1
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Gholap AD, Pardeshi SR, Hatvate NT, Dhorkule N, Sayyad SF, Faiyazuddin M, Khalid M. Environmental implications and nanotechnological advances in octocrylene-enriched sunscreen formulations: A comprehensive review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142235. [PMID: 38705416 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major contributor to skin aging, cancer, and other detrimental health effects. Sunscreens containing FDA-approved UV filters, like avobenzone, offer protection but suffer from photodegradation and potential phototoxicity. Encapsulation, antioxidants, and photostabilizers are strategies employed to combat these drawbacks. Octocrylene, an organic UV filter, utilizes nanotechnology to enhance sun protection factor (SPF). This review examines recent literature on octocrylene-enriched sunscreens, exploring the interplay between environmental impact, nanotechnological advancements, and clinical trial insights. A critical focus is placed on the environmental consequences of sunscreen use, particularly the potential hazards UV filters pose to marine ecosystems. Research in the Mediterranean Sea suggests bacterial sensitivity to these filters, raising concerns about their integration into the food chain. This review aims to guide researchers in developing effective strategies for photostabilization of UV filters. By combining encapsulation, photostabilizers, and antioxidants, researchers can potentially reduce phototoxic effects and contribute to developing more environmentally friendly sunscreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol D Gholap
- St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar, 401404, Maharashtra, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrutvahini College of Pharmacy, Sangamner, 422608, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sagar R Pardeshi
- St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar, 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Navnath T Hatvate
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Marathwada Campus, Jalna, Maharashtra, 431203, India
| | - Nilesh Dhorkule
- St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar, 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sadikali F Sayyad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrutvahini College of Pharmacy, Sangamner, 422608, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Md Faiyazuddin
- School of Pharmacy, Al-Karim University, Katihar, Bihar, 854106, India; Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Sunway Centre for Electrochemical Energy and Sustainable Technology (SCEEST), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan University, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401 India; Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh 174103, India.
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2
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Lorigo M, Quintaneiro C, Breitenfeld L, Cairrao E. Effects associated with exposure to the emerging contaminant octyl-methoxycinnamate (a UV-B filter) in the aquatic environment: a review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2024; 27:55-72. [PMID: 38146151 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2296897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Given the increasing concern surrounding ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced skin damage, there has been a rise in demand for UV filters. Currently, UV-filters are considered emerging contaminants. The extensive production and use of UV filters have led to their widespread release into the aquatic environment. Thus, there is growing concern that UV filters may bioaccumulate and exhibit persistent properties within the environment, raising several safety health concerns. Octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC) is extensively employed as a UV-B filter in the cosmetic industry. While initially designed to mitigate the adverse photobiological effects attributed to UV radiation, the safety of OMC has been questioned with some studies reporting toxic effects on environment. The aim of this review to provide an overview of the scientific information regarding the most widely used organic UV-filter (OMC), and its effects on biodiversity and aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Lorigo
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Carla Quintaneiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luiza Breitenfeld
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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3
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Fagervold SK, Rohée C, Lebaron P. Microbial consortia degrade several widely used organic UV filters, but a number of hydrophobic filters remain recalcitrant to biodegradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:125931-125946. [PMID: 38010544 PMCID: PMC10754744 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31063-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic UV filters are important ingredients in many personal care products, including sunscreens. Evaluating the biodegradability of organic UV filters is key to estimate their recalcitrance and environmental fate and thus central to their overall environmental risk assessment. In order to further understand the degradation process, the aim was to investigate whether specific consortia could degrade certain UV filters. Several bacterial strains were isolated from enrichment cultures actively degrading octocrylene (OC), butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BM), homosalate (HS), and 2-ethylhexyl salicylate (ES) and were utilized to construct an in-house consortium. This synthetic consortium contained 27 bacterial strains and degraded OC, BM, HS, and ES 60-80% after 12 days, but not benzophenone-3 (BP3), methoxyphenyl triazine (BEMT), methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol (MBBT), diethylhexyl butamido triazone (DBT), ethylhexyl triazone (EHT), or diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB). Furthermore, several commercial microbial mixtures from Greencell were tested to assess their degradation activity toward the same organic UV filters. ES and HS were degraded by some of the commercial consortia, but to a lesser extent. The rest of the tested UV filters were not degraded by any of the commercial bacterial mixes. These results confirm that some organic UV filters are recalcitrant to biodegradation, while others are degraded by a specific set of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja K Fagervold
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-mer, France.
