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Zhang P, Xu L, Su J, Zeng Y, Liu Y, Li X. Simultaneous removal of nitrate, oxytetracycline and copper by ferrous-manganese co-driven immobilized bioreactor. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133621. [PMID: 38290330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The treatment of polluted water contaminated by nitrate, antibiotics, and heavy metals is a difficult problem in the current water treatment process. In this study, MnFe2O4 modified illite was mixed with sodium alginate (SA) to prepare a biological carrier illite@MnFe2O4@SA (IMFSA), which was used to immobilize strain Zoogloea sp. MFQ7 and construct a bioreactor. The bioreactor can use sodium acetate as a carbon source as well as ferrous and manganese ions as additional electron donors to achieve efficient nitrate removal. The denitrification capability of bioreactor was considerably enhanced by the addition of illite@MnFe2O4 (IMF) in comparison to SA biological carrier. The bioreactor was able to achieve a nitrate removal efficiency of 97.2% when hydraulic retention time is 5.0 h, C/N ratio is 2.0, and the concentration of Fe2+ and Mn2+ were 5.0 mg L-1. Furthermore, the bioreactor can achieve efficient removal of oxytetracycline (91.8%) and copper (85.6%) through the adsorption by IMF and biological iron-manganese precipitates. High-throughput sequencing results indicated that Zoogloea was successfully immobilized into the biocarrier. According to the KEGG database, it is suggested that the addition of modified IMF enhances denitrification and stimulates the expression of genes associated with the iron-manganese redox cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Junfeng Su
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Yuxin Zeng
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xuan Li
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
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Liu J, Ran X, Li J, Wang H, Xue G, Wang Y. Novel insights into carbon nanomaterials enhancing anammox for nitrogen removal: Effects and mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167146. [PMID: 37726079 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) possess the properties including large specific surface area, high porosity, and stable chemical structures, presenting significant application advantages in wastewater treatment. Indeed, CNMs are considered to be added to anammox systems to strengthen anammox function, especially to resolve the challenge of anammox technology, i.e., the slow growth rate of anammox bacteria, as well as its high environmental sensitivity. This paper systematically reviews the promotion effects and mechanisms of CNMs on the nitrogen removal performance of anammox system. Among the zero-, one-, and two-dimensional CNMs, two-dimensional CNMs have best promoting effect on the nitrogen removal performance of anammox system due to its excellent conductivity and abundant functional groups. Then, the promotion effects of CNMs on anammox process are summarized from the perspective of anammox activity and bacteria abundance. Furthermore, CNMs not only enhance the anammox process, but also stimulate the coupling of denitrification pathways with anammox, as well as the improvement of system operational stability (alleviating the inhibitions of low temperature and pH fluctuation), thus contributing to the promoted nitrogen removal performance. Essentially, CNMs are capable of facilitating microbial immobilization and electron transfer, which favor to improve the efficiency and stability of anammox process. Finally, this review highlights the gap in knowledge and future work, aiming to provide a deeper understanding of how CNMs can strengthen the anammox system and provide a novel perspective for the engineering of the anammox process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaochuan Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Gang Xue
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yayi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Gao Y, Guo T, Shi W, Lu C, Song Y, Hou Y, Liu W, Guo J. Multifaceted synergistic facilitation mechanism of conductive polymers in promoting selenite bioreduction and biological detoxification. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132470. [PMID: 37683341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, polypyrrole (PPY) was first used to the bioreduction of toxic selenite, while the acceleration effect and mechanism were explored. Experiment results suggested that PPY could enhance the selenite bioreduction from 0.42 to 1.04 mg/(L·h). The tests of electrochemical analysis and cytochrome c (cyt-c) content confirmed that PPY promoted the intracellular/intracellular electron transfer of Shewanella oneidensis·MR-1 in selenite bioreduction process. The enhancement of metabolic activity by PPY contributed to biological detoxification, which was manifested in the increased extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), electron transfer system activity (ETSA), membrane permeability and enzyme activity. Transcriptome analysis of DEGs, KEGG pathway enrichment and GO functional classification verified that the environmental adaptability of Shewanella oneidensis·MR-1 was enhanced with the addition of PPY. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images indicated that PPY promoted the biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), which was beneficial to reduce cell damage. Combined with the above results, a multifaceted synergistic facilitation mechanism based on "conductive cross-linking network" was elaborated from electron transfer, microbial metabolism and environmental adaptability. This study shed light the effect of conductive polymers (CPs) on selenite bioreduction and provided new insights into the bioremediation of toxic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Wenda Shi
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Caicai Lu
- Experimental and practical innovation education center, Beijing Normal University, Jinfeng Road 18, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yanan Hou
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Wenli Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jianbo Guo
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China.
