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Higashida H, Oshima Y, Yamamoto Y. Oxytocin transported from the blood across the blood-brain barrier by receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) affects brain function related to social behavior. Peptides 2024; 178:171230. [PMID: 38677620 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) is a neuropeptide that primarily functions as a hormone controlling female reproductive processes. Since numerous recent studies have shown that single and repetitive administrations of OT increase trust, social interaction, and maternal behaviors in humans and animals, OT is considered a key molecule that regulates social memory and behavior. Furthermore, OT binds to receptors for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), and it has been demonstrated that loss of RAGE in the brain vascular endothelial cells of mice fails to increase brain OT concentrations following peripheral OT administration. This leads to the hypothesis that RAGE is involved in the direct transport of OT, allowing it access to the brain by transporting it across the blood-brain barrier; however, this hypothesis is only based on limited evidence. Herein, we review the recent results related to this hypothesis, such as the mode of transport of OT in the blood circulation to the brain via different forms of RAGE, including membrane-bound full-length RAGE and soluble RAGE. We further review the modulation of brain function and social behavior, which seem to be mediated by RAGE-dependent OT. Overall, this review mostly confirms that RAGE enables the recruitment of circulating OT to the brain, thereby influencing social behavior. The requirement for further studies considering the physiological aspects of RAGE is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiro Higashida
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Yu Oshima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
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2
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Qiao Y, Liu H, He C, Ma Y. ApoE Mimic Peptide COG1410 Reduces Aβ Deposition and Improves Cognitive Function by Inducing the Transformation of A1/A2 Reactive Astrocytes and Increasing the BDNF Concentration in Brain of APP/PS1 Double Transgenic Mice. Neuroscience 2024; 537:116-125. [PMID: 38006963 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The main clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease is progressive cognitive decline, and its pathological features are β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition, neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic dysfunction and neuron death. Neuroinflammation is an important reason for the occurrence and development of AD, which is mainly manifested by the accumulation of activated microglia and reactive astrocytes. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is one of the most important apolipoprotein in the brain, which is related to metabolism, aggregation and toxicity of Aβ. However, the underlying mechanism needs to be further explored. In this study, we studied the effect of ApoE mimetic peptide COG1410 on spatial learning and memory functions, deposition of Aβ in the dentate gyrus (DG) of APP/PS1 transgenic mice, and the different effects of A1 and A2 subtypes of reactive astrocytes. Administration of COG1410 effectively improved performance in spatial learning and memory of APP/PS1 mice, reduced Aβ deposition and significantly reverted the ratio of A1/A2 reactive astrocytes, which could be associated with BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway. On the whole, the present findings suggest new possibility of using apolipoprotein E mimetic peptide to treat AD with potential effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chaoying He
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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3
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You J, Youssef MMM, Santos JR, Lee J, Park J. Microglia and Astrocytes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Disease-Associated States, Pathological Roles, and Therapeutic Potential. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1307. [PMID: 37887017 PMCID: PMC10603852 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Microglial and astrocytic reactivity is a prominent feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Microglia and astrocytes have been increasingly appreciated to play pivotal roles in disease pathogenesis. These cells can adopt distinct states characterized by a specific molecular profile or function depending on the different contexts of development, health, aging, and disease. Accumulating evidence from ALS rodent and cell models has demonstrated neuroprotective and neurotoxic functions from microglia and astrocytes. In this review, we focused on the recent advancements of knowledge in microglial and astrocytic states and nomenclature, the landmark discoveries demonstrating a clear contribution of microglia and astrocytes to ALS pathogenesis, and novel therapeutic candidates leveraging these cells that are currently undergoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin You
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (J.Y.); (M.M.M.Y.); (J.R.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Mohieldin M. M. Youssef
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (J.Y.); (M.M.M.Y.); (J.R.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Jhune Rizsan Santos
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (J.Y.); (M.M.M.Y.); (J.R.S.); (J.L.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jooyun Lee
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (J.Y.); (M.M.M.Y.); (J.R.S.); (J.L.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jeehye Park
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (J.Y.); (M.M.M.Y.); (J.R.S.); (J.L.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
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4
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DU K, Wu X, Ji X, Liang N, Li Z. Early growth response 1 promoted the invasion of glioblastoma multiforme by elevating HMGB1. J Neurosurg Sci 2023; 67:422-430. [PMID: 33297605 DOI: 10.23736/s0390-5616.20.05107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and deadly glioma subtype. Early growth response 1 (EGR1) participates in the progression of several cancer types, but the expression and function of EGR1 in GBM was rarely investigated. METHODS The expressions of EGR1 in GBM were detected with qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in 12 pairs of fresh GBM tissues and 116 paraffin-embedded specimens. The patients were divided into high and low EGR1 groups according to the IHC score of EGR1, and the prognostic significances of different groups were evaluated with univariate and multivariate analyses. With in-vitro experiments, we assessed the role of EGR1 in the proliferation and invasion of GBM cells. RESULTS In our study, EGR1 was up-regulated in GBM tissues compared with tumor-adjacent normal tissues. High expression of EGR1 or HMGB1 were unfavorable prognostic biomarkers of GBM. Coexpression of EGR1 and HMGB1 could predict the prognosis of GBM more sensitively. EGR1 facilitated the proliferation and invasion of GBM cells. Moreover, EGR1 promoted the invasion, instead of proliferation, of GBM cells by elevating the expression of HMGB1. CONCLUSIONS ERG1 was a prognostic biomarker of GBM, and ERG1 and HMGB1 synergistically could predict the GBM prognosis more precisely. ERG1 could promote GBM cell invasion by inducing HMGB1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai DU
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaoyou Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaofei Ji
- Department of Pediatrics, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Nan Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China -
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5
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Gao B, Wang S, Li J, Han N, Ge H, Zhang G, Chang M. HMGB1, angel or devil, in ischemic stroke. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2987. [PMID: 37062906 PMCID: PMC10176004 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is extensively involved in causing ischemic stroke, pathological damage of ischemic brain injury, and neural tissue repair after ischemic brain injury. However, the precise role of HMGB1 in ischemic stroke remains to be elucidated. METHODS Comprehensive literature search and narrative review to summarize the current field of HMGB1 in cerebral ischemic based on the basic structure, structural modification, and functional roles of HMGB1 described in the literature. RESULTS Studies have exhibited the crucial roles of HMGB1 in cell death, immunity and inflammation, thrombosis, and remodeling and repair. HMGB1 released after cerebral infarction is extensively involved in the pathological injury process in the early stage of cerebral infarction, whereas it is involved in the promotion of brain tissue repair and remodeling in the late stage of cerebral infarction. HMGB1 plays a neurotrophic role in acute white matter stroke, whereas it causes sustained activation of inflammation and plays a damaging role in chronic white matter ischemia. CONCLUSIONS HMGB1 plays a complex role in cerebral infarction, which is related to not only the modification of HMGB1 and bound receptors but also different stages and subtypes of cerebral infarction. future studies on HMGB1 should investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of HMGB1 after cerebral infarction. Moreover, future studies on HMGB1 should attempt to integrate different stages and infarct subtypes of cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gao
- Department of NeurologyXi'an No. 3 Hospitalthe Affiliated Hospital of Northest UniversityXi'anShaanxiP.R. China
| | - Shuwen Wang
- Department of NeurologyXi'an No. 3 Hospitalthe Affiliated Hospital of Northest UniversityXi'anShaanxiP.R. China
| | - Jiangfeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgerythe First Hospital of Yu'linYu'linShaanxiChina
| | - Nannan Han
- Department of NeurologyXi'an No. 3 Hospitalthe Affiliated Hospital of Northest UniversityXi'anShaanxiP.R. China
| | - Hanming Ge
- Department of NeurologyXi'an No. 3 Hospitalthe Affiliated Hospital of Northest UniversityXi'anShaanxiP.R. China
| | - Gejuan Zhang
- Department of NeurologyXi'an No. 3 Hospitalthe Affiliated Hospital of Northest UniversityXi'anShaanxiP.R. China
| | - Mingze Chang
- Department of NeurologyXi'an No. 3 Hospitalthe Affiliated Hospital of Northest UniversityXi'anShaanxiP.R. China
