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Wu J, Zhuang Y, Dong B, Wang F, Yan Y, Zhang D, Liu Z, Duan X, Bo Y, Peng L. Spatial heterogeneity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances caused by glacial melting in Tibetan Lake Nam Co due to global warming. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135468. [PMID: 39151357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in high-latitude polar regions and the Tibetan Plateau have received widespread international attention. Here, we measured 18 PFASs and 11 major isomers in the lake water, sediment, and surrounding runoff of Lake Nam Co in 2020. The concentrations of ultrashort-chain trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and perfluoropropanoic acid (PFPrA) and major isomers of perfluoooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluoooctane sulfonate acid (PFOS) in water bodies in high-latitude polar regions and the Tibetan Plateau are reported for the first time. The results showed that the concentration of ∑PFASs in glacial runoff was approximately 139 % greater than that in nonglacial runoff. The concentrations of ∑PFASs in the lake water and sediment in the southern lake with multiple glacial runoff events were approximately 113 % and 108 % higher, respectively, than those in the northern lake. The concentrations of short-chain perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and ultrashort-chain TFA and PFPrA, which may be indicators of ice and snow melt, exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity. Overall, the spatial heterogeneity of PFAS concentrations in the water, sediment and surrounding runoff of Lake Nam Co may be caused mainly by glacial melting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Institute of Transport Energy and Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Yiru Zhuang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Bingqi Dong
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fan Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yulong Yan
- Institute of Transport Energy and Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Dayu Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhuocheng Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaolin Duan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu Bo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regional Climate and Environment for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lin Peng
- Institute of Transport Energy and Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
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Wen W, Gao L, Cheng H, Xiao L, Zhang S, Li S, Jiang X, Xia X. Legacy and alternative perfluoroalkyl acids in the Yellow River on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Levels, spatiotemporal characteristics, and multimedia transport processes. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 262:122095. [PMID: 39032330 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The source region of the Yellow River (SRYR) located in the northeast of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is not only the largest runoff-producing area in the Yellow River Basin, but also the most important freshwater-supply ecological function area in China. In this study, the short-term spatiotemporal distribution of selected legacy and alternative perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the SRYR was first investigated in multiple environmental media. Total PFAA concentrations were in the range of 1.16-14.3 ng/L, 4.25-42.1 pg/L, and 0.21-13.0 pg/g dw in rainwater, surface water, and sediment, respectively. C4-C7 PFAAs were predominant in various environmental matrices. Spatiotemporal characteristics were observed in the concentrations and composition profiles. Particularly, the spatial distribution of rainwater and the temporal distribution of surface water exhibited highly significant differences (p<0.01). Indian monsoon, westerly air masses, and local mountain-valley breeze were the driving factors that contributed to the change of rainwater. Rainwater, meltwater runoff, and precursor degradation were important sources of PFAA pollution in surface water. Organic carbon content was a major factor influencing PFAA distribution in sediment. These results provide a theoretical basis for revealing the regional transport and fate of PFAAs, and are also important prerequisites for effectively protecting the freshwater resource and aquatic environment of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Wen
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Office of Laboratory and Equipment Management, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China; College of Environment Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Lu Xiao
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shangwei Zhang
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China.
