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Chai AWY, Yee SM, Lee HM, Abdul Aziz N, Yee PS, Marzuki M, Wong KW, Chiang AK, Chow LKY, Dai W, Liu TF, Tan LP, Khoo ASB, Lo KW, Lim PV, Rajadurai P, Lightfoot H, Barthorpe S, Garnett MJ, Cheong SC. Establishment and Characterization of an Epstein-Barr Virus-positive Cell Line from a Non-keratinizing Differentiated Primary Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:645-659. [PMID: 38358347 PMCID: PMC10911800 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a cancer that is etiologically associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is endemic in Southern China and Southeast Asia. The scarcity of representative NPC cell lines owing to the frequent loss of EBV episomes following prolonged propagation and compromised authenticity of previous models underscores the critical need for new EBV-positive NPC models. Herein, we describe the establishment of a new EBV-positive NPC cell line, designated NPC268 from a primary non-keratinizing, differentiated NPC tissue. NPC268 can undergo productive lytic reactivation of EBV and is highly tumorigenic in immunodeficient mice. Whole-genome sequencing revealed close similarities with the tissue of origin, including large chromosomal rearrangements, while whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and RNA sequencing demonstrated a hypomethylated genome and enrichment in immune-related pathways, respectively. Drug screening of NPC268 together with six other NPC cell lines using 339 compounds, representing the largest high-throughput drug testing in NPC, revealed biomarkers associated with specific drug classes. NPC268 represents the first and only available EBV-positive non-keratinizing differentiated NPC model, and extensive genomic, methylomic, transcriptomic, and drug response data should facilitate research in EBV and NPC, where current models are limited. SIGNIFICANCE NPC268 is the first and only EBV-positive cell line derived from a primary non-keratinizing, differentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma, an understudied but important subtype in Southeast Asian countries. This model adds to the limited number of authentic EBV-positive lines globally that will facilitate mechanistic studies and drug development for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shi Mun Yee
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Hui Mei Lee
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Norazlin Abdul Aziz
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
| | - Pei San Yee
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Marini Marzuki
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Ka Wo Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Alan K.S. Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Larry Ka-Yue Chow
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Teng Fei Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Lu Ping Tan
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Alan Soo Beng Khoo
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation and School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | | | - Pathmanathan Rajadurai
- Subang Jaya Medical Centre, Malaysia
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | | | - Syd Barthorpe
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sok Ching Cheong
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Malaysia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Malaysia
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Davis MT, Anders NM, Colevas AD, Messick TE, Rudek MA. Validation of a robust and rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method for the quantitative analysis of VK-2019, a selective EBNA1 inhibitor. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5775. [PMID: 37942577 PMCID: PMC11027104 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
EBNA1 is an Epstein Barr virus (EBV) protein expressed in all EBV-associated cancers. EBNA1 plays a critical role in the replication and maintenance of EBV episomes in latently infected cells. VK-2019 was developed as a highly specific inhibitor of EBNA1 DNA binding activity and is currently in phase 1 development as a treatment for EBV-associated carcinomas. A sensitive and reliable method was developed to quantify VK-2019 in human plasma using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry to perform detailed pharmacokinetic studies. VK-2019 was extracted from plasma using protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Separation of VK-2019, two purported metabolites, and the internal standard, VK-2019-d6, was achieved with a Zorbax XDB C18 column using a gradient flow over 6 min. VK-2019 was detected using a SCIEX 4500 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in positive electrospray ionization mode. The assay range was 0.5-500 ng/mL and proved to be accurate and precise. Dilutions of 1:10 were accurately quantified. VK-2019 was stable in plasma at -70°C for approximately 18 months. The method was applied to assess the total plasma concentrations of VK-2019 in a patient who received a single and multiple oral daily doses of 120 mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Davis
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicole M. Anders
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Michelle A. Rudek
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Wu W, Huang C. SUMOylation and DeSUMOylation: Prospective therapeutic targets in cancer. Life Sci 2023; 332:122085. [PMID: 37722589 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The SUMO family is a type of ubiquitin-like protein modification molecule. Its protein modification mechanism is similar to that of ubiquitination: both involve modifier-activating enzyme E1, conjugating enzyme E2 and substrate-specific ligase E3. However, polyubiquitination can lead to the degradation of substrate proteins, while poly-SUMOylation only leads to the degradation of substrate proteins through the proteasome pathway after being recognized by ubiquitin as a signal factor. There are currently five reported subtypes in the SUMO family, namely SUMO1-5. As a reversible dynamic modification, intracellular sentrin/SUMO-specific proteases (SENPs) mainly regulate the reverse reaction pathway of SUMOylation. The SUMOylation modification system affects the localization, activation and turnover of proteins in cells and participates in regulating most nuclear and extranuclear molecular reactions. Abnormal expression of proteins related to the SUMOylation pathway is commonly observed in tumors, indicating that this pathway is closely related to tumor occurrence, metastasis and invasion. This review mainly discusses the composition of members in the protein family related to SUMOylation pathways, mutual connections between SUMOylation and other post-translational modifications on proteins as well as therapeutic drugs developed based on these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Wu
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, Medical School, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, Medical School, Kunming 650500, China.