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Lawrence JM, Schardien K, Wigdahl B, Nonnemacher MR. Roles of neuropathology-associated reactive astrocytes: a systematic review. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:42. [PMID: 36915214 PMCID: PMC10009953 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the contexts of aging, injury, or neuroinflammation, activated microglia signaling with TNF-α, IL-1α, and C1q induces a neurotoxic astrocytic phenotype, classified as A1, A1-like, or neuroinflammatory reactive astrocytes. In contrast to typical astrocytes, which promote neuronal survival, support synapses, and maintain blood-brain barrier integrity, these reactive astrocytes downregulate supportive functions and begin to secrete neurotoxic factors, complement components like C3, and chemokines like CXCL10, which may facilitate recruitment of immune cells across the BBB into the CNS. The proportion of pro-inflammatory reactive astrocytes increases with age through associated microglia activation, and these pro-inflammatory reactive astrocytes are particularly abundant in neurodegenerative disorders. As the identification of astrocyte phenotypes progress, their molecular and cellular effects are characterized in a growing array of neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Lawrence
- Molecular and Cell Biology and Genetics Graduate Program, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kayla Schardien
- Molecular and Cell Biology and Genetics Graduate Program, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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7
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Ng W, Ng SY. Remodeling of astrocyte secretome in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: uncovering novel targets to combat astrocyte-mediated toxicity. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:54. [PMID: 36567359 PMCID: PMC9791755 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset paralytic disease characterized by progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons in the motor cortex, brainstem and spinal cord. Motor neuron degeneration is typically caused by a combination of intrinsic neuronal (cell autonomous) defects as well as extrinsic (non-cell autonomous) factors such as astrocyte-mediated toxicity. Astrocytes are highly plastic cells that react to their microenvironment to mediate relevant responses. In neurodegeneration, astrocytes often turn reactive and in turn secrete a slew of factors to exert pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic effects. Various efforts have been carried out to characterize the diseased astrocyte secretome over the years, revealing that pro-inflammatory chemokines, cytokines and microRNAs are the main players in mediating neuronal death. As metabolomic technologies mature, these studies begin to shed light on neurotoxic metabolites such as secreted lipids. In this focused review, we will discuss changes in the astrocyte secretome during ALS. In particular, we will discuss the components of the reactive astrocyte secretome that contribute to neuronal death in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winanto Ng
- grid.418812.60000 0004 0620 9243Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore, 138673 Singapore
| | - Shi-Yan Ng
- grid.418812.60000 0004 0620 9243Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore, 138673 Singapore
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8
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Choi HJ, Han M, Seo H, Park CY, Lee EH, Park J. The new insight into the inflammatory response following focused ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier disruption. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:103. [PMID: 36564820 PMCID: PMC9783406 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the great potential of FUS-BBB disruption (FUS-BBBD), it is still controversial whether FUS-BBBD acts as an inducing factor of neuro-inflammation or not, and the biological responses after FUS-BBBD triggers the inflammatory process are poorly understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the safety window for FUS levels based on a comprehensive safety assessment. METHODS The mice were treated with two different ultrasound parameters (0.25 MPa and 0.42 MPa) in the thalamus region of brain. The efficacy of BBB opening was verified by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) and the cavitation monitoring. The transcriptome analysis was performed to investigate the molecular response for the two BBBD conditions after FUS-mediated BBB opening in time-dependent manners. Histological analysis was used for evaluation of the tissue damage, neuronal degeneration, and activation of glial cells induced by FUS-BBBD. RESULTS The BBBD, as quantified by the Ktrans, was approximately threefold higher in 0.42 MPa-treated group than 0.25 MPa-treated group. While the minimal tissue/cellular damage was found in 0.25 MPa-treated group, visible damages containing microhemorrhages and degenerating neurons were detected in 0.42 MPa-treated group in accordance with the extent of BBBD. In transcriptome analysis, 0.42 MPa-treated group exhibited highly dynamic changes in the expression levels of an inflammatory response or NF-κB pathway-relative genes in a time-dependent manner whereas, 0.25 MPa was not altered. Interestingly, although it is clear that 0.42 MPa induces neuroinflammation through glial activation, neuroprotective properties were evident by the expression of A2-type astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings propose that a well-defined BBBD parameter of 0.25 MPa could ensure the safety without cellular/tissue damage or sterile inflammatory response in the brain. Furthermore, the fact that the excessive sonication parameters at 0.42 MPa could induce a sterile inflammation response via glial activation suggested the possibility that could lead to tissue repair toward the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment through A2-type reactive astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Choi
- grid.496160.c0000 0004 6401 4233Medical Device Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (K-MEDI Hubub), 80, Cheombok-Ro, Dong-Gu, Daegu, 41061 Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Han
- grid.496160.c0000 0004 6401 4233Medical Device Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (K-MEDI Hubub), 80, Cheombok-Ro, Dong-Gu, Daegu, 41061 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Seo
- grid.256681.e0000 0001 0661 1492Department of Computer Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinju-Daero, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-Do 52828 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Yuk Park
- grid.496160.c0000 0004 6401 4233Medical Device Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (K-MEDI Hubub), 80, Cheombok-Ro, Dong-Gu, Daegu, 41061 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Lee
- grid.496160.c0000 0004 6401 4233Medical Device Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (K-MEDI Hubub), 80, Cheombok-Ro, Dong-Gu, Daegu, 41061 Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung Park
- grid.256155.00000 0004 0647 2973College of Future Industry, Department of High-Tech Medical Device, Gachon University, 1342, Seongnam-Daero, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13120 Republic of Korea
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9
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Reedich EJ, Genry LT, Singer MA, Cavarsan CF, Mena Avila E, Boudreau DM, Brennan MC, Garrett AM, Dowaliby L, Detloff MR, Quinlan KA. Enhanced nociceptive behavior and expansion of associated primary afferents in a rabbit model of cerebral palsy. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1951-1966. [PMID: 35839339 PMCID: PMC9388620 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Spastic cerebral palsy (CP) is a movement disorder marked by hypertonia and hyperreflexia; the most prevalent comorbidity is pain. Since spinal nociceptive afferents contribute to both the sensation of painful stimuli as well as reflex circuits involved in movement, we investigated the relationship between prenatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) injury which can cause CP, and possible changes in spinal nociceptive circuitry. To do this, we examined nociceptive afferents and mechanical and thermal sensitivity of New Zealand White rabbit kits after prenatal HI or a sham surgical procedure. As described previously, a range of motor deficits similar to spastic CP was observed in kits born naturally after HI (40 min at ~70%-80% gestation). We found that HI caused an expansion of peptidergic afferents (marked by expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide) in both the superficial and deep dorsal horn at postnatal day (P)5. Non-peptidergic nociceptive afferent arborization (labeled by isolectin B4) was unaltered in HI kits, but overlap of the two populations (peptidergic and non-peptidergic nociceptors) was increased by HI. Density of glial fibrillary acidic protein was unchanged within spinal cord white matter regions important in nociceptive transmission at P5. We found that mechanical and thermal nociception was enhanced in HI kits even in the absence of motor deficits. These findings suggest that prenatal HI injury impacts spinal sensory pathways in addition to the more well-established disruptions to descending motor circuits. In conclusion, changes to spinal nociceptive circuitry could disrupt spinal reflexes and contribute to pain experienced by individuals with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Reedich
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Landon T Genry
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Meredith A Singer
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Clarissa Fantin Cavarsan
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Elvia Mena Avila
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Daphne M Boudreau
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Michael C Brennan
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Alyssa M Garrett
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
- Rhode Island Institutional Development Award (IDeA) Network for Biomedical Research Excellence (INBRE) Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Program, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Lisa Dowaliby
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Megan R Detloff
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katharina A Quinlan
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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10