| | - Clémence Rohée
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique et Personal Care, Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Lebaron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-mer, France
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4
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Hejji L, Azzouz A, Pérez-Villarejo L, Castro E, Souhail B, Rodríguez-Castellón E. Fe 3O 4@UiO-66-NH 2 based on magnetic solid phase extraction for determination of organic UV filters in environmental water samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140090. [PMID: 37678590 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a nanocomposite structured magnetic metal-organic framework named as Fe3O4@UiO-66-NH2 was prepared via a simple hydrothermal approach. The as-mentioned nanocomposite was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques. Using the Fe3O4@UiO-66-NH2 as a nanosorbent, an easy and highly effective approach was developed to preconcentrate nine organic UV filters before gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Different conditions influencing the extraction efficiency encompassing the sorbent amount, nature and volume of desorption solvent, desorption time, pH of the sample, and extraction time, were examined. Under the optimal experimental parameters, the Fe3O4@UiO-66-NH2-based magnetic solid phase extraction and GC-MS (MSPE-GC-MS) demonstrated linearity in the range of 0.03-1500 ng/L (R2 ≥ 0.9974) and the reproducibility, expressed as RSD, was ≤7.5%. The limits of detection ranged between 0.01 and 0.07 ng/L and limits of quantification were in the range of 0.03-0.4 ng/L. Finally, the suggested approach was satisfactorily utilized to determine nine organic UV filters in different water samples (analytical recoveries between 86.5% and 104.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Hejji
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, And Materials Engineering, Campus Las Lagunillas, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain; Center for Advanced Studies in Earth Science, Energy and Environment, Campus Las Lagunillas, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, B.P. 2121, M'Hannech II, 93002, Tétouan, Morocco
| | - Abdelmonaim Azzouz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, B.P. 2121, M'Hannech II, 93002, Tétouan, Morocco
| | - Luis Pérez-Villarejo
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, And Materials Engineering, Campus Las Lagunillas, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain; Center for Advanced Studies in Earth Science, Energy and Environment, Campus Las Lagunillas, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
| | - Eulogio Castro
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, And Materials Engineering, Campus Las Lagunillas, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain; Center for Advanced Studies in Earth Science, Energy and Environment, Campus Las Lagunillas, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Badredine Souhail
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, B.P. 2121, M'Hannech II, 93002, Tétouan, Morocco
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Guo X, Lv M, Song L, Ding J, Man M, Fu L, Lu S, Hou L, Chen L. Profiling of the spatiotemporal distribution, risks, and prioritization of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in coastal waters of the northern Yellow Sea, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132163. [PMID: 37515990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have aroused global concerns due to their ubiquitous occurrence and detrimental effects. The spatiotemporal distributions of 64 PPCPs and their synergetic ecological risks were comprehensively investigated in the seawater of Yantai Bay, and 1 H-benzotriazole (BT), ethenzamide, phenazone, propyphenazone, 4-hydroxybenzophenone and N, N'-diphenylurea were first determined in the seawater of China. Fifty-six PPCPs were detected and their concentrations were 27.5-182 ng/L, with BT contributing around 58.0%. Higher PPCP concentrations were observed in winter and spring, with the concentrations of antioxidants, analgesic/anti-inflammatory drugs and human-used antibiotics significantly higher in winter, while those of aquaculture-used antibiotics and UV filters significantly higher in summer, which was closely related with their usage patterns. Positive correlations were observed for PPCP concentrations between surface and bottom water, except summer, during which time the weak vertical exchange and varied environmental behaviors among different PPCPs resulted in the distinct compositions and concentrations. Terrestrial inputs and mariculture resulted in higher PPCP concentrations in the area located adjacent to the coast and aquaculture bases. The PPCP mixtures posed medium to high risk to crustaceans, and bisphenol A was identified as a high-risk pollutant that needs special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Lehui Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jing Ding
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Mingsan Man
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Longwen Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Shuang Lu
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Lijun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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6
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Santo DE, Dusman E, da Silva Gonzalez R, Romero AL, Dos Santos Gonçalves do Nascimento GC, de Souza Moura MA, Bressiani PA, Filipi ÁCK, Gomes EMV, Pokrywiecki JC, da Silva Medeiros FV, de Souza DC, Peron AP. Prospecting toxicity of octocrylene in Allium cepa L. and Eisenia fetida Sav. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:8257-8268. [PMID: 36053420 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22795-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Octocrylene sunscreen is found in different environmental compartments. Unlike aquatic organisms, there are few studies evaluating the adverse effects caused by this pollutant on terrestrial plants, and no studies on soil fauna. In this study, octocrylene was evaluated at concentrations of 10, 100, and 1000 µg/L for phytotoxicity, cytogenotoxicity, and oxidative stress in Allium cepa L., and acute toxicity and oxidative stress in Eisenia fetida Sav. In A. cepa, at concentrations of 100 and 1000 µg/L, octocrylene reduced the germination potential in seeds, inhibited root elongation, and caused disturbance in cell division in roots. In E. fetida, the concentration of 1000 µg/L promoted an avoidance rate of 80%, while 10 µg/L caused a hormesis effect. The concentrations 100 and 1000 µg/L caused lipid peroxidation in A. cepa and E. fetida. Based on the results, the recurrent use of biosolids in soil fertilization, as well as the irrigation of plants with wastewater, with the presence of octocrylene can negatively impact the survival of different species that depend directly or indirectly on the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Espirito Santo
