, Balestrazzi A, Araniti F, Pilu R. Study of Seed Ageing in lpa1-1 Maize Mutant and Two Possible Approaches to Restore Seed Germination. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010732. [PMID: 36614175 PMCID: PMC9820859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytic acid (PA) is a strong anti-nutritional factor with a key antioxidant role in countering reactive oxygen species. Despite the potential benefits of low phytic acid (lpa) mutants, the reduction of PA causes pleiotropic effects, e.g., reduced seed germination and viability loss related to seed ageing. The current study evaluated a historical series of naturally aged seeds and showed that lpa1-1 seeds aged faster as compared to wildtype. To mimic natural ageing, the present study set up accelerated ageing treatments at different temperatures. It was found that incubating the seeds at 57 °C for 24 h, the wildtype germinated at 82.4% and lpa1-1 at 40%. The current study also hypothesized two possible solutions to overcome these problems: (1) Classical breeding was used to constitute synthetic populations carrying the lpa1-1 mutation, with genes pushing anthocyanin accumulation in the embryo (R-navajo allele). The outcome showed that the presence of R-navajo in the lpa1-1 genotype was not able to improve the germinability (-20%), but this approach could be useful to improve the germinability in non-mutant genotypes (+17%). (2) In addition, hydropriming was tested on lpa1-1 and wildtype seeds, and germination was improved by 20% in lpa1-1, suggesting a positive role of seed priming in restoring germination. Moreover, the data highlighted metabolic differences in the metabolome before and after hydropriming treatment, suggesting that the differences in germination could also be mediated by differences in the metabolic composition induced by the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Colombo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Pagano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Sangiorgio
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Anca Macovei
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alma Balestrazzi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Pilu
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Hydropriming and Osmotic Priming Induce Resistance against Aspergillus niger in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) by Activating β-1, 3-glucanase, Chitinase, and Thaumatin-like Protein Genes. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12122061. [PMID: 36556426 PMCID: PMC9781612 DOI: 10.3390/life12122061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Priming is used as a method to improve plant growth and alleviate the detrimental effects of pathogens. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different priming methods in the context of resistance to Aspergillus niger in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Here, we show that different priming treatments—viz., hydropriming, osmotic priming, halopriming, and hormonal priming techniques can induce disease resistance by improving the biochemical contents of wheat, including chlorophyll, protein, proline, and sugar. In addition, physiological parameters—such as root length, shoot length, fresh and dry root/shoot ratios, and relative water content were positively affected by these priming methods. In essence, hydropriming and osmotic priming treatments were found to be more potent for enhancing wheat biochemical contents, along with all the physiological parameters, and for reducing disease severity. Hydropriming and osmotic priming significantly decreased disease severity, by 70.59−75.00% and 64.71−88.33%, respectively. RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR analyses of potentially important pathogenesis-related (PR)-protein genes (Thaumatin-like protein (TLP), chitinase, and β-1,3-glucanase) in primed plants were evaluated: β-1,3-glucanase was most highly expressed in all primed plants; Chitinase and TLP exhibited higher expression in hormonal-, halo-, osmotic-, and hydro-primed plants, respectively. These results suggest that the higher expression of β-1,3-glucanase, TLP, and chitinase after hydropriming and osmotic priming may increase disease resistance in wheat. Our study demonstrates the greater potential of hydropriming and osmotic priming for alleviating stress caused by A. niger inoculation, and enhancing resistance to it, in addition to significantly improving plant growth. Thus, these priming methods could be beneficial for better plant growth and disease resistance in other plants.
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Zhao L, Bai T, Wei H, Gardea-Torresdey JL, Keller A, White JC. Nanobiotechnology-based strategies for enhanced crop stress resilience. NATURE FOOD 2022; 3:829-836. [PMID: 37117882 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanobiotechnology approaches to engineering crops with enhanced stress tolerance may be a safe and sustainable strategy to increase crop yield. Under stress conditions, cellular redox homeostasis is disturbed, resulting in the over-accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage biomolecules (lipids, proteins and DNA) and inhibit crop growth and yield. Delivering ROS-scavenging nanomaterials to plants has been shown to alleviate abiotic stress. Here we review the current state of knowledge of using ROS-scavenging nanomaterials to enhance plant stress tolerance. When present below a threshold level, ROS can mediate redox signalling and defence pathways that foster plant acclimatization against stress. We find that ROS-triggering nanomaterials, such as nanoparticulate silver and copper oxide, have the potential to be judiciously applied to crop species to stimulate the defence system, prime stress responses and subsequently increase the stress resistance of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Tonghao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Arturo Keller
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management and Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jason C White
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (CAES), New Haven, CT, USA.
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Ashraf MA, Rasheed R, Hussain I, Hafeez A, Adrees M, Rehman MZU, Rizwan M, Ali S. Effect of different seed priming agents on chromium accumulation, oxidative defense, glyoxalase system and mineral nutrition in canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119769. [PMID: 35850318 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present experiment was conducted to appraise the role of different seed priming agents in circumventing the negative impact of chromium (Cr) toxicity on canola plants. Chromium toxicity resulted in significant decline in photosynthetic pigments and growth attributes of two canola cultivars (Puriga and MS-007). Cr toxicity also resulted in higher oxidative stress mirrored as greater accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) superoxide radical (O2•‒), electrolyte leakage (EL) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Further, lipoxygenase enzyme activity that catalyzes the peroxidation of membrane lipids was also enhanced due to Cr toxicity. Canola plants also manifested impaired methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification due to the downregulation of glyoxalase enzymes (GlyI and II) under Cr stress. Seed priming treatments viz. osmo-priming with calcium chloride (CaCl2) and hormonal priming with salicylic acid (SA) remarkably improved growth and chlorophyll content in both canola cultivars under Cr toxicity as compared to other priming treatments such as hydro-priming, redox priming (H2O2) and chemical priming (Se; selenium). Moreover, CaCl2 and SA seed priming also resulted in lower oxidative stress and improved enzymatic (SOD, POD, CAT, APX, GR, GST) and non-enzymatic (GSH, phenolics, flavonoids, proline) antioxidant system of both cultivars under Cr toxicity. Further, hormonal and osmo-priming strengthened glyoxalase and antioxidant systems, thus improving reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MG detoxification. In this background, the cultivar Puriga is considered Cr tolerant as it exhibited better growth and lesser oxidative stress in both seed priming and non-primed conditions under Cr toxicity than cv. MS-007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arslan Ashraf
- Department of Botany Government College University Faisalabad, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Rasheed
- Department of Botany Government College University Faisalabad, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- Department of Botany Government College University Faisalabad, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Arslan Hafeez
- Department of Botany Government College University Faisalabad, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adrees
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zia Ur Rehman
- Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan; Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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