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Zhang W, Ye F, Xiong J, He F, Yang L, Yin F, Peng J, Wang X. Silencing of miR-132-3p protects against neuronal injury following status epilepticus by inhibiting IL-1β-induced reactive astrocyte (A1) polarization. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22554. [PMID: 36111973 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200110rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is one of the most common refractory epilepsies and is usually accompanied by a range of brain pathological changes, such as neuronal injury and astrocytosis. Naïve astrocytes are readily converted to cytotoxic reactive astrocytes (A1) in response to inflammatory stimulation, suppressing the polarization of A1 protects against neuronal death in early central nervous system injury. Our previous study found that pro-inflammatory cytokines and miR-132-3p (hereinafter referred to as "miR-132") expression were upregulated, but how miR-132 affected reactive astrocyte polarization and neuronal damage during epilepsy is not fully understood. Here, we aimed to explore the effect and mechanism of miR-132 on A1 polarization. Our results confirmed that A1 markers were significantly elevated in the hippocampus of MTLE rats and IL-1β-treated primary astrocytes. In vivo, knockdown of miR-132 by lateral ventricular injection reduced A1 astrocytes, neuronal loss, mossy fiber sprouting, and remitted the severity of status epilepticus and the recurrence of spontaneous recurrent seizures. In vitro, the neuronal cell viability and axon length were reduced by additional treatment with A1 astrocyte conditioned media (ACM), and downregulation of astrocyte miR-132 rescued the inhibition of cell activity by A1 ACM, while the length of axons was further inhibited. The regulation of miR-132 on A1 astrocytes may be related to its target gene expression. Our results show that interfering with astrocyte polarization may be a breakthrough in the treatment of refractory epilepsy, which may extend to the research of other astrocyte polarization-mediated brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fanghua Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Xiong
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Pediatrics, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Pediatrics, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Pediatrics, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaole Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Pediatrics, Changsha, China
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11
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He T, Yang GY, Zhang Z. Crosstalk of Astrocytes and Other Cells during Ischemic Stroke. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12060910. [PMID: 35743941 PMCID: PMC9228674 DOI: 10.3390/life12060910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. Astrocytes structurally compose tripartite synapses, blood–brain barrier, and the neurovascular unit and perform multiple functions through cell-to-cell signaling of neurons, glial cells, and vasculature. The crosstalk of astrocytes and other cells is complicated and incompletely understood. Here we review the role of astrocytes in response to ischemic stroke, both beneficial and detrimental, from a cell–cell interaction perspective. Reactive astrocytes provide neuroprotection through antioxidation and antiexcitatory effects and metabolic support; they also contribute to neurorestoration involving neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, angiogenesis, and oligodendrogenesis by crosstalk with stem cells and cell lineage. In the meantime, reactive astrocytes also play a vital role in neuroinflammation and brain edema. Glial scar formation in the chronic phase hinders functional recovery. We further discuss astrocyte enriched microRNAs and exosomes in the regulation of ischemic stroke. In addition, the latest notion of reactive astrocyte subsets and astrocytic activity revealed by optogenetics is mentioned. This review discusses the current understanding of the intimate molecular conversation between astrocytes and other cells and outlines its potential implications after ischemic stroke. “Neurocentric” strategies may not be sufficient for neurological protection and recovery; future therapeutic strategies could target reactive astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting He
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China;
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Correspondence: (G.-Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); Tel.: +86-21-62933186 (G.-Y.Y.); Fax: +86-21-62932302 (G.-Y.Y.)
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Correspondence: (G.-Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); Tel.: +86-21-62933186 (G.-Y.Y.); Fax: +86-21-62932302 (G.-Y.Y.)
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12
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Woods I, O'Connor C, Frugoli L, Kerr S, Gutierrez Gonzalez J, Stasiewicz M, McGuire T, Cavanagh B, Hibbitts A, Dervan A, O'Brien FJ. Biomimetic Scaffolds for Spinal Cord Applications Exhibit Stiffness-Dependent Immunomodulatory and Neurotrophic Characteristics. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101663. [PMID: 34784649 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), tissue engineering scaffolds offer a potential bridge for regeneration across the lesion and support repair through proregenerative signaling. Ideal biomaterial scaffolds that mimic the physicochemical properties of native tissue have the potential to provide innate trophic signaling while also minimizing damaging inflammation. To address this challenge, taking cues from the spinal cord's structure, the proregenerative signaling capabilities of native cord components are compared in vitro. A synergistic mix of collagen-IV and fibronectin (Coll-IV/Fn) is found to optimally enhance axonal extension from neuronal cell lines (SHSY-5Y and NSC-34) and induce morphological features typical of quiescent astrocytes. This optimal composition is incorporated into hyaluronic acid scaffolds with aligned pore architectures but varying stiffnesses (0.8-3 kPa). Scaffolds with biomimetic mechanical properties (<1 kPa), functionalized with Coll-IV/Fn, not only modulate primary astrocyte behavior but also stimulate the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in a stiffness-dependent manner. Seeded SHSY-5Y neurons generate distributed neuronal networks, while softer biomimetic scaffolds promote axonal outgrowth in an ex vivo model of axonal regrowth. These results indicate that the interaction of stiffness and biomaterial composition plays an essential role in vitro in generating repair-critical cellular responses and demonstrates the potential of biomimetic scaffold design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Woods
- Tissue Engineering Research Group Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, D02YN77 Ireland
| | - Cian O'Connor
- Tissue Engineering Research Group Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, D02YN77 Ireland
| | - Lisa Frugoli
- Tissue Engineering Research Group Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, D02YN77 Ireland
| | - Seán Kerr
- Tissue Engineering Research Group Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, D02YN77 Ireland
| | - Javier Gutierrez Gonzalez
- Tissue Engineering Research Group Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, D02YN77 Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre RCSI 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, D02YN77 Ireland
| | - Martyna Stasiewicz
- Tissue Engineering Research Group Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, D02YN77 Ireland
| | - Tara McGuire
- Tissue Engineering Research Group Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, D02YN77 Ireland
| | - Brenton Cavanagh
- Tissue Engineering Research Group Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, D02YN77 Ireland
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, D02YN77 Ireland
| | - Alan Hibbitts
- Tissue Engineering Research Group Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, D02YN77 Ireland
| | - Adrian Dervan
- Tissue Engineering Research Group Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, D02YN77 Ireland
| | - Fergal J. O'Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, D02YN77 Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre RCSI 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, D02YN77 Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2, D02R590 Ireland
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13
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Ikeshima-Kataoka H, Sugimoto C, Tsubokawa T. Integrin Signaling in the Central Nervous System in Animals and Human Brain Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031435. [PMID: 35163359 PMCID: PMC8836133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrin family is involved in various biological functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, and also in the pathogenesis of disease. Integrins are multifunctional receptors that exist as heterodimers composed of α and β subunits and bind to various ligands, including extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins; they are found in many animals, not only vertebrates (e.g., mouse, rat, and teleost fish), but also invertebrates (e.g., planarian flatworm, fruit fly, nematodes, and cephalopods), which are used for research on genetics and social behaviors or as models for human diseases. In the present paper, we describe the results of a phylogenetic tree analysis of the integrin family among these species. We summarize integrin signaling in teleost fish, which serves as an excellent model for the study of regenerative systems and possesses the ability for replacing missing tissues, especially in the central nervous system, which has not been demonstrated in mammals. In addition, functions of astrocytes and reactive astrocytes, which contain neuroprotective subpopulations that act in concert with the ECM proteins tenascin C and osteopontin via integrin are also reviewed. Drug development research using integrin as a therapeutic target could result in breakthroughs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ikeshima-Kataoka
- Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi 223-8521, Japan; (C.S.); (T.T.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Chikatoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi 223-8521, Japan; (C.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Tatsuya Tsubokawa
- Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi 223-8521, Japan; (C.S.); (T.T.)