- Environmental Engineering Course, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campo Mourão Campus, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Elisângela Dusman
- PosGraduate Program in Environmental Engineering (PPGEA), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Francisco Beltrão Campus, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Regiane da Silva Gonzalez
- Academic Department of Chemistry (DAQUI), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campo Mourão Campus, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Adriano Lopes Romero
- Academic Department of Chemistry (DAQUI), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campo Mourão Campus, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Matheus Augusto de Souza Moura
- Environmental Engineering Course, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campo Mourão Campus, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Patricia Aline Bressiani
- PosGraduate Program in Environmental Engineering (PPGEA), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Francisco Beltrão Campus, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ádila Cristina Krukoski Filipi
- PosGraduate Program in Environmental Engineering (PPGEA), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Francisco Beltrão Campus, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Michel Vieira Gomes
- Academic Department of Physics, Statistics and Mathematics (DAFEM), Federal Technological University of Paraná, Francisco Beltrão Campus, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Juan Carlos Pokrywiecki
- Academic Department of Engineering (DAENG), Federal Technological University of Paraná, Francisco Beltrão Campus, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Flávia Vieira da Silva Medeiros
- Professional Master's in National Network in Management and Regulation of Water Resources (PROFÁGUA), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campo Mourão Campus, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
- PosGraduate Program in Technological Innovations (PPGIT), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campo Mourão Campus, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina de Souza
- Academic Department of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation (DABIC), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campo Mourão Campus, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Peron
- PosGraduate Program in Environmental Engineering (PPGEA), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Francisco Beltrão Campus, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil.
- PosGraduate Program in Technological Innovations (PPGIT), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campo Mourão Campus, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil.
- Academic Department of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation (DABIC), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campo Mourão Campus, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil.
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7
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Li Y, He Y, Lam CH, Nah T. Environmental photochemistry of organic UV filter butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane: Implications for photochemical fate in surface waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156145. [PMID: 35613640 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the widespread use of sunscreen and other personal care products, organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) have become widely detected in the aquatic environment. Direct and indirect photolysis are important transformation pathways of OUVFs in aquatic environments, so their transformation products (TPs) are also chemicals of concern. Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDBM) is one of the most commonly used OUVFs worldwide due to its ability to absorb ultraviolet light across a wide range of wavelengths, and it is ubiquitously detected in aquatic environments. In this study, we investigated the photodegradation of BMDBM through direct photolysis and hydroxyl radical (•OH) photooxidation. TPs were identified using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, and reaction mechanisms were proposed. Our results showed that the photodegradation rates for both enol and keto tautomer forms of BMDBM during direct photolysis and •OH photooxidation were similar. The formation of TPs resulted from α-cleavage and decarbonylation reactions involving the keto form of BMDBM. Comparisons of the kinetic data and TPs revealed that the direct photolysis mechanism was a significant sink for BMDBM even during •OH photooxidation. Evaluations of environmental properties based on the predicted physicochemical properties of BMDBM and TPs suggests that some of the TPs will have higher mobility than BMDBM. The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) approach was used to evaluate the ecotoxicity of BMDBM and the identified TPs. Most TPs were found to be less ecotoxic than BMDBM; however, TPs that had a diphenyl ring structure could be more ecotoxic than BMDBM. Overall, this study provides new insights into the photochemical behavior and ecotoxicity of BMDBM and its TPs, which are important for assessing the fate, persistence, accumulation, and adverse impacts of these compounds in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Li
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yuhe He
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chun Ho Lam
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Theodora Nah
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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8