| | - Siling Li
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaoman Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xinghui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Bao Y, Sun M, Wang Y, Hu M, Hu P, Wu L, Huang W, Li S, Wen J, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Wu N. Nitrate transformation and source tracking of Yarlung Tsangpo River using a multi-tracer approach combined with Bayesian stable isotope mixing model. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118925. [PMID: 38615795 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Excessive levels of nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) could lead to ecological issues, particularly in the Yarlung Tsangpo River (YTR) region located on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the fate and sources of nitrogen to facilitate pollution mitigation efforts. Herein, multiple isotopes and source resolution models were applied to analyze key transformation processes and quantify the sources of NO3-. The δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3- isotopic compositions in the YTR varied between 1.23‰ and 13.64‰ and -7.88‰-11.19‰, respectively. The NO3--N concentrations varied from 0.08 to 0.86 mg/L in the dry season and 0.20-1.19 mg/L during the wet season. Nitrification remained the primary process for nitrogen transformation in both seasons. However, the wet season had a widespread effect on increasing nitrate levels, while denitrification had a limited ability to reduce nitrate. The elevated nitrate concentrations during the flood season were caused by increased release of NO3- from manure & sewage (M&S) and chemical fertilizers (CF). Future endeavors should prioritize enhancing management strategies to improve the utilization efficiency of CF and hinder the direct entry of untreated sewage into the water system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Watershed Water Cycle Simulation and Regulation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Meng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Watershed Water Cycle Simulation and Regulation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yuchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Watershed Water Cycle Simulation and Regulation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Mingming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Watershed Water Cycle Simulation and Regulation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Peng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Watershed Water Cycle Simulation and Regulation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Leixiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Watershed Water Cycle Simulation and Regulation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Watershed Water Cycle Simulation and Regulation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Shanze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Watershed Water Cycle Simulation and Regulation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Jie Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Watershed Water Cycle Simulation and Regulation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - ZhongJun Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Yang Z, Pang B, Dong W, Li D, Huang Z. Interaction of landslide spatial patterns and river canyon landforms: Insights into the Three Parallel Rivers Area, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169935. [PMID: 38211860 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The interaction and mechanism of landslide spatial patterns and river canyon landforms are significant for understanding geomorphic evolution in intensive tectonic alpine environments. This study focuses on the Three Parallel Rivers Area (TPRA) in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau encompassing three parallel rivers (the Nujiang, Lancang, and Jinsha Rivers), to examine the synergistic evolution of geomorphic features and landslides. The analysis revealed a pattern of landslide aggregation in the river valley characterized by the sequence Nujiang > Lancang > Jinsha Rivers. This pattern aligns closely with the distribution of geomorphic indices (local relief, surface erosion index, and threshold slope gradient) in the valleys. As local relief, normalized surface erosion index and normalized threshold slope gradient increase, the mean values of normalized landslide area density (NLAD) rise from around 0.11 to 0.39, 0.16 to 0.48, and 0.10 to 0.21, respectively. Concurrently, the mean values of normalized frequency of landslide dams (NFLD) increase from around 0.05 to 0.24, 0.12 to 0.22, and 0.02 to 0.17, respectively. Additionally, knickpoints could induce upstream suppression and downstream promotion of landslides showcasing the feedback of landslides on the valley landscape. Our findings indicate that the landform formation process in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau orogen is intricately linked to a substantial landsliding response and the observed mass movements vividly mirror the landform formation pattern. These results hold potential implications for understanding the dynamic equilibrium between uplift and surface erosion in the region. This study enhances our understanding of the interaction and mechanisms of landslides and valley landforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongji Yang
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Bo Pang
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wufan Dong
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dehua Li
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiyong Huang
