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Larey AM, Spoerer TM, Daga KR, Morfin MG, Hynds HM, Carpenter J, Hines KM, Marklein RA. High throughput screening of mesenchymal stromal cell morphological response to inflammatory signals for bioreactor-based manufacturing of extracellular vesicles that modulate microglia. Bioact Mater 2024; 37:153-171. [PMID: 38549769 PMCID: PMC10972802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to their immunomodulatory function, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising therapeutic with the potential to treat neuroinflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases. This function is mediated by secreted extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs). Despite established safety, MSC clinical translation has been unsuccessful due to inconsistent clinical outcomes resulting from functional heterogeneity. Current approaches to mitigate functional heterogeneity include 'priming' MSCs with inflammatory signals to enhance function. However, comprehensive evaluation of priming and its effects on MSC-EV function has not been performed. Furthermore, clinical translation of MSC-EV therapies requires significant manufacturing scale-up, yet few studies have investigated the effects of priming in bioreactors. As MSC morphology has been shown to predict their immunomodulatory function, we screened MSC morphological response to an array of priming signals and evaluated MSC-EV identity and potency in response to priming in flasks and bioreactors. We identified unique priming conditions corresponding to distinct morphologies. These conditions demonstrated a range of MSC-EV preparation quality and lipidome, allowing us to discover a novel MSC-EV manufacturing condition, as well as gain insight into potential mechanisms of MSC-EV microglia modulation. Our novel screening approach and application of priming to MSC-EV bioreactor manufacturing informs refinement of larger-scale manufacturing and enhancement of MSC-EV function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Larey
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Thomas M. Spoerer
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kanupriya R. Daga
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Maria G. Morfin
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hannah M. Hynds
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jana Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kelly M. Hines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ross A. Marklein
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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2
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Kannan S, Gokul Krishna S, Gupta PK, Kolkundkar UK. Advantages of pooling of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells from different donors versus single-donor MSCs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12654. [PMID: 38825595 PMCID: PMC11144708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62544-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) from adult bone marrow are the most commonly used cells in clinical trials. MSCs from single donors are the preferred starting material but suffer from a major setback of being heterogeneous that results in unpredictable and inconsistent clinical outcomes. To overcome this, we developed a method of pooling MSCs from different donors and created cell banks to cater clinical needs. Initially, the master cell banks (MCBs) were created at passage 1 (P1) from the bone marrow MSCs isolated from of nine different donors. At this stage, MCBs from three different donors were mixed in equal proportion and expanded till P3 to create working cell banks. Further, the pooled cells and individual donor MSCs were expanded till P5 and cryopreserved and extensively characterised. There was a large heterogeneity among the individual donor MSCs in terms of growth kinetics (90% Coefficient of variation (CV) for cell yield and 44% CV for population doubling time at P5), immunosuppressive ability (30% CV at 1:1 and 300% CV at 1:10 ratio), and the angiogenic factor secretion potential (20% CV for VEGF and71% CV for SDF-1). Comparatively, the pooled cells have more stable profiles (60% CV for cell yield and 7% CV for population doubling time at P5) and exhibit better immunosuppressive ability (15% CV at 1:1 and 32% CV at 1:10 ratio ) and consistent secretion of angiogenic factors (16% CV for VEGF and 51% CV for SDF-1). Further pooling does not compromise the trilineage differentiation capacity or phenotypic marker expression of the MSCs. The senescence and in vitro tumourigenicity characteristics of the pooled cells are also similar to those of individual donor MSCs. We conclude that pooling of MSCs from three different donors reduces heterogeneity among individual donors and produces MSCs with a consistent secretion and higher immunosuppressive profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kannan
- Stempeutics Research Pvt Ltd, 3rd Floor, Manipal Hospitals Whitefield Pvt. Ltd., #143, EPIP Industrial Area, ITPL Main Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 048, India.
| | - S Gokul Krishna
- Stempeutics Research Pvt Ltd, 3rd Floor, Manipal Hospitals Whitefield Pvt. Ltd., #143, EPIP Industrial Area, ITPL Main Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 048, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Gupta
- Stempeutics Research Pvt Ltd, 3rd Floor, Manipal Hospitals Whitefield Pvt. Ltd., #143, EPIP Industrial Area, ITPL Main Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 048, India
| | - Uday Kumar Kolkundkar
- Stempeutics Research Pvt Ltd, 3rd Floor, Manipal Hospitals Whitefield Pvt. Ltd., #143, EPIP Industrial Area, ITPL Main Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 048, India
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Shen J, Wu L, Shi X, Chen G, Liu T, Xu F, Xu X, Kou X, Zhao Y, Wang H, Wang C, Gao S, Xu S. Transplantation of the LRP1 high subpopulation of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells improves ovarian function in mice with premature ovarian failure and aged mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:64. [PMID: 38438896 PMCID: PMC10913679 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature ovarian failure (POF) has a profound impact on female reproductive and psychological health. In recent years, the transplantation of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) has demonstrated unprecedented potential in the treatment of POF. However, the heterogeneity of human UC-MSCs remains a challenge for their large-scale clinical application. Therefore, it is imperative to identify specific subpopulations within UC-MSCs that possess the capability to improve ovarian function, with the aim of reducing the uncertainty arising from the heterogeneity while achieving more effective treatment of POF. METHODS 10 × Genomics was performed to investigate the heterogeneity of human UC-MSCs. We used LRP1 as a marker and distinguished the potential therapeutic subpopulation by flow cytometry, and determined its secretory functions. Unsorted UC-MSCs, LRP1high and LRP1low subpopulation was transplanted under the ovarian capsules of aged mice and CTX-induced POF mice, and therapeutic effects was evaluated by assessing hormone levels, estrous cycles, follicle counts, and embryo numbers. RNA sequencing on mouse oocytes and granulosa cells after transplantation was performed to explore the mechanism of LRP1high subpopulation on mouse oocytes and granulosa cells. RESULTS We identified three distinct functional subtypes, including mesenchymal stem cells, multilymphoid progenitor cells and trophoblasts. Additionally, we identified the LRP1high subpopulation, which improved ovarian function in aged and POF mice. We elucidated the unique secretory functions of the LRP1high subpopulation, capable of secreting various chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors. Furthermore, LRP1 plays a crucial role in regulating the ovarian microenvironment, including tissue repair and extracellular matrix remodeling. Consistent with its functions, the transcriptomes of oocytes and granulosa cells after transplantation revealed that the LRP1high subpopulation improves ovarian function by modulating the extracellular matrix of oocytes, NAD metabolism, and mitochondrial function in granulosa cells. CONCLUSION Through exploration of the heterogeneity of UC-MSCs, we identified the LRP1high subpopulation capable of improving ovarian function in aged and POF mice by secreting various factors and remodeling the extracellular matrix. This study provides new insights into the targeted exploration of human UC-MSCs in the precise treatment of POF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Li Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xiaoying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Tongji, 200092, China
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Tingwei Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Fangfang Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaocui Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaochen Kou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yanhong Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chenfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Tongji, 200092, China
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Shaohua Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Shanbhag S, Al-Sharabi N, Kampleitner C, Mohamed-Ahmed S, Kristoffersen EK, Tangl S, Mustafa K, Gruber R, Sanz M. The use of mesenchymal stromal cell secretome to enhance guided bone regeneration in comparison with leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin. Clin Oral Implants Res 2024; 35:141-154. [PMID: 37964421 DOI: 10.1111/clr.14205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Secretomes of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) represent a novel strategy for growth-factor delivery for tissue regeneration. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of adjunctive use of conditioned media of bone-marrow MSC (MSC-CM) with collagen barrier membranes vs. adjunctive use of conditioned media of leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF-CM), a current growth-factor therapy, for guided bone regeneration (GBR). METHODS MSC-CM and PRF-CM prepared from healthy human donors were subjected to proteomic analysis using mass spectrometry and multiplex immunoassay. Collagen membranes functionalized with MSC-CM or PRF-CM were applied on critical-size rat calvaria defects and new bone formation was assessed via three-dimensional (3D) micro-CT analysis of total defect volume (2 and 4 weeks) and 2D histomorphometric analysis of central defect regions (4 weeks). RESULTS While both MSC-CM and PRF-CM revealed several bone-related proteins, differentially expressed proteins, especially extracellular matrix components, were increased in MSC-CM. In rat calvaria defects, micro-CT revealed greater total bone coverage in the MSC-CM group after 2 and 4 weeks. Histologically, both groups showed a combination of regular new bone and 'hybrid' new bone, which was formed within the membrane compartment and characterized by incorporation of mineralized collagen fibers. Histomorphometry in central defect sections revealed greater hybrid bone area in the MSC-CM group, while the total new bone area was similar between groups. CONCLUSION Based on the in vitro and in vivo investigations herein, functionalization of membranes with MSC-CM represents a promising strategy to enhance GBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Shanbhag
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Niyaz Al-Sharabi
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Carina Kampleitner
- Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, Division of Oral Surgery, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Samih Mohamed-Ahmed
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Einar K Kristoffersen
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefan Tangl
- Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, Division of Oral Surgery, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mariano Sanz
