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Anwised P, Moorawong R, Samruan W, Somredngan S, Srisutush J, Laowtammathron C, Aksoy I, Parnpai R, Savatier P. An expedition in the jungle of pluripotent stem cells of non-human primates. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:2016-2037. [PMID: 37863046 PMCID: PMC10679654 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
For nearly three decades, more than 80 embryonic stem cell lines and more than 100 induced pluripotent stem cell lines have been derived from New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and great apes. In this comprehensive review, we examine these cell lines originating from marmoset, cynomolgus macaque, rhesus macaque, pig-tailed macaque, Japanese macaque, African green monkey, baboon, chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, and orangutan. We outline the methodologies implemented for their establishment, the culture protocols for their long-term maintenance, and their basic molecular characterization. Further, we spotlight any cell lines that express fluorescent reporters. Additionally, we compare these cell lines with human pluripotent stem cell lines, and we discuss cell lines reprogrammed into a pluripotent naive state, detailing the processes used to attain this. Last, we present the findings from the application of these cell lines in two emerging fields: intra- and interspecies embryonic chimeras and blastoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeyanan Anwised
- University Lyon, University Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France; Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Ratree Moorawong
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Worawalan Samruan
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Sirilak Somredngan
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Jittanun Srisutush
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Chuti Laowtammathron
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Irene Aksoy
- University Lyon, University Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France.
| | - Rangsun Parnpai
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
| | - Pierre Savatier
- University Lyon, University Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France.
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2
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Current advances in primate genomics: novel approaches for understanding evolution and disease. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:314-331. [PMID: 36599936 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-022-00554-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Primate genomics holds the key to understanding fundamental aspects of human evolution and disease. However, genetic diversity and functional genomics data sets are currently available for only a few of the more than 500 extant primate species. Concerted efforts are under way to characterize primate genomes, genetic polymorphism and divergence, and functional landscapes across the primate phylogeny. The resulting data sets will enable the connection of genotypes to phenotypes and provide new insight into aspects of the genetics of primate traits, including human diseases. In this Review, we describe the existing genome assemblies as well as genetic variation and functional genomic data sets. We highlight some of the challenges with sample acquisition. Finally, we explore how technological advances in single-cell functional genomics and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids will facilitate our understanding of the molecular foundations of primate biology.
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Rodriguez-Polo I, Behr R. Non-human primate pluripotent stem cells for the preclinical testing of regenerative therapies. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1867-1874. [PMID: 35142660 PMCID: PMC8848615 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates play a key role in the preclinical validation of pluripotent stem cell-based cell replacement therapies. Pluripotent stem cells used as advanced therapy medical products boost the possibility to regenerate tissues and organs affected by degenerative diseases. Therefore, the methods to derive human induced pluripotent stem cell and embryonic stem cell lines following clinical standards have quickly developed in the last 15 years. For the preclinical validation of cell replacement therapies in non-human primates, it is necessary to generate non-human primate pluripotent stem cell with a homologous quality to their human counterparts. However, pluripotent stem cell technologies have developed at a slower pace in non-human primates in comparison with human cell systems. In recent years, however, relevant progress has also been made with non-human primate pluripotent stem cells. This review provides a systematic overview of the progress and remaining challenges for the generation of non-human primate induced pluripotent stem cells/embryonic stem cells for the preclinical testing and validation of cell replacement therapies. We focus on the critical domains of (1) reprogramming and embryonic stem cell line derivation, (2) cell line maintenance and characterization and, (3) application of non-human primate pluripotent stem cells in the context of selected preclinical studies to treat cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders performed in non-human primates.