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14
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In Vitro Methodologies to Study the Role of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) in Neurodegeneration. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020363. [PMID: 35057544 PMCID: PMC8777776 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) can be present in food or be endogenously produced in biological systems. Their formation has been associated with chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The implication of AGEs in neurodegeneration is related to their ability to bind to AGE-specific receptors and the ability of their precursors to induce the so-called “dicarbonyl stress”, resulting in cross-linking and protein damage. However, the mode of action underlying their role in neurodegeneration remains unclear. While some research has been carried out in observational clinical studies, further in vitro studies may help elucidate these underlying modes of action. This review presents and discusses in vitro methodologies used in research on the potential role of AGEs in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The overview reveals the main concepts linking AGEs to neurodegeneration, the current findings, and the available and advisable in vitro models to study their role. Moreover, the major questions regarding the role of AGEs in neurodegenerative diseases and the challenges and discrepancies in the research field are discussed.
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15
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Yuan M, Wu H. Astrocytes in the Traumatic Brain Injury: the Good and the Bad. Exp Neurol 2021; 348:113943. [PMID: 34863998 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes control many processes of the nervous system in health and disease, and respond to injury quickly. Astrocytes produce neuroprotective factors in the injured brain to clear cellular debris and to orchestrate neurorestorative processes that are beneficial for neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, astrocytes also become dysregulated and produce cytotoxic mediators that hinder CNS repair by induction of neuronal dysfunction and cell death. Hence, we discuss the potential role of astrocytes in neuropathological processes such as neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and blood-brain barrier repair after TBI. Thus, an improved understanding of the dual role of astrocytes may advance our knowledge of post-brain injury recovery, and provide opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Haitao Wu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 100850 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research (CIBR), 102206 Beijing, China.
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16
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Filippi A, Constantin A, Alexandru N, Voicu G, Constantinescu CA, Rebleanu D, Fenyo M, Simionescu D, Simionescu A, Manduteanu I, Georgescu A. Integrins α4β1 and αVβ3 are Reduced in Endothelial Progenitor Cells from Diabetic Dyslipidemic Mice and May Represent New Targets for Therapy in Aortic Valve Disease. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720946277. [PMID: 32841051 PMCID: PMC7563030 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720946277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes reduces the number and induces dysfunction in circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) by mechanisms that are still uncovered. This study aims to evaluate the number, viability, phenotype, and function of EPCs in dyslipidemic mice with early diabetes mellitus and EPC infiltration in the aortic valve in order to identify possible therapeutic targets in diabetes-associated cardiovascular disease. A streptozotocin-induced diabetic apolipoprotein E knock-out (ApoE-/-) mouse model was used to identify the early and progressive changes, at 4 or 7 days on atherogenic diet after the last streptozotocin or citrate buffer injection. Blood and aortic valves from diabetic or nondiabetic ApoE-/- animals were collected.EPCs were identified as CD34 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 positive monocytes, and the expression levels of α4β1, αVβ3, αVβ5, β1, αLβ2, α5 integrins, and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 chemokine receptor on EPC surface were assessed by flow cytometry. The number of CD34 positive cells in the aortic valve, previously found to be recruited progenitor cells, was measured by fluorescence microscopy. Our results show that aortic valves from mice fed 7 days with atherogenic diet presented a significantly higher number of CD34 positive cells compared with mice fed only 4 days with the same diet, and diabetes reversed this finding. We also show a reduction of circulatory EPC numbers in diabetic mice caused by cell senescence and lower mobilization. Dyslipidemia induced EPC death through apoptosis regardless of the presence of diabetes, as shown by the higher percent of propidium iodide positive cells and higher cleaved caspase-3 levels. EPCs from diabetic mice expressed α4β1 and αVβ3 integrins at a lower level, while the rest of the integrins tested were unaffected by diabetes or diet. In conclusion, reduced EPC number and expression of α4β1 and αVβ3 integrins on EPCs at 4 and 7 days after diabetes induction in atherosclerosis-prone mice have resulted in lower recruitment of EPCs in the aortic valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Filippi
- 199940Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Constantin
- 199940Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Alexandru
- 199940Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Geanina Voicu
- 199940Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Ana Constantinescu
- 199940Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Rebleanu
- 199940Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Madalina Fenyo
- 199940Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Agneta Simionescu
- 199940Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.,2545Clemson University, Clemson SC, USA
| | - Ileana Manduteanu
- 199940Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Georgescu
- 199940Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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17
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Psenicka MW, Smith BC, Tinkey RA, Williams JL. Connecting Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: Are Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells a Nexus of Disease? Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:654284. [PMID: 34234647 PMCID: PMC8255483 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.654284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology in neurodegenerative diseases is often accompanied by inflammation. It is well-known that many cells within the central nervous system (CNS) also contribute to ongoing neuroinflammation, which can promote neurodegeneration. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is both an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease in which there is a complex interplay between resident CNS cells to mediate myelin and axonal damage, and this communication network can vary depending on the subtype and chronicity of disease. Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cell of the CNS, and their precursors, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), are often thought of as the targets of autoimmune pathology during MS and in several animal models of MS; however, there is emerging evidence that OPCs actively contribute to inflammation that directly and indirectly contributes to neurodegeneration. Here we discuss several contributors to MS disease progression starting with lesion pathology and murine models amenable to studying particular aspects of disease. We then review how OPCs themselves can play an active role in promoting neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and how other resident CNS cells including microglia, astrocytes, and neurons can impact OPC function. Further, we outline the very complex and pleiotropic role(s) of several inflammatory cytokines and other secreted factors classically described as solely deleterious during MS and its animal models, but in fact, have many neuroprotective functions and promote a return to homeostasis, in part via modulation of OPC function. Finally, since MS affects patients from the onset of disease throughout their lifespan, we discuss the impact of aging on OPC function and CNS recovery. It is becoming clear that OPCs are not simply a bystander during MS progression and uncovering the active roles they play during different stages of disease will help uncover potential new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan W. Psenicka
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Brandon C. Smith
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Rachel A. Tinkey
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Jessica L. Williams
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
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18
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Peng Y, Chu S, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Pang Z, Chen N. Neuroinflammatory In Vitro Cell Culture Models and the Potential Applications for Neurological Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:671734. [PMID: 33967814 PMCID: PMC8103160 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.671734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cultures are used in pharmaceutical, medical and biological sciences. Due to the ethical and cost limitations of in vivo models, the replaceable cell model that is more closely related to the characteristics of organisms, which has broad prospects and can be used for high-throughput drug screening is urgent. Neuronal and glial cell models have been widely used in the researches of neurological disorders. And the current researches on neuroinflammation contributes to blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage. In this review, we describe the features of healthy and inflamed BBB and summarize the main immortalized cell lines of the central nervous system (PC12, SH-SY5Y, BV2, HA, and HBMEC et al.) and their use in the anti-inflammatory potential of neurological disorders. Especially, different co-culture models of neuroinflammatory, in association with immune cells in both 2D and 3D models are discussed in this review. In summary, 2D co-culture is easily practicable and economical but cannot fully reproduce the microenvironment in vivo. While 3D models called organs-on-chips or biochips are the most recent and very promising approach, which made possible by bioengineering and biotechnological improvements and more accurately mimic the BBB microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shifeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yantao Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zongran Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Naihong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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19
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Ravi K, Paidas MJ, Saad A, Jayakumar AR. Astrocytes in rare neurological conditions: Morphological and functional considerations. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:2676-2705. [PMID: 33496339 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a population of central nervous system (CNS) cells with distinctive morphological and functional characteristics that differ within specific areas of the brain and are widely distributed throughout the CNS. There are mainly two types of astrocytes, protoplasmic and fibrous, which differ in morphologic appearance and location. Astrocytes are important cells of the CNS that not only provide structural support, but also modulate synaptic activity, regulate neuroinflammatory responses, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and supply energy to neurons. As a result, astrocytic disruption can lead to widespread detrimental effects and can contribute to the pathophysiology of several neurological conditions. The characteristics of astrocytes in more common neuropathologies such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease have significantly been described and continue to be widely studied. However, there still exist numerous rare neurological conditions in which astrocytic involvement is unknown and needs to be explored. Accordingly, this review will summarize functional and morphological changes of astrocytes in various rare neurological conditions based on current knowledge thus far and highlight remaining neuropathologies where astrocytic involvement has yet to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Ravi
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael J Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ali Saad
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Arumugam R Jayakumar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education Inc, Miami, Florida, USA.,General Medical Research Neuropathology Section, R&D Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Centre, Miami, Florida, USA
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20
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An Improved Method for Physical Separation of Cerebral Vasculature and Parenchyma Enables Detection of Blood-Brain-Barrier Dysfunction. NEUROSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/neurosci2010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular niche is crucial for constant blood supply and blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and is altered in a number of different neurological conditions, making this an intensely active field of research. Brain vasculature is unique for its tight association of endothelial cells with astrocytic endfeet processes. Separation of the vascular compartment by centrifugation-based methods confirmed enrichment of astrocytic endfeet processes, making it possible to study the entire vascular niche with such methods. Several centrifugation-based separation protocols are found in the literature; however, with some constraints which limit their applicability and the scope of the studies. Here, we describe and validate a protocol for physically separating the neurovascular niche from the parenchyma, which is optimized for smaller tissue quantities. Using endothelial, neuronal, and astrocyte markers, we show that quantitative Western blot-based target detection can be performed of both the vessel-enriched and parenchymal fractions using as little as a single mouse brain hemisphere. Validation of our protocol in rodent stroke models by detecting changes in tight junction protein expression, serum albumin signals and astrocyte activation, i.e., increased glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, between the ipsilateral and the lesion-free contralateral hemisphere demonstrates this protocol as a new way of detecting BBB breakdown and astrogliosis, respectively.
