Investigation of biochar amendments on odor reduction and their characteristics during food waste co-composting

Mitigation of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions during aerobic composting of laying hen waste through NaOH-modified biochar

The impact of NaOH-modified biochar on the release of NH3 and H2S from laying hens' manure was examined for 44 days, using a small-scale simulated aerobic composting system. The findings revealed that the NaOH-modified biochar reduced NH3 and H2S emissions by 40.63% and 77.78%, respectively, compared to the control group. Moreover, the emissions of H2S were significantly lower than those of the unmodified biochar group (p < 0.05). The increased specific surface area and microporous structure of the biochar, as well as the higher content of alkaline and oxygenated functional groups, were found to facilitate the adsorption of NH3 and H2S. This enhanced adsorption capability was the primary reason for the significant reduction in NH3 emissions. Furthermore, during the high-temperature phase of composting, there was a notable alteration in the microbial community. The abundance of Limnochordaceae, Savagea, and IMCC26207 increased significantly which aided in the conversion of H2S to stable sulfate. These microorganisms also influenced the abundance of functional genes involved in sulfur metabolism, thereby inhibiting cysteine synthesis, along with the decomposition and conversion of sulfate to sulfite. This led to a significant decrease in H2S emissions. This study provides valuable data for the selection of deodorizers in the composting process of egg-laying hens. The results have significant implications for the application of NaOH-modified biochar for odor reduction in aerobic composting processes.

Mitigation of ammonia volatilization from organic and inorganic nitrogen sources applied to soil using water hyacinth biochars

The recent global population explosion has increased people's food demand. To meet this demand, huge amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizer have been applied in the worldwide. However, ammonia (NH3) volatilization is one of the primary factors of N loss from soil after N application causing decrease crop N utilization efficiency and productivity. Incubation experiments were conducted on an acidic clayey soil with two different N sources (urea and anaerobic digestion effluent; ADE), two differently-produced biochars, and three biochar application rates (0%, 0.25%, and 1.0% w/w). Ammonia volatilization was lower from urea (14.0-23.5 mg N kg-1) and ADE (11.3-21.0 mg N kg-1) with biochar application than those without biochar (40.1 and 26.2 mg N kg-1 from urea and ADE alone, respectively). Biochar application significantly mitigated volatilization and reduction percentages for urea and ADE were 40%-64% and 18%-55%, respectively. 1.0% biochar application mitigated volatilization significantly compared to 0.25% application regardless of N source and biochar types. Possible mechanism for volatilization mitigation for urea and ADE were increased N immobilization by soil microorganisms and accelerated net nitrification rate due to increased soil nitrifying bacteria, respectively. Overall, our results clarified different mechanisms for N volatilization mitigation from different (inorganic vs. organic) N sources with biochar application.

Enhancing simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus availability through biochar addition during Chinese medicinal herbal residues composting: Synergism of microbes and humus

The disposal of Chinese medicinal herbal residues (CMHRs) derived from Chinese medicine extraction poses a significant environmental challenge. Aerobic composting presents a sustainable treatment method, yet optimizing nutrient conversion remains a critical concern. This study investigated the effect and mechanism of biochar addition on nitrogen and phosphorus transformation to enhance the efficacy and quality of compost products. The findings reveal that incorporating biochar considerably enhanced the process of nutrient conversion. Specifically, biochar addition promoted the retention of bioavailable organic nitrogen and reduced nitrogen loss by 28.1 %. Meanwhile, adding biochar inhibited the conversion of available phosphorus to non-available phosphorus while enhancing its conversion to moderately available phosphorus, thereby preserving phosphorus availability post-composting. Furthermore, the inclusion of biochar altered microbial community structure and fostered organic matter retention and humus formation, ultimately affecting the modification of nitrogen and phosphorus forms. Structural equation modeling revealed that microbial community had a more pronounced impact on bioavailable organic nitrogen, while humic acid exerted a more significant effect on phosphorus availability. This research provides a viable approach and foundation for regulating the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients during composting, serving as a valuable reference for the development of sustainable utilization technologies pertaining to CMHRs.