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Medici A, Saviano L, Siciliano A, Libralato G, Guida M, Previtera L, Di Fabio G, Zarrelli A. Octocrylene: From Sunscreens to the Degradation Pathway during Chlorination Processes: Formation of Byproducts and Their Ecotoxicity Assessment. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165286. [PMID: 36014525 PMCID: PMC9415856 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Octocrylene is an organic sunscreen whose main action is to absorb UVB radiation and short UVA wavelengths; it is used in various cosmetic products in order to provide an adequate sun-protection factor or to protect the cosmetic formulations themselves from UV radiation. This filter is believed to be a possible endocrine disruptor and is also questioned due to its allergic and/or photoallergic potential. However, it continues to be widely used, and it has been found in various environments, not least those of swimming pools, where it is evidently released by consumers, to the point that it is now considered an emerging micropollutant. The present investigation presents the possible chemical fate of octocrylene in the typical chlorination conditions of wastewater or swimming pools. A total of 11 disinfection byproducts were identified, and 6 were identified for the first time, and separated by HPLC. These products were identified through careful mass spectrometry studies and 1D and 2D NMR experiments. A formation mechanism has been proposed that justifies the chemical structures of all of the compounds identified. The ecotoxicological assessment of octocrylene and their products was carried out by employing Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Brachionus plicatilis and Aliivibrio fischeri as bioindicators. The ecotoxicity results reveal that toxic byproducts might be generated during the oxidation process, increasing the potential risk to the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Medici
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Saviano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Siciliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Previtera
- Associazione Italiana per la Promozione delle Ricerche su Ambiente e Salute Umana, 82030 Dugenta, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Fabio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Armando Zarrelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-674472
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9
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Release of Selected Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) from PET Food Contact Materials: A New Online SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS Multiresidue Method. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9080188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCMs) are an underestimated source of food chemical contaminants and a potentially relevant route of human exposure to chemicals that are harmful to the endocrine system. Foods and water are the main sources of exposure due to contact with the packaging materials, often of polymeric nature. European Regulation 10/2011 requires migration tests on FCMs and foodstuffs to evaluate the presence of listed substances (authorized monomers and additives) and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) not listed in the regulation and not subjected to restrictions. The tests are required to ensure the compliance of packaging materials for the contained foods. NIAS are a heterogeneous group of substances classified with a potential estrogenic or androgenic activity. Subsequently, the evaluation of the presence of these molecules in foods and water is significant. Here we present an online SPE/UHPLC-tandem MS method to quantify trace levels of NIAS in food simulants (A: aqueous 3% acetic acid; B: aqueous 20% ethanol) contained in PET preformed bottles. The use of online SPE reduces systemic errors thanks to the automation of the technique. For the developed analytical method, we evaluate the limit of detection (LOD), the limit of quantitation (LOQ), selectivity, RSD% and BIAS% for LLOQ for a total of twelve NIAS, including monomers, antioxidants, UV-filters and additives. LOD ranged between 0.002 µg/L for bisphenol S and 13.6 µg/L for 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT). LOQs are comprised between 0.01 µg/L for bisphenol S and 42.2 µg/L for BHT. The online-SPE/UHPLC-tandem MS method is applied to the food simulants contained in several types of PET packaging materials to evaluate the migration of the selected NIAS. The results show the presence (µg/L) of NIAS in the tested samples, underlining the need for a new regulation for these potentially toxic molecules.
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10
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Jesus A, Sousa E, Cruz MT, Cidade H, Lobo JMS, Almeida IF. UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030263. [PMID: 35337062 PMCID: PMC8955451 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of sunscreens is an established and recommended practice to protect skin from solar-induced damage. Around 30 UV filters can be used in sunscreen products in the European Union, which ought to follow the requirements of the regulation 1223/2009 to ensure their efficacy and safety for humans. Nevertheless, low photostability and putative toxicity for humans and environment have been reported for some UV filters. Particularly, the negative impact in marine organisms has recently raised concern on the scientific community. Therefore, it is important to develop new UV filters with improved safety profile and photostability. Over the last two decades, nearly 200 new compounds have revealed promising photoprotection properties. The explored compounds were obtained through different approaches, including exploration of natural sources, synthetic pathways, and nanotechnology. Almost 50 natural products and around 140 synthetic derivatives, such as benzimidazoles, benzotriazoles, hydroxycinnamic acids, xanthones, triazines, among others, have been studied aiming the discovery of novel, effective, and safer future photoprotective agents. Herein, we provide the reader with an overview about UV filters’ challenges and prospects, offering a forward-looking to the next-generation of UV filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jesus
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria T. Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Honorina Cidade
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (I.F.A.); Tel.: +351-220-428 (I.F.A.)
| | - José M. Sousa Lobo
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel F. Almeida
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (I.F.A.); Tel.: +351-220-428 (I.F.A.)
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