- ETEP Research Group, Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Larey AM, Spoerer TM, Daga KR, Morfin MG, Hynds HM, Carpenter J, Hines KM, Marklein RA. High throughput screening of mesenchymal stromal cell morphological response to inflammatory signals for bioreactor-based manufacturing of extracellular vesicles that modulate microglia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.19.567730. [PMID: 38014258 PMCID: PMC10680807 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.19.567730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to their immunomodulatory function, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising therapeutic with the potential to treat neuroinflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases. This function can be mediated by secreted extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs). Despite established safety, MSC clinical translation has been unsuccessful due to inconsistent clinical outcomes resulting from functional heterogeneity. Current approaches to mitigate functional heterogeneity include 'priming' MSCs with inflammatory signals to enhance function. However, comprehensive evaluation of priming and its effects on MSC-EV function has not been performed. Clinical translation of MSC-EV therapies requires significant manufacturing scale-up, yet few studies have investigated the effects of priming in bioreactors. As MSC morphology has been shown to predict their immunomodulatory function, we screened MSC morphological response to an array of priming signals and evaluated MSC-EV identity and potency in response to priming in flasks and bioreactors. We identified unique priming conditions corresponding to distinct morphologies. These conditions demonstrated a range of MSC-EV preparation quality and lipidome, allowing us to discover a novel MSC-EV manufacturing condition, as well as gain insight into potential mechanisms of MSC-EV microglia modulation. Our novel screening approach and application of priming to MSC-EV bioreactor manufacturing informs refinement of larger-scale manufacturing and enhancement of MSC-EV function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Larey
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Thomas M. Spoerer
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kanupriya R. Daga
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Maria G. Morfin
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hannah M. Hynds
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jana Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kelly M. Hines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ross A. Marklein
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Ma S, Xing X, Huang H, Gao X, Xu X, Yang J, Liao C, Zhang X, Liu J, Tian W, Liao L. Skeletal muscle-derived extracellular vesicles transport glycolytic enzymes to mediate muscle-to-bone crosstalk. Cell Metab 2023; 35:2028-2043.e7. [PMID: 37939660 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Identification of cues originating from skeletal muscle that govern bone formation is essential for understanding the crosstalk between muscle and bone and for developing therapies for degenerative bone diseases. Here, we identified that skeletal muscle secreted multiple extracellular vesicles (Mu-EVs). These Mu-EVs traveled through the bloodstream to reach bone, where they were phagocytized by bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSCs). Mu-EVs promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and protected against disuse osteoporosis in mice. The quantity and bioactivity of Mu-EVs were tightly correlated with the function of skeletal muscle. Proteomic analysis revealed numerous proteins in Mu-EVs, some potentially regulating bone metabolism, especially glycolysis. Subsequent investigations indicated that Mu-EVs promoted the glycolysis of BMSCs by delivering lactate dehydrogenase A into these cells. In summary, these findings reveal that Mu-EVs play a vital role in BMSC metabolism regulation and bone formation stimulation, offering a promising approach for treating disuse osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaotao Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; Laboratory Center of Stomatology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Haisen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Chengcheng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinglun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Li Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Bispo DSC, Jesus CSH, Romek K, Marques IMC, Oliveira MB, Mano JF, Gil AM. An Intracellular Metabolic Signature as a Potential Donor-Independent Marker of the Osteogenic Differentiation of Adipose Tissue Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233745. [PMID: 36497004 PMCID: PMC9739047 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes an untargeted NMR metabolomics study to identify potential intracellular donor-dependent and donor-independent metabolic markers of proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human adipose mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs). The hAMSCs of two donors with distinct proliferating/osteogenic characteristics were fully characterized regarding their polar endometabolome during proliferation and osteogenesis. An 18-metabolites signature (including changes in alanine, aspartate, proline, tyrosine, ATP, and ADP, among others) was suggested to be potentially descriptive of cell proliferation, independently of the donor. In addition, a set of 11 metabolites was proposed to compose a possible donor-independent signature of osteogenesis, mostly involving changes in taurine, glutathione, methylguanidine, adenosine, inosine, uridine, and creatine/phosphocreatine, choline/phosphocholine and ethanolamine/phosphocholine ratios. The proposed signatures were validated for a third donor, although they require further validation in a larger donor cohort. We believe that this proof of concept paves the way to exploit metabolic markers to monitor (and potentially predict) cell proliferation and the osteogenic ability of different donors.
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8
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Pandey V, Madi S, Gupta P. The promising role of autologous and allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells in managing knee osteoarthritis. What is beyond Mesenchymal stromal cells? J Clin Orthop Trauma 2022; 26:101804. [PMID: 35242531 PMCID: PMC8857498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2022.101804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) express a wide range of properties anticipated to be beneficial for treating genetic, mechanical, and age-related degeneration in diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA). Although contemporary conservative management of OA is successful in many patients with mild-moderate OA, it often fails to improve symptoms in many patients who are not a candidate for any surgical management. Further, existing conservative treatment strategies do not prevent the progression of the disease and therefore fail to provide a long-term pain-free life. On the other hand, tremendous progress has been taking place in the exciting field of regenerative medicine involving MSCs (autologous and allogeneic), with promising translation taking place from basic science to the bedside. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the potential role of MSCs in treating OA, both autologous and off-the-shelf, allogeneic stem cells. Further, newer therapies are in the offing to treat OA, such as exosomes and growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Pandey
- Sports Injury and Arthroscopy Division, Orthopaedics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India,Corresponding author. Sports injury and arthroscopy division, Orthopaedics, Kasturba medical college, Manipal. Manipal academy of Higher education, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | - Sandesh Madi
- Sports Injury and Arthroscopy Division, Orthopaedics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Pawan Gupta
- Stempeutics Research Pvt. Ltd, Manipal Hospital, Whitefield, Banaglore, 560048, India
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9
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Andrews SH, Klinker MW, Bauer SR, Marklein RA. Morphological landscapes from high content imaging reveal cytokine priming strategies that enhance mesenchymal stromal cell immunosuppression. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:361-375. [PMID: 34716713 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Successful clinical translation of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) products has not been achieved in the United States and may be in large part due to MSC functional heterogeneity. Efforts have been made to identify "priming" conditions that produce MSCs with consistent immunomodulatory function; however, challenges remain with predicting and understanding how priming impacts MSC behavior. The purpose of this study was to develop a high throughput, image-based approach to assess MSC morphology in response to combinatorial priming treatments and establish morphological profiling as an effective approach to screen the effect of manufacturing changes (i.e., priming) on MSC immunomodulation. We characterized the morphological response of multiple MSC lines/passages to an array of Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-⍺ (TNF-⍺) priming conditions, as well as the effects of priming on MSC modulation of activated T cells and MSC secretome. Although considerable functional heterogeneity, in terms of T-cell suppression, was observed between different MSC lines and at different passages, this heterogeneity was significantly reduced with combined IFN-γ/TNF-⍺ priming. The magnitude of this change correlated strongly with multiple morphological features and was also reflected by MSC secretion of immunomodulatory factors, for example, PGE2, ICAM-1, and CXCL16. Overall, this study further demonstrates the ability of priming to enhance MSC function, as well as the ability of morphology to better understand MSC heterogeneity and predict changes in function due to manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth H Andrews
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew W Klinker
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven R Bauer
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ross A Marklein
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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10
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Quality by design to define critical process parameters for mesenchymal stem cell expansion. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 50:107765. [PMID: 33961977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapeutic products could be the key to treat the deadliest current pathologies, ranging from neuro-degenerative to respiratory diseases. However, in order to bring these innovative therapeutics to a commercialization stage, reproducible manufacturing of high quality cell products is required. Although advances in cell culture techniques have led to more robust production processes and dramatically accelerated the development of early-phase clinical studies, challenges remain before regulatory approval, particularly to define and implement science-based quality standards (essential pre-requisites for national health agencies). In this regard, using new methodologies, such as Quality By Design (QBD), to build the production process around drug quality, could significantly reduce the chance of product rejection. This review-based work aims to perform a QBD approach to Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) manufacturing in standard two-dimensional flasks, using published studies which have determined the impact of individual process parameters on defined Critical Quality Attributes (CQA). Along with this bibliographic analysis, parameter criticality was determined during the two main manufacturing stages (cell extraction and cell amplification) along with an overall classification in view of identifying the Critical Process Parameters (CPP). The analysis was performed in view of an improved standardization between research teams, and should contribute to reduce the gap towards compliant Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) manufacturing.
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11
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Srinivasan A, Teo N, Poon KJ, Tiwari P, Ravichandran A, Wen F, Teoh SH, Lim TC, Toh YC. Comparative Craniofacial Bone Regeneration Capacities of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Human Neural Crest Stem Cells and Bone Marrow. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 7:207-221. [PMID: 33455206 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Most craniofacial bones are derived from the ectodermal germ layer via neural crest stem cells, which are distinct from mesoderm-derived long bones. However, current craniofacial bone tissue engineering approaches do not account for this difference and utilize mesoderm-derived bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) as a paradigm cell source. The effect of the embryonic origin (ontogeny) of an MSC population on its osteogenic differentiation potential and regenerative ability still remains unresolved. To clarify the effects of MSC ontogeny on bone regenerative ability, we directly compared the craniofacial bone regenerative abilities of an ecto-mesenchymal stem cell (eMSC) population, which is derived from human embryonic stem cells via a neural crest intermediate, with mesodermal adult BM-MSCs. eMSCs showed comparable osteogenic and chondrogenic ability to BM-MSCs in 2-D in vitro culture, but lower adipogenic ability. They exhibited greater proliferation than BM-MSCs and comparable construct mineralization in a well-established 3-D polycaprolactone-tricalcium phosphate (PCL-TCP) scaffold system in vitro. eMSC-derived 3D osteogenic constructs were maintained for longer in a proliferative osteoblast state and exhibited differential levels of genes related to fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling compared to BM-MSCs. Although both eMSC and BM-MSC-seeded scaffold constructs could promote bone regeneration in a rat calvarial defect model, eMSC-derived osseous constructs had significantly higher cellularity due to increased number of proliferative (Ki67+) cells than those seeded with BM-MSCs, and exhibited enhanced new bone formation in the defect area as compared to untreated controls. Overall, our study demonstrates the potential of human eMSCs for future clinical use in craniofacial regeneration applications and indicates the importance of considering MSC origin when selecting an MSC source for regenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, #04-08, Singapore, 117583.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119288.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), National University of Singapore, DSO (Kent Ridge), 27 Medical Drive, #04-01, Singapore, 117510
| | - Nelson Teo
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228
| | - Kei Jun Poon
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228
| | - Priya Tiwari
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228
| | - Akhilandeshwari Ravichandran
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering & Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459.,School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Feng Wen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering & Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459
| | - Swee Hin Teoh
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering & Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459
| | - Thiam Chye Lim
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228.,Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, #04-08, Singapore, 117583.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), National University of Singapore, DSO (Kent Ridge), 27 Medical Drive, #04-01, Singapore, 117510.,School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.,Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
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12
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An immortalized human adipose-derived stem cell line with highly enhanced chondrogenic properties. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 530:252-258. [PMID: 32828295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are a commonly used cell type for cartilage tissue engineering. However, donor-to-donor variability, cell heterogeneity, inconsistent chondrogenic potential, and limited expansion potential can hinder the use of these cells for modeling chondrogenesis, in vitro screening of drugs and treatments for joint diseases, or translational applications for tissue engineered cartilage repair. The goal of this study was to create an immortalized ASC line that showed enhanced and consistent chondrogenic potential for applications in cartilage tissue engineering as well as to provide a platform for investigation of biological and mechanobiological pathways involved in cartilage homeostasis and disease. Starting with the ASC52telo cell line, a hTERT-immortalized ASC line, we used lentivirus to overexpress SOX9, a master regulator of chondrogenesis, and screened several clonal populations of SOX9 overexpressing cells to form a new stable cell line with high chondrogenic potential. One clonal line, named ASC52telo-SOX9, displayed increased GAG and type II collagen synthesis and was found to be responsive to both mechanical and inflammatory stimuli in a manner similar to native chondrocytes. The development of a clonal line such as ASC52telo-SOX9 has the potential to be a powerful tool for studying cartilage homeostasis and disease mechanisms in vitro, and potentially as a platform for in vitro drug screening for diseases that affect articular cartilage. Our findings provide an approach for the development of other immortalized cell lines with improved chondrogenic capabilities in ASCs or other adult stem cells.
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13
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Castilla-Casadiego DA, Reyes-Ramos AM, Domenech M, Almodovar J. Effects of Physical, Chemical, and Biological Stimulus on h-MSC Expansion and Their Functional Characteristics. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 48:519-535. [PMID: 31705365 PMCID: PMC6952531 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human adult mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (h-MSC) therapy has gained considerable attention due to the potential to treat or cure diseases given their immunosuppressive properties and tissue regeneration capabilities. Researchers have explored diverse strategies to promote high h-MSC production without losing functional characteristics or properties. Physical stimulus including stiffness, geometry, and topography, chemical stimulus, like varying the surface chemistry, and biochemical stimuli such as cytokines, hormones, small molecules, and herbal extracts have been studied but have yet to be translated to industrial manufacturing practice. In this review, we describe the role of those stimuli on h-MSC manufacturing, and how these stimuli positively promote h-MSC properties, impacting the cell manufacturing field for cell-based therapies. In addition, we discuss other process considerations such as bioreactor design, good manufacturing practice, and the importance of the cell donor and ethics factors for manufacturing potent h-MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Castilla-Casadiego
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 3202 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Ana M Reyes-Ramos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, PR, 00681-9000, USA
| | - Maribella Domenech
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, PR, 00681-9000, USA
| | - Jorge Almodovar
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 3202 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) show excellent therapeutic potentials in many preclinical studies and clinical trials. However, the clinical application of conventional tissue-derived MSCs faces challenges of limited scalability and high donor variations. To address these challenges, we established a protocol for deriving and characterizing MSCs from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with a theoretically limitless expandability. The iPSC-MSCs show biological properties comparable to or better than early passage bone marrow MSCs and can be scaled up to huge amounts with uniform properties.
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15
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Naji A, Eitoku M, Favier B, Deschaseaux F, Rouas-Freiss N, Suganuma N. Biological functions of mesenchymal stem cells and clinical implications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3323-3348. [PMID: 31055643 PMCID: PMC11105258 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are isolated from multiple biological tissues-adult bone marrow and adipose tissues and neonatal tissues such as umbilical cord and placenta. In vitro, MSCs show biological features of extensive proliferation ability and multipotency. Moreover, MSCs have trophic, homing/migration and immunosuppression functions that have been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. A number of clinical trials are using MSCs for therapeutic interventions in severe degenerative and/or inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease and graft-versus-host disease, alone or in combination with other drugs. MSCs are promising for therapeutic applications given the ease in obtaining them, their genetic stability, their poor immunogenicity and their curative properties for tissue repair and immunomodulation. The success of MSC therapy in degenerative and/or inflammatory diseases might depend on the robustness of the biological functions of MSCs, which should be linked to their therapeutic potency. Here, we outline the fundamental and advanced concepts of MSC biological features and underline the biological functions of MSCs in their basic and translational aspects in therapy for degenerative and/or inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Naji
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Cooperative Medicine Unit, Research and Education Faculty, Medicine Science Cluster, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-Cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Masamitsu Eitoku
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Cooperative Medicine Unit, Research and Education Faculty, Medicine Science Cluster, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-Cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Benoit Favier
- CEA, DRF-IBFJ, IDMIT, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Paris-Sud University, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Frédéric Deschaseaux
- STROMALab, Etablissement Français du Sang Occitanie, UMR 5273 CNRS, INSERM U1031, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Rouas-Freiss
- CEA, DRF-Francois Jacob Institute, Research Division in Hematology and Immunology (SRHI), Saint-Louis Hospital, IRSL, UMRS 976, Paris, France
| | - Narufumi Suganuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Cooperative Medicine Unit, Research and Education Faculty, Medicine Science Cluster, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-Cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
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16
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Naji A, Favier B, Deschaseaux F, Rouas-Freiss N, Eitoku M, Suganuma N. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell function in modulating cell death. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:56. [PMID: 30760307 PMCID: PMC6374902 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) delivered as cell therapy to individuals with degenerative and/or inflammatory disorders can help improve organ features and resolve inflammation, as demonstrated in preclinical studies and to some extent in clinical studies. MSCs have trophic, homing/migration, and immunosuppression functions, with many benefits in therapeutics. MSC functions are thought to depend on the paracrine action of soluble factors and/or the expression of membrane-bound molecules, mostly belonging to the molecular class of adhesion molecules, chemokines, enzymes, growth factors, and interleukins. Cutting-edge studies underline bioactive exchanges, including that of ions, nucleic acids, proteins, and organelles transferred from MSCs to stressed cells, thereby improving the cells' survival and function. From this aspect, MSC death modulation function appears as a decisive biological function that could carry a significant part of the therapeutic effects of MSCs. Identifying the function and modes of actions of MSCs in modulating cell death may be exploited to enhance consistency and efficiency of cell therapy that is based on MSCs as medical treatment for degenerative and/or inflammatory diseases. Here, we review the essentials of MSC functions in modulating cell death in unfit cells, and its modes of actions based on current advances and outline the clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Naji
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Cooperative Medicine Unit, Research and Education Faculty, Medicine Science Cluster, Kochi Medical School (KMS), Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-Cho, Nankoku City, Kochi Prefecture, 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Benoit Favier
- CEA-Université Paris Sud INSERM U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Frédéric Deschaseaux
- STROMALab, UMR 5273 CNRS, INSERM U1031, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) Occitanie, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Rouas-Freiss
- CEA, DRF-Institut Francois Jacob, Division de recherche en hématologie et immunologie (SRHI), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Masamitsu Eitoku
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Cooperative Medicine Unit, Research and Education Faculty, Medicine Science Cluster, Kochi Medical School (KMS), Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-Cho, Nankoku City, Kochi Prefecture, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Narufumi Suganuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Cooperative Medicine Unit, Research and Education Faculty, Medicine Science Cluster, Kochi Medical School (KMS), Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-Cho, Nankoku City, Kochi Prefecture, 783-8505, Japan.
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17
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Ni X, Tan Z, Ding C, Zhang C, Song L, Yang S, Liu M, Jia R, Zhao C, Song L, Liu W, Zhou Q, Gong T, Li X, Tai Y, Zhu W, Shi T, Wang Y, Xu J, Zhen B, Qin J. A region-resolved mucosa proteome of the human stomach. Nat Commun 2019; 10:39. [PMID: 30604760 PMCID: PMC6318339 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07960-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastric mucosa is the most active layer of the stomach wall, involved in food digestion, metabolic processes and gastric carcinogenesis. Anatomically, the human stomach is divided into seven regions, but the protein basis for cellular specialization is not well understood. Here we present a global analysis of protein profiles of 82 apparently normal mucosa samples obtained from living individuals by endoscopic stomach biopsy. We identify 6,258 high-confidence proteins and estimate the ranges of protein expression in the seven stomach regions, presenting a region-resolved proteome reference map of the near normal, human stomach. Furthermore, we measure mucosa protein profiles of tumor and tumor nearby tissues (TNT) from 58 gastric cancer patients, enabling comparisons between tumor, TNT, and normal tissue. These datasets provide a rich resource for the gastrointestinal tract research community to investigate the molecular basis for region-specific functions in mucosa physiology and pathology including gastric cancer. The human stomach is divided into seven anatomically distinct regions but their protein composition is largely unknown. Here, the authors present a region-resolved map of the healthy human stomach mucosa as well as mucosa proteomes of tumor and tumor nearby tissue from gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Ni
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China.,Center for Bioinformatics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhaoli Tan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Chen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunchao Zhang
- Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Mingwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ru Jia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Chuanhua Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wanlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Tongqing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xianju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yanhong Tai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Weimin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Tieliu Shi
- Center for Bioinformatics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China.,Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Bei Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Jun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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18
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Marklein RA, Klinker MW, Drake KA, Polikowsky HG, Lessey-Morillon EC, Bauer SR. Morphological profiling using machine learning reveals emergent subpopulations of interferon-γ-stimulated mesenchymal stromal cells that predict immunosuppression. Cytotherapy 2018; 21:17-31. [PMID: 30503100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a preponderance of pre-clinical data demonstrates the immunosuppressive potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), significant heterogeneity and lack of critical quality attributes (CQAs) based on immunosuppressive capacity likely have contributed to inconsistent clinical outcomes. This heterogeneity exists not only between MSC lots derived from different donors, tissues and manufacturing conditions, but also within a given MSC lot in the form of functional subpopulations. We therefore explored the potential of functionally relevant morphological profiling (FRMP) to identify morphological subpopulations predictive of the immunosuppressive capacity of MSCs derived from multiple donors, manufacturers and passages. METHODS We profiled the single-cell morphological response of MSCs from different donors and passages to the functionally relevant inflammatory cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ. We used the machine learning approach visual stochastic neighbor embedding (viSNE) to identify distinct morphological subpopulations that could predict suppression of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in a multiplexed quantitative assay. RESULTS Multiple IFN-γ-stimulated subpopulations significantly correlated with the ability of MSCs to inhibit CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation and served as effective CQAs to predict the immunosuppressive capacity of additional manufactured MSC lots. We further characterized the emergence of morphological heterogeneity following IFN-γ stimulation, which provides a strategy for identifying functional subpopulations for future single-cell characterization and enrichment techniques. DISCUSSION This work provides a generalizable analytical platform for assessing functional heterogeneity based on single-cell morphological responses that could be used to identify novel CQAs and inform cell manufacturing decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Marklein
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
| | - Matthew W Klinker
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Elizabeth C Lessey-Morillon
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven R Bauer
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
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19
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Apatzidou DA, Nile C, Bakopoulou A, Konstantinidis A, Lappin DF. Stem cell-like populations and immunoregulatory molecules in periodontal granulation tissue. J Periodontal Res 2018; 53:610-621. [PMID: 29687448 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Determine the presence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in healthy periodontal tissue and periodontal granulation tissue (GT) and explore associations between immuno-regulatory molecules and selected subgingival microorganisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated, propagated and characterised by flow cytometry from a region of healthy gingival tissue and inflamed GT of 10 systemically healthy non-smokers with chronic periodontitis. Tissue levels of immunoregulatory molecules were determined by qPCR and Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) levels by ELISA. Subgingival plaque levels of periodontal pathogens were determined by qPCR RESULTS: Cells with MSC-properties were isolated from both inflamed GT and healthy gingival (G) tissue. A pro-inflammatory process predominated in GT which was partly reflected in GCF and putative periodontal pathogens were higher at diseased sites. However, there was no significant difference in surface levels of mesenchymal (CD90, CD73, CD146, CD271, STRO-1), endothelial (CD105, CD106), hematopoietic (CD34, CD45) and embryonic (SSEA-4) stem cell markers between MSCs isolated from GT and G tissue. CONCLUSION Periodontal lesions, albeit inflamed, retain healing potential as inferred by the presence of MSC-like cells with similar immunophenotypic characteristics to those found in healthy periodontal tissue. Therefore, there might be merits for healing in preserving sufficient GT in-situ during periodontal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Apatzidou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - C Nile
- Infection and Immunity Research group, Glasgow Dental Hospital & School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A Bakopoulou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Konstantinidis
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - D F Lappin
- Infection and Immunity Research group, Glasgow Dental Hospital & School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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20
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McLeod C, Mauck R. On the origin and impact of mesenchymal stem cell heterogeneity: new insights and emerging tools for single cell analysis. Eur Cell Mater 2017; 34:217-231. [PMID: 29076514 PMCID: PMC7735381 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v034a14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) display substantial cell-to-cell variation. This heterogeneity manifests among donors, among tissue sources, and within cell populations. Such pervasive variability complicates the use of MSCs in regenerative applications and may limit their therapeutic efficacy. Most conventional assays measure MSC properties in bulk and, as a consequence, mask this cell-to-cell variation. Recent studies have identified extensive variability amongst and within clonal MSC populations, in dimensions including functional differentiation capacity, molecular state (e.g. epigenetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic status), and biophysical properties. While the origins of these variations remain to be elucidated, potential mechanisms include in vivo micro-anatomical heterogeneity, epigenetic bistability, and transcriptional fluctuations. Emerging tools for single cell analysis of MSC gene and protein expression may yield further insight into the mechanisms and implications of single cell variation amongst these cells, and ultimately improve the clinical utility of MSCs in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. This review outlines the dimensions across which MSC heterogeneity is present, defines some of the known mechanisms that govern this heterogeneity, and highlights emerging technologies that may further refine our understanding and improve our clinical application of this unique cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.M. McLeod
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - R.L. Mauck
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Address for correspondence: Robert L. Mauck, PhD, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Telephone: 1-215-898-3294 FAX: 1-215-573-2133
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21
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Bellayr IH, Kumar A, Puri RK. MicroRNA expression in bone marrow-derived human multipotent Stromal cells. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:605. [PMID: 28800721 PMCID: PMC5553681 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3997-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) are being studied in the field of regenerative medicine for their multi-lineage differentiation and immunoregulatory capacity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that are responsible for regulating gene expression by targeting transcripts, which can impact MSC functions such as cellular proliferation, differentiation, migration and cell death. miRNAs are expressed in MSCs; however, the impact of miRNAs on cellular functions and donor variability is not well understood. Eight MSC lines were expanded to passages 3, 5 and 7, and their miRNA expression was evaluated using microarray technology. Results Statistical analyses of our data revealed that 71 miRNAs out of 939 examined were expressed by this set of MSC lines at all passages and the expression of 11 miRNAs were significantly different between passages 3 and 7, while the expression of 7 miRNAs was significantly different between passages 3 and 5. The expression of these identified miRNAs was evaluated using RT-qPCR for both the first set of MSC lines (n = 6) and a second set of MSC lines (n = 7) expanded from passages 4 to 8. By RT-qPCR only 2 miRNAs, miR-638 and miR-572 were upregulated at passage 7 compared to passage 3 in the first set of MSC lines by 1.71 and 1.54 fold, respectively; and upregulated at passage 8 compared to passage 4 in the second set of MSC lines, 1.35 and 1.59 fold, respectively. Conclusions The expression of miR-638 and miR-572 can distinguish MSCs from two different passages of cell culture. These results may be useful in establishing critical quality attributes of MSCs and determining whether changes in these two miRNAs impact cellular functions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3997-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Bellayr
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics and Evaluation Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Abhinav Kumar
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics and Evaluation Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Raj K Puri
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics and Evaluation Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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22
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Klinker MW, Marklein RA, Lo Surdo JL, Wei CH, Bauer SR. Morphological features of IFN-γ-stimulated mesenchymal stromal cells predict overall immunosuppressive capacity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2598-E2607. [PMID: 28283659 PMCID: PMC5380055 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617933114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) lines can vary significantly in their functional characteristics, and the effectiveness of MSC-based therapeutics may be realized by finding predictive features associated with MSC function. To identify features associated with immunosuppressive capacity in MSCs, we developed a robust in vitro assay that uses principal-component analysis to integrate multidimensional flow cytometry data into a single measurement of MSC-mediated inhibition of T-cell activation. We used this assay to correlate single-cell morphological data with overall immunosuppressive capacity in a cohort of MSC lines derived from different donors and manufacturing conditions. MSC morphology after IFN-γ stimulation significantly correlated with immunosuppressive capacity and accurately predicted the immunosuppressive capacity of MSC lines in a validation cohort. IFN-γ enhanced the immunosuppressive capacity of all MSC lines, and morphology predicted the magnitude of IFN-γ-enhanced immunosuppressive activity. Together, these data identify MSC morphology as a predictive feature of MSC immunosuppressive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Klinker
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Ross A Marklein
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Jessica L Lo Surdo
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Cheng-Hong Wei
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Steven R Bauer
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993
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23
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Lisignoli G, Lambertini E, Manferdini C, Gabusi E, Penolazzi L, Paolella F, Angelozzi M, Casagranda V, Piva R. Collagen type XV and the 'osteogenic status'. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2236-2244. [PMID: 28332281 PMCID: PMC5571525 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that collagen type XV (ColXV) is a novel bone extracellular matrix (ECM) protein. It is well known that the complex mixture of multiple components present in ECM can help both to maintain stemness or to promote differentiation of stromal cells following change in qualitative characteristics or concentrations. We investigated the possible correlation between ColXV expression and mineral matrix deposition by human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) with different osteogenic potential and by osteoblasts (hOBs) that are able to grow in culture medium with or without calcium. Analysing the osteogenic process, we have shown that ColXV basal levels are lower in cells less prone to osteo‐induction such as hMSCs from Wharton Jelly (hWJMSCs), compared to hMSCs that are prone to osteo‐induction such as those from the bone marrow (hBMMSCs). In the group of samples identified as ‘mineralized MSCs’, during successful osteogenic induction, ColXV protein continued to be detected at substantial levels until early stage of differentiation, but it significantly decreased and then disappeared at the end of culture when the matrix formed was completely calcified. The possibility to grow hOBs in culture medium without calcium corroborated the results obtained with hMSCs demonstrating that calcium deposits organized in a calcified matrix, and not calcium ‘per se’, negatively affected ColXV expression. As a whole, our data suggest that ColXV may participate in ECM organization in the early‐phases of the osteogenic process and that this is a prerequisite to promote the subsequent deposition of mineral matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Lisignoli
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Lambertini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristina Manferdini
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Gabusi
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Letizia Penolazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Paolella
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Angelozzi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Veronica Casagranda
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Piva
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Altman RB, Khuri N, Salit M, Giacomini KM. Unmet needs: Research helps regulators do their jobs. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:315ps22. [PMID: 26606966 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac4369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of innovative new medical products along with the need to apply modern technologies to medical-product evaluation has spurred seminal opportunities in regulatory sciences. Here, we provide eight examples of regulatory science research for diverse products. Opportunities abound, particularly in data science and precision health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russ B Altman
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Natalia Khuri
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-2911, USA
| | - Marc Salit
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-2911, USA. Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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25
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Billing AM, Ben Hamidane H, Bhagwat AM, Cotton RJ, Dib SS, Kumar P, Hayat S, Goswami N, Suhre K, Rafii A, Graumann J. Complementarity of SOMAscan to LC-MS/MS and RNA-seq for quantitative profiling of human embryonic and mesenchymal stem cells. J Proteomics 2016; 150:86-97. [PMID: 27613379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic range limitations are challenging to proteomics, particularly in clinical samples. Affinity proteomics partially overcomes this, yet suffers from dependence on reagent quality. SOMAscan, an aptamer-based platform for over 1000 proteins, avoids that issue using nucleic acid binders. Targets include low expressed proteins not easily accessible by other approaches. Here we report on the potential of SOMAscan for the study of differently sourced mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in comparison to LC-MS/MS and RNA sequencing. While targeting fewer analytes, SOMAscan displays high precision and dynamic range coverage, allowing quantification of proteins not measured by the other platforms. Expression between cell types (ESC and MSC) was compared across techniques and uncovered the expected large differences. Sourcing was investigated by comparing subtypes: bone marrow-derived, standard in clinical studies, and ESC-derived MSC, thought to hold similar potential but devoid of inter-donor variability and proliferating faster in vitro. We confirmed subtype-equivalency, as well as vesicle and extracellular matrix related processes in MSC. In contrast, the proliferative nature of ESC was captured less by SOMAscan, where nuclear proteins are underrepresented. The complementary of SOMAscan allowed the comprehensive exploration of CD markers and signaling molecules, not readily accessible otherwise and offering unprecedented potential in subtype characterization. SIGNIFICANCE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represent promising stem cell-derived therapeutics as indicated by their application in >500 clinical trials currently registered with the NIH. Tissue-derived MSC require invasive harvesting and imply donor-to-donor differences, to which embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived MSC may provide an alternative and thus warrant thorough characterization. In continuation of our previous study where we compared in depth embryonic stem cells (ESC) and MSC from two sources (bone marrow and ESC-derived), we included the aptamer-based SOMAscan assay, complementing LC-MS/MS and RNA-seq data. Furthermore, SOMAscan, a targeted proteomics platform developed for analyzing clinical samples, has been benchmarked against established analytical platforms (LC-MS/MS and RNA-seq) using stem cell comparisons as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja M Billing
- Research Division, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
| | | | - Aditya M Bhagwat
- Research Division, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Richard J Cotton
- Research Division, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Shaima S Dib
- Research Division, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Research Division, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Shahina Hayat
- Research Division, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Neha Goswami
- Research Division, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Karsten Suhre
- Research Division, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Arash Rafii
- Research Division, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Johannes Graumann
- Research Division, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
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26
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Rovira Gonzalez YI, Lynch PJ, Thompson EE, Stultz BG, Hursh DA. In vitro cytokine licensing induces persistent permissive chromatin at the Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase promoter. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:1114-28. [PMID: 27421739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are being investigated as therapies for inflammatory diseases due to their immunosuppressive capacity. Interferon (IFN)-γ treatment primes MSC immunosuppression partially through induction of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), which depletes tryptophan necessary to support proliferation of activated T cells. We investigated the role of histone modifications in the timing and maintenance of induced IDO1 expression in MSCs under clinical manufacturing conditions, such as cryopreservation. METHODS We used chromatin immunoprecipitation and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to assay levels of transcriptionally permissive acetylated H3K9 and repressive trimethylated H3K9 histone modifications surrounding the transcriptional start site for IDO1, and reverse transcriptase PCR and immunoblotting to detect messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein. RESULTS MSCs derived from three donors approached maximum IDO1 mRNA levels following 24 hours of in vitro cytokine treatment. Induction of IDO1 expression correlated with increased acetylation of H3K9 concomitant with reduction of trimethylated H3K9 modifications at the promoter. Examination of two additional donors confirmed this result. While induced IDO1 levels decreased within 2 days after cytokine removal and freeze thawing, the activated chromatin state was maintained. Upon re-exposure to cytokines, previously primed MSCs accumulated near-maximum IDO1 mRNA levels within 4-8 h. DISCUSSION Our data indicate that in vitro priming of MSCs causes chromatin remodeling at the IDO1 promoter, that this alteration is maintained during processing commonly used to prepare MSCs for clinical use and that, once primed, MSCs are poised for IDO1 expression even in the absence of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazmin I Rovira Gonzalez
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick J Lynch
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
| | - Elaine E Thompson
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian G Stultz
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah A Hursh
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
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27
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Bellayr IH, Marklein RA, Lo Surdo JL, Bauer SR, Puri RK. Identification of Predictive Gene Markers for Multipotent Stromal Cell Proliferation. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:861-73. [PMID: 27036644 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) are known for their distinctive ability to differentiate into different cell lineages, such as adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes. They can be isolated from numerous tissue sources, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and others. Because of their differentiation potential and secretion of growth factors, MSCs are believed to have an inherent quality of regeneration and immune suppression. Cellular expansion is necessary to obtain sufficient numbers for use; however, MSCs exhibit a reduced capacity for proliferation and differentiation after several rounds of passaging. In this study, gene markers of MSC proliferation were identified and evaluated for their ability to predict proliferative quality. Microarray data of human bone marrow-derived MSCs were correlated with two proliferation assays. A collection of 24 genes were observed to significantly correlate with both proliferation assays (|r| >0.70) for eight MSC lines at multiple passages. These 24 identified genes were then confirmed using an additional set of MSCs from eight new donors using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The proliferative potential of the second set of MSCs was measured for each donor/passage for confluency fraction, fraction of EdU+ cells, and population doubling time. The second set of MSCs exhibited a greater proliferative potential at passage 4 in comparison to passage 8, which was distinguishable by 15 genes; however, only seven of the genes (BIRC5, CCNA2, CDC20, CDK1, PBK, PLK1, and SPC25) demonstrated significant correlation with MSC proliferation regardless of passage. Our analyses revealed that correlation between gene expression and proliferation was consistently reduced with the inclusion of non-MSC cell lines; therefore, this set of seven genes may be more strongly associated with MSC proliferative quality. Our results pave the way to determine the quality of an MSC population for a particular cellular therapy in lieu of an extended in vitro or in vivo assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Bellayr
- 1 Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Center for Biologics and Evaluation Research , US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ross A Marklein
- 2 Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research , US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Jessica L Lo Surdo
- 2 Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research , US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Steven R Bauer
- 2 Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research , US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Raj K Puri
- 1 Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Center for Biologics and Evaluation Research , US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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28
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Marklein RA, Lo Surdo JL, Bellayr IH, Godil SA, Puri RK, Bauer SR. High Content Imaging of Early Morphological Signatures Predicts Long Term Mineralization Capacity of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells upon Osteogenic Induction. Stem Cells 2016; 34:935-47. [PMID: 26865267 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, often referred to as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), represent an attractive cell source for many regenerative medicine applications due to their potential for multi-lineage differentiation, immunomodulation, and paracrine factor secretion. A major complication for current MSC-based therapies is the lack of well-defined characterization methods that can robustly predict how they will perform in a particular in vitro or in vivo setting. Significant advances have been made with identifying molecular markers of MSC quality and potency using multivariate genomic and proteomic approaches, and more recently with advanced techniques incorporating high content imaging to assess high-dimensional single cell morphological data. We sought to expand upon current methods of high dimensional morphological analysis by investigating whether short term cell and nuclear morphological profiles of MSCs from multiple donors (at multiple passages) correlated with long term mineralization upon osteogenic induction. Using the combined power of automated high content imaging followed by automated image analysis, we demonstrated that MSC morphology after 3 days was highly correlated with 35 day mineralization and comparable to other methods of MSC osteogenesis assessment (such as alkaline phosphatase activity). We then expanded on this initial morphological characterization and identified morphological features that were highly predictive of mineralization capacities (>90% accuracy) of MSCs from additional donors and different manufacturing techniques using linear discriminant analysis. Together, this work thoroughly demonstrates the predictive power of MSC morphology for mineralization capacity and motivates further studies into MSC morphology as a predictive marker for additional in vitro and in vivo responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Marklein
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica L Lo Surdo
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian H Bellayr
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Saniya A Godil
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Raj K Puri
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven R Bauer
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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29
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Anderson JD, Johansson HJ, Graham CS, Vesterlund M, Pham MT, Bramlett CS, Montgomery EN, Mellema MS, Bardini RL, Contreras Z, Hoon M, Bauer G, Fink KD, Fury B, Hendrix KJ, Chedin F, El-Andaloussi S, Hwang B, Mulligan MS, Lehtiö J, Nolta JA. Comprehensive Proteomic Analysis of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes Reveals Modulation of Angiogenesis via Nuclear Factor-KappaB Signaling. Stem Cells 2016; 34:601-13. [PMID: 26782178 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are known to facilitate healing of ischemic tissue related diseases through proangiogenic secretory proteins. Recent studies further show that MSC derived exosomes function as paracrine effectors of angiogenesis, however, the identity of which components of the exosome proteome responsible for this effect remains elusive. To address this we used high-resolution isoelectric focusing coupled liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, an unbiased high throughput proteomics approach to comprehensively characterize the proteinaceous contents of MSCs and MSC derived exosomes. We probed the proteome of MSCs and MSC derived exosomes from cells cultured under expansion conditions and under ischemic tissue simulated conditions to elucidate key angiogenic paracrine effectors present and potentially differentially expressed in these conditions. In total, 6,342 proteins were identified in MSCs and 1,927 proteins in MSC derived exosomes, representing to our knowledge the first time these proteomes have been probed comprehensively. Multilayered analyses identified several putative paracrine effectors of angiogenesis present in MSC exosomes and increased in expression in MSCs exposed to ischemic tissue-simulated conditions; these include platelet derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and most notably nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkB) signaling pathway proteins. NFkB signaling was identified as a key mediator of MSC exosome induced angiogenesis in endothelial cells by functional in vitro validation using a specific inhibitor. Collectively, the results of our proteomic analysis show that MSC derived exosomes contain a robust profile of angiogenic paracrine effectors, which have potential for the treatment of ischemic tissue-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathon D Anderson
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Henrik J Johansson
- Cancer Proteomics, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Calvin S Graham
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mattias Vesterlund
- Cancer Proteomics, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Missy T Pham
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Charles S Bramlett
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Montgomery
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Matt S Mellema
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Renee L Bardini
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Zelenia Contreras
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Madeline Hoon
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Gerhard Bauer
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kyle D Fink
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Brian Fury
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kyle J Hendrix
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Frederic Chedin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Samir El-Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Billie Hwang
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael S Mulligan
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janne Lehtiö
- Cancer Proteomics, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan A Nolta
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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30
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Comprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic characterization of human mesenchymal stem cells reveals source specific cellular markers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21507. [PMID: 26857143 PMCID: PMC4746666 DOI: 10.1038/srep21507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent cells with great potential in therapy, reflected by more than 500 MSC-based clinical trials registered with the NIH. MSC are derived from multiple tissues but require invasive harvesting and imply donor-to-donor variability. Embryonic stem cell-derived MSC (ESC-MSC) may provide an alternative, but how similar they are to ex vivo MSC is unknown. Here we performed an in depth characterization of human ESC-MSC, comparing them to human bone marrow-derived MSC (BM-MSC) as well as human embryonic stem cells (hESC) by transcriptomics (RNA-seq) and quantitative proteomics (nanoLC-MS/MS using SILAC). Data integration highlighted and validated a central role of vesicle-mediated transport and exosomes in MSC biology and also demonstrated, through enrichment analysis, their versatility and broad application potential. Particular emphasis was placed on comparing profiles between ESC-MSC and BM-MSC and assessing their equivalency. Data presented here shows that differences between ESC-MSC and BM-MSC are similar in magnitude to those reported for MSC of different origin and the former may thus represent an alternative source for therapeutic applications. Finally, we report an unprecedented coverage of MSC CD markers, as well as membrane associated proteins which may benefit immunofluorescence-based applications and contribute to a refined molecular description of MSC.
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Thom SR, Hampton M, Troiano MA, Mirza Z, Malay DS, Shannon S, Jennato NB, Donohue CM, Hoffstad O, Woltereck D, Yang M, Yu K, Bhopale VM, Kovtun S, Margolis DJ. Measurements of CD34+/CD45-dim Stem Cells Predict Healing of Diabetic Neuropathic Wounds. Diabetes 2016; 65:486-97. [PMID: 26487786 PMCID: PMC4747459 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Management of neuropathic foot ulcers in patients with diabetes (DFUs) has changed little over the past decade, and there is currently no objective method to gauge probability of successful healing. We hypothesized that studies of stem/progenitor cells (SPCs) in the early weeks of standard wound management could predict who will heal within 16 weeks. Blood and debrided wound margins were collected for 8 weeks from 100 patients undergoing weekly evaluations and treatment. SPC number and intracellular content of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) were evaluated by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. More SPCs entered the bloodstream in the first 2 weeks of care in patients who healed (n = 37) than in those who did not (n = 63). Logistic regression demonstrated that the number of blood-borne SPCs and the cellular content of HIFs at study entry and the first-week follow-up visit predicted healing. Strong correlations were found among week-to-week assessments of blood-borne SPC HIF factors. We conclude that assays of SPCs during the first weeks of care in patients with DFUs can provide insight into how well wounds will respond and may aid with decisions on the use of adjunctive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Thom
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michelle Hampton
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael A Troiano
- Podiatric Surgery and Medicine, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ziad Mirza
- Department of Medicine, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - D Scot Malay
- Podiatric Surgery and Medicine, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Steven Shannon
- Podiatric Surgery and Medicine, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nathan B Jennato
- Podiatric Surgery and Medicine, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Ole Hoffstad
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Diana Woltereck
- Department of Medicine, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kevin Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Veena M Bhopale
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Svitlana Kovtun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - David J Margolis
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Stultz BG, McGinnis K, Thompson EE, Lo Surdo JL, Bauer SR, Hursh DA. Chromosomal stability of mesenchymal stromal cells during in vitro culture. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:336-43. [PMID: 26780865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are being investigated for use in cell therapy. The extensive in vitro expansion necessary to obtain sufficient cells for clinical use increases the risk that genetically abnormal cells will arise and be propagated during cell culture. Genetic abnormalities may lead to transformation and poor performance in clinical use, and are a critical safety concern for cell therapies using MSCs. METHODS We used spectral karyotyping (SKY) to investigate the genetic stability of human MSCs from ten donors during passaging. RESULTS Our data indicate that chromosomal abnormalities exist in MSCs at early passages and can be clonally propagated. The karyotypic abnormalities observed during our study diminished during passage. CONCLUSIONS Karyotyping of MSCs reveals characteristics which may be valuable in deciding the suitability of cells for further use. Karyotypic analysis is useful for monitoring the genetic stability of MSCs during expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Stultz
- Division of Cell and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen McGinnis
- Division of Cell and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Elaine E Thompson
- Division of Cell and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica L Lo Surdo
- Division of Cell and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven R Bauer
- Division of Cell and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah A Hursh
- Division of Cell and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
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Comparison of the depolarization response of human mesenchymal stem cells from different donors. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18279. [PMID: 26658512 PMCID: PMC4677319 DOI: 10.1038/srep18279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioelectric signaling is currently being explored as a novel regulator of cell processes in non-excitable cells. In particular, stem cells have demonstrated increasing evidence of electrophysiology-mediated regulation of stemness acquisition, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. However, in light of many reports of primary stem cell heterogeneity, it is important to characterize the variability of stem cell response to biophysical manipulations in order to assess the utility of bioelectric modulation as a universal strategy for stem cell control. In this work, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) from five donors were evaluated for their response to membrane potential (Vmem) depolarization. We compared the inter-donor variability of their osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential, as well as their ability to maintain a differentiated phenotype after induction. We identified the markers that responded most consistently across donors and found that calcium deposition and gene expression of bone sialoprotein, lipoprotein lipase, and fatty acid binding protein 4 are the preferred markers for assessing differentiation response to Vmem depolarization. We also note that since there exists variability even among some of these markers, these assays should be performed on any newly acquired hMSC population if their bioelectric properties are to be studied further.
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Mindaye ST, Surdo JL, Bauer SR, Alterman MA. System-wide survey of proteomic responses of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) to in vitro cultivation. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:655-664. [PMID: 26523674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs, also loosely called bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells) are the subject of increasing numbers of clinical trials and laboratory research. Our group recently reported on the optimization of a workflow for a sensitive proteomic study of hBMSCs. Here, we couple this workflow with a label-free protein quantitation method to investigate the molecular responses of hBMSCs to long-term in vitro passaging. We explored the proteomic responses of hBMSCs by assessing the expression levels of proteins at early passage (passage 3, P3) and late passage (P7). We used multiple biological as well as technical replicates to ensure that the detected proteomic changes are repeatable between cultures and thus likely to be biologically relevant. Over 1700 proteins were quantified at three passages and a list of differentially expressed proteins was compiled. Bioinformatics-based network analysis and term enrichment revealed that metabolic pathways are largely altered, where many proteins in the glycolytic, pentose phosphate, and TCA pathways were shown to be largely upregulated in late passages. We also observed significant proteomic alterations in functional categories including apoptosis, and ER-based protein processing and sorting following in vitro cell aging. We posit that the comprehensive map outlined in this report of affected phenotypes as well as the underpinning molecular factors tremendously benefit the effort to uncovering targets that are not just used only to monitor cell fitness but can be employed to slowdown the in vitro aging process in hBMSCs and hence ensure manufacturing of cells with known quality, efficacy and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Mindaye
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jessica Lo Surdo
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Steven R Bauer
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Michail A Alterman
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States.
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Mindaye ST, Lo Surdo J, Bauer SR, Alterman MA. The proteomic dataset for bone marrow derived human mesenchymal stromal cells: Effect of in vitro passaging. Data Brief 2015; 5:864-70. [PMID: 26702413 PMCID: PMC4669433 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) have been in clinical trials for therapy. One major bottleneck in the advancement of BMSC-based products is the challenge associated with cell isolation, characterization, and ensuring cell fitness over the course of in vitro cell propagation steps. The data in this report is part of publications that explored the proteomic changes following in vitro passaging of BMSCs [4] and the molecular heterogeneity in cultures obtained from different human donors [5], [6].The methodological details involving cell manufacturing, proteome harvesting, protein identification and quantification as well as the bioinformatic analyses were described to ensure reproducibility of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Mindaye
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jessica Lo Surdo
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Steven R Bauer
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Michail A Alterman
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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Lynch PJ, Thompson EE, McGinnis K, Rovira Gonzalez YI, Lo Surdo J, Bauer SR, Hursh DA. Chromatin Changes at thePPAR-γ2Promoter During Bone Marrow-Derived Multipotent Stromal Cell Culture Correlate With Loss of Gene Activation Potential. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2169-81. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Lynch
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration; Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Elaine E. Thompson
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration; Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Kathleen McGinnis
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration; Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Yazmin I. Rovira Gonzalez
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration; Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Jessica Lo Surdo
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration; Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Steven R. Bauer
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration; Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Deborah A. Hursh
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration; Bethesda Maryland USA
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Holley RJ, Tai G, Williamson AJK, Taylor S, Cain SA, Richardson SM, Merry CLR, Whetton AD, Kielty CM, Canfield AE. Comparative quantification of the surfaceome of human multipotent mesenchymal progenitor cells. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:473-88. [PMID: 25684225 PMCID: PMC4375938 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal progenitor cells have great therapeutic potential, yet incomplete characterization of their cell-surface interface limits their clinical exploitation. We have employed subcellular fractionation with quantitative discovery proteomics to define the cell-surface interface proteome of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) and human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs). We compared cell-surface-enriched fractions from MSCs and HUCPVCs (three donors each) with adult mesenchymal fibroblasts using eight-channel isobaric-tagging mass spectrometry, yielding relative quantification on >6,000 proteins with high confidence. This approach identified 186 upregulated mesenchymal progenitor biomarkers. Validation of 10 of these markers, including ROR2, EPHA2, and PLXNA2, confirmed upregulated expression in mesenchymal progenitor populations and distinct roles in progenitor cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Our approach has delivered a cell-surface proteome repository that now enables improved selection and characterization of human mesenchymal progenitor populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Holley
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Guangping Tai
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Andrew J K Williamson
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Samuel Taylor
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Stuart A Cain
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Stephen M Richardson
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Catherine L R Merry
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Anthony D Whetton
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Cay M Kielty
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Ann E Canfield
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Grayson WL, Bunnell BA, Martin E, Frazier T, Hung BP, Gimble JM. Stromal cells and stem cells in clinical bone regeneration. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:140-50. [PMID: 25560703 PMCID: PMC4338988 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stem-cell-mediated bone repair has been used in clinical trials for the regeneration of large craniomaxillofacial defects, to slow the process of bone degeneration in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head and for prophylactic treatment of distal tibial fractures. Successful regenerative outcomes in these investigations have provided a solid foundation for wider use of stromal cells in skeletal repair therapy. However, employing stromal cells to facilitate or enhance bone repair is far from being adopted into clinical practice. Scientific, technical, practical and regulatory obstacles prevent the widespread therapeutic use of stromal cells. Ironically, one of the major challenges lies in the limited understanding of the mechanisms via which transplanted cells mediate regeneration. Animal models have been used to provide insight, but these models largely fail to reproduce the nuances of human diseases and bone defects. Consequently, the development of targeted approaches to optimize cell-mediated outcomes is difficult. In this Review, we highlight the successes and challenges reported in several clinical trials that involved the use of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal or adipose-tissue-derived stromal cells. We identify several obstacles blocking the mainstream use of stromal cells to enhance skeletal repair and highlight technological innovations or areas in which novel techniques might be particularly fruitful in continuing to advance the field of skeletal regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren L Grayson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Centre for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-99, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Elizabeth Martin
- Centre for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-99, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Trivia Frazier
- Centre for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-99, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ben P Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Gimble
- Centre for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-99, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Pripuzova NS, Getie-Kebtie M, Grunseich C, Sweeney C, Malech H, Alterman MA. Development of a protein marker panel for characterization of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) using global quantitative proteome analysis. Stem Cell Res 2015; 14:323-38. [PMID: 25840413 PMCID: PMC5778352 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new methods for reprogramming of adult somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) led to the development of new approaches in drug discovery and regenerative medicine. Investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the self-renewal, expansion and differentiation of human iPSC (hiPSC) should lead to improvements in the manufacture of safe and reliable cell therapy products. The goal of our study was qualitative and quantitative proteomic characterizations of hiPSC by means of electrospray ionization (ESI)-MSe and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry (MS). Proteomes of hiPSCs of different somatic origins: fibroblasts and peripheral blood CD34+ cells, reprogrammed by the same technique, were compared with the original somatic cells and hESC. Quantitative proteomic comparison revealed approximately 220 proteins commonly up-regulated in all three pluripotent stem cell lines compared to the primary cells. Expression of 21 proteins previously reported as pluripotency markers was up-regulated in both hiPSCs (8 were confirmed by Western blot). A number of novel candidate marker proteins with the highest fold-change difference between hiPSCs/hESC and somatic cells discovered by MS were confirmed by Western blot. A panel of 22 candidate marker proteins of hiPSC was developed and expression of these proteins was confirmed in 8 additional hiPSC lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Pripuzova
- Tumor Vaccine and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, FDA, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Bethesda, MD 20892-4555, USA
| | - Melkamu Getie-Kebtie
- Tumor Vaccine and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, FDA, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Bethesda, MD 20892-4555, USA
| | - Christopher Grunseich
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3705, USA
| | - Colin Sweeney
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1456, USA
| | - Harry Malech
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1456, USA
| | - Michail A Alterman
- Tumor Vaccine and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, FDA, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Bethesda, MD 20892-4555, USA.
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Mendicino M, Bailey AM, Wonnacott K, Puri RK, Bauer SR. MSC-based product characterization for clinical trials: an FDA perspective. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 14:141-5. [PMID: 24506881 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proposals submitted to the FDA for MSC-based products are undergoing a rapid expansion that is characterized by increased variability in donor and tissue sources, manufacturing processes, proposed functional mechanisms, and characterization methods. Here we discuss the diversity in MSC-based clinical trial product proposals and highlight potential challenges for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mendicino
- Office of the Commissioner (OC), Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS), Office of Regulatory Science and Innovation (ORSI), 10903 New Hampshire Boulevard, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Office of Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapy (OCTGT), Division of Cell and Gene Therapy (DCGT), 1401 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
| | - Alexander M Bailey
- CBER, OCTGT, Division of Clinical Evaluation and Pharmacology/Toxicology (DCEPT), 1401 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Keith Wonnacott
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Office of Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapy (OCTGT), Division of Cell and Gene Therapy (DCGT), 1401 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Raj K Puri
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Office of Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapy (OCTGT), Division of Cell and Gene Therapy (DCGT), 1401 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Steven R Bauer
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Office of Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapy (OCTGT), Division of Cell and Gene Therapy (DCGT), 1401 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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