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Shrivas VL, Choudhary AK, Hariprasad P, Sharma S. Transmission of antibiotic resistance through organic amendments in arable land: A 3-year field study with pigeonpea-wheat cropping system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134378. [PMID: 38691926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The worldwide emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a substantial risk to human health and environmental stability. In agriculture, organic amendments (derived from organic sources such as manure, and plant residues) are beneficial in restoring soil properties and providing essential nutrients to crops but raise concerns about harboring antibiotic resistance, which emphasizes the need for vigilant monitoring and strategic interventions in their application. The current study assessed the impact of farming practices (organic and conventional) in a three-year field experiment with pigeonpea-wheat cropping system, focusing on the transmission of AMR using culture-dependent and -independent approaches, and soil nutrient content. Markers for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) (aminoglycoside-aacA, β-lactam-blaTEM, chloramphenicol-cmlA1, macrolide-ermB, sulfonamides-sul1, sul2, and tetracycline-tetO) and integrons (intl1 and intl2) were targeted using qPCR. Manure amendments, particularly FYM1, exhibited a higher abundance of copies of ARGs compared to the rhizospheric soil. Organic farming was associated with higher copies of intl2, sul1, blaTEM, and tetO genes, while conventional farming showed increased copies of sul2 and ermB genes in the rhizosphere. Significant positive correlations were observed among soil nutrient contents, ARGs, and MGEs. The notable prevalence of ARGs linked to manure amendments serves as a cautionary note, demanding responsible management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Laxmi Shrivas
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India; Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anil K Choudhary
- Division of Agronomy, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - P Hariprasad
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Shilpi Sharma
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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2
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Parra-Martínez C, Selma-Royo M, Callejón-Leblic B, Collado MC, Abril N, García-Barrera T. Gut-gonad crosstalk in mice exposed to a "chemical cocktail" combining metabolomics and microbial profile by amplicon sequencing. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114627. [PMID: 38561037 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Testes are very prone to be damaged by environmental pollutants, but there is a lack of information about the impact of "chemical cocktails" (CC) on the testicular metabolome and the possible influence in the gut-gonad crosstalk. For this, BALB/c mice were given flumequine and diclofenac orally in food and potentially toxic trace elements (Cd, Hg, As) in drinking water. A mice group was supplemented with selenium, a well-known antagonist against many pollutants. Our results revealed that the steroid 5-alpha-androstan-17-beta-ol propionate, suggested as a parameter of androgenicity independent of testosterone levels, proline that improves reproductive indicators in male rabbits affected by environmental stress) among others metabolites are only present after CC exposure with rodent and selenium supplemented diet. Selenium also antagonized the up-or down-regulation of anandamide (20:l, n-9) (p < 0.001 and FC 0.54 of CC vs C but p > 0,05 and FC 0.74 of CC-Se vs C), that regulates gonadotropin-releasing hormones in mammals, 2,3-dinor-11b-PGF2a (p < 0.001 and FC 0.12 of CC vs C but p > 0,05 and FC 0.34 of CC-Se vs C), which has been related with reproductive hormones, besides others testicular metabolites altered by the exposure to the CC and reversed the levels to control. Moreover, numerous significant associations between gut microbes and testicular metabolites indicated a possible impact of pollutants in the testes mediated by gut microbiota due to a gut-gonad crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Parra-Martínez
- Research Center of Natural Resources, Health and the Environment (RENSMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Fuerzas Armadas Ave., 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - M Selma-Royo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - B Callejón-Leblic
- Research Center of Natural Resources, Health and the Environment (RENSMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Fuerzas Armadas Ave., 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - M C Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - N Abril
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - T García-Barrera
- Research Center of Natural Resources, Health and the Environment (RENSMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Fuerzas Armadas Ave., 21007, Huelva, Spain.