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Mahlke MA, Cheng K, Li B, Chaudhari S, Navara CS, McCarrey JR. Validation of baboon pluripotent cells as a model for translational stem cell research. Stem Cell Res 2021; 57:102598. [PMID: 34864219 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of stem cell therapies to the clinic will be most successful following optimization of efficacy and safety in appropriate preclinical model systems. Among available models, nonhuman primates (NHPs) provide the most accurate recapitulation of human anatomy, physiology, genetics and epigenetics. Here, we show that baboon pluripotent cells (PSCs) recapitulate key molecular features of human PSCs with greater accuracy than that found in PSCs from non-primate species such as mice. Specifically, baboon and human PSCs exhibit greater conservation of gene expression patterns, higher sequence and structural homology among pluripotency factors, more equivalent genome-wide patterns of histone and DNA methylation modifications, and similar maintenance of bivalent programming of developmental genes than that found between human and non-primate PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Mahlke
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Keren Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Shital Chaudhari
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Christopher S Navara
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; UTSA Stem Cell Core Lab, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - John R McCarrey
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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Chung YG, Seay M, Elsworth JD, Redmond DE. Generation of Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer and Induced Pluripotent Somatic Cells from African Green Monkeys. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:1294-1307. [PMID: 32715987 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-specific stem cells derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos or from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could be used to treat various diseases with minimal immune rejection. Many studies using these cells have been conducted in rats and mice; however, there exist numerous dissimilarities between the rodents and humans limiting the clinical predictive power and experimental utility of rodent experiments alone. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) share greater homology to human than rodents in all respects, including genomics, physiology, biochemistry, and the immune system. Thus, experimental data obtained from monkey studies would be more predictive for designing an effective cell replacement therapy in humans. Unfortunately, there are few iPSC lines and even fewer SCNT lines that have been derived in NHPs, hampering broader studies in regenerative medicine. One promising potential therapy would be the replacement of dopamine neurons that are lost in Parkinson's disease. After dopamine depletion by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), the African green monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus) shows the most complete model of Parkinsonism compared with other species and brain pathology and behavioral changes are almost identical to those in humans after accidental exposure to MPTP. Therefore, we have developed a SCNT procedure to generate multiple pluripotent stem cell lines in this species for studies of possible treatment of Parkinsonism and for comparing with cells derived from iPSCs. Using 24 female monkeys as egg donors and 7 somatic cell donor monkeys, we have derived 11 SCNT embryonic stem cell lines that expressed typical stemness genes and formed all three germ layer derivatives. We also derived two iPSC lines using an episome-mediated reprogramming factor delivery system. This report describes the process for deriving these cell lines and proving their pluripotency for differentiation into various potentially therapeutic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Gie Chung
- Enolc, Inc., Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Some of these data were presented in Poster 132.05 at the Society for Neuroscience, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 2019
| | - Montrell Seay
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Some of these data were presented in Poster 132.05 at the Society for Neuroscience, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 2019
| | - John D Elsworth
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Some of these data were presented in Poster 132.05 at the Society for Neuroscience, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 2019
| | - D Eugene Redmond
- Research Department, Axion Research Foundation, Hamden, Connecticut, USA.,Some of these data were presented in Poster 132.05 at the Society for Neuroscience, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 2019
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Differentiation of Baboon ( Papio anubis) Induced-Pluripotent Stem Cells into Enucleated Red Blood Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101282. [PMID: 31635069 PMCID: PMC6829891 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
As cell culture methods and stem cell biology have progressed, the in vitro production of cultured RBCs (cRBCs) has emerged as a viable option to produce cells for transfusion or to carry therapeutic cargoes. RBCs produced in culture can be quality-tested either by xeno-transfusion of human cells into immuno-deficient animals, or by transfusion of autologous cells in immuno-competent models. Although murine xeno-transfusion methods have improved, they must be complemented by studies in immuno-competent models. Non-human primates (NHPs) are important pre-clinical, large animal models due to their high biological and developmental similarities with humans, including their comparable hematopoietic and immune systems. Among NHPs, baboons are particularly attractive to validate cRBCs because of the wealth of data available on the characteristics of RBCs in this species that have been generated by past blood transfusion studies. We report here that we have developed a method to produce enucleated cRBCs by differentiation of baboon induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This method will enable the use of baboons to evaluate therapeutic cRBCs and generate essential pre-clinical data in an immuno-competent, large animal model. Production of the enucleated baboon cRBCs was achieved by adapting the PSC-RED protocol that we previously developed for human cells. Baboon-PSC-RED is an efficient chemically-defined method to differentiate iPSCs into cRBCs that are about 40% to 50% enucleated. PSC-RED is relatively low cost because it requires no albumin and only small amounts of recombinant transferrin.
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Rodriguez-Polo I, Stauske M, Becker A, Bartels I, Dressel R, Behr R. Baboon induced pluripotent stem cell generation by piggyBac transposition of reprogramming factors. Primate Biol 2019; 6:75-86. [PMID: 32110718 PMCID: PMC7041535 DOI: 10.5194/pb-6-75-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical application of regenerative therapies using embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells is within reach. Progress made during recent years has encouraged researchers to address remaining open questions in order to finally translate experimental cell replacement therapies into application in patients. To achieve this, studies in translationally relevant animal models are required to make the final step to the clinic. In this context, the baboon (Papio anubis) may represent a valuable nonhuman primate (NHP) model to test cell replacement therapies because of its close evolutionary relationship to humans and its large body size. In this study, we describe the reprogramming of adult baboon skin fibroblasts using the piggyBac transposon system. Via transposon-mediated overexpression of six reprogramming factors, we generated five baboon induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. The iPSC lines were characterized with respect to alkaline phosphatase activity, pluripotency factor expression analysis, teratoma formation potential, and karyotype. Furthermore, after initial cocultivation with mouse embryonic fibroblasts, we were able to adapt iPSC lines to feeder-free conditions. In conclusion, we established a robust and efficient protocol for iPSC generation from adult baboon fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Rodriguez-Polo
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center –
Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen,
Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site,
Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Stauske
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center –
Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen,
Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site,
Göttingen, Germany
- current address: BlueRock Therapeutics, 101 College St, PMCRT 14-301,
Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Alexander Becker
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center –
Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen,
Germany
| | - Iris Bartels
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen,
Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dressel
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site,
Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical
Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center –
Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen,
Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site,
Göttingen, Germany
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8
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Optimization of culture conditions for the derivation and propagation of baboon (Papio anubis) induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193195. [PMID: 29494646 PMCID: PMC5832232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer the possibility of cell replacement therapies using patient-matched cells to treat otherwise intractable diseases and debilitations. To successfully realize this potential, several factors must be optimized including i) selection of the appropriate cell type and numbers to transplant, ii) determination of the means of transplantation and the location into which the transplanted cells should be delivered, and iii) demonstration of the safety and efficacy of the cell replacement protocol to mitigate each targeted disease state. A majority of diseases or debilitations likely to be targeted by cell-based therapeutic approaches represent complex conditions or physiologies manifest predominantly in primates including humans. Nonhuman primates afford the most clinically relevant model system for biomedical studies and testing of cell-based therapies. Baboons have 92% genomic similarity with humans overall and especially significant similarities in their immunogenetic system, rendering this species a particularly valuable model for testing procedures involving cell transplants into living individuals. To maximize the utility of the baboon model, standardized protocols must be developed for the derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells from living adults and the long-term maintenance of these cells in culture. Here we tested four commercially available culture systems (ReproFF, mTeSR1, E8 and Pluristem) for competence to maintain baboon iPSCs in a pluripotent state over multiple passages, and to support the derivation of new lines of baboon iPSCs. Of these four media only Pluristem was able to maintain baboon pluripotency as assessed by morphological characteristics, immunocytochemistry and RT-qPCR. Pluristem also facilitated the derivation of new lines of iPSCs from adult baboon somatic cells, which had previously not been accomplished. We derived multiple iPS cell lines from adult baboon peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured in Pluristem. These were validated by expression of the pluripotency markers OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, SSEA4 and TRA181, as well as the ability to differentiate into tissues from all three germ layers when injected into immunocompromised mice. These findings further advance the utility of the baboon as an ideal preclinical model system for optimizing iPS cell-based, patient-specific replacement therapies in humans.
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9
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Niu Y, Li T, Ji W. Paving the road for biomedicine: genome editing and stem cells in primates. Natl Sci Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwx094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Niu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Tianqing Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Weizhi Ji
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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Abstract
Chimaeras are both monsters of the ancient imagination and a long-established research tool. Recent advances, particularly those dealing with the identification and generation of various kinds of stem cells, have broadened the repertoire and utility of mammalian interspecies chimaeras and carved out new paths towards understanding fundamental biology as well as potential clinical applications.