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Luo K, Chen L, Zhao Y, Peng G, Chen Z, Chen Q. Transcriptomics uncover the response of an aerobic denitrifying bacteria to zinc oxide nanoparticles exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:3685-3697. [PMID: 35466863 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2069517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) show adverse impacts on aerobic denitrifying bacteria, little is known about the response of these bacteria to ZnO NPs exposure at cellular level. This study assessed the multiple responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PCN-2 under ZnO NPs exposure. We demonstrated that ZnO NPs exposure could inhibit the intracellular metabolism and stimulate the antioxidant defence capability of PCN-2. At lower exposure concentration (5 mg/L), exogenous ROS generated and resulted in the inhibition of pyruvate metabolism and citrate cycle, which caused deficient energy for aerobic denitrification. At higher concentrations (50 mg/L), endogenous ROS additionally generated and triggered to stronger down-regulation of oxidative phosphorylation, which caused suppressed electron transfers for aerobic denitrification. Meanwhile, ZnO NPs exposure promoted EPS production and biofilm formation, and antioxidases was especially particularly stimulated at higher concentration. Our findings are significant for understanding of microbial bacterial susceptibility, tolerance and resistance under the exposure of ZnO NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongyan Luo
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR People's Republic of China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Materials Flux in River Ecosystems, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, PR People's Republic of China
| | - Long Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR People's Republic of China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Materials Flux in River Ecosystems, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyi Zhao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR People's Republic of China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Materials Flux in River Ecosystems, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guyu Peng
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR People's Republic of China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Materials Flux in River Ecosystems, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaobo Chen
- College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, PR People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR People's Republic of China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Materials Flux in River Ecosystems, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Gong S, Cai Q, Hong P, Cai P, Xiao B, Wang C, Wu X, Tian C. Promoting heterotrophic denitrification of Pseudomonas hunanensis strain PAD-1 using pyrite: A mechanistic study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 234:116591. [PMID: 37423367 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Denitrification is critical for removing nitrate from wastewater, but it typically requires large amounts of organic carbon, which can lead to high operating costs and secondary environmental pollution. To address this issue, this study proposes a novel method to reduce the demand for organic carbon in denitrification. In this study, a new denitrifier, Pseudomonas hunanensis strain PAD-1, was obtained with properties for high efficiency nitrogen removal and trace N2O emission. It was also used to explore the feasibility of pyrite-enhanced denitrification to reduce organic carbon demand. The results showed that pyrite significantly improved the heterotrophic denitrification of strain PAD-1, and optimal addition amount was 0.8-1.6 g/L. The strengthening effect of pyrite was positively correlated with carbon to nitrogen ratio, and it could effectively reduce demand for organic carbon sources and enhance carbon metabolism of strain PAD-1. Meanwhile, the pyrite significantly up-regulated electron transport system activity (ETSA) of strain PAD-1 by 80%, nitrate reductase activity by 16%, Complex III activity by 28%, and napA expression by 5.21 times. Overall, the addition of pyrite presents a new avenue for reducing carbon source demand and improving the nitrate harmless rate in the nitrogen removal process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 100872, Hong Kong
| | - Qijia Cai
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Pei Hong
- School of Ecology and Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded By Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Pei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bangding Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; Dianchi Lake Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650228, China
| | - Chunbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; Dianchi Lake Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650228, China
| | - Xingqiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; Dianchi Lake Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650228, China
| | - Cuicui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; Dianchi Lake Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650228, China.