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Massaccesi L, Albini E, Massacci FR, Giusepponi D, Paoletti F, Sdogati S, Morena F, Agnelli A, Leccese A, Magistrali CF, Galarini R. Impact of Soil Fertilization with Pig Slurry on Antibiotic Residues and Resistance Genes: A Longitudinal Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:486. [PMID: 38927154 PMCID: PMC11200711 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of soil fertilization with animal manure on the spread and persistence of antibiotic resistance in the environment is far from being fully understood. To add knowledge about persistence and correlations between antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in fertilized soil, a longitudinal soil mesocosm study was conducted. Soil samples were collected from the mesocosms immediately before spreading and then afterward at fifteen time points during a 320-day observation period. Eight ARGs (ermB, sul1, tetA, tetG, tetM, cfr, fexA, and optrA) and the class 1 integron-integrase gene, intI1, were determined in both pig slurry and soil, as well as residues of 36 antibiotics. Soil chemical and biochemical parameters were also measured. Twelve antibiotics were detected in the slurry in the range of 3 µg kg-1-3605 µg kg-1, with doxycycline, lincomycin, and tiamulin being the most abundant, whereas ermB, sul1, and tetM were the predominant ARGs. Before spreading, neither antibiotic residues nor ARGs were detectable in the soil; afterwards, their concentrations mirrored those in the slurry, with a gradual decline over the duration of the experiment. After about three months, the effect of the amendment was almost over, and no further evolution was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Massaccesi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (ISAFOM-CNR), 06128 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Elisa Albini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.A.); (D.G.); (F.P.); (S.S.); (C.F.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Francesca Romana Massacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.A.); (D.G.); (F.P.); (S.S.); (C.F.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Danilo Giusepponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.A.); (D.G.); (F.P.); (S.S.); (C.F.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Fabiola Paoletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.A.); (D.G.); (F.P.); (S.S.); (C.F.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Stefano Sdogati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.A.); (D.G.); (F.P.); (S.S.); (C.F.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Alberto Agnelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia, 06124 Perugia, Italy; (A.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Angelo Leccese
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia, 06124 Perugia, Italy; (A.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Chiara Francesca Magistrali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.A.); (D.G.); (F.P.); (S.S.); (C.F.M.); (R.G.)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.A.); (D.G.); (F.P.); (S.S.); (C.F.M.); (R.G.)
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Alonso LL, Podio NS, Marino DJG, Almada NS, Gange JM, Bernigaud I, Mórtola N, Wunderlin DA. Evaluating antibiotic occurrence, degradation, and environmental risks in poultry litter within Argentina's agricultural hub. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170993. [PMID: 38369140 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the relationship between poultry farming's antibiotic administration practices and residual antibiotic levels in the litter before its application onto agricultural soils. Twenty-three antibiotics were performed across 19 Argentinean farms representing diverse antibiotic management practices. Analysis revealed up to 20 antibiotics from eight chemical classes in poultry litter samples, with tylosin, enrofloxacin, and salinomycin being the most relevant drugs. Farms with restricted antibiotic use in feed exhibited lower residual concentrations. A self-heating treatment was tested to reduce litter antibiotic levels. Although a 60 % reduction of antibiotics was found after treatment, prevalent compounds persisted at residual levels. Regulatory measures and comprehensive litter treatments pre-application are crucial to mitigate environmental risks. This is the first study that provides insight on the occurrence of >20 drugs in real poultry production scenarios from Latin America and demonstrates how relatively simple treatments can be readily applied to decrease the associated environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas L Alonso
- CONICET, ICYTAC and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria, Bv. Juan Filloy s/n, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Catalunya, Spain; Universitat de Girona (UdG), Girona, Spain.
| | - Natalia S Podio
- CONICET, ICYTAC and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria, Bv. Juan Filloy s/n, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Damián J G Marino
- CONICET, CIM and Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Dpto. Química, Calle 47 y 115 s/n, 1900 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia S Almada
- INTA, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concepción del Uruguay, R. P. 39, Km, CC 6, 3260, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Juan M Gange
- INTA, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concepción del Uruguay, R. P. 39, Km, CC 6, 3260, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Irma Bernigaud
- INTA, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concepción del Uruguay, R. P. 39, Km, CC 6, 3260, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Natalia Mórtola
- INTA, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concepción del Uruguay, R. P. 39, Km, CC 6, 3260, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Daniel A Wunderlin
- CONICET, ICYTAC and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria, Bv. Juan Filloy s/n, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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Wang W, Luo T, Zhao Y, Yang X, Wang D, Yang G, Jin Y. Antibiotic resistance gene distribution in Shine Muscat grapes and health risk assessment of streptomycin residues in mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133254. [PMID: 38103297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in fruits and vegetables pose public health risks via the food chain, attracting increased attention. Antibiotics such as streptomycin, used directly on seedless grapes or introduced into vineyard soil through organic fertilizers. However, extensive data supporting the risk assessment of antibiotic residues and resistance in these produce remains lacking. Utilizing metagenomic sequencing, we characterized Shine Muscat grape antibiotic resistome and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Abundant MGEs and ARGs were found in grapes, with 174 ARGs on the grape surface and 32 in the fruit. Furthermore, our data indicated that soil is not the primary source of these MGEs and ARGs. Escherichia was identified as an essential carrier and potential transmitter of ARGs. In our previous study, streptomycin residue was identified in grapes. Further short-term exposure experiments in mice revealed no severe physiological or histological damage at several environment-related concentrations. However, with increased exposure, some ARGs levels in mouse gut microbes increased, indicating a potential threat to animal health. Overall, this study provides comprehensive insights into the resistance genome and potential hosts in grapes, supporting the risk assessment of antibiotic resistance in fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China; College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Dou Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Guiling Yang
- Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, China; College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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Tuts L, Rasschaert G, Heyndrickx M, Boon N, Eppinger R, Becue I. Detection of antibiotic residues in groundwater with a validated multiresidue UHPLC-MS/MS quantification method. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141455. [PMID: 38367872 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of antibiotic residues in the environment has received considerable attention because of their potential to select for bacterial resistance. The overuse of antibiotics in human medicine and animal production results in antibiotic residues entering the aquatic environment, but concentrations are currently not well determined. This study investigates the occurrence of antibiotics in groundwater in areas strongly related to agriculture and the antibiotic treatment of animals. A multiresidue method was validated according to EU Regulation 2021/808, to allow (semi-)quantitative analysis of 78 antibiotics from 10 different classes: β-lactams, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, lincosamides, amphenicols, (fluoro)quinolones, macrolides, pleuromutilins, ansamycins and diaminopyrimidines using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). This method was used to test different storage conditions of these water samples during a stability study over a period of 2 weeks. Sulfonamides, lincosamides and pleuromutilins were the most stable. Degradation was most pronounced for β-lactam antibiotics, macrolides and ansamycins. To maintain stability, storage of samples at -18 °C is preferred. With the validated method, antibiotic residues were detected in groundwater, sampled from regions associated with intensive livestock farming in Flanders (Belgium). Out of 50 samples, 14% contained at least one residue. Concentrations were low, ranging from < LOD to 0.03 μg/L. Chloramphenicol, oxolinic acid, tetracycline and sulfonamides (sulfadiazine, sulfadoxine, sulfamethazine and sulfisoxazole) were detected. This study presents a new method for the quantification of antibiotic residues, which was applied to investigate the presence of antibiotic residues in groundwater in Flanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Tuts
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090, Melle, Belgium; Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090, Melle, Belgium.
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090, Melle, Belgium; Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Nico Boon
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Ralf Eppinger
- Flanders Environment Agency (VMM), Dokter De Moorstraat 24-26, 9300, Aalst, Belgium.
| | - Ilse Becue
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090, Melle, Belgium.
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Gbylik-Sikorska M, Gajda A, Felipe-Sotelo M, Caniça M, Cabal-Rosel A, Tenson T, Kořínková M, Arbo K, Kisand V, Rab G, Brandtner M. Investigation of 29 Antimicrobial Compounds in Soil Using Newly Developed UHPLC-MS/MS Method. Molecules 2023; 28:6496. [PMID: 37764271 PMCID: PMC10534473 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While the prudent and reasonable use of veterinary antimicrobial agents in food-producing animals is necessary, researchers over the decades have shown that these antimicrobial agents can spread into the environment through livestock manure and wastewater. The analysis of the occurrence of antimicrobial compounds in soil samples is of a great importance to determine potential impacts on human and animal health and the environment. In this study, an affordable, rugged and simple analytical method has been developed for the determination of twenty-nine antimicrobial compounds from five different classes (tetracyclines, fluoro(quinolones), macrolides, sulfonamides and diaminopirimidines). Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with extract filtration combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was the best strategy for the simultaneous determination of all analytes. The developed method was validated according to the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/808. The limit of detections (LODs) ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 µg/kg, while the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was established at 1.0 to 20.0 µg/kg. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of antimicrobial residues in one hundred and eighteen soil samples obtained from four European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, Estonia and Portugal). Doxycycline in the concentration levels of 9.07 µg/kg-20.6 µg/kg was detected in eight of the analysed samples. Samples were collected from areas where natural fertilizers (swine or cow manure) were applied. Our method can be efficiently used to monitor anti-microbial compounds in soil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Gbylik-Sikorska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Anna Gajda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Monica Felipe-Sotelo
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
| | - Manuela Caniça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Porto, 4050-453 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adriana Cabal-Rosel
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), 1220 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.-R.); (M.B.)
| | - Tanel Tenson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu (UT), 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (T.T.); (K.A.); (V.K.)
| | - Marta Kořínková
- National Institute of Public Health—(NIPH), 10042 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Krõõt Arbo
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu (UT), 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (T.T.); (K.A.); (V.K.)
| | - Veljo Kisand
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu (UT), 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (T.T.); (K.A.); (V.K.)
| | - Gerhard Rab
- Institute for Land and Water Management Research, Federal Agency for Water Management, 3252 Petzenkirchen, Austria;
| | - Martin Brandtner
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), 1220 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.-R.); (M.B.)
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8
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Huygens J, Rasschaert G, Cottyn B, Dewulf J, Van Coillie E, Willekens K, Quataert P, Becue I, Daeseleire E, Heyndrickx M. The impact of antibiotic residues on resistance patterns in leek at harvest. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16052. [PMID: 37215782 PMCID: PMC10192768 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
When crops are cultivated on fields fertilized with animal manure, the risk exists that plants may take up antibiotic residues and may be exposed to antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistant bacteria. During cultivation in a greenhouse pot experiment, leek (Allium porrum) was fertilized with either pig slurry or mineral fertilizer and exposed to either no antibiotics, doxycycline (10,000 μg/kg manure), sulfadiazine (1000 μg/kg manure), or lincomycin (1000 μg/kg manure). At harvest, 4.5 months later, lincomycin, sulfadiazine or doxycycline were not detected in any of the leek samples nor in their corresponding soil samples. Further, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 181 Bacillus cereus group isolates and 52 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from the grown leek. For the B. cereus group isolates, only a small shift in MIC50 for lincomycin was observed among isolates from the lincomycin and control treatment. For P. aeruginosa, only in the setup with doxycycline treatment a higher MIC50 for doxycycline was observed compared to the control, specifically the isolates selected from growth media supplemented with 8 mg/L doxycycline. Nine antibiotic resistance genes (tet(B), tet(L), tet(M), tet(O), tet(Q), tet(W), erm(B), erm(F) and sul2) were investigated at harvest in the leek and soil samples. In the leek samples, none of the antibiotic resistance genes were detected. In the soil samples fertilized with pig slurry, the genes erm(B), erm(F), tet(M), sul2, tet(W) and tet(O) were detected in significantly higher copy numbers in the lincomycin treatment as compared to the other antibiotic treatments. This could be due to a shift in soil microbiota induced by the addition of lincomycin. The results of this study indicate that consumption of leek carries a low risk of exposure to antibiotic residues or antibiotic resistance to doxycycline, sulfadiazine or lincomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Huygens
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Bart Cottyn
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Science Unit, Caritasstraat 39, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction an Population Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Els Van Coillie
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Koen Willekens
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Science Unit, Caritasstraat 39, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Paul Quataert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Science Unit, Caritasstraat 39, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Ilse Becue
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Els Daeseleire
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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9
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Caneschi A, Bardhi A, Barbarossa A, Zaghini A. The Use of Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine, a Complex Phenomenon: A Narrative Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030487. [PMID: 36978354 PMCID: PMC10044628 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As warned by Sir Alexander Fleming in his Nobel Prize address: “the use of antimicrobials can, and will, lead to resistance”. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has recently increased due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, and their use in animals (food-producing and companion) has also resulted in the selection and transmission of resistant bacteria. The epidemiology of resistance is complex, and factors other than the overall quantity of antibiotics consumed may influence it. Nowadays, AMR has a serious impact on society, both economically and in terms of healthcare. This narrative review aimed to provide a scenario of the state of the AMR phenomenon in veterinary medicine related to the use of antibiotics in different animal species; the impact that it can have on animals, as well as humans and the environment, was considered. Providing some particular instances, the authors tried to explain the vastness of the phenomenon of AMR in veterinary medicine due to many and diverse aspects that cannot always be controlled. The veterinarian is the main reference point here and has a high responsibility towards the human–animal–environment triad. Sharing such a burden with human medicine and cooperating together for the same purpose (fighting and containing AMR) represents an effective example of the application of the One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anisa Bardhi
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-051-2097-500 (Andrea Barbarossa)
| | - Andrea Barbarossa
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-051-2097-500 (Andrea Barbarossa)
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10
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Gajda A, Błądek T, Gbylik-Sikorska M, Nowacka-Kozak E, Angastiniotis K, Simitopoulou M, Kefalas G, Ferrari P, Levallois P, Fourichon C, Wolthuis-Fillerup M, De Roest K. Analysis of Antimicrobials in Muscle and Drinking Water in Terms of Reducing the Need of Antimicrobial Use by Increasing the Health and Welfare of Pig and Broiler. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:326. [PMID: 36830237 PMCID: PMC9952824 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial residues may pose harmful effects on the health of consumers. At the same time, an adequate quality of drinking water for animals is one of the important element to ensure animal welfare and food without antibacterials. The presented study is aimed at estimating the residue levels of antibacterial compounds, such as penicillins, cephalosporin, macrolides, tetracyclines, quinolones, sulphonamides, aminoglycosides, diaminopirymidines, pleuromutilines and lincosamides in meat and on-farm drinking water samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), as a part of a surveillance system on pig and broiler farms within the project Healthy Livestock. A total of 870 samples of muscle from pig and broiler, as well as 229 water samples were analysed for antibiotic residues. Samples were collected from farms in EU countries in two steps, before and after implementation of a tailor-made health plan. In muscle samples, the detected concentrations of doxycycline in the post-intervention step (15.9-70.8 µg/kg) were lower than concentrations in the pre-intervention step (20.6-100 µg/kg). In water samples, doxycycline in an average concentration of 119 µg/L in the pre- and 23.1 µg/L in the post-intervention step, as well as enrofloxacin at concentrations of 170 µg/L in the pre- and 1.72 µg/L in the post-intervention step were quantified. Amoxicillin was only present before intervention. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of the intervention actions. The concentrations of antibiotics in muscles and water were lower after implementation of a health plan on the farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gajda
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Błądek
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | | | | | - Kyriacos Angastiniotis
- Vitatrace Nutrition Ltd., 18 Propylaion Street, Strovolos Industrial Estate, 2033 Strovolos, Cyprus
| | - Maro Simitopoulou
- Vitatrace Nutrition Ltd., 18 Propylaion Street, Strovolos Industrial Estate, 2033 Strovolos, Cyprus
| | | | - Paolo Ferrari
- Research Center for Animal Production, Viale Timavo 43/2, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | | | - Maaike Wolthuis-Fillerup
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Welfare & Adaptation, 6700 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kees De Roest
- Research Center for Animal Production, Viale Timavo 43/2, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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11
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Detection of Acquired Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa) and Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Intestinal Samples by Metagenomics Analyses in Hungary. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101441. [PMID: 36290099 PMCID: PMC9598914 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was metagenomics analyses of acquired antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) in the intestinal microbiome of two important food-animal species in Hungary from a One Health perspective. Intestinal content samples were collected from 12 domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) and from a common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Shotgun metagenomic sequencing of DNA purified from the intestinal samples was performed on the Illumina platform. The ResFinder database was applied for detecting acquired ARGs in the assembled metagenomic contigs. Altogether, 59 acquired ARG types were identified, 51 genes from domestic pig and 12 genes from the carp intestinal microbiome. ARG types belonged to the antibiotic classes aminoglycosides (27.1%), tetracyclines (25.4%), β-lactams (16.9%), and others. Of the identified ARGs, tet(E), a blaOXA-48-like β-lactamase gene, as well as cphA4, ampS, aadA2, qnrS2, and sul1, were identified only in carp but not in swine samples. Several of the detected acquired ARGs have not yet been described from food animals in Hungary. The tet(Q), tet(W), tet(O), and mef(A) genes detected in the intestinal microbiome of domestic pigs had also been identified from free-living wild boars in Hungary, suggesting a possible relationship between the occurrence of acquired ARGs in domestic and wild animal populations.
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12
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Arias-Borrego A, Selma-Royo M, Collado MC, Abril N, García-Barrera T. Impact of "chemical cocktails" exposure in shaping mice gut microbiota and the role of selenium supplementation combining metallomics, metabolomics, and metataxonomics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129444. [PMID: 35999733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems are exposed to a complex environment in which pollutants can interact through synergistic or antagonistic mechanisms, but limited information is available on the combined effects. To this end, conventional and antibiotic-treated (Abx) mice models were fed regular rodent or selenium (Se) supplemented diets and exposed to a "chemical cocktail" (CC) including metals and pharmaceuticals. Metallomics, metabolomics, and metataxomics were combined to delve into the impact on gut microbiota, plasma selenoproteome, metabolome, and arsenic metabolization. At the molecular level, Se decreased the concentration of the antioxidant glutathione peroxidase in plasma and increased the arsenic methylation rate, possibly favoring its excretion, but not in the Abx and also plasma metabolomes of Abx, and Abx-Se were not differentiated. Moreover, numerous associations were obtained between plasma selenoproteins and gut microbes. Se-supplementation partially antagonizes the gut microbiota alteration caused by Abx, and slightly by CC, but strongly altered profiles were observed in CC-Abx-Se, suggesting synergistic deleterious effects between pollutants, Abx and Se. Moreover, although CC and Abx changed gut microbiota, several common taxa were enriched in CC-Abx and control mice, indicating possible synergistic effects. Our results suggest a potential beneficial impact of supplementation, but mediated by gut microbes being reversed in their absence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arias-Borrego
- Research Center of Natural Resources, Health and the Environment (RENSMA). Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Fuerzas Armadas Ave., 21007 Huelva, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Selma-Royo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Department of Biotechnology, Agustin Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - M C Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Department of Biotechnology, Agustin Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - N Abril
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - T García-Barrera
- Research Center of Natural Resources, Health and the Environment (RENSMA). Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Fuerzas Armadas Ave., 21007 Huelva, Spain.
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13
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Parra-Martínez C, Selma-Royo M, Callejón-Leblic B, Collado MC, Abril N, García-Barrera T. Mice brain metabolomics after the exposure to a "chemical cocktail" and selenium supplementation through the gut-brain axis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129443. [PMID: 35816792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several environmental pollutants have been shown to damage brain and affect gut microbiota. Limited evidence is available about the impact of "chemical cocktails" (CC) of xenobiotics on brain metabolome and their possible influence in the gut-brain crosstalk. To this end, BALB/c mice were exposed to heavy metals (As, Hg, Cd) and pharmaceuticals (diclofenac and flumequine) under regular rodent diet or supplemented with selenium (Se). Selenium, an antioxidant well-known for its antagonism against the neurotoxicity of several pollutants, modulated several brain metabolic impairments caused by CC (e.g., brain levels of the excitatory amino acid N-acetyl aspartic acid) by influencing mainly the metabolisms of purine, glycosylate and dicarboxylate, glutamate, glycerophospholipid, alanine and aspartate. Numerous associations were obtained between brain metabolites and gut microbes and they changed after Se-supplementation (e.g., Lactobacillus was positively associated with a brain ceramide, phosphoserine, phosphocholine, vitamin D3 derivative, fatty acids, malic acid, amino acids, and urea after the exposure, but not after Se-supplementation). Our results showed numerous evidences about the impact of CC on brain metabolome, the potential role of Se as an antagonist and their impact on the gut-brain axis. Further research is needed to understand the complex mechanism of action implied on CC-brain-microbiota interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Parra-Martínez
- Research Center of Natural Resources, Health and the Environment (RENSMA). Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Fuerzas Armadas Ave., 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - M Selma-Royo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Department of Biotechnology, Agustin Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - B Callejón-Leblic
- Research Center of Natural Resources, Health and the Environment (RENSMA). Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Fuerzas Armadas Ave., 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - M C Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Department of Biotechnology, Agustin Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - N Abril
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - T García-Barrera
- Research Center of Natural Resources, Health and the Environment (RENSMA). Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Fuerzas Armadas Ave., 21007 Huelva, Spain.
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14
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Farschtschi S, Riedmaier-Sprenzel I, Phomvisith O, Gotoh T, Pfaffl MW. The successful use of -omic technologies to achieve the 'One Health' concept in meat producing animals. Meat Sci 2022; 193:108949. [PMID: 36029570 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human health and wellbeing are closely linked to healthy domestic animals, a vital wildlife, and an intact ecosystem. This holistic concept is referred to as 'One Health'. In this review, we provide an overview of the potential and the challenges for the use of modern -omics technologies, especially transcriptomics and proteomics, to implement the 'One Health' idea for food-producing animals. These high-throughput studies offer opportunities to find new potential molecular biomarkers to monitor animal health, detect pharmacological interventions and evaluate the wellbeing of farm animals in modern intensive livestock systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Farschtschi
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Irmgard Riedmaier-Sprenzel
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany; Eurofins Medigenomix Forensik GmbH, Anzinger Straße 7a, 85560 Ebersberg, Germany
| | - Ouanh Phomvisith
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Takafumi Gotoh
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Michael W Pfaffl
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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15
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Zheng B, Song N, Wu H, Tong J, Sun N. Syringe purification with UPLC-MS/MS for detection of antibiotics in tea garden soil after long-term application of manure. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:2976-2981. [PMID: 35913112 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00885h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The residue of antibiotics in the soil is becoming more and more common, which may affect the normal growth of plants and organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the residues of antibiotics in tea gardens' soil after a long-term application of manure. An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to simultaneously determine the residues of 32 antibiotics in the soil of tea gardens after fertilization. The samples were extracted with methanol-acetonitrile and purified with C18 at the same time. Then, mixed dispersive sorbents dispersed in a syringe were used for the second purification. The results showed that the antibiotics have a good linear relationship within the range. The recovery rate is 70.1-120.3%. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by analyzing 30 real samples (with a detection rate of 43.3%). The method is a simple and environmentally friendly method for the analysis of multiple antibiotics in soils, and it could provide a basis for the risk assessment of antibiotics in agricultural environments and the standard application of organic fertilizers in tea gardens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyu Zheng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
| | - Ningying Song
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
| | - Huizhen Wu
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
| | - Jianying Tong
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
| | - Nabo Sun
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
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