A critical review on characterization, human health risk assessment and mitigation of malodorous gaseous emission during the composting process

Composting has emerged as a suitable method to convert or transform organic waste including manure, green waste, and food waste into valuable products with several advantages, such as high efficiency, cost feasibility, and being environmentally friendly. However, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mainly malodorous gases, are the major concern and challenges to overcome in facilitating composting. Ammonia (NH3) and volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), including hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and methyl mercaptan (CH4S), primarily contributed to the malodorous gases emission during the entire composting process due to their low olfactory threshold. These compounds are mainly emitted at the thermophilic phase, accounting for over 70% of total gas emissions during the whole process, whereas methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are commonly detected during the mesophilic and cooling phases. Therefore, the human health risk assessment of malodorous gases using various indexes such as ECi (maximum exposure concentration for an individual volatile compound EC), HR (non-carcinogenic risk), and CR (carcinogenic risk) has been evaluated and discussed. Also, several strategies such as maintaining optimal operating conditions, and adding bulking agents and additives (e.g., biochar and zeolite) to reduce malodorous emissions have been pointed out and highlighted. Biochar has specific adsorption properties such as high surface area and high porosity and contains various functional groups that can adsorb up to 60%-70% of malodorous gases emitted from composting. Notably, biofiltration emerged as a resilient and cost-effective technique, achieving up to 90% reduction in malodorous gases at the end-of-pipe. This study offers a comprehensive insight into the characterization of malodorous emissions during composting. Additionally, it emphasizes the need to address these issues on a larger scale and provides a promising outlook for future research.

Engineered biochar combined clay for microplastic biodegradation during pig manure composting

This study pursued to regulate bacterial community succession pattern and expedited biodegradation of microplastics (MP) during pig manure (PM) composting employing walnut shell biochar (WSB) and montmorillonite (M). The WSB with concentration of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% and 12% along with 10% M participated into PM for 42 days compost to search the optimal solution. The results confirmed the most prosperous bacterial phylum consisted of Firmicutes (3.02%-91.80%), Proteobacteria (2.08%-48.54%), Chloroflexi (0-44.62%) and Bacteroidetes (0.85%-40.93%). The addition of biochar has dramatically arranged bacterial community at different stages of composting. Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) revealed that carbon element in MPs decreased since the chemical bond fracture, under the intervention of high-temperature composting and WSB, the carbon content of MPs was maximum reduced by 20.25%. Fourier transform infrared spectrum indicated that CC, C-O, C-H and -COOH abundance of MPs in 10% and 12% dose biochar addition sharply reduced, interestingly, explicating WSB and composting made MP biodegradable. This experiment possesses affirmatory practical meaning for elimination of potential hazards by composting.

Applications of engineered biochar in remediation of heavy metal(loid)s pollution from wastewater: Current perspectives toward sustainable development goals

Environmental pollution of heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) caused adverse impacts, has become one of the emerging concerns and challenges worldwide. Metal(loid)s can pose significant threats to living organisms even when present in trace levels within environmental matrices. Extended exposure to these substances can lead to adverse health consequences in humans. Removing HM-contaminated water and moving toward sustainable development goals (SDGs) is critical. In this mission, biochar has recently gained attention in the environmental sector as a green and alternative material for wastewater removal. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of the remediation of typical HMs by biochars, associated with an understanding of remediation mechanisms, and gives practical solutions for ecologically sustainable. Applying engineered biochar in various fields, especially with nanoscale biochar-aided wastewater treatment approaches, can eliminate hazardous metal(loid) contaminants, highlighting an environmentally friendly and low-cost method. Surface modification of engineered biochar with nanomaterials is a potential strategy that positively influences its sorption capacity to remove contaminants. The research findings highlighted the biochars' ability to adsorb HM ions based on increased specific surface area (SSA), heightened porosity, and forming inner-sphere complexes with oxygen-rich groups. Utilizing biochar modification emerged as a viable approach for addressing lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), and chromium (Cr) pollution in aqueous environments. Most biochars investigated demonstrated a removal efficiency >90 % (Cd, As, Hg) and can reach an impressive 99 % (Pb and Cr). Furthermore, biochar and advanced engineered applications are also considered alternative solutions based on the circular economy.