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Low YH, Loh CJL, Peh DYY, Chu AJM, Han S, Toh HC. Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications of EBV-associated epithelial cancers. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1202117. [PMID: 37901329 PMCID: PMC10600384 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1202117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), one of the most common human viruses, has been associated with both lymphoid and epithelial cancers. Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), EBV associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) are amongst the few common epithelial cancers that EBV has been associated with. The pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC has been well described, however, the same cannot be said for primary pulmonary LELC (PPLELC) owing to the rarity of the cancer. In this review, we outline the pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC and EBVaGCs and their recent advances. By drawing on similarities between NPC and PPLELC, we then also postulated the pathogenesis of PPLELC. A deeper understanding about the pathogenesis of EBV enables us to postulate the pathogenesis of other EBV associated cancers such as PPLELC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hua Low
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Yang Yao Peh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Axel Jun Ming Chu
- Singapore Health Services Internal Medicine Residency Programme, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuting Han
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Guo M, Duan X, Peng X, Jin Z, Huang H, Xiao W, Zheng Q, Deng Y, Fan N, Chen K, Song X. A lipid-based LMP2-mRNA vaccine to treat nasopharyngeal carcinoma. NANO RESEARCH 2023; 16:5357-5367. [PMID: 36618068 PMCID: PMC9807982 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-5254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a serious and highly invasive epithelial malignancy that is closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Due to the lack of therapeutic vaccines for NPC, we selected EBV latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2) as a preferable targeting antigen to develop a lipid-based LMP2-mRNA (mLMP2) vaccine. Full-length mLMP2 expressing LMP2 was first synthesized using an in vitro transcription method and then encapsulated into (2,3-dioleacyl propyl) trimethylammonium chloride (DOTAP)-based cationic liposomes to obtain the mRNA vaccine (LPX-mLMP2). The cell assays showed that the antigen-presenting cells were capable of highly efficient uptake of LPX-mLMP2 and expression of LMP2. LMP2 could subsequently be presented to form the peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC). Furthermore, LPX-mLMP2 could accumulate in the spleen, express antigens, promote the maturation of dendritic cells and stimulate antigen-specific T-cell responses in vivo. It dramatically inhibited the tumor growth of the LMP2-expressing tumor model after three doses of vaccination. Additionally, the proliferation of antigen-specific T cells in the tumor site made a good sign for the promise of mRNA vaccines in virus-induced cancer. Overall, we provided a newly developed antigen-encoding mRNA vaccine with advantages against NPC. We also demonstrated that mRNA vaccines are attractive candidates for cancer immunotherapy. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material (methods of cytotoxicity assay, LMP2 expression, hemolysis test, the results of purity and maturity of BMDCs, LMP2 expression, and evaluation of T cells in lymph nodes and gating strategy for CTLs) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-022-5254-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengran Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000 China
| | - Xing Duan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000 China
| | - Xingchen Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000 China
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000 China
| | - Zhaohui Jin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000 China
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000 China
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000 China
| | - Wen Xiao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000 China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000 China
| | - Yongqi Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000 China
| | - Na Fan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000 China
| | - Kepan Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000 China
| | - Xiangrong Song
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000 China
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Ahmed N, Abusalah MAHA, Farzand A, Absar M, Yusof NY, Rabaan AA, AlSaihati H, Alshengeti A, Alwarthan S, Alsuwailem HS, Alrumaih ZA, Alsayyah A, Yean CY. Updates on Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-Associated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Emphasis on the Latent Gene Products of EBV. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 59:medicina59010002. [PMID: 36676626 PMCID: PMC9863520 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an uncommon type of malignancy/cancer worldwide. However, NPC is an endemic disease in southeast Asia and southern China and the reasons behind the underlying for such changes are unclear. Even though the Epstein-Barr infection (EBV) has been suggested as an important reason for undistinguishable NPC, the EBV itself is not adequate to source this type of cancer. The risk factors, for example, genetic susceptibility, and environmental factors might be associated with EBV to undertake a part in the NPC carcinogenesis. Normal healthy people have a memory B cell pool where the EBV persists, and any disturbance of this connection leads to virus-associated B cell malignancies. Less is known about the relationship between EBV and epithelial cell tumors, especially the EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (EBVaNPC) and EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC). Currently, it is believed that premalignant genetic changes in epithelial cells contribute to the aberrant establishment of viral latency in these tumors. The early and late phases of NPC patients' survival rates vary significantly. The presence of EBV in all tumor cells presents prospects for the development of innovative therapeutic and diagnostic techniques, despite the fact that the virus's exact involvement in the carcinogenic process is presently not very well known. EBV research continues to shed light on the carcinogenic process, which is important for a more comprehensive knowledge of tumor etiology and the development of targeted cancer therapeutics. In order to screen for NPC, EBV-related biomarkers have been widely used in a few high-incidence locations because of their close associations with the risks of NPC. The current review highlights the scientific importance of EBV and its possible association with NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Anam Farzand
- Department of Allied Health Science, Superior University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Absar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nik Yusnoraini Yusof
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Hajir AlSaihati
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Alshengeti
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Alwarthan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifa S. Alsuwailem
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainb A. Alrumaih
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alsayyah
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chan Yean Yean
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Huang J, Harris E, Lorch J. Vaccination as a therapeutic strategy for Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2022; 135:106083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2022.106083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gondhowiardjo SA, Adham M, Rachmadi L, Atmakusuma TD, Tobing DL, Auzan M, Hariyanto AD, Sulaeman D, Permata TBM, Handoko. Immune cells markers within local tumor microenvironment are associated with EBV oncoprotein in nasopharyngeal cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:887. [PMID: 35963999 PMCID: PMC9375267 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction EBV infection in nasopharyngeal cancer ensued in latent infection mode. In this latent infection various EBV oncoproteins such as EBNA1 and LMP1 was expressed. EBV oncoproteins could theoretically recruit immune cells, which might help to control cancer. Therefore, this study was aimed to elucidate the association with EBV oncoproteins (EBNA1 and LMP1), immune markers (CD4, CD8, and FOXP3) from nasopharyngeal cancer microenvironment with tumor progression. Method Nasopharyngeal biopsy was obtained from patients suspected to have nasopharyngeal cancer. Those samples with microscopically confirmed nasopharyngeal cancer were tested for EBNA1, LMP1, CD4, CD8, and FOXP3 concentration with ELISA, then verified with IHC. Each patient tumor volume was assessed for primary nasopharyngeal tumor volume (GTVp) and neck nodal metastases tumor volume (GTVn). Correlation test with Spearman correlation and scatterplot were carried out. Result Total 23 samples with nasopharyngeal cancer were analyzed. There was moderate correlation (ρ = 0.45; p value = 0.032) between LMP1 and GTVp. There was strong correlation (ρ = 0.81; p value < 0.001) between CD8 and GTVp. There was also moderate correlation (ρ = 0.6; p value = 0.002) between FOXP3 and GTVp. The CD8 concentration has moderate correlation with both EBNA1 (ρ = 0.46; p value = 0.026) and LMP1 (ρ = 0.47; p value = 0.023). While FOXP3 has moderate correlation with only LMP1 (ρ = 0.58; p value = 0.004). No correlation was found between all the markers tested here with GTVn. Discussion We found larger primary nasopharyngeal tumor was associated with higher CD8 marker. This was thought due to the presence of abundance CD8 T cells in the nasopharynx, but those abundance CD8 T cells were suspected to be dysfunctional. The nasopharyngeal cancer was also known to upregulate chemokines that could recruit T regulatory FOXP3 cells. Furthermore, T regulatory FOXP3 cells differentiation was induced through several pathways which was triggered by EBNA1. The correlation found in this study could guide further study to understand nasopharyngeal carcinogenesis and the relationship with our immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soehartati A Gondhowiardjo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia / Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta - Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430
| | - Marlinda Adham
- Department of ENT, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia / Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta - Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430
| | - Lisnawati Rachmadi
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia / Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta - Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430
| | - Tubagus Djumhana Atmakusuma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia / Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta - Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430
| | - Demak Lumban Tobing
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Dharmais National Cancer Hospital, Jakarta - Indonesia, Jl. Letjen S. Parman No. 84-86, Jakarta, Indonesia, 11420
| | - Mahesa Auzan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia / Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta - Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430
| | - Agustinus Darmadi Hariyanto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia / Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta - Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430
| | - Dede Sulaeman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia / Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta - Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430
| | - Tiara Bunga Mayang Permata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia / Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta - Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430
| | - Handoko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia / Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta - Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430.