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Pluripotency of embryo-derived stem cells from rodents, lagomorphs, and primates: Slippery slope, terrace and cliff. Stem Cell Res 2017; 19:104-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Grow DA, Simmons DV, Gomez JA, Wanat MJ, McCarrey JR, Paladini CA, Navara CS. Differentiation and Characterization of Dopaminergic Neurons From Baboon Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1133-44. [PMID: 27343168 PMCID: PMC4996432 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : The progressive death of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta is the principal cause of symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Stem cells have potential therapeutic use in replacing these cells and restoring function. To facilitate development of this approach, we sought to establish a preclinical model based on a large nonhuman primate for testing the efficacy and safety of stem cell-based transplantation. To this end, we differentiated baboon fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (biPSCs) into dopaminergic neurons with the application of specific morphogens and growth factors. We confirmed that biPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons resemble those found in the human midbrain based on cell type-specific expression of dopamine markers TH and GIRK2. Using the reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we also showed that biPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons express PAX6, FOXA2, LMX1A, NURR1, and TH genes characteristic of this cell type in vivo. We used perforated patch-clamp electrophysiology to demonstrate that biPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons fired spontaneous rhythmic action potentials and high-frequency action potentials with spike frequency adaption upon injection of depolarizing current. Finally, we showed that biPSC-derived neurons released catecholamines in response to electrical stimulation. These results demonstrate the utility of the baboon model for testing and optimizing the efficacy and safety of stem cell-based therapeutic approaches for the treatment of PD. SIGNIFICANCE Functional dopamine neurons were produced from baboon induced pluripotent stem cells, and their properties were compared to baboon midbrain cells in vivo. The baboon has advantages as a clinically relevant model in which to optimize the efficacy and safety of stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. Baboons possess crucial neuroanatomical and immunological similarities to humans, and baboon pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated into functional neurons that mimic those in the human brain, thus laying the foundation for the utility of the baboon model for evaluating stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Grow
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA; San Antonio Cellular Therapeutics Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA; University of Texas at San Antonio Neurosciences Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - DeNard V Simmons
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA; University of Texas at San Antonio Neurosciences Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jorge A Gomez
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA; University of Texas at San Antonio Neurosciences Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew J Wanat
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA; University of Texas at San Antonio Neurosciences Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - John R McCarrey
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA; San Antonio Cellular Therapeutics Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Carlos A Paladini
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA; University of Texas at San Antonio Neurosciences Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher S Navara
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA; San Antonio Cellular Therapeutics Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA;
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Izpisua Belmonte JC, Callaway EM, Caddick SJ, Churchland P, Feng G, Homanics GE, Lee KF, Leopold DA, Miller CT, Mitchell JF, Mitalipov S, Moutri AR, Movshon JA, Okano H, Reynolds JH, Ringach D, Sejnowski TJ, Silva AC, Strick PL, Wu J, Zhang F. Brains, genes, and primates. Neuron 2015; 86:617-31. [PMID: 25950631 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the great strengths of the mouse model is the wide array of genetic tools that have been developed. Striking examples include methods for directed modification of the genome, and for regulated expression or inactivation of genes. Within neuroscience, it is now routine to express reporter genes, neuronal activity indicators, and opsins in specific neuronal types in the mouse. However, there are considerable anatomical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral differences between the mouse and the human that, in some areas of inquiry, limit the degree to which insights derived from the mouse can be applied to understanding human neurobiology. Several recent advances have now brought into reach the goal of applying these tools to understanding the primate brain. Here we describe these advances, consider their potential to advance our understanding of the human brain and brain disorders, discuss bioethical considerations, and describe what will be needed to move forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Edward M Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sarah J Caddick
- The Gatsby Charitable Foundation, The Peak, 5 Wilton Road, London SW1V 1AP, UK
| | - Patricia Churchland
- Department of Philosophy, University of California, San Diego, 1500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Guoping Feng
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gregg E Homanics
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology and Department of Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 6060 Biomedical Science Tower 3, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kuo-Fen Lee
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David A Leopold
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20192, USA
| | - Cory T Miller
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jude F Mitchell
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Meliora Hall, Box 270268, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0268, USA
| | - Shoukhrat Mitalipov
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 S.W. Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Alysson R Moutri
- School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - J Anthony Movshon
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, Brain Science Institute RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - John H Reynolds
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Dario Ringach
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Psychology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 92093, USA
| | - Terrence J Sejnowski
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Afonso C Silva
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, MSC 1065, Building 49, Room 3A72, Bethesda, MD 20892-1065, USA
| | - Peter L Strick
- Brain Institute and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 7 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 7 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Analysis of essential pathways for self-renewal in common marmoset embryonic stem cells. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:213-9. [PMID: 24649403 PMCID: PMC3958738 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Common marmoset (CM) is widely recognized as a useful non-human primate for disease modeling and preclinical studies. Thus, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from CM have potential as an appropriate cell source to test human regenerative medicine using human ESCs. CM ESCs have been established by us and other groups, and can be cultured in vitro. However, the growth factors and downstream pathways for self-renewal of CM ESCs are largely unknown. In this study, we found that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) rather than leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) promoted CM ESC self-renewal via the activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT) pathway on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeders. Moreover, bFGF and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathways cooperatively maintained the undifferentiated state of CM ESCs under feeder-free condition. Our findings may improve the culture techniques of CM ESCs and facilitate their use as a preclinical experimental resource for human regenerative medicine.
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Key Words
- AKT, protein kinase B
- CM, common marmoset
- Common marmoset
- EB, embryoid body
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- ESCs, embryonic stem cells
- Embryonic stem cells
- EpiSCs, epiblast stem cells
- FCM, flow cytometry
- JAK, janus kinase
- KSR, knockout serum replacement
- LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor
- MEFs, mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- MEK, mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- SMAD2/3, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2/3
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Self-renewal
- TGFβ
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- bFGF
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells
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15
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Ben-Yehudah A, Campanaro BM, Wakefield LM, Kinney TN, Brekosky J, Eisinger VM, Castro CA, Carlisle DL. Nicotine exposure during differentiation causes inhibition of N-myc expression. Respir Res 2013; 14:119. [PMID: 24499207 PMCID: PMC3828478 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of chemicals to disrupt neonatal development can be studied using embryonic stem cells (ESC). One such chemical is nicotine. Prenatal nicotine exposure is known to affect postnatal lung function, although the mechanisms by which it has this effect are not clear. Since fibroblasts are a critical component of the developing lung, providing structure and secreting paracrine factors that are essential to epithelialization, this study focuses on the differentiation of ESC into fibroblasts using a directed differentiation protocol. Methods Fibroblasts obtained from non-human primate ESC (nhpESC) differentiation were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, immunostaining, Affymetrix gene expression array, qPCR, and immunoblotting. Results Results of these analyses demonstrated that although nhpESCs differentiate into fibroblasts in the presence of nicotine and appear normal by some measures, including H&E and SMA staining, they have an altered gene expression profile. Network analysis of expression changes demonstrated an over-representation of cell-cycle related genes with downregulation of N-myc as a central regulator in the pathway. Further investigation demonstrated that cells differentiated in the presence of nicotine had decreased N-myc mRNA and protein expression and longer doubling times, a biological effect consistent with downregulation of N-myc. Conclusions This study is the first to use primate ESC to demonstrate that nicotine can affect cellular differentiation from pluripotency into fibroblasts, and in particular, mediate N-myc expression in differentiating ESCs. Given the crucial role of fibroblasts throughout the body, this has important implications for the effect of cigarette smoke exposure on human development not only in the lung, but in organogenesis in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Diane L Carlisle
- Division of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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16
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Navara CS, Hornecker J, Grow D, Chaudhari S, Hornsby PJ, Ichida JK, Eggan K, McCarrey JR. Derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells from the baboon: a nonhuman primate model for preclinical testing of stem cell therapies. Cell Reprogram 2013; 15:495-502. [PMID: 24182315 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2012.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of effective pluripotent stem cell-based therapies will require safety and efficacy testing in a clinically relevant preclinical model such as nonhuman primates (NHPs). Baboons and macaques are equally similar to humans genetically and both have been extensively used for biomedical research. Macaques are preferred for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) research whereas baboons are preferred for transplantation studies because of the greater similarity of their anatomy and immunogenetic system to those of humans. We generated four induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from skin cells of the olive baboon (Papio anubis). Each line shows the distinct morphology of primate pluripotent stem cells, including flat colonies with well-defined borders and a high nuclear/cytoplasm ratio. Each is positive for the pluripotency markers OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and SSEA4. Pluripotency was confirmed in two lines by teratoma formation with representative tissues from each germ layer, whereas a third produced cells from all three germ layers following embryoid body differentiation. Three lines have a normal male karyotype and the fourth is missing the short arm of one copy of chromosome 18. This may serve as an in vitro model for the human developmental disorder 18p-, which impacts 1 in 50,000 births/year. These iPSC lines represent the first step toward establishing the baboon as a NHP model for developing stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Navara
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX 78249
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17
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Erdem A, Duruksu G, Congur G, Karaoz E. Genomagnetic assay for electrochemical detection of osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells. Analyst 2013; 138:5424-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00912b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Shi Q, Hodara V, Simerly CR, Schatten GP, VandeBerg JL. Ex vivo reconstitution of arterial endothelium by embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial progenitor cells in baboons. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 22:631-42. [PMID: 22931470 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing need for an animal model that can be used to translate basic research into clinical therapy. We documented the differentiation and functional competence of embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived endothelial cells in baboons. Baboon angioblasts were sequentially differentiated from embryoid body cultures for 9 days in an angioblast differentiation medium with varying concentrations of BMP-4, FLT-3 ligand, stem cell factor, thrombopoietin, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and knockout serum replacement. Real-time polymerase chain reaction results showed that ESC-derived angioblasts downregulated NANOG and OCT3/4, upregulated T-brachyury and GATA2, and moderately expressed CD34; they did not express CD144, TEK, or VWF, and varied in levels of CD31 expression. Several populations of putative angioblasts appeared 3 days and 9 days after differentiation, as identified by flow cytometry. Angioblasts at this stage exhibited dual paths of differentiation toward hematopoietic and vascular fates. To examine whether derived angioblasts could reconstitute the endothelium, we built an ex vivo culture system and seeded fluorescently labeled angioblast cultures onto a denuded segment of the femoral artery. We found that the seeded cells were able to grow into the endothelium on the interior surface of denuded artery segments within 5 days after seeding. After 14 days of ex vivo culture, the transplanted cells expressed CD31, an endothelial marker. The control arteries, seeded with vehicle only, did not harbor cells with endothelial markers. We conclude that ESC-derived angioblasts are promising therapeutic agents for repairing damaged vasculature, and that the baboon model will be vital for optimizing therapies for human clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245-0549, USA.
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19
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Simerly C, McFarland D, Castro C, Lin CC, Redinger C, Jacoby E, Mich-Basso J, Orwig K, Mills P, Ahrens E, Navara C, Schatten G. Interspecies chimera between primate embryonic stem cells and mouse embryos: monkey ESCs engraft into mouse embryos, but not post-implantation fetuses. Stem Cell Res 2011; 7:28-40. [PMID: 21543277 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unequivocal evidence for pluripotency in which embryonic stem cells contribute to chimeric offspring has yet to be demonstrated in human or nonhuman primates (NHPs). Here, rhesus and baboons ESCs were investigated in interspecific mouse chimera generated by aggregation or blastocyst injection. Aggregation chimera produced mouse blastocysts with GFP-nhpESCs at the inner cell mass (ICM), and embryo transfers (ETs) generated dimly-fluorescencing abnormal fetuses. Direct injection of GFP-nhpESCs into blastocysts produced normal non-GFP-fluorescencing fetuses. Injected chimera showed >70% loss of GFP-nhpESCs after 21 h culture. Outgrowths of all chimeric blastocysts established distinct but separate mouse- and NHP-ESC colonies. Extensive endogenous autofluorescence compromised anti-GFP detection and PCR analysis did not detect nhpESCs in fetuses. NhpESCs localize to the ICM in chimera and generate pregnancies. Because primate ESCs do not engraft post-implantation, and also because endogenous autofluorescence results in misleading positive signals, interspecific chimera assays for pluripotency with primate stem cells is unreliable with the currently available ESCs. Testing primate ESCs reprogrammed into even more naïve states in these inter-specific chimera assays will be an important future endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Simerly
- Division of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh Development Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute and Foundation, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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20
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Wianny F, Bourillot PY, Dehay C. Embryonic stem cells in non-human primates: An overview of neural differentiation potential. Differentiation 2011; 81:142-52. [PMID: 21296479 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) embryonic stem (ES) cells show unlimited proliferative capacities and a great potential to generate multiple cell lineages. These properties make them an ideal resource both for investigating early developmental processes and for assessing their therapeutic potential in numerous models of degenerative diseases. They share the same markers and the same properties with human ES cells, and thus provide an invaluable transitional model that can be used to address the safety issues related to the clinical use of human ES cells. Here, we review the available information on the derivation and the specific features of monkey ES cells. We comment on the capacity of primate ES cells to differentiate into neural lineages and the current protocols to generate self-renewing neural stem cells. We also highlight the signalling pathways involved in the maintenance of these neural cell types. Finally, we discuss the potential of monkey ES cells for neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Wianny
- Inserm, U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, 18 Avenue Doyen Lépine, 69500 Bron, France.
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21
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Chang TC, Liu YG, Eddy CA, Jacoby ES, Binkley PA, Brzyski RG, Schenken RS. Derivation and characterization of novel nonhuman primate embryonic stem cell lines from in vitro-fertilized baboon preimplantation embryos. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 20:1053-62. [PMID: 20874104 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of nonhuman primate (NHP) embryonic stem cell (ESC) models holds great promise for cell-mediated treatment of debilitating diseases and to address numerous unanswered questions regarding the therapeutic efficacy of ESCs while supplanting ethical considerations involved with human studies. Here we report successful establishment and characterization of 3 novel baboon (Papio cynocephalus) ESC lines from the inner cell mass of intracytoplasmic sperm injection-derived blastocysts. Embryos were cultured in an improved baboon embryo in vitro culture protocol. The inner cell mass of blastocyst was laser-dissected and plated on mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder cell monolayer in the NHP ESC culture medium. Three cell lines with characteristic ESC morphology have been cultured through an extended period (>14 months), with 2 male cell lines (UT-1 and -2) and 1 female cell line (UT-3) displaying normal baboon karyotypes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed that all 3 lines express primate ESC pluripotency markers, including OCT-4, NANOG, SOX-2, TERT, TDGF, LEFTYA, and REX-1. All 3 lines demonstrated positive immunocytochemical staining for OCT-4, stage-specific embryonic antigen-3, stage-specific embryonic antigen-4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81. Baboon ESCs injected into NOD/SCID mice formed teratomas with all 3 germ layers. In addition, embryoid body-like spherical structures were derived and initial outgrowth was observed when embedded into extracellular matrix Matrigel. The ESC lines established in this NHP model have the potential to extend our knowledge in the fields of developmental biology, regenerative medicine, and future applications, including preclinical safety assessment of in vivo stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Cheng Chang
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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22
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Systems biology discoveries using non-human primate pluripotent stem and germ cells: novel gene and genomic imprinting interactions as well as unique expression patterns. Stem Cell Res Ther 2010; 1:24. [PMID: 20699013 PMCID: PMC2941116 DOI: 10.1186/scrt24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of pluripotent stem cells has generated much interest in both biology and medicine. Understanding the fundamentals of biological decisions, including what permits a cell to maintain pluripotency, that is, its ability to self-renew and thereby remain immortal, or to differentiate into multiple types of cells, is of profound importance. For clinical applications, pluripotent cells, including both embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells, have been proposed for cell replacement therapy for a number of human diseases and disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, spinal cord injury and diabetes. One challenge in their usage for such therapies is understanding the mechanisms that allow the maintenance of pluripotency and controlling the specific differentiation into required functional target cells. Because of regulatory restrictions and biological feasibilities, there are many crucial investigations that are just impossible to perform using pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) from humans (for example, direct comparisons among panels of inbred embryonic stem cells from prime embryos obtained from pedigreed and fertile donors; genomic analysis of parent versus progeny PSCs and their identical differentiated tissues; intraspecific chimera analyses for pluripotency testing; and so on). However, PSCs from nonhuman primates are being investigated to bridge these knowledge gaps between discoveries in mice and vital information necessary for appropriate clinical evaluations. In this review, we consider the mRNAs and novel genes with unique expression and imprinting patterns that were discovered using systems biology approaches with primate pluripotent stem and germ cells.
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23
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Simerly CR, Castro CA, Jacoby E, Grund K, Turpin J, McFarland D, Champagne J, Jimenez JB, Frost P, Bauer C, Hewitson L, Schatten G. Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) with baboons generate live offspring: a nonhuman primate model for ART and reproductive sciences. Reprod Sci 2010; 17:917-30. [PMID: 20631291 DOI: 10.1177/1933719110374114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human reproduction has benefited significantly by investigating nonhuman primate (NHP) models, especially rhesus macaques. To expand the Old World monkey species available for human reproductive studies, we present protocols in baboons, our closest Old World primate relatives, for assisted reproductive technologies (ART) leading to live born offspring. Baboons complement rhesus by confirming or modifying observations generated in humans often obtained by the study of clinically discarded specimens donated by anonymous infertility patient couples. Here, baboon ART protocols, including oocyte collection, in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), preimplantation development to blastocyst stage, and embryo transfer techniques are described. With baboon ART methodologies in place, motility during baboon fertilization was investigated by time-lapse video microscopy (TLVM). The first ART baboons produced by ICSI, a pair of male twins, were delivered naturally at 165 days postgestation. Genetic testing of these twins confirmed their ART parental origins and demonstrated that they are unrelated fraternal twins not identicals. These results have implications for ART outcomes, embryonic stem cell (ESC) derivation, and reproductive sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin R Simerly
- Division of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Pittsburgh Development Center; Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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