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Yuan W, Song S, Lu Y, Shi Y, Yang S, Wu Q, Wu Y, Jia D, Sun J. Legacy and alternative per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the Bohai Bay Rim: Occurrence, partitioning behavior, risk assessment, and emission scenario analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168837. [PMID: 38040376 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of alternative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has been practiced because of the restrictions on legacy PFASs. However, knowledge gaps exist on the ecological risks of alternatives and relationships between restrictions and emissions. This study systematically analyzed the occurrence characteristics, water-sediment partitioning behaviors, ecological risks, and emissions of legacy and alternative PFASs in the Bohai Bay Rim (BBR). The mean concentration of total PFASs was 46.105 ng/L in surface water and 6.125 ng/g dry weight (dw) in sediments. As an alternative for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) had a concentration second only to PFOA in surface water. In sediments, perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA) and GenX were the two predominant contaminants. In the water-sediment partitioning system, GenX, 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanone-1-sulfonic acid (F-53B), and 11-chloroeicosafluoro-3-oxaundecane-1-sulfonic acid (8:2 Cl-PFESA) tended to be enriched towards sediments. The species sensitivity distribution (SSD) models revealed the low ecological risks of PFASs and their alternatives in the BBR. Moreover, predicted no-effected concentrations (PNECs) indicated that short-chain alternatives like PFBA and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) were safer for aquatic ecosystems, while caution should be exercised when using GenX and F-53B. Due to the incremental replacement of PFOA by GenX, cumulative emissions of 1317.96 kg PFOA and 667.22 kg GenX were estimated during 2004-2022, in which PFOA emissions were reduced by 59.2 % due to restrictions implemented since 2016. If more stringent restrictions are implemented from 2023 to 2030, PFOA emissions will further decrease by 85.0 %, but GenX emissions will increase by an additional 21.3 %. Simultaneously, GenX concentrations in surface water are forecasted to surge by 2.02 to 2.45 times in 2023. This study deepens the understanding of PFAS alternatives and assists authorities in developing policies to administer PFAS alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yonglong Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yajuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shengjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yanqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dai Jia
- Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Marine Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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Li J, Liang E, Xu X, Xu N. Occurrence, mass loading, and post-control temporal trend of legacy perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the middle and lower Yangtze River. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:115966. [PMID: 38150975 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Present study focused on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) occurrence in dry and wet seasons in the middle and lower Yangtze River (YZR) and changing temporal trends after years of control. Results revealed that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was 75 % of total PFAS concentrations (∑11PFASs). ∑11PFASs were ranged 0.20-28.49 ng/L and 1.17-112.84 μg/kg in water and sediment. The logKoc of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids was positive with the carbon chain length (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.78). A meta-analysis of results from 16 peer-reviewed publications about PFASs in the YZR showed that fluorochemical industries strongly influenced the high PFAS levels in the detected scenes. PFOA was still the primary pollutant. Individual PFAS in the lower reach was higher than those in the middle reach. The mass loading of PFASs imported into the sea was 10.80 t/y. This study will help develop effective approaches for controlling emerging pollutants in the YZR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Enhang Liang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuming Xu
- Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Ren G, Chen L, Fan J, Hou S, Chen J, Deng H, Luo J, Huang P, Zhao Y, Li J, Feng D, Ge C, Yu H. Distribution, sources and ecological risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in overlying water and sediment from the mangrove ecosystem in Hainan Island, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168417. [PMID: 37949126 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Since data on Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in mangrove ecosystems are very limited. This study investigated the occurrence, distribution, sources, and ecological risk of 24 PFASs in the overlying waters and sediments of mangrove systems in Hainan Island, China. The concentration levels of PFASs in water and sediment ranged from 6.3 to 35.3 ng/L and from 0.33 to 10.2 ng/g dw, respectively. In terms of spatial distribution, firstly, the mangrove forests in Haikou and Sanya contained higher levels of PFASs; secondly, the eastern region contained higher levels of PFASs than the western region. The reasons for this may be related to the population size and development level of the region. For the organic carbon normalized sediment-water partition coefficient (log Koc), the results showed that log Koc decreased with increasing carbon chains for short-chain PFASs (with ≤6 CF2 units) and increased with increasing carbon chains for long-chain PFASs (with ˃6 CF2 units). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were employed to pinpoint specific origins of PFASs, namely firefighting, metal plating, food packaging, textiles, and fluoropolymer manufacturing. The risk quotient (RQ) values of PFASs in mangrove ecosystems on Hainan Island were all <1, but the existence of potential risks cannot be excluded. Hence, further investigations related to the bioaccumulation effects of PFASs in organisms in mangrove forests should be conducted to gain a more comprehensive understanding of their environmental behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Like Chen
- Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Haikou 571126, China
| | - Jinluo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Shuailing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Junnan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hui Deng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Jiwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Peng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiatong Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Chengjun Ge
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Huamei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
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