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Co-infection relationship with Epstein-Barr virus in gastroduodenal diseases with Helicobacter Pylori. Quantitative PCR and EBNA-1 gene-based approach. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2022; 85:301-308. [DOI: 10.51821/85.2.9440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are involved in gastric cancer (GC) etiology. EBV/Hp co- infection was thought synergistically increase gastroduodenal disease occurence. We aimed to determine the presence of EBV/Hp co-infection in gastroduodenal diseases.
Methods: The study group had 68 Hp (+) cases [25 GC, 13 IM (intestinal metaplasia), 30 PU (peptic ulcer)], and the control group had 40 NUD (non-ulcer dyspepsia) cases [20 Hp+, 20 Hp-]. EBV-DNA was detected by non-polymorphic EBNA-1 gene-based qPCR. EBV/EBNA-1 IgG levels were determined by quantitative and qualitative ELISA methods, respectively.
Results: EBV-DNA positivity was 32% (8/25), 6.6% (2/30) and 5% (1/20) in GC, PU and NUD Hp (+) cases, respectively. There was a significant difference (p = 0.001) between GC (32%) and NUD Hp (+) (5%) cases in terms of EBV-DNA positivity. Mean EBV-DNA copy numbers were 6568.54 ± 20351, 30.60 ± 159.88 and 13.85 ± 61.93 for GC, PU, and NUD, respectively. In terms of the mean EBV-DNA copy number, a significant difference was found between the groups (p = 0.005). In terms of EBV/EBNA-1 IgG antibody positivity, no significant difference was found between GC and NUD cases (p = 0.248). EBV DNA positivity was found to be significant (odds ration [OR] = 26.71 (p=0.009, %95CI 2.286- 312.041) in multivariate logistic regression.
Conclusioin: Although we had a small number of GC cases, it can be suggested that the estimated risk created by the synergistic effect based on the addition of EBV increased 26 times in the presence of Hp in GC.
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Li DK, Chen XR, Wang LN, Wang JH, Wen YT, Zhou ZY, Li JK, Liu JX, Cai LB, Zhong SS, Lyu XM, Damola FO, Li MY, Zhang JJ, Zeng YM, Wang QL, Zhang QB, Lyu H, Fu XY, Wang W, Li X, Huang ZX, Yao KT. Epstein-Barr Virus Induces Lymphangiogenesis and Lympth Node Metastasis via Upregulation of VEGF-C in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 20:161-175. [PMID: 34654722 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic metastasis is a common clinical symptom in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the most common Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated head and neck malignancy. However, the effect of EBV on NPC lymph node (LN) metastasis is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that EBV infection is strongly associated with advanced clinical N stage and lymphangiogenesis of NPC. We found that NPC cells infected with EBV promote LN metastasis by inducing cancer-associated lymphangiogenesis, whereas these changes were abolished upon clearance of EBV genomes. Mechanistically, EBV-induced VEGF-C contributed to lymphangiogenesis and LN metastasis, and PHLPP1, a target of miR-BART15, partially contributed to AKT/HIF1a hyperactivity and subsequent VEGF-C transcriptional activation. In addition, administration of anti-VEGF-C antibody or HIF1α inhibitors attenuated the lymphangiogenesis and LN metastasis induced by EBV. Finally, we verified the clinical significance of this prometastatic EBV/VEGF-C axis by determining the expression of PHLPP1, AKT, HIF1a, and VEGF-C in NPC specimens with and without EBV. These results uncover a reasonable mechanism for the EBV-modulated LN metastasis microenvironment in NPC, indicating that EBV is a potential therapeutic target for NPC with lymphatic metastasis. IMPLICATIONS: This research demonstrates that EBV induces lymphangiogenesis in NPC by regulating PHLPP1/p-AKT/HIF1a/VEGF-C, providing a new therapeutic target for NPC with lymphatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Ke Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Rui Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Hong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Ting Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Ying Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Ke Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Xian Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Bo Cai
- Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | | | - Xiao-Ming Lyu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Faleti Oluwasijibomi Damola
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Min-Ying Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tumor Hospital of Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tumor Hospital of Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Mei Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Tumor Hospital of Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, P.R. China
| | - Qian-Li Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qian-Bing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hao Lyu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Fu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, People's Liberation Army of China, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, People's Liberation Army of China, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, the Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, P.R. China.