Pilot-scale membrane-covered composting of food waste: Initial moisture, mature compost addition, aeration time and rate

The impact of different operational parameters on the composting efficiency and compost quality during pilot-scale membrane-covered composting (MCC) of food waste (FW) was evaluated. Four factors were assessed in an orthogonal experiment at three different levels: initial mixture moisture (IMM, 55 %, 60 %, and 65 %), aeration time (AT, 6, 9, and 12 h/d), aeration rate (AR, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 m3/h) and mature compost addition ratio (MC, 2 %, 4 %, and 6 %). Results indicated that 55 % IMM, 6 h/d AT, 0.4 m3/h AR, and 4 % MC addition ratio simultaneously provided the compost with the maximum cumulative temperature and the minimum moisture. It was shown that the IMM was the driving factor of this optimum composting process. On contrary, the optimal parameters for reducing carbon and nitrogen loss were 65 % IMM, 6 h/d AT, 0.4 m3/h AR, and 2 % MC addition ratio. The AR had the most influence on reducing carbon and nitrogen losses compared to all other factors. The optimal conditions for compost maturity were 55 % IMM, 9 h/d AT, 0.2 m3/h AR, and 6 % MC addition ratio. The primary element influencing the pH and electrical conductivity values was the AR, while the germination index was influenced by IMM. Protein was the main organic matter limiting the composting efficiency. The results of this study will provide guidance for the promotion and application of food waste MCC technology, and contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in MCC for organic solid waste treatment.

Effects of Bacillus-based inoculum on odor emissions co-regulation, nutrient element transformations and microbial community tropological structures during chicken manure and sawdust composting

This study aims to evaluate whether different doses of Bacillus-based inoculum inoculated in chicken manure and sawdust composting will provide distinct effects on the co-regulation of ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nutrient conversions and microbial topological structures. Results indicate that the Bacillus-based inoculum inhibits NH3 emissions mainly by regulating bacterial communities, while promotes H2S emissions by regulating both bacterial and fungal communities. The inoculum only has a little effect on total organic carbon (TOC) and inhibits total sulfur (TS) and total phosphorus (TP) accumulations. Low dose inoculation inhibits total potassium (TK) accumulation, while high dose inoculation promotes TK accumulation and the opposite is true for total nitrogen (TN). The inoculation slightly affects the bacterial compositions, significantly alters the fungal compositions and increases the microbial cooperation, thus influencing the compost substances transformations. The microbial communities promote ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), TN, available phosphorus (AP), total potassium (TK) and TS, but inhibit nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), TP and TK. Additionally, the bacterial communities promote, while the fungal communities inhibit the nitrite nitrogen (NO2--N) production. The core bacterial and fungal genera regulate NH3 and H2S emissions through the secretions of metabolic enzymes and the promoting or inhibiting effects on NH3 and H2S emissions are always opposite. Hence, Bacillus-based inoculum cannot regulate the NH3 and H2S emissions simultaneously.

Composting municipal solid waste and animal manure in response to the current fertilizer crisis - a recent review

The dynamic price increases of fertilizers and the generation of organic waste are currently global issues. The growth of the population has led to increased production of solid municipal waste and a higher demand for food. Food production is inherently related to agriculture and, to achieve higher yields, it is necessary to replenish the soil with essential minerals. A synergistic approach that addresses both problems is the implementation of the composting process, which aligns with the principles of a circular economy. Food waste, green waste, paper waste, cardboard waste, and animal manure are promising feedstock materials for the extraction of valuable compounds. This review discusses key factors that influence the composting process and compares them with the input materials' parameters. It also considers methods for optimizing the process, such as the use of biochar and inoculation, which result in the production of the final product in a significantly shorter time and at lower financial costs. The applications of composts produced from various materials are described along with associated risks. In addition, innovative composting technologies are presented.

Effect of biochar with various pore characteristics on heavy metal passivation and microbiota development during pig manure composting

Understanding the porosity of biochar (BC) that promotes the heavy metal (HM) passivation during composting can contribute to the sustainable management of pig manure (PM). The current work aimed to explore the influence of BC with varying pore sizes on the physicochemical properties and morphological changes of HMs (including Zn, Cu, Cr, As, and Hg), and microbiota development during PM composting. The various pore sizes of BC were generated by pyrolyzing pine wood at 400 (T1), 500 (T2), 600 (T3) and 700 (T4) °C, respectively. The results revealed a positive correlation between specific surface area of BC and pyrolysis temperature. BC addition contributed to a significantly extended compost warming rate and duration of high-temperature period, as well as HM passivation, reflected in the decrease in Exc-Zn (63-34%) and Red-Cu (28-13%) content, and the conversion of Oxi-Cr (29-21%) and Red-Hg (16-5%) to more stable forms. Moreover, BC at T4 exhibited the best effect on Zn and Cu passivation due to the highest specific surface area (380.03 m2/g). In addition to its impact on HM passivation, BC addition improved the microbial environment during PM composting, leading to enhanced microbial diversity and richness. Notably, Chloroflexi and Bacteroidota played key roles in promoting the transformation of Exc-Cu and Red-Hg into stable forms. This phenomenon further stimulated the enhanced decomposition of organic matter (OM) when BC prepared at 600-700 °C was added. Therefore, it can be concluded that the regulation of BC porosity is an effective strategy to improve HM passivation and the overall effectiveness of PM composting.

Effective Carbon Dioxide Mitigation and Improvement of Compost Nutrients with the Use of Composts' Biochar

Composting is a process that emits environmentally harmful gases: CO2, CO, H2S, and NH3, negatively affecting the quality of mature compost. The addition of biochar to the compost can significantly reduce emissions. For effective CO2 removal, high doses of biochar (up to 20%) are often recommended. Nevertheless, as the production efficiency of biochar is low-up to 90% mass loss-there is a need for research into the effectiveness of lower doses. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to observe the gaseous emissions during the first 10 days of composting with biochars obtained from mature composts. Biochars were produced at 550, 600, and 650 °C, and tested with different doses of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15% per dry matter (d.m.) in composting mixtures, at three incubation temperatures (50, 60, and 70 °C). CO2, CO, H2S, and NH3 emissions were measured daily. The results showed that the biochars effectively mitigate CO2 emissions during the intensive phase of composting. Even 3-6% d.m. of compost biochars can reduce up to 50% of the total measured gas emissions (the best treatment was B650 at 60 °C) and significantly increase the content of macronutrients. This study confirmed that even low doses of compost biochars have the potential for enhancing the composting process and improving the quality of the material quality.

Novel α-amino acid-like structure decorated biochar for heavy metal remediation in acid soil

Neither chemical nor physical adsorption play well in heavy metals remediation in acid soil due to the competing behavior of abundant protons, where stable chelators that can be reused are of significant demand. Herein, biochar with abundant nitro and carboxyl groups is prepared, which can be assembled into self-supporting electrode. Under the catalyzation of electricity, the surface decorated -NO2 on the biochar can be in situ transformed into -NH2. Combined with the carboxyl group that attached on the same carbon atom, a special α-amino acid-like structure modified biochar (α-AC@BC) can be successfully constructed. Due to the strong affinity between the α-amino acid-like ligand and heavy metals, this α-AC@BC exhibits high removal efficiencies of 83.41%, 80.94%, 92.54% and 77.05% for available copper, cadmium, lead and zinc respectively, even in a strong acid soil with low pH of 4. After four adsorption-desorption cycles, the α-AC@BC could still eliminate 83.88% of copper. The high adsorption energy among -NH2, -COOH and heavy metals (-2.99 eV for copper, -1.90 eV for lead, -1.30 eV for zinc and -0.91 eV for cadmium) could form steady coordination structure to guarantee a highly practical application potential of α-AC@BC in strong acid soil. This study provides a novel concept for the decontamination of multiple heavy metal polluted acid soil.

Emergence of microplastics in the aquatic ecosystem and their potential effects on health risks: The insights into Vietnam

The increase of microplastic contamination in Vietnam is a growing concern due to various domestic, agricultural, and industrial activities. The use of plastic mulch and sludge application in agricultural farmland, textile production, daily consumer items, cleaning agents, and health/personal care products contribute significantly to the increasing microplastic pollution in the aquatic ecosystem. The concentration of microplastics reported in surface water ranged from 0.35 to 519,000 items m-3, with fibers and fragments being the most prevalent shapes. Notably, the high concentration of microplastics was observed in lakes, canals, and megacities such as Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City, which poses potential health risks to the local community via drinking-water supply and food chains. As an emerging pollutant, MPs are the transport vectors for contaminants in environmental matrices that act as a carrier of hazardous pollutants, release toxic compounds, and evenly aggregate/accumulate in biota. Recent studies have reported the presence of microplastics in various marine organisms, including fish and shellfish, highlighting the risk of ingestion of these particles by humans and wildlife. Thus, it is imperative to monitor microplastic contamination in the ecosystem to provide helpful information for the government and local communities. Efforts should be taken to reduce microplastic pollution at the source to minimize potential effects on ecological and health safety. This review paper emphasizes the urgent need for further research on microplastic pollution in Vietnam and highlights potential solutions to mitigate this emerging environmental threat. KEYWORKS: single-use plastics; microplastics; ecosystems; plastic waste; health risk; ecological and health safety; pollution mitigation.

Identifying the specific pathways to improve nitrogen fixation of different straw biochar during chicken manure composting based on its impact on the microbial community

The application of straw biochar to chicken manure composting mitigated nitrogen loss. However, the impact of biochar derived from different types of straw on nitrogen fixation in chicken manure composting is discrepant, and the specific pathways remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the specific pathways of maize straw biochar (M) and rice straw biochar (R) to improve nitrogen fixation during chicken manure composting. The nitrogen losses in control (no addition, CK), M, and R composting were 51.84 %, 33.47 %, and 38.24 %, respectively, suggesting that adding straw biochar effectively improved nitrogen fixation. Microbial community analysis suggested that inhibiting denitrification and NH4+-N transformation by microorganisms was the primary means of improving nitrogen fixation. Meanwhile, biochar addition reduced the number of bacteria participating in nitrogen transformation and strengthened the NO3--N and total organic nitrogen transformation processes, among which the effect of M composting was stronger. The stronger effect was attributed to the significant role of the core microorganisms in M composting in shifting the transformation processes of the nitrogen components (P < 0.05). Therefore, the function of different straw biochar was determined by its different impacts on the microbial community, highlighting the important role of microbial community variability.

Investigating the role of bulking agents in compost maturity

Kitchen waste is increasing globally, similarly in Pakistan bulk of municipal solid waste comprises of kitchen waste specifically, tea waste. Composting of kitchen waste is one of the promising ways to convert waste into useful product, resulting into zero waste. This study is aimed to convert waste (kitchen waste) in to a resource (compost) using bulking agents (tea waste and biochar) for reducing maturity time. Secondly, compost application on Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) was also tested. Four compost treatments were designed under aerobic composting conditions for 30 days. Tea waste and biochar have accelerated the maturity rate and produced a nutrient rich compost. Final compost had Electrical Conductivity of 2mS/cm, Carbon Nitrogen ration of 15, 54% of organic matter, 15% of moisture content, 48% of cellulose content, and 28% of Lignin content. With the use of Co-compost the Solanum lycopersicum showed 133% germination index, 100% germination, 235% Munoo-Liisa Vitality Index and 1238% seed vigor index. Co-compost also improved the soil total nitrogen by 1.4%, total phosphorous by 2%, total potassium by 2.1% and bulk density by 2.6 gcm-3. This study successfully used tea waste and biochar as bulking agents to reduce maturation time to 30 days. Tea waste and biochar enhanced the organic matter degradation, lignocellulose degradation, water holding capacity, porosity, seed's vigor, germination index. This research can be helpful in developing home composting and home gardening to combat solid waste management and food security issue in developing countries.

Organic composts as A vehicle for the entry of microplastics into the environment: A comprehensive review

Plastic pollution is a widespread issue that poses a threat to agroecosystems. Recent data on microplastic (MP) pollution from compost and its application to soil have highlighted the potential impact of micropollutants that may be transferred from compost. Thus, we aim with this review to elucidate the distribution-occurrence, characterization, fate/transport, and potential risk of MPs from organic compost to gain comprehensive knowledge and mitigate the adverse impacts of compost application. The concentration of MPs in compost was up to thousands of items/kg. Among micropollutants, fibers, fragments, and films are the most common, with small MPs having a higher potential to absorb other pollutants and cause harm to organisms. Various synthetic polymers, including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester (PES), and acrylic polymers (AP), have been widely used of plastic items. MPs are emerging pollutants that can have diverse effects on soil ecosystems, as they can transfer potential pollutants from MPs to compost and then to the soil. Following the microbial degradation scheme, the transfer chain from plastics to compost to soil can be broken down into main stages, i.e., colonization - (bio)fragmentation - assimilation - and mineralization. Microorganisms and adding biochar play an essential role during composting, which can be an effective solution to enhance MP degradation. Findings have shown that stimulating free radical generation could promote the biodegradation efficacy of MPs and possibly remove their occurrence in compost, thereby reducing their contribution to ecosystem pollution. Furthermore, future recommendations were discussed to reduce ecosystem risks and health challenges.

Life cycle assessment of biowaste and green waste composting systems: A review of applications and implementation challenges

Composting is one of the most widely applied methods for recycling organic waste. This process has been proposed as one option that facilitates the reincorporation of materials into the production cycle. However, composting also generates environmental impacts. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the most common approach to evaluate the environmental impacts of a process at different system stages. Nevertheless, applying LCA in composting facilities is challenging due to the extensive information required, the lack of standardization on the initial assumptions, the definition of system boundaries, and the high diversity of existing composting technologies. This paper systematically reviews LCA studies in biowaste and/or green waste composting. The study highlights the challenges that should be met in order to improving the application of LCA to evaluate the environmental impacts of this type or waste treatment strategy. The review protocol used identified 456 papers published between 2010 and 2022. After the screening, 56 papers were selected, read, and thoroughly analyzed. The results show that: i) about 68% of the studies aimed to compare composting with other solid waste management options; ii) there was a wide diversity among the impact categories considered, which predominantly included climate change and ozone depletion; iii) there was no consensus on the functional unit or the system boundaries; iv) the main gaseous emissions studied were ammonia, methane, and nitrogen oxide, which were generally determined by emission factors; v) the avoided environmental impacts associated with the end-product quality and its application as an organic amendment or soil improver were ignored. This work demonstrates the complexity of conducting credible and valid composting LCA studies and proposes seven recommendations for improving the application of this assessment methodology to analyze this waste management alternative.

From waste to wealth: Innovations in organic solid waste composting

Organic solid waste (OSW) is not only a major source of environmental contamination, but also a vast store of useful materials due to its high concentration of biodegradable components that can be recycled. Composting has been proposed as an effective strategy for recycling OSW back into the soil in light of the necessity of a sustainable and circular economy. In addition, unconventional composting methods such as membrane-covered aerobic composting and vermicomposting have been reported more effective than traditional composting in improving soil biodiversity and promoting plant growth. This review investigates the current advancements and potential trends of using widely available OSW to produce fertilizers. At the same time, this review highlights the crucial role of additives such as microbial agents and biochar in the control of harmful substances in composting. Composting of OSW should include a complete strategy and a methodical way of thinking that can allow product development and decision optimization through interdisciplinary integration and data-driven methodologies. Future research will likely concentrate on the potential in controlling emerging pollutants, evolution of microbial communities, biochemical composition conversion, and the micro properties of different gases and membranes. Additionally, screening of functional bacteria with stable performance and exploration of advanced analytical methods for compost products are important for understanding the intrinsic mechanisms of pollutant degradation.

Synergetic effect and mechanism of elementary sulphur, MgSO4 and KH2PO4 progressive reinforcement on pig manure composting nitrogen retention

The potential of sulphur (S), MgSO₄ (Mg), and KH₂PO₄ (P) in nitrogen retention, ammonia emission decrease, and microbial community succession during composting needs to be investigated. To achieve this, different levels of S (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8% in dry weight) plus Mg and P (S + Mg + P) were progressively added in 70 days pig manure aerobic composting. The results revealed that the amendment increased salinity and lowered pH and dephytotoxication of the product with the increase of S amount. However, no significant inhibition effects were observed on the evolution of the thermophilic phase and product maturity. In addition, the amendment significantly reduced the total NH₃ and N₂O emissions by 29.66%-58.83% and 20.89%-56.53%, increased NH₄⁺ level by 17.31%-73.27% in thermophilic phase and NO₃^- content by 37.12%-54.84% in a mature phase, and elevated the total Kjeldahl nitrogen content by 15.49%-37.35% during the composting. In addition, compared to the control, the supplement markedly encouraged the formation of guanite in the compost product. The S addition stimulated the growth of Anseongella, Actinomadura, Chelativorans, Castellaniella, Luteimonas, and Steroidobacter microbial communities which functioned well in the degradation of nitrogen-containing compounds and organic matter. Evidence from Redundancy Analysis, Firmicutes, Myxococcus, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadota, and Deinococcota showed positive correlations with pH. These results imply that adding S-Mg-P amendment encourages the population and activity of specific functional microorganisms, and facilitated the ammonia emission reduction by lowering pH and thus reserved nitrogen through the formation of guanite during composting. The investigation of bacterial community abundance and environmental variables at the phylum and genus levels over time revealed that adding of 0.6% S in conjunction with P and Mg minerals was suitable for nitrogen loss mitigation in composting. The findings suggest using S + Mg + P supplement to conserve nitrogen in pig dung aerobic composting.

Succession of biochar addition for soil amendment and contaminants remediation during co-composting: A state of art review

This paper aimed to highlight the succession of biochar addition for soil amendment and contaminants remediation during composting process. Biochar incorporated into the compost mixture promotes composting performance and enhances contaminants reduction. Co-composting with biochar for soil biota has been demonstrated via modified soil biological community abundance and diversity. On the other hand, adverse alterations to soil properties were noted, which had a negative impact on the communication of microbe-to-plant interactions within the rhizosphere. As a result, these changes influenced the competition between soilborne pathogens and beneficial soil microorganisms. Co-composting with biochar promoted the heavy metals (HMs) remediation efficiency in contaminated soils by around 66-95%. Notably, applying biochar during composting could improve nutrient retention and mitigate leaching. The adsorption of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus compounds by biochar can be applied to manage environmental contamination and presents an excellent opportunity to enhance soil quality. Additionally, the various specific functional groups and large specific surface areas of biochar allow for excellent adsorption of persistent pollutants (e.g., pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) and emerging organic pollutants, such as microplastic, phthalate acid esters (PAEs) during co-composting. Finally, future perspectives, research gaps, and recommendations for further studies are highlighted, and potential opportunities are discussed.