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Fu Y, Liu C, He HS, Wang S, Wang L, Xie Z. Assessing the impact of climate warming on tree species composition and distribution in the forest region of Northeast China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1430025. [PMID: 39135645 PMCID: PMC11317430 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1430025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Global climate change has markedly influenced the structure and distribution of mid-high-latitude forests. In the forest region of Northeast China, the magnitude of climate warming surpasses the global average, which presents immense challenges to the survival and habitat sustainability of dominant tree species. We predicted the potential changes in aboveground biomass, dominant tree species composition, and distribution in the forest region of Northeast China over the next century under different climatic conditions encompassing the current scenario and future scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5). Forest ecosystem process model LINKAGES 3.0 was used to simulate dynamic changes in species-level aboveground biomass under four climate scenarios at the homogeneous land-type unit level. The potential spatial distribution of tree species was investigated based on three indicators: extinction, colonization, and persistence. The results showed that LINKAGES 3.0 model effectively simulated the aboveground biomass of 17 dominant tree species in the forest region of Northeast China, achieving a high accuracy with R² = 0.88. Under the current, RCP2.6, and RCP4.5 climate scenarios, the dominant tree species presented gradual increases in aboveground biomass, whereas under RCP8.5, an initial increase and subsequent decline were observed. With increasing warming magnitude, cold-temperate coniferous tree species will gradually be replaced by other temperate broad-leaved tree species. Furthermore, a large temperature increase under RCP8.5 will likely produce a significant contraction in the potential distribution range of tree species like Larch, Scotch pine, Ribbed birch, Spruce and Fir, while most temperate broad-leaved tree species and Korean pine are expected to demonstrate a northward migration. These findings provide guidance for enhancing the adaptability and resilience of forest ecosystems in middle and high latitudes and addressing the threats posed by climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Ecological Environment in Dongting Lake Area, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Ecological Environment in Dongting Lake Area, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong S. He
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shaoqiang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Ecological Environment in Dongting Lake Area, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lunche Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Ecological Environment in Dongting Lake Area, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijie Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Ecological Environment in Dongting Lake Area, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
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Jevšenak J, Klisz M, Mašek J, Čada V, Janda P, Svoboda M, Vostarek O, Treml V, van der Maaten E, Popa A, Popa I, van der Maaten-Theunissen M, Zlatanov T, Scharnweber T, Ahlgrimm S, Stolz J, Sochová I, Roibu CC, Pretzsch H, Schmied G, Uhl E, Kaczka R, Wrzesiński P, Šenfeldr M, Jakubowski M, Tumajer J, Wilmking M, Obojes N, Rybníček M, Lévesque M, Potapov A, Basu S, Stojanović M, Stjepanović S, Vitas A, Arnič D, Metslaid S, Neycken A, Prislan P, Hartl C, Ziche D, Horáček P, Krejza J, Mikhailov S, Světlík J, Kalisty A, Kolář T, Lavnyy V, Hordo M, Oberhuber W, Levanič T, Mészáros I, Schneider L, Lehejček J, Shetti R, Bošeľa M, Copini P, Koprowski M, Sass-Klaassen U, Izmir ŞC, Bakys R, Entner H, Esper J, Janecka K, Martinez Del Castillo E, Verbylaite R, Árvai M, de Sauvage JC, Čufar K, Finner M, Hilmers T, Kern Z, Novak K, Ponjarac R, Puchałka R, Schuldt B, Škrk Dolar N, Tanovski V, Zang C, Žmegač A, Kuithan C, Metslaid M, Thurm E, Hafner P, Krajnc L, Bernabei M, Bojić S, Brus R, Burger A, D'Andrea E, Đorem T, Gławęda M, Gričar J, Gutalj M, Horváth E, Kostić S, Matović B, Merela M, Miletić B, Morgós A, Paluch R, Pilch K, Rezaie N, Rieder J, Schwab N, Sewerniak P, Stojanović D, Ullmann T, Waszak N, Zin E, Skudnik M, Oštir K, Rammig A, Buras A. Incorporating high-resolution climate, remote sensing and topographic data to map annual forest growth in central and eastern Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169692. [PMID: 38160816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
To enhance our understanding of forest carbon sequestration, climate change mitigation and drought impact on forest ecosystems, the availability of high-resolution annual forest growth maps based on tree-ring width (TRW) would provide a significant advancement to the field. Site-specific characteristics, which can be approximated by high-resolution Earth observation by satellites (EOS), emerge as crucial drivers of forest growth, influencing how climate translates into tree growth. EOS provides information on surface reflectance related to forest characteristics and thus can potentially improve the accuracy of forest growth models based on TRW. Through the modelling of TRW using EOS, climate and topography data, we showed that species-specific models can explain up to 52 % of model variance (Quercus petraea), while combining different species results in relatively poor model performance (R2 = 13 %). The integration of EOS into models based solely on climate and elevation data improved the explained variance by 6 % on average. Leveraging these insights, we successfully generated a map of annual TRW for the year 2021. We employed the area of applicability (AOA) approach to delineate the range in which our models are deemed valid. The calculated AOA for the established forest-type models was 73 % of the study region, indicating robust spatial applicability. Notably, unreliable predictions predominantly occurred in the climate margins of our dataset. In conclusion, our large-scale assessment underscores the efficacy of combining climate, EOS and topographic data to develop robust models for mapping annual TRW. This research not only fills a critical void in the current understanding of forest growth dynamics but also highlights the potential of integrated data sources for comprehensive ecosystem assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Jevšenak
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department for Forest and Landscape Planning and Monitoring, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Slovenia.
| | - Marcin Klisz
- Dendrolab IBL, Department of Silviculture and Forest Tree Genetics, Forest Research Institute, Poland
| | - Jiří Mašek
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Čada
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Janda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Vostarek
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Treml
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | | | - Andrei Popa
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Drăcea", Romania; Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
| | - Ionel Popa
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Drăcea", Romania
| | | | - Tzvetan Zlatanov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
| | - Tobias Scharnweber
- DendroGreif, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Germany
| | - Svenja Ahlgrimm
- DendroGreif, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Germany
| | - Juliane Stolz
- Chair of Forest Growth and Woody Biomass Production, TU Dresden, Germany; Department of Forest Planning/Forest Research/Information Systems, Research Unit Silviculture and Forest Growth, Landesforst Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - Irena Sochová
- Department of Wood Science and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Cătălin-Constantin Roibu
- Forest Biometrics Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, "Stefan cel Mare" University of Suceava, Romania
| | - Hans Pretzsch
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schmied
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Enno Uhl
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Germany
| | - Ryszard Kaczka
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Piotr Wrzesiński
- Dendrolab IBL, Department of Silviculture and Forest Tree Genetics, Forest Research Institute, Poland
| | - Martin Šenfeldr
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcin Jakubowski
- Department of Forest Utilisation, Faculty of Forest and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Jan Tumajer
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Wilmking
- DendroGreif, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Germany
| | | | - Michal Rybníček
- Department of Wood Science and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Mathieu Lévesque
- Silviculture Group, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aleksei Potapov
- Chair of Forest and Land Management and Wood Processing Technologies, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonia
| | - Soham Basu
- Department of Forest Ecology, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marko Stojanović
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Stjepanović
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | - Domen Arnič
- Department for Forest Technique and Economics, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Slovenia
| | - Sandra Metslaid
- Chair of Forest and Land Management and Wood Processing Technologies, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonia
| | - Anna Neycken
- Silviculture Group, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Prislan
- Department for Forest Technique and Economics, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Slovenia
| | - Claudia Hartl
- Nature Rings - Environmental Research and Education, Germany; Panel on Planetary Thinking, Justus-Liebig-University, Germany
| | - Daniel Ziche
- Faculty of Forest and Environment, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Germany
| | - Petr Horáček
- Department of Wood Science and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Krejza
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic; Department of Forest Ecology, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sergei Mikhailov
- Department of Wood Science and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Světlík
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic; Department of Forest Ecology, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Tomáš Kolář
- Department of Wood Science and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Vasyl Lavnyy
- Department of Silviculture, Ukrainian National Forestry University, Ukraine
| | - Maris Hordo
- Chair of Forest and Land Management and Wood Processing Technologies, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonia
| | | | - Tom Levanič
- Department of Forest Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Slovenia; Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Slovenia
| | - Ilona Mészáros
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lea Schneider
- Department of Geography, Justus-Liebig-University, Germany
| | - Jiří Lehejček
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University, Czech Republic
| | - Rohan Shetti
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Bošeľa
- Department of Forest Management Planning and Informatics, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Paul Copini
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management (FEM), Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands; Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - Marcin Koprowski
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland; Centre for Climate Change Research, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland
| | - Ute Sass-Klaassen
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management (FEM), Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands; van Hall Larenstein Applied University, the Netherlands
| | - Şule Ceyda Izmir
- Department of Forest Botany, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Turkey
| | - Remigijus Bakys
- Department of Forestry, Kaunas Forestry and Environmental Engineering University of Applied Sciences, Lithuania
| | - Hannes Entner
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jan Esper
- Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany
| | - Karolina Janecka
- DendroGreif, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Germany; Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene (C-CIA), Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Rita Verbylaite
- Department of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Lithuania
| | - Mátyás Árvai
- Institute for Soil Sciences, HUN-REN Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungary
| | | | - Katarina Čufar
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Markus Finner
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Torben Hilmers
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Zoltán Kern
- Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungary; CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klemen Novak
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Radenko Ponjarac
- Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Radosław Puchałka
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland; Centre for Climate Change Research, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland
| | | | - Nina Škrk Dolar
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladimir Tanovski
- Hans Em, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering, Ss. Cyril and Methodius, University in Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Christian Zang
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Forestry, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Germany
| | - Anja Žmegač
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Forestry, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Germany
| | - Cornell Kuithan
- Chair of Forest Growth and Woody Biomass Production, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Marek Metslaid
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonia
| | - Eric Thurm
- Department of Forest Planning/Forest Research/Information Systems, Research Unit Silviculture and Forest Growth, Landesforst Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - Polona Hafner
- Department of Forest Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Slovenia
| | - Luka Krajnc
- Department of Forest Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Slovenia
| | - Mauro Bernabei
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council, Italy
| | - Stefan Bojić
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Robert Brus
- Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreas Burger
- DendroGreif, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Germany
| | - Ettore D'Andrea
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Italy; National Biodiversity Future Centre - NBFC, Italy
| | - Todor Đorem
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mariusz Gławęda
- Stefan Żeromski High School No 2 with Bilingual Departments in Sieradz, Poland
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Department of Forest Physiology and Genetics, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Slovenia
| | - Marko Gutalj
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | - Saša Kostić
- Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bratislav Matović
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maks Merela
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boban Miletić
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | - Rafał Paluch
- Dendrolab IBL, Department of Natural Forests, Forest Research Institute (IBL), Poland
| | - Kamil Pilch
- Dendrolab IBL, Department of Natural Forests, Forest Research Institute (IBL), Poland
| | - Negar Rezaie
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Italy
| | | | - Niels Schwab
- Centre for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), Institute of Geography, Universität Hamburg, Germany
| | - Piotr Sewerniak
- Department of Soil Science and Landscape Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland
| | - Dejan Stojanović
- Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tobias Ullmann
- Department of Remote Sensing, Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nella Waszak
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland
| | - Ewa Zin
- Dendrolab IBL, Department of Natural Forests, Forest Research Institute (IBL), Poland; Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden
| | - Mitja Skudnik
- Department for Forest and Landscape Planning and Monitoring, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Slovenia; Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Krištof Oštir
- Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Rammig
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Allan Buras
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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Xing H, Shi Z, Liu S, Chen M, Xu G, Cao X, Zhang M, Chen J, Li F. Leaf traits divergence and correlations of woody plants among the three plant functional types on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1128227. [PMID: 37077644 PMCID: PMC10106608 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1128227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Leaf traits are important indicators of plant life history and may vary according to plant functional type (PFT) and environmental conditions. In this study, we sampled woody plants from three PFTs (e.g., needle-leaved evergreens, NE; broad-leaved evergreens, BE; broad-leaved deciduous, BD) on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, and 110 species were collected across 50 sites. Here, the divergence and correlations of leaf traits in three PFTs and relationships between leaf traits and environment were studied. The results showed significant differences in leaf traits among three PFTs, with NE plants showed higher values than BE plants and BD plants for leaf thickness (LT), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf dry mass per area (LMA), carbon: nitrogen ratio (C/N), and nitrogen content per unit area (Narea), except for nitrogen content per unit mass (Nmass). Although the correlations between leaf traits were similar across three PFTs, NE plants differed from BE plants and BD plants in the relationship between C/N and Narea. Compared with the mean annual precipitation (MAP), the mean annual temperature (MAT) was the main environmental factor that caused the difference in leaf traits among three PFTs. NE plants had a more conservative approach to survival compared to BE plants and BD plants. This study shed light on the regional-scale variation in leaf traits and the relationships among leaf traits, PFT, and environment. These findings have important implications for the development of regional-scale dynamic vegetation models and for understanding how plants respond and adapt to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshuang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Zuomin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Zuomin Shi,
| | - Shun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Gexi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangwen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Feifan Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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