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21
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Gou X, Ying J, Yue Y, Qiu X, Hu P, Qu Y, Li J, Mu D. The Roles of High Mobility Group Box 1 in Cerebral Ischemic Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:600280. [PMID: 33384585 PMCID: PMC7770223 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.600280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a ubiquitous nuclear protein that plays an important role in stabilizing nucleosomes and DNA repair. HMGB1 can be passively released from necrotic neurons or actively secreted by microglia, macrophages/monocytes, and neutrophils. Cerebral ischemia is a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide, and its outcome depends on the number of neurons dying due to hypoxia in the ischemic area. HMGB1 contributes to the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia via mediating neuroinflammatory responses to cerebral ischemic injury. Extracellular HMGB1 regulates many neuroinflammatory events by interacting with its different cell surface receptors, such as receptors for advanced glycation end products, toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, and TLR-4. Additionally, HMGB1 can be redox-modified, thus exerting specific cellular functions in the ischemic brain and has different roles in the acute and late stages of cerebral ischemic injury. However, the role of HMGB1 in cerebral ischemia is complex and remains unclear. Herein, we summarize and review the research on HMGB1 in cerebral ischemia, focusing especially on the role of HMGB1 in hypoxic ischemia in the immature brain and in white matter ischemic injury. We also outline the possible mechanisms of HMGB1 in cerebral ischemia and the main strategies to inhibit HMGB1 pertaining to its potential as a novel critical molecular target in cerebral ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Gou
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjie Ying
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Qiu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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22
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury leads to cellular damage which in turn results in the rapid release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that prompt resident cells to release cytokines and chemokines. These in turn rapidly recruit neutrophils, which assist in limiting the spread of injury and removing cellular debris. Microglia continuously survey the CNS (central nervous system) compartment and identify structural abnormalities in neurons contributing to the response. After some days, when neutrophil numbers start to decline, activated microglia and astrocytes assemble at the injury site—segregating injured tissue from healthy tissue and facilitating restorative processes. Monocytes infiltrate the injury site to produce chemokines that recruit astrocytes which successively extend their processes towards monocytes during the recovery phase. In this fashion, monocytes infiltration serves to help repair the injured brain. Neurons and astrocytes also moderate brain inflammation via downregulation of cytotoxic inflammation. Depending on the severity of the brain injury, T and B cells can also be recruited to the brain pathology sites at later time points.
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Tice C, McDevitt J, Langford D. Astrocytes, HIV and the Glymphatic System: A Disease of Disrupted Waste Management? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:523379. [PMID: 33134185 PMCID: PMC7550659 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.523379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the glial-lymphatic or glymphatic fluid clearance pathway in the rodent brain led researchers to search for a parallel system in humans and to question the implications of this pathway in neurodegenerative diseases. Magnetic resonance imaging studies revealed that several features of the glymphatic system may be present in humans. In both rodents and humans, this pathway promotes the exchange of interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through the arterial perivascular spaces into the brain parenchyma. This process is facilitated in part by aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels located primarily on astrocytic end feet that abut cerebral endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier. Decreased expression or mislocalization of AQP4 from astrocytic end feet results in decreased interstitial flow, thereby, promoting accumulation of extracellular waste products like hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau). Accumulation of pTau is a neuropathological hallmark in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is accompanied by mislocalization of APQ4 from astrocyte end feet to the cell body. HIV infection shares many neuropathological characteristics with AD. Similar to AD, HIV infection of the CNS contributes to abnormal aging with altered AQP4 localization, accumulation of pTau and chronic neuroinflammation. Up to 30% of people with HIV (PWH) suffer from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), and changes in AQP4 may be clinically important as a contributor to cognitive disturbances. In this review, we provide an overview and discussion of the potential contributions of NeuroHIV to glymphatic system functions by focusing on astrocytes and AQP4. Although HAND encompasses a wide range of neurocognitive impairments and levels of neuroinflammation vary among and within PWH, the potential contribution of disruption in AQP4 may be clinically important in some cases. In this review we discuss implications for possible AQP4 disruption on NeuroHIV disease trajectory and how HIV may influence AQP4 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Tice
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jane McDevitt
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Public Health at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dianne Langford
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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24
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Smith BC, Sinyuk M, Jenkins JE, Psenicka MW, Williams JL. The impact of regional astrocyte interferon-γ signaling during chronic autoimmunity: a novel role for the immunoproteasome. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:184. [PMID: 32532298 PMCID: PMC7291495 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In early autoimmune neuroinflammation, interferon (IFN)γ and its upregulation of the immunoproteasome (iP) is pathologic. However, during chronic multiple sclerosis (MS), IFNγ has protective properties. Although dysregulation of the iP has been implicated in neurodegeneration, its function remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that IFNγ signaling in regional astrocytes induces the iP and promotes protection of the CNS during chronic autoimmunity. Methods In a multiple sclerosis (MS) brain, we evaluated mRNA expression and labeled postmortem MS brainstem and spinal cord for iP subunits and indicators of oxidative stress. Primary regional human astrocytes were analyzed for iP regulation and function by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot, OxyBlot, and reactive oxygen species and caspase activity detection assays. Following immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55, the role of IFNγ signaling and the iP during chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) were assessed using pharmacologic inhibition of the iP and genetic interruption of IFNγ signaling specifically in astrocytes. Central nervous system (CNS) tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence, and cell-specific colocalization was quantified. Results In MS tissue, iP expression was enhanced in the spinal cord compared to brainstem lesions, which correlated with a decrease in oxidative stress. In vitro, IFNγ stimulation enhanced iP expression, reduced reactive oxygen species burden, and decreased oxidatively damaged and poly-ubiquitinated protein accumulation preferentially in human spinal cord astrocytes, which was abrogated with the use of the iP inhibitor, ONX 0914. During the chronic phase of an MS animal model, EAE, ONX 0914 treatment exacerbated the disease and led to increased oxidative stress and poly-ubiquitinated protein buildup. Finally, mice with astrocyte-specific loss of the IFNγ receptor exhibited worsened chronic EAE associated with reduced iP expression, enhanced lesion size and oxidative stress, and poly-ubiquitinated protein accumulation in astrocytes. Conclusions Taken together, our data reveal a protective role for IFNγ in chronic neuroinflammation and identify a novel function of the iP in astrocytes during CNS autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Smith
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Maksim Sinyuk
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Julius E Jenkins
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Morgan W Psenicka
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jessica L Williams
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.
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25
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Planas-Fontánez TM, Dreyfus CF, Saitta KS. Reactive Astrocytes as Therapeutic Targets for Brain Degenerative Diseases: Roles Played by Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:541-550. [PMID: 31983009 PMCID: PMC7058558 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02968-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are well known to play critical roles in the development and maintenance of the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, recent reports indicate that these cells are heterogeneous with respect to the molecules they express and the functions they exhibit in the quiescent or activated state. Because astrocytes also contribute to pathology, promising new results raise the possibility of manipulating specific astroglial populations for therapeutic roles. In this mini-review, we highlight the function of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), in particular mGluR3 and mGluR5, in reactive astrocytes and relate these to three degenerative CNS diseases: multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Previous studies demonstrate that effects of these receptors may be beneficial, but this varies depending on the subtype of receptor, the state of the astrocytes, and the specific disease to which they are exposed. Elucidating the role of mGluRs on astrocytes at specific times during development and disease will provide novel insights in understanding how to best use these to serve as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia M. Planas-Fontánez
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ USA ,grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ USA
| | - Cheryl F. Dreyfus
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ USA ,grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 683 Hoes Lane West, Room 361, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Kyle S. Saitta
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ USA ,grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ USA
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26
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Xu S, Sun Q, Fan J, Jiang Y, Yang W, Cui Y, Yu Z, Jiang H, Li B. Role of Astrocytes in Post-traumatic Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1149. [PMID: 31798512 PMCID: PMC6863807 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury, a common cause of acquired epilepsy, is typical to find necrotic cell death within the injury core. The dynamic changes in astrocytes surrounding the injury core contribute to epileptic seizures associated with intense neuronal firing. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that activate astrocytes during traumatic brain injury or the effect of functional changes of astrocytes on seizures. In this comprehensive review, we present our cumulated understanding of the complex neurological affection in astrocytes after traumatic brain injury. We approached the problem through describing the changes of cell morphology, neurotransmitters, biochemistry, and cytokines in astrocytes during post-traumatic epilepsy. In addition, we also discussed the relationship between dynamic changes in astrocytes and seizures and the current pharmacologic agents used for treatment. Hopefully, this review will provide a more detailed knowledge from which better therapeutic strategies can be developed to treat post-traumatic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbai Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qihan Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yifeng Cui
- Department of Pediatrics, Yanbian Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Zhenxiang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huiyi Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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27
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Vahabzadeh-Hagh A, McCarthy TJ, De Taboada L, Streeter J, Pascual-Leone A, Lo EH, Hayakawa K. Near infrared light amplifies endothelial progenitor cell accumulation after stroke. CONDITIONING MEDICINE 2019; 2:170-177. [PMID: 34291201 PMCID: PMC8291201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular pattern signals may play key roles in mediating non-cell autonomous effects of pre and post-conditioning. Here, we show that near-infrared (NIR) light stimulation of astrocytes increases a calcium-dependent secretion of the prototypical DAMP, HMGB1, which may then accelerate endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) accumulation after stroke. Conditioned media from NIR-stimulated astrocytes increased EPC proliferation in vitro, and blockade of HMGB1 with siRNA diminished the effect. In vivo transcranial NIR treatment confirmed that approximately 40% of NIR could penetrate the scalp and skull. Concomitantly, NIR increased GFAP expression in normal mouse brain at 30 min after the irradiation. In a mouse model of focal ischemia, repeated irradiation of NIR at days 5, 9, and 13 successfully increased HMGB1 in peri-infarct cortex, leading to a higher accumulation of EPCs at 14 days post-stroke. Conditioning and tolerance are now known to involve cell-cell signaling between all cell types in the neurovascular unit. Taken together, our proof-of-concept study suggest that NIR light may be an effective conditioning tool to stimulate astrocytic signaling and promote EPC accumulation after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Vahabzadeh-Hagh
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eng H. Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kazuhide Hayakawa
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Li K, Li J, Zheng J, Qin S. Reactive Astrocytes in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Aging Dis 2019; 10:664-675. [PMID: 31165009 PMCID: PMC6538217 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, the largest and most numerous glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), play a variety of important roles in regulating homeostasis, increasing synaptic plasticity and providing neuroprotection, thus helping to maintain normal brain function. At the same time, astrocytes can participate in the inflammatory response and play a key role in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Reactive astrocytes are strongly induced by numerous pathological conditions in the CNS. Astrocyte reactivity is initially characterized by hypertrophy of soma and processes, triggered by different molecules. Recent studies have demonstrated that neuroinflammation and ischemia can elicit two different types of reactive astrocytes, termed A1s and A2s. However, in the case of astrocyte reactivity in different neurodegenerative diseases, the recently published research issues remain a high level of conflict and controversy. So far, we still know very little about whether and how the function or reactivity of astrocytes changes in the progression of different neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we aimed to briefly discuss recent studies highlighting the complex contribution of astrocytes in the process of various neurodegenerative diseases, which may provide us with new prospects for the development of an excellent therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Li
- 1Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiatong Li
- 1Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jialin Zheng
- 2Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Qin
- 1Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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29
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Dubey SK, Ram MS, Krishna KV, Saha RN, Singhvi G, Agrawal M, Ajazuddin, Saraf S, Saraf S, Alexander A. Recent Expansions on Cellular Models to Uncover the Scientific Barriers Towards Drug Development for Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:181-209. [PMID: 30671696 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00653-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Globally, the central nervous system (CNS) disorders appear as the most critical pathological threat with no proper cure. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one such condition frequently observed with the aged population and sometimes in youth too. Most of the research utilizes different animal models for in vivo study of AD pathophysiology and to investigate the potency of the newly developed therapy. These in vivo models undoubtably provide a powerful investigation tool to study human brain. Although, it sometime fails to mimic the exact environment and responses as the human brain owing to the distinctive genetic and anatomical features of human and rodent brain. In such condition, the in vitro cell model derived from patient specific cell or human cell lines can recapitulate the human brain environment. In addition, the frequent use of animals in research increases the cost of study and creates various ethical issues. Instead, the use of in vitro cellular models along with animal models can enhance the translational values of in vivo models and represent a better and effective mean to investigate the potency of therapeutics. This strategy also limits the excessive use of laboratory animal during the drug development process. Generally, the in vitro cell lines are cultured from AD rat brain endothelial cells, the rodent models, human astrocytes, human brain capillary endothelial cells, patient derived iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells) and also from the non-neuronal cells. During the literature review process, we observed that there are very few reviews available which describe the significance and characteristics of in vitro cell lines, for AD investigation. Thus, in the present review article, we have compiled the various in vitro cell lines used in AD investigation including HBMEC, BCECs, SHSY-5Y, hCMEC/D3, PC-2 cell line, bEND3 cells, HEK293, hNPCs, RBE4 cells, SK-N-MC, BMVECs, CALU-3, 7W CHO, iPSCs and cerebral organoids cell lines and different types of culture media such as SCM, EMEM, DMEM/F12, RPMI, EBM and 3D-cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Munnangi Siva Ram
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kowthavarapu Venkata Krishna
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ranendra Narayan Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Dubai Campus, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mukta Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka, Kurud Road, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, 490024, India
| | - Ajazuddin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka, Kurud Road, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, 490024, India
| | - Swarnlata Saraf
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492 010, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Shailendra Saraf
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492 010, Chhattisgarh, India
- Hemchand Yadav University, Durg, Chhattisgarh, 491 001, India
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka, Kurud Road, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, 490024, India.
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30
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Lee E, Chung WS. Glial Control of Synapse Number in Healthy and Diseased Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:42. [PMID: 30814931 PMCID: PMC6381066 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are emerging as crucial players that mediate development and homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). In particular, glial cells are closely associated with synapses, and control synapse formation, function, plasticity, and elimination during the stages of development and adulthood. Importantly, it is now increasingly evident that abnormal glial function can be an active inducer of the initiation and progression of various neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we discuss recent developments on the physiological roles of glial cells in the brain, and propose that synapse loss, which is a common characteristic of several neurodegenerative diseases, can be initiated by mis-regulation of normal glial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunbeol Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Won-Suk Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
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31
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Astrocyte Signaling in the Neurovascular Unit After Central Nervous System Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020282. [PMID: 30642007 PMCID: PMC6358919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes comprise the major non-neuronal cell population in the mammalian neurovascular unit. Traditionally, astrocytes are known to play broad roles in central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, including the management of extracellular ion balance and pH, regulation of neurotransmission, and control of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. After CNS injury, cell–cell signaling between neuronal, glial, and vascular cells contribute to repair and recovery in the neurovascular unit. In this mini-review, we propose the idea that astrocytes play a central role in organizing these signals. During CNS recovery, reactive astrocytes communicate with almost all CNS cells and peripheral progenitors, resulting in the promotion of neurogenesis and angiogenesis, regulation of inflammatory response, and modulation of stem/progenitor response. Reciprocally, changes in neurons and vascular components of the remodeling brain should also influence astrocyte signaling. Therefore, understanding the complex and interdependent signaling pathways of reactive astrocytes after CNS injury may reveal fundamental mechanisms and targets for re-integrating the neurovascular unit and augmenting brain recovery.
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32
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Rajkovic I, Wong R, Lemarchand E, Rivers-Auty J, Rajkovic O, Garlanda C, Allan SM, Pinteaux E. Pentraxin 3 promotes long-term cerebral blood flow recovery, angiogenesis, and neuronal survival after stroke. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:1319-1332. [PMID: 30315331 PMCID: PMC6245246 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Restoration of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and upregulation of angiogenesis are crucial for brain repair and functional recovery after cerebral ischaemia. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a key regulator of angiogenesis and is emerging as a promising target for cerebrovascular repair after stroke. Here, we investigated for the first time the role of PTX3 in long-term CBF, angiogenesis, and neuronal viability after ischaemic stroke induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Lack of PTX3 had no effect on early brain damage, but significantly impaired restoration of CBF, 14 and 28 days after MCAo, compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that PTX3 KO mice have significantly greater neuronal loss, significantly decreased vessel diameter, vessel proliferation, vascular density, and reactive astrocytes and decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGR2), vascular extracellular matrix (ECM)-proteins (collagen IV, laminin), and integrin-β, in the ipsilateral (stroke) hemisphere compared to WT mice, 28 days after MCAo. Therefore, PTX3 promotes sustained long-term recovery of CBF, angiogenesis, and neuronal viability after cerebral ischaemia. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the potential and clinical relevance of PTX3 as a promising therapeutic target, providing sustained long-term post-stroke neurovascular repair and reducing the loss of neurons. KEY MESSAGES: Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a key regulator of angiogenesis and is emerging as a promising target for cerebrovascular repair after stroke. Restoration of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and angiogenesis are crucial for brain repair and functional recovery after cerebral ischaemia. PTX3 promotes sustained long-term recovery of CBF, angiogenesis, and neuronal viability after cerebral ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Rajkovic
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Raymond Wong
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Eloise Lemarchand
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jack Rivers-Auty
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Olivera Rajkovic
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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33
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Ludewig P, Winneberger J, Magnus T. The cerebral endothelial cell as a key regulator of inflammatory processes in sterile inflammation. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 326:38-44. [PMID: 30472304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral endothelial cells accomplish numerous tasks connected to the maintenance of homeostasis of the central nervous system. They create a barrier between the central nervous system and peripheral blood and regulate mechanotransduction, vascular permeability, rheology, thrombogenesis, and leukocyte adhesion. In pathophysiological conditions (e.g., stroke or ischemia-reperfusion injury) the endothelial functions are impaired, leading to increased vascular permeability, vascular inflammation, leukocyte-endothelium interactions, and transendothelial migration, driving CNS inflammation and neuronal destruction. This review describes the current knowledge on the regulatory roles of endothelial cells in neuroinflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ludewig
- Department of Neurology at the University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jack Winneberger
- Department of Neurology at the University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology at the University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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34
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Cragnolini AB, Montenegro G, Friedman WJ, Mascó DH. Brain-region specific responses of astrocytes to an in vitro injury and neurotrophins. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 88:240-248. [PMID: 29444457 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are a heterogeneous population of glial cells that react to brain insults through a process referred to as astrogliosis. Reactive astrocytes are characterized by an increase in proliferation, size, migration to the injured zone and release of a plethora of chemical mediators such as NGF and BDNF. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are brain region-associated responses of astrocytes to an injury and to the neurotrophins NGF and BDNF. We used the scratch injury model to study the closure of a wound inflicted on a monolayer of astrocytes obtained from cortex, hippocampus or striatum. Our results indicate that the response of astrocytes to a mechanical lesion differ according to brain regions. Astrocytes from the striatum proliferate and repopulate the injury site more rapidly than astrocytes from cortex or hippocampus. We found that the scratch injury induced the upregulation of neurotrophin receptor p75NTR and TrkB.t in astrocytes from all brain regions studied. When astrocytes from all regions were treated with NGF, the neurotrophin induced migration of the astrocytes (assessed in Boyden chambers) and induced wound closure but did not affect proliferation. In contrast, BDNF induced wound closure but only in astrocytes from striatum. Our overall findings show the heterogeneity in astrocyte functions based on their brain region of origin, and how this functional diversity may determine their responses to an injury and to neurotrophins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Beatriz Cragnolini
- IIByT-UNC CONICET, CEBICEM, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Montenegro
- IIByT-UNC CONICET, CEBICEM, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Wilma J Friedman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, 225 University Avenue, Newark, N.J. 07102, United States
| | - Daniel Hugo Mascó
- IIByT-UNC CONICET, CEBICEM, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina.
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Abstract
Astrocytes constitute approximately 30% of the cells in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). They are integral to brain and spinal-cord physiology and perform many functions important for normal neuronal development, synapse formation, and proper propagation of action potentials. We still know very little, however, about how these functions change in response to immune attack, chronic neurodegenerative disease, or acute trauma. In this review, we summarize recent studies that demonstrate that different initiating CNS injuries can elicit at least two types of "reactive" astrocytes with strikingly different properties, one type being helpful and the other harmful. We will also discuss new methods for purifying and investigating reactive-astrocyte functions and provide an overview of new markers for delineating these different states of reactive astrocytes. The discovery that astrocytes have different types of reactive states has important implications for the development of new therapies for CNS injury and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Liddelow
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Ben A Barres
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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36
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Greco R, Demartini C, Zanaboni AM, Blandini F, Amantea D, Tassorelli C. Modulation of cerebral RAGE expression following nitric oxide synthase inhibition in rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 800:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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37
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Das SK, Yuan YF, Li MQ. An Overview on Current Issues and Challenges of Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Based Neovascularization in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcer. Cell Reprogram 2017; 19:75-87. [PMID: 28266867 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2016.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcer's impaired wound healing, which leads to the development of chronic non-healing wounds and ultimately amputation, is a major problem worldwide. Although recently endothelial progenitor cell-derived cell therapy has been used as a therapeutic intervention to treat diabetic wounds, thereby promoting neovascularization, the results, however, are not satisfactory. In this article, we have discussed the several steps that are involved in the neovascularization process, which might be impaired during diabetes. In addition, we have also discussed the reported possible interventions to correct these impairments. Thus, we have summarized neovascularization as a process with a coordinated sequence of multiple steps and thus, there is the need of a combined therapeutic approach to achieve better treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Kumar Das
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University , Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Feng Yuan
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University , Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao Quan Li
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University , Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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38
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Stem Cells as a Promising Tool for the Restoration of Brain Neurovascular Unit and Angiogenic Orientation. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7689-7705. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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39
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Hu X, Yuan Y, Wang D, Su Z. Heterogeneous astrocytes: Active players in CNS. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:1-18. [PMID: 27021168 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the predominant cell type that are broadly distributed in the brain and spinal cord, play key roles in maintaining homeostasis of the central nerve system (CNS) in physiological and pathological conditions. Increasing evidence indicates that astrocytes are a complex colony with heterogeneity on morphology, gene expression, function and many other aspects depending on their spatio-temporal distribution and activation level. In pathological conditions, astrocytes differentially respond to all kinds of insults, including injury and disease, and participate in the neuropathological process. Based on current studies, we here give an overview of the roles of heterogeneous astrocytes in CNS, especially in neuropathologies, which focuses on biological and functional diversity of astrocytes. We propose that a precise understanding of the heterogeneous astrocytes is critical to unlocking the secrets about pathogenesis and treatment of the mazy CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimin Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhida Su
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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40
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Jo DH, Bae J, Chae S, Kim JH, Han JH, Hwang D, Lee SW, Kim JH. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals β2 Integrin-mediated Cytoskeletal Rearrangement in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-induced Retinal Vascular Hyperpermeability. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:1681-91. [PMID: 26969716 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.053249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal vascular hyperpermeability causes macular edema, leading to visual deterioration in retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and retinal vascular occlusion. Dysregulation of junction integrity between endothelial cells by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was shown to cause retinal vascular hyperpermeability. Accordingly, anti-VEGF agents have been used to treat retinal vascular hyperpermeability. However, they can confer potential toxicity through their deleterious effects on maintenance and survival of neuronal and endothelial cells in the retina. Thus, it is important to identify novel therapeutic targets for retinal vascular hyperpermeability other than VEGF. Here, we prepared murine retinas showing VEGF-induced vascular leakage from superficial retinal vascular plexus and prevention of VEGF-induced leakage by anti-VEGF antibody treatment. We then performed comprehensive proteome profiling of these samples and identified retinal proteins for which abundances were differentially expressed by VEGF, but such alterations were inhibited by anti-VEGF antibody. Functional enrichment and network analyses of these proteins revealed the β2 integrin pathway, which can prevent dysregulation of junction integrity between endothelial cells through cytoskeletal rearrangement, as a potential therapeutic target for retinal vascular hyperpermeability. Finally, we experimentally demonstrated that inhibition of the β2 integrin pathway salvaged VEGF-induced retinal vascular hyperpermeability, supporting its validity as an alternative therapeutic target to anti-VEGF agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Jo
- From the ‡Fight Against Angiogenesis-related Blindness Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; §Department of Biomedical Sciences and Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jingi Bae
- ‖Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sehyun Chae
- **Department of New Biology and Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Korea; and
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- From the ‡Fight Against Angiogenesis-related Blindness Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Han
- ‖Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- **Department of New Biology and Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Korea; and
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- ‖Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- From the ‡Fight Against Angiogenesis-related Blindness Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; §Department of Biomedical Sciences and Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; §§Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
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41
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Androgen Modulates Functions of Endothelial Progenitor Cells through Activated Egr1 Signaling. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:7057894. [PMID: 26697079 PMCID: PMC4677258 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7057894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Researches show that androgens have important effects on migration of endothelial cells and endothelial protection in coronary heart disease. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) as a progenitor cell type that can differentiate into endothelial cells, have a critical role in angiogenesis and endothelial protection. The relationship between androgen and the functions of EPCs has animated much interest and controversy. In this study, we investigated the angiogenic and migratory functions of EPCs after treatment by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the molecular mechanisms as well. We found that DHT treatment enhanced the incorporation of EPCs into tubular structures formed by HUVECs and the migratory activity of EPCs in the transwell assay dose dependently. Moreover, microarray analysis was performed to explore how DHT changes the gene expression profiles of EPCs. We found 346 differentially expressed genes in androgen-treated EPCs. Angiogenesis-related genes like Egr-1, Vcan, Efnb2, and Cdk2ap1 were identified to be regulated upon DHT treatment. Furthermore, the enhanced angiogenic and migratory abilities of EPCs after DHT treatment were inhibited by Egr1-siRNA transfection. In conclusion, our findings suggest that DHT markedly enhances the vessel forming ability and migration capacity of EPCs. Egr1 signaling may be a possible pathway in this process.
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42
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Abstract
Danger molecules are the first signals released from dying tissue after stroke. These danger signals bind to receptors on immune cells that will result in their activation and the release of inflammatory and neurotoxic mediators, resulting in amplification of the immune response and subsequent enlargement of the damaged brain volume. The release of danger signals is a central event that leads to a multitude of signals and cascades in the affected and neighbouring tissue, therefore providing a potential target for therapy.
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Ma F, Morancho A, Montaner J, Rosell A. Endothelial progenitor cells and revascularization following stroke. Brain Res 2015; 1623:150-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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44
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Zhang Y, Zhu T, Zhang X, Chao J, Hu G, Yao H. Role of high-mobility group box 1 in methamphetamine-induced activation and migration of astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:156. [PMID: 26337661 PMCID: PMC4559295 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mounting evidence has indicated that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is involved in cell activation and migration. Our previous study demonstrated that methamphetamine mediates activation of astrocytes via sigma-1 receptor (σ-1R). However, the elements downstream of σ-1R in this process remain poorly understood. Thus, we examined the molecular mechanisms involved in astrocyte activation and migration induced by methamphetamine. Methods The expression of HMGB1, σ-1R, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was examined by western blot and immunofluorescent staining. The phosphorylation of cell signaling pathways was detected by western blot, and cell migration was examined using a wound-healing assay in rat C6 astroglia-like cells transfected with lentivirus containing red fluorescent protein (LV-RFP) as well as in primary human astrocytes. The role of HMGB1 in astrocyte activation and migration was validated using a siRNA approach. Results Exposure of C6 cells to methamphetamine increased the expression of HMGB1 via the activation of σ-1R, Src, ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase, and downstream NF-κB p65 pathways. Moreover, methamphetamine treatment resulted in increased cell activation and migration in C6 cells and primary human astrocytes. Knockdown of HMGB1 in astrocytes transfected with HMGB1 siRNA attenuated the increased cell activation and migration induced by methamphetamine, thereby implicating the role of HMGB1 in the activation and migration of C6 cells and primary human astrocytes. Conclusions This study demonstrated that methamphetamine-mediated activation and migration of astrocytes involved HMGB1 up-regulation through an autocrine mechanism. Targeting HMGB1 could provide insights into the development of a potential therapeutic approach for alleviation of cell activation and migration of astrocytes induced by methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tiebing Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jie Chao
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China. .,Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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45
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Hayakawa K, Lo EH. Brain-peripheral cell crosstalk in white matter damage and repair. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:901-8. [PMID: 26277436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
White matter damage is an important part of cerebrovascular disease and may be a significant contributing factor in vascular mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction and dementia. It is well accepted that white matter homeostasis involves multifactorial interactions between all cells in the axon-glia-vascular unit. But more recently, it has been proposed that beyond cell-cell signaling within the brain per se, dynamic crosstalk between brain and systemic responses such as circulating immune cells and stem/progenitor cells may also be important. In this review, we explore the hypothesis that peripheral cells contribute to damage and repair after white matter damage. Depending on timing, phenotype and context, monocyte/macrophage can possess both detrimental and beneficial effects on oligodendrogenesis and white matter remodeling. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) can be activated after CNS injury and the response may also influence white matter repair process. These emerging findings support the hypothesis that peripheral-derived cells can be both detrimental or beneficial in white matter pathology in cerebrovascular disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia, edited by M. Paul Murphy, Roderick A. Corriveau and Donna M. Wilcock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Hayakawa
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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46
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Abstract
Ischemic stroke, a devastating event caused by the blockage of a blood vessel(s) supplying the brain, continues to affect thousands of people in the USA every year. While no true advances in stroke therapy have arisen to further improve patient outcomes since the introduction of the blood clot buster tissue plasminogen activator and mechanical clot removal, fewer people are dying from the immediate stroke insult. Instead, patients often suffer significant morbidity due to post-recanalization secondary damage. Central to this damage is the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, which, in addition to contributing to edema and inflammation, triggers an upregulation in angiogenic growth factors in the brain's attempt to salvage and repair itself. Recent studies have begun to improve our understanding of the post-stroke angiogenic response of brain endothelial cells in the ischemic penumbra, which has long been held to be an important site for medical intervention. These studies suggest that endothelial cell integrin matrix receptors play an important and therapeutically significant role in moderating cellular responses to ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Guell
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Sanders Brown Building 800 South Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, USA
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