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Liu Y, Han Y, Guo T, Guo J, Hou Y, Song Y, Li H, Zhang X. Insights to Fe(II) on the fate of humic acid and humic acid Fe complex with biogeobattery effect in simultaneous partial nitritation, anammox and denitrification (SNAD) system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 374:128782. [PMID: 36828222 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The role of Fe(II) on the humic acid (HA) transformation and the effects of humic acid Fe (HA-Fe) on simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox and denitrification (SNAD) system were investigated. After adding Fe(II), the HA content decreased and the HA inhibition on the SNAD system was released. Results showed that Fe(II) and HA formed the lower water-soluble HA-Fe, promoting the HA removal. HA-Fe with stronger electron transfer capacity constituted the interface with microorganisms to forming the biogeobattery effect. This accelerated the microbial electron transfer, as well as improved the key enzymes and ATP, indicating that HA-Fe stimulated the microbial activity of the SNAD system. Microbial community and quorum sensing analysis further demonstrated that HA-Fe enhanced the mutual symbiosis between electroactive and nitrogen removal bacteria, to ensure the stability of the SNAD system. The study provided references for efficient HA removal and revealed the biogeobattery effect of HA-Fe in the SNAD system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yi Han
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianbo Guo
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yanan Hou
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Haibo Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
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Zhang L, Ali A, Su J, Wang Z, Huang T, Zhang R, Liu Y. Microencapsulated reactor for simultaneous removal of calcium, fluoride and phenol using microbially induced calcium precipitation: Mechanism and functional characterization. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130704. [PMID: 36603427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride ions (F-) and phenol in groundwater have become a great hurdle to the pursuit of a healthy drinking water source. This study established a microencapsulated immobilization reactor with Aquabacterium sp. CZ3 for the simultaneous removal of nitrate (NO3--N), calcium (Ca2+), F-, and phenol from groundwater with 100%, 67.84%, 88.67%, and 100% removal efficiencies, respectively. The three-dimensional mesh structure of microcapsules facilitated the transport and metabolism of substances, while their synergistic effect with bacteria promoted the removal of contaminants. F- was removed by co-precipitation to generate Ca5(PO4)3F and CaF2 and adsorption. On one hand, the phenol toxicity promoted the production of extracellular polymers and improved the tolerance of bacteria; on the other hand, the degradation of phenol provided a carbon source for bacteria and promoted the denitrification. The development of microencapsulated immobilized reactor provided a clear mechanism for phenol and F- removal under the microbially induced calcium precipitation (MICP) technique, while providing a valuable solution for the treatment of complex groundwater resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Amjad Ali
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Junfeng Su
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Zhao Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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Characterization of Biofilm Microbiome Formation Developed on Novel 3D-Printed Zeolite Biocarriers during Aerobic and Anaerobic Digestion Processes. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aerobic or anaerobic digestion is involved in treating agricultural and municipal waste, and the addition of biocarriers has been proven to improve them further. We synthesized novel biocarriers utilizing zeolites and different inorganic binders and compared their efficiency with commercially available biocarriers in aerobic and anaerobic digestion systems. Methods: We examined BMP and several physicochemical parameters to characterize the efficiency of novel biocarriers on both systems. We also determined the SMP and EPS content of synthesized biofilm and measured the adherence and size of the forming biofilm. Finally, we characterized the samples by 16S rRNA sequencing to determine the crucial microbial communities involved. Results: Evaluating BMP results, ZSM-5 zeolite with bentonite binder emerged, whereas ZSM-5 zeolite with halloysite nanotubes binder stood out in the wastewater treatment experiment. Twice the relative frequencies of archaea were found on novel biocarriers after being placed in AD batch reactors, and >50% frequencies of Proteobacteria after being placed in WWT reactors, compared to commercial ones. Conclusions: The newly synthesized biocarriers were not only equally efficient with the commercially available ones, but some were even superior as they greatly enhanced aerobic or anaerobic digestion and showed strong biofilm formation and unique microbiome signatures.
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