| | - Zhong-Xi Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Kai-Tai Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
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11
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Emanuel O, Liu J, Schartinger VH, Nei WL, Chan YY, Tsang CM, Riechelmann H, Masterson L, Haybaeck J, Oppermann U, Willems SM, Ooft ML, Wollmann G, Howard D, Vanhaesebroeck B, Lund VJ, Royle G, Chua MLK, Lo KW, Busson P, Lechner M. SSTR2 in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Relationship with Latent EBV Infection and Potential as a Therapeutic Target. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4944. [PMID: 34638429 PMCID: PMC8508244 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant epithelial tumor, most commonly located in the pharyngeal recess and endemic to parts of Asia. It is often detected at a late stage which is associated with poor prognosis (5-year survival rate of 63%). Treatment for this malignancy relies predominantly on radiotherapy and/or systemic chemotherapy, which can be associated with significant morbidity and impaired quality of life. In endemic regions NPC is associated with infection by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) which was shown to upregulate the somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) cell surface receptor. With recent advances in molecular techniques allowing for an improved understanding of the molecular aetiology of this disease and its relation to SSTR2 expression, we provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of this disease and highlight the emergence of SSTR2 as a key tumor biomarker and promising target for imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Emanuel
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (O.E.); (J.L.); (B.V.); (V.J.L.); (G.R.)
| | - Jacklyn Liu
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (O.E.); (J.L.); (B.V.); (V.J.L.); (G.R.)
| | - Volker H. Schartinger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.H.S.); (H.R.)
| | - Wen Long Nei
- National Cancer Centre, Divisions of Radiation Oncology and Medical Sciences, Singapore 169610, Singapore; (W.L.N.); (M.L.K.C.)
- Oncology Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Yuk Yu Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Y.Y.C.); (C.M.T.); (K.W.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Y.Y.C.); (C.M.T.); (K.W.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Herbert Riechelmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.H.S.); (H.R.)
| | - Liam Masterson
- Department of Otolaryngology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK;
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK;
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan M. Willems
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.M.W.); (M.L.O.)
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc L. Ooft
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.M.W.); (M.L.O.)
- King’s College Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Guido Wollmann
- Institute of Virology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - David Howard
- ENT Department, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W6 9EP, UK;
- Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London WC1E 6DG, UK
| | - Bart Vanhaesebroeck
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (O.E.); (J.L.); (B.V.); (V.J.L.); (G.R.)
| | - Valerie J. Lund
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (O.E.); (J.L.); (B.V.); (V.J.L.); (G.R.)
- Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London WC1E 6DG, UK
| | - Gary Royle
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (O.E.); (J.L.); (B.V.); (V.J.L.); (G.R.)
| | - Melvin L. K. Chua
- National Cancer Centre, Divisions of Radiation Oncology and Medical Sciences, Singapore 169610, Singapore; (W.L.N.); (M.L.K.C.)
- Oncology Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Y.Y.C.); (C.M.T.); (K.W.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Pierre Busson
- CNRS-UMR 9018-Metsy, Gustave Roussy and Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Matt Lechner
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (O.E.); (J.L.); (B.V.); (V.J.L.); (G.R.)
- Rhinology & Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-H&N Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
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12
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Guan X, Yu D, HuangFu M, Huang Z, Dou T, Liu Y, Zhou L, Li X, Wang L, Liu H, Wang J, Chen X. Curcumol inhibits EBV-positive Nasopharyngeal carcinoma migration and invasion by targeting nucleolin. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114742. [PMID: 34428442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is a major cause of recurrence and death in patients with EBV-positive Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Previous reports documented that curcumol has both anti-cancer and anti-viral effects, but there is little literature systematically addressing the mechanism of curcumol in EBV-positive tumors. Previously we found that nucelolin (NCL) is a target protein of curcumol in CNE2 cells, an EBV-negative NPC, and in this experiment, we reported a critical role for NCL in promoting migration and invasion of C666-1 cells, an EBV-positive NPC, and found that the expression of NCL determined the level of curcumol's efficacy. Mechanistically, NCL interacted with Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA1) to activate VEGFA/VEGFR1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which in turn promoted NPC cell invasion and metastasis. Moreover, further study showed that the differential expression of NCL and curcumol intervention only had a regulatory effect on the nuclear accumulation of VEGFR1, which strengthened the anti-cancer effect of curcumol mediated through NCL. Our findings indicated that curcumol exerted anti EBV-positive NPC invasion and metastasis by downregulating EBNA1 and inhibiting VEGFA/VEGFR1/PI3K/AKT signaling by targeting NCL, which provides a novel pharmacological basis for curcumol's clinical use in treating patients with EBV-positive NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Guan
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Dan Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Mengjie HuangFu
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Zhiyi Huang
- Pathology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Tong Dou
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yisa Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Luwei Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Xumei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Haiping Liu
- Science and Technology Department, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China.
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China.
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13
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Zha S, Chau H, Chau WY, Chan LS, Lin J, Lo KW, Cho WC, Yip YL, Tsao SW, Farrell PJ, Feng L, Di JM, Law G, Lung HL, Wong K. Dual-Targeting Peptide-Guided Approach for Precision Delivery and Cancer Monitoring by Using a Safe Upconversion Nanoplatform. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2002919. [PMID: 33717845 PMCID: PMC7927616 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Using Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced cancer cells and HeLa cells as a comparative study model, a novel and safe dual-EBV-oncoproteins-targeting pH-responsive peptide engineering, coating, and guiding approach to achieve precision targeting and treatment strategy against EBV-associated cancers is introduced. Individual functional peptide sequences that specifically bind to two overexpressed EBV-specific oncoproteins, EBNA1 (a latent cellular protein) and LMP1 (a transmembrane protein), are engineered in three different ways and incorporated with a pH-sensitive tumor microenvironment (TME)-cleavable linker onto the upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) NaGdF4:Yb3+, Er3+@NaGdF4 (UCNP-P n , n = 5, 6, and 7). A synergistic combination of the transmembrane LMP1 targeting ability and the pH responsiveness of UCNP-P n is found to give specific cancer differentiation with higher cellular uptake and accumulation in EBV-infected cells, thus a lower dose is needed and the side effects and health risks from treatment would be greatly reduced. It also gives responsive UC signal enhancement upon targeted dual-protein binding and shows efficacious EBV cancer inhibition in vitro and in vivo. This is the first example of simultaneous imaging and inhibition of two EBV latent proteins, and serves as a blueprint for next-generation peptide-guided precision delivery nanosystem for the safe monitoring and treatment against one specific cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zha
- Department of ChemistryHong Kong Baptist University224 Waterloo RoadKowloonHong Kong SAR000000P. R. China
| | - Ho‐Fai Chau
- Department of ChemistryHong Kong Baptist University224 Waterloo RoadKowloonHong Kong SAR000000P. R. China
| | - Wai Yin Chau
- Department of BiologyHong Kong Baptist University224 Waterloo RoadKowloonHong Kong SAR000000P. R. China
| | - Lai Sheung Chan
- Department of ChemistryHong Kong Baptist University224 Waterloo RoadKowloonHong Kong SAR000000P. R. China
| | - Jun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130000P. R. China
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational OncologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong SAR000000P. R. China
| | - William Chi‐Shing Cho
- Department of Clinical OncologyQueen Elizabeth HospitalKowloonHong Kong SAR000000P. R. China
| | - Yim Ling Yip
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong SAR000000P. R. China
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong SAR000000P. R. China
| | - Paul J. Farrell
- Section of VirologyImperial College Faculty of MedicineNorfolk PlaceLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Liang Feng
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomHong Kong SAR000000P. R. China
| | - Jin Ming Di
- Department of UrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University600# Tianhe RoadGuangzhou510630P. R. China
| | - Ga‐Lai Law
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomHong Kong SAR000000P. R. China
| | - Hong Lok Lung
- Department of ChemistryHong Kong Baptist University224 Waterloo RoadKowloonHong Kong SAR000000P. R. China
| | - Ka‐Leung Wong
- Department of ChemistryHong Kong Baptist University224 Waterloo RoadKowloonHong Kong SAR000000P. R. China
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14
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Kang Y, He W, Ren C, Qiao J, Guo Q, Hu J, Xu H, Jiang X, Wang L. Advances in targeted therapy mainly based on signal pathways for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:245. [PMID: 33093441 PMCID: PMC7582884 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant epithelial carcinoma of the head and neck region which mainly distributes in southern China and Southeast Asia and has a crucial association with the Epstein-Barr virus. Based on epidemiological data, both incidence and mortality of NPC have significantly declined in recent decades grounded on the improvement of living standard and medical level in an endemic region, in particular, with the clinical use of individualized chemotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) which profoundly contributes to the cure rate of NPC patients. To tackle the challenges including local recurrence and distant metastasis in the current NPC treatment, we discussed the implication of using targeted therapy against critical molecules in various signal pathways, and how they synergize with chemoradiotherapy in the NPC treatment. Combination treatment including targeted therapy and IMRT or concurrent chemoradiotherapy is presumably to be future options, which may reduce radiation or chemotherapy toxicities and open new avenues for the improvement of the expected functional outcome for patients with advanced NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weihan He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Caiping Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Jincheng Qiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiuyong Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingyu Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongjuan Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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15
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Liu W, Li H, Sheng H, Liu X, Chi P, Wang X, Mao M. A Randomized Controlled Trial on Evaluation of Plasma Epstein-Barr Virus Biomarker for Early Diagnosis in Patients With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Adv Ther 2020; 37:4280-4290. [PMID: 32780356 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains a major problem in Southern China. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) biomarkers have been widely used in NPC screening. This study aims to evaluate the early diagnostic performances of individual EBV biomarkers in NPC. METHODS The levels of EBV biomarkers-IgA antibodies against EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1-IgA), EBV capsid antigen (VCA-IgA), EBV early antigen (EA-IgA), EBV BZLF1 transcription activator protein (Zta-IgA) and IgG antibodies against EBV BRLF1 transcription activator protein (Rta-IgG)-from 106 NPC patients (stage I and II) and 150 normal subjects were measured. VCA-IgA and EA-IgA were detected by immunofluorescence assay (IFA), EBNA1-IgA, Rta-IgG and Zta-IgA were measure by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and EBV DNA was detected by qPCR. Statistical analyses of a single index were conducted to evaluate the significance of NPC early diagnosis and TNM classification. RESULTS The level of EBNA1-IgA, EBV DNA, VCA-IgA, EA-IgA, Rta-IgG and Zta-IgA in early-stage NPC was significantly higher than in healthy controls (all P < 0.001). EBNA1-IgA yielded the biggest area under the curve (AUC) of 0.962 in distinguishing early-stage NPC patients from the normal subjects, with a sensitivity of 91.5% and a specificity of 98.7%. However, EBV biomarker levels were not associated with tumor size (all P > 0.050), whereas four biomarker levels (EBNA1-IgA, EBV DNA, VCA-IgA, EA-IgA) were related to lymph node metastasis (N0 and N1-2), among which EBNA1-IgA and EBV DNA showed good performance. Finally, high correlation was found between VCA-IgA and EA-IgA (r > 0.800). CONCLUSION A single EBNA1-IgA exhibits excellent discrimination performance in early diagnosis of NPC and could become a promising marker for NPC screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huilan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Sheng
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peidong Chi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueping Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Minjie Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
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16
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Guan S, Wei J, Huang L, Wu L. Chemotherapy and chemo-resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112758. [PMID: 32858472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and occurs frequently in the south of China and Southeast Asian countries. Concurrent chemo-radiotherapy is one of the main treatments for NPC. Although, the combined treatment of chemo-radiotherapy produces a satisfying survival rate, the chemo-resistance arises as a big obstacle in curing recurrent NPC patients. The acquirement of chemo-resistance is usually along with a poor prognosis. So far, the mechanism of chemo-resistance in NPC has not been fully elucidated and there have not been a comprehensive review on this issue. Thus, it is of great significance to summarize the mechanisms involved in NPC chemo-resistance. In this review, the importance and limitations of chemotherapy and the mechanisms of chemo-resistances in NPC were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Guan
- Medical College of Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jinrui Wei
- Guangxi Scientific Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Lingkun Huang
- Medical College of Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Lichuan Wu
- Medical College of Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
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Prognostic Significance of Granuloma and Amyloid Deposition in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Head Neck Pathol 2020; 15:153-162. [PMID: 32562216 PMCID: PMC8010042 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-020-01194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The significance of granuloma and amyloid deposition in primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has yet to be investigated. This study aimed to evaluate their clinicopathologic associations. The histopathologic findings of 747 consecutive patients with primary NPC were retrospectively reviewed between January 2001 and December 2015. The presence of granulomas and amyloid deposits was observed in 68 (9.1%) and 62 (8.3%) patients, respectively. Granulomas were significantly associated with lower T classification, N classification, and overall TNM stage (p = 0.014, p = 0.006, and p = 0.001, respectively). Their presence was an independent predictor of overall survival (p = 0.033), disease-free survival (p = 0.034), and recurrence-free survival (p = 0.040). Conversely, amyloid deposition was not a predictor in any survival analyses. The present study demonstrated the prevalence of granuloma and amyloid deposition in the largest single institution cohort of primary NPC patients so far. Our results provide evidence that granulomas are significantly associated with better prognosis and treatment outcome. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of action of granuloma formation on the anti-tumor immunity of NPC.
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18
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Liu W, Luo B. The impact of EBV on the epigenetics of gastric carcinoma. Future Virol 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
EBV is an important human tumor virus and is closely related to the occurrence of a variety of tumors, involving 10% of gastric cancer. In EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC), EBV expresses restrict viral genes including EBV nuclear antigen 1, EBV encoded small RNAs, Bam HI-A rightward transcripts, latent membrane protein 2A and miRNAs. The role of EBV in gastric carcinogenesis has received increasing attention and is considered to be another pathogenic factor in addition to Helicobacter pylori. A typical characteristic of EBVaGC is the extensive methylation of viral and host genome. Combined with other epigenetic mechanisms, EBV infection acts as an epigenetic driver of EBVaGC oncogenesis. In this review we discuss recent findings of EBV effect on host epigenetic alterations in EBVaGC and its role in oncogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
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19
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Total Antioxidant Status (TAS), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) in Oropharyngeal Cancer Associated with EBV Infection. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5832410. [PMID: 31360295 PMCID: PMC6644273 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5832410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of studies reveal that oxidative stress is associated with viral infections or cancer development. However, there are few reports assessing the relationships between oxidative stress, viral infection, and carcinogenesis. The present study analyzed the level of total antioxidant status (TAS) as well as the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in patients with oropharyngeal cancer both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive and EBV-negative in comparison with the control group. The correlations between these parameters and EBV type (wild-type LMP1 (wt-LMP1) or LMP1 with deletion (del-LMP1)), level of antibodies against EBV, the degree of tumor differentiation, and TNM classification were also investigated. Fresh frozen tumor tissue samples collected from 66 patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma were tested using nested PCR assay for EBV DNA detection. Spectrophotometric methods were used to measure TAS values as well as SOD and GPx activities in homogenates of tissue, using diagnostic kits produced by Randox Laboratories. Sera from all individuals were investigated using ELISA method to detect the presence of Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen (EBVCA) IgM and IgG, Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA) IgG, and early antigen (EA) IgG antibodies. The level of TAS and activities of antioxidant enzymes (GPx and SOD) were significantly decreased in tissues with oropharyngeal cancer, particularly in EBV-positive cases. In 82.3% of patients, wt-LMP1 was detected. Significantly lower TAS, GPx, and SOD values were stated in patients infected with wild-type EBV. The presence of antibodies against early antigen (anti-EA) was detected in over 80% of patients, which suggests reactivation of EBV infection. The correlation between the degree of tumor differentiation and TN classification, especially in EBV-positive patients, was also observed. Determination of these parameters may be useful in evaluating tumor burden in patients with various stages of oropharyngeal cancer and could be an important prognostic factor. Future studies are needed to understand the role of EBV lytic reactivation induced by oxidative stress.
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20
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Abstract
Introduction: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a distinct head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in its etiological association of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, hidden anatomical location, remarkable racial and geographical distribution, and high incidence of locoregional recurrence or metastasis. Thanks to the advancements in proteomics in recent decades, more understanding of the disease etiology, carcinogenesis, and progression has been gained, potentially deciphering the molecular characteristics of the malignancy. Areas covered: In this review, we provide an overview of the proteomic aberrations that are likely involved or drive NPC development and progression, focusing on the contributions of major EBV-encoded factors, intercommunication with environment, protein features of high metastasis and therapy resistance, and protein-protein interactions that allow NPC cells to evade immune recognition and elimination. Finally, multistep carcinogenesis and subtypes of NPC from a proteomic perspective are inquired. Expert commentary: Proteomic studies have covered various aspects involved in NPC pathogenesis, yet much remains to be uncovered. Coherent study designs, optimal conditions for obtaining high-quality data, and compelling interpretation are critical in ensuring the emergence of good science out of NPC proteomics. NPC proteogenomics and proteoform analysis are two promising fields to promote the application of the proteomic findings from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhefeng Xiao
- a NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics , Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , P. R. China
| | - Zhuchu Chen
- a NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics , Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , P. R. China
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21
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Dong M, Chen JN, Huang JT, Gong LP, Shao CK. The roles of EBV-encoded microRNAs in EBV-associated tumors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 135:30-38. [PMID: 30819444 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is believed to be a pathogen causing a number of human cancers, but the pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. An increasing number of studies have indicated that EBV-encoded microRNAs (EBV miRNAs) are expressed in a latency type- and tumor type-dependent manner, playing important roles in the development and progression of EBV-associated tumors. By targeting one or more genes of the virus and the host, EBV miRNAs are responsible for the deregulation of a variety of viral and host cell biological processes, including viral replication, latency maintenance, immune evasion, cell apoptosis and metabolism, and tumor proliferation and metastasis. In addition, some EBV miRNAs can be used as excellent diagnostic, prognostic and treatment efficacy predictive biomarkers for EBV-associated tumors. More importantly, EBV miRNA-targeting therapeutics have emerged and have been developing rapidly, which may open a new era in the treatment of EBV-associated tumors in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Dong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jian-Ning Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jun-Ting Huang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Li-Ping Gong
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Chun-Kui Shao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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22
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Jiang L, Xie C, Lung HL, Lo KW, Law GL, Mak NK, Wong KL. EBNA1-targeted inhibitors: Novel approaches for the treatment of Epstein-Barr virus-associated cancers. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:5307-5319. [PMID: 30555548 PMCID: PMC6276081 DOI: 10.7150/thno.26823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects more than 90% of humans worldwide and establishes lifelong latent infection in the hosts. It is closely associated with endemic forms of a wide range of human cancers and directly contributes to the formation of some. Despite its critical role in cancer development, no EBV- or EBV latent protein-targeted therapy is available. The EBV-encoded latent protein, Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), is expressed in all EBV-associated tumors and acts as the only latent protein in some of these tumors. This versatile protein functions in the maintenance, replication, and segregation of the EBV genome and can therefore serve as an attractive therapeutic target to treat EBV-associated cancers. In the last decades, efforts have been made for designing specific EBNA1 inhibitors to decrease EBNA1 expression or interfere with EBNA1-dependent functions. In this review, we will briefly introduce the salient features of EBNA1, summarize its functional domains, and focus on the recent developments in the identification and design of EBNA1 inhibitors related to various EBNA1 domains as well as discuss their comparative merits.
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23
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Cellular-based immunotherapy in Epstein-Barr virus induced nasopharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol 2018; 84:61-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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24
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Zha S, Fung YH, Chau HF, Ma P, Lin J, Wang J, Chan LS, Zhu G, Lung HL, Wong KL. Responsive upconversion nanoprobe for monitoring and inhibition of EBV-associated cancers via targeting EBNA1. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:15632-15640. [PMID: 30090884 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05015e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-responsive emission enhancement is the disadvantage of upconversion nanomaterials (UCNM) when compared with conventional organic based agents for molecular imaging. We herein show a new strategy by conjugating NaGdF4:Yb3+,Er3+@NaGdF4 (UCNP) with peptides to achieve responsive UC emission enhancement upon binding to a targeted protein - EBNA1. EBNA1 is a well-known viral latent protein for the EBV-associated cancer. Peptide-coating of the functionalized core-shell nanoparticle diminishes upconverted emission intensity drastically. However, the peptide-coated UCNP shows selective and responsive UC emission enhancement via aggregation with the targeted protein. This phenomenon paves a new way for UCNM in molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zha
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China.
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25
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Fernandes Q, Merhi M, Raza A, Inchakalody VP, Abdelouahab N, Zar Gul AR, Uddin S, Dermime S. Role of Epstein-Barr Virus in the Pathogenesis of Head and Neck Cancers and Its Potential as an Immunotherapeutic Target. Front Oncol 2018; 8:257. [PMID: 30035101 PMCID: PMC6043647 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in the development and progression of tumor cells has been described in various cancers. Etiologically, EBV is a causative agent in certain variants of head and neck cancers such as nasopharyngeal cancer. Proteins expressed by the EVB genome are involved in invoking and perpetuating the oncogenic properties of the virus. However, these protein products were also identified as important targets for therapeutic research in the past decades, particularly within the context of immunotherapy. The adoptive transfer of EBV-targeted T-cells as well as the development of EBV vaccines has opened newer lines of research to conceptualize novel therapeutic approaches toward the disease. This review addresses the most important aspects of the association of EBV with head and neck cancers from an immunological perspective. It also aims to highlight the current and future prospects of enhanced EBV-targeted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Queenie Fernandes
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Afsheen Raza
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Varghese Philipose Inchakalody
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nassima Abdelouahab
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdul Rehman Zar Gul
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Interim Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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26
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Ooft ML, van Ipenburg J, van de Loo RJM, de Jong R, Moelans CB, de Bree R, de Herdt MJ, Koljenović S, Baatenburg de Jong R, Hardillo J, Willems SM. Differences in cancer gene copy number alterations between Epstein-Barr virus-positive and Epstein-Barr virus-negative nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Head Neck 2018; 40:1986-1998. [PMID: 29927011 DOI: 10.1002/hed.25195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treatment is mainly based on clinical staging. We hypothesize that better understanding of the molecular heterogeneity of NPC can aid in better treatment decisions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to present our exploration of cancer gene copy-number alterations (CNAs) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive and EBV-negative NPC. METHODS Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was applied to detect CNAs of 36 cancer genes (n = 103). Correlation between CNAs, clinicopathological features, and survival were examined. RESULTS The CNAs occurred significantly more in EBV-negative NPC, with PIK3CA and MCCC1 (P < .001) gain/amplification occurring more frequently. Gain/amplification of cyclin-L1 (CCNL1) and PTK2 (P < .001) predict worse disease-free survival (DFS) in EBV-positive NPC. CONCLUSION The EBV-positive and EBV-negative NPC show some similarities in cancer gene CNAs suggesting a common pathogenic route but also important differences possibly indicating divergence in oncogenesis. Copy number gain/amplification of CCNL1 and PTK2 are possibly good predictors of survival in EBV-positive NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lucas Ooft
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolique van Ipenburg
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J M van de Loo
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rick de Jong
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cathy B Moelans
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco de Bree
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J de Herdt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Senada Koljenović
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Baatenburg de Jong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Hardillo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Martin Willems
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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27
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Huang SCM, Tsao SW, Tsang CM. Interplay of Viral Infection, Host Cell Factors and Tumor Microenvironment in the Pathogenesis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E106. [PMID: 29617291 PMCID: PMC5923361 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. In addition, heavy infiltration of leukocytes is a common characteristic of EBV-associated NPC. It has long been suggested that substantial and interactive impacts between cancer and stromal cells create a tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote tumorigenesis. The coexistence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with EBV-infected NPC cells represents a distinct TME which supports immune evasion and cancer development from the early phase of EBV infection. Intracellularly, EBV-encoded viral products alter host cell signaling to facilitate tumor development and progression. Intercellularly, EBV-infected cancer cells communicate with stromal cells through secretion of cytokines and chemokines, or via release of tumor exosomes, to repress immune surveillance and enhance metastasis. Although high expression of miR-BARTs has been detected in NPC patients, contributions of these more recently discovered viral products to the establishment of TME are still vaguely defined. Further investigations are needed to delineate the mechanistic linkage of the interplay between viral and host factors, especially in relation to TME, which can be harnessed in future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, HK, China.
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, HK, China.
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28
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Epstein-Barr Virus Gene BARF1 Expression is Regulated by the Epithelial Differentiation Factor ΔNp63α in Undifferentiated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10030076. [PMID: 29562599 PMCID: PMC5876651 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) BamHI-A rightward frame 1 (BARF1) protein is considered a viral oncogene in epithelial cells and has immune-modulating properties. During viral lytic replication BARF1 is expressed as an early gene, regulated by the immediate early EBV protein R. However, in viral latency BARF1 is exclusively expressed in epithelial tumors such as nasopharyngeal (NPC) and gastric carcinoma (GC) but not in lymphomas, indicating that activation of the BARF1 promoter is cell type specific. Undifferentiated NPC is characterized by high expression of ΔNp63 isoforms of the epithelial differentiation marker p63, a member of the p53 family of transcription factors. Transcription factor binding site analysis indicated potential p53 family binding sites within the BARF1 promoter region. This study investigated ability of various p53 family members to transactivate the BARF1 promoter. Using BARF1 promoter luciferase reporter constructs we demonstrate that only p63 isoform ΔNp63α is capable of transactivating the BARF1 promoter, but not the TAp63 isoforms, p53 or p73. Direct promoter binding of ΔNp63α was confirmed by Chromatin Immune Precipitation (ChIP) analysis. Deletion mutants of the BARF1 promoter revealed multiple ΔNp63 response elements to be responsible for BARF1 promoter transactivation. However, ΔNp63α alone was not sufficient to induce BARF1 in tumor cells harboring full EBV genomes, indicating that additional cofactors might be required for full BARF1 regulation. In conclusion, in EBV positive NPC and GC, BARF1 expression might be induced by the epithelial differentiation marker ΔNp63α, explaining BARF1 expression in the absence of lytic reactivation.
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29
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Teow SY, Yap HY, Peh SC. Epstein-Barr Virus as a Promising Immunotherapeutic Target for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Treatment. J Pathog 2017; 2017:7349268. [PMID: 29464124 PMCID: PMC5804410 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7349268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a pathogen that infects more than 90% of global human population. EBV primarily targets B-lymphocytes and epithelial cells while some of them infect monocyte/macrophage, T-lymphocytes, and dendritic cells (DCs). EBV infection does not cause death by itself but the infection has been persistently associated with certain type of cancers such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), and Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). Recent findings have shown promise on targeting EBV proteins for cancer therapy by immunotherapeutic approach. Some studies have also shown the success of adopting EBV-based therapeutic vaccines for the prevention of EBV-associated cancer particularly on NPC. In-depth investigations are in progress to refine the current therapeutic and vaccination strategies. In present review, we discuss the highly potential EBV targets for NPC immunotherapy and therapeutic vaccine development as well as addressing the underlying challenges in the process of bringing the therapy and vaccination from the bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Yeang Teow
- Sunway Institute for Healthcare Development (SIHD), Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hooi-Yeen Yap
- Sunway Institute for Healthcare Development (SIHD), Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Suat-Cheng Peh
- Sunway Institute for Healthcare Development (SIHD), Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Anatomical Pathology Department, Sunway Medical Centre, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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30
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Arellano-Galindo J, Barrera AP, Jiménez-Hernández E, Zavala-Vega S, Campos-Valdéz G, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J, Ochoa SA, Cruz-Córdova A, Crisóstomo-Vázquez MDP, Fernández-Macías JC, Mejía-Aranguré JM. Infectious Agents in Childhood Leukemia. Arch Med Res 2017; 48:305-313. [PMID: 29157671 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute leukemia is the most common pediatric cancer, representing one-third of all cancers that occurs in under 15 year olds, with a varied incidence worldwide. Although a number of advances have increased the knowledge of leukemia pathophysiology, its etiology remains less well understood. The role of infectious agents, such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites, in the pathogenesis of leukemia has been discussed. To date, several cellular mechanisms involving infectious agents have been proposed to cause leukemia following infections. However, although leukemia can be triggered by contact with such agents, they can also be beneficial in developing immune stimulation and protection despite the risk of leukemic clones. In this review, we analyze the proposed hypotheses concerning how infectious agents may play a role in the origin and development of leukemia, as well as in a possible mechanism of protection following infections. We review reported clinical observations associated with vaccination or breastfeeding, that support hypotheses such as early life exposure and the resulting early immune stimulation that lead to protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Arellano-Galindo
- Área de Virología, Laboratorio de Infectología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alberto Parra Barrera
- Laboratorio de Cáncer y Hematopoyesis, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Elva Jiménez-Hernández
- Departamento de Hematología Pediátrica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Centro Médico Nacional la Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sergio Zavala-Vega
- Área de Virología, Laboratorio de Infectología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Guillermina Campos-Valdéz
- Área de Virología, Laboratorio de Infectología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Xicohtencatl-Cortes
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sara A Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ariadnna Cruz-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Juan Carlos Fernández-Macías
- Área de Virología, Laboratorio de Infectología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Manuel Mejía-Aranguré
- Unidad de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México; Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México.
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Ke L, Zhou H, Wang C, Xiong G, Xiang Y, Ling Y, Khabir A, Tsao GS, Zeng Y, Zeng M, Busson P, Kieff E, Guo X, Zhao B. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma super-enhancer-driven ETV6 correlates with prognosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9683-9688. [PMID: 28831010 PMCID: PMC5594663 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705236114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) most frequently occurs in southern China and southeast Asia. Epidemiology studies link NPC to genetic predisposition, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and environmental factors. Genetic studies indicate that mutations in chromatin-modifying enzymes are the most frequent genetic alterations in NPC. Here, we used H3K27ac chromatin immune precipitation followed by deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) to define the NPC epigenome in primary NPC biopsies, NPC xenografts, and an NPC cell line, and compared them to immortalized normal nasopharyngeal or oral epithelial cells. We identified NPC-specific enhancers and found these enhancers were enriched with nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), IFN-responsive factor 1 (IRF1) and IRF2, and ETS family members ETS1 motifs. Normal cell-specific enhancers were enriched with basic leucine zipper family members and TP53 motifs. NPC super-enhancers with extraordinarily broad and high H3K27ac signals were also identified, and they were linked to genes important for oncogenesis including ETV6. ETV6 was also highly expressed in NPC biopsies by immunohistochemistry. High ETV6 expression correlated with a poor prognosis. Furthermore, we defined the EBV episome epigenetic landscapes in primary NPC tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangru Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hufeng Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Geng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yanqun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihong Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdelmajid Khabir
- Pathology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, 4100 Medenine, Tunisia
- School of Medicine, University of Sfax, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - George S Tsao
- Department of Anatomy, Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Musheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China;
| | - Pierre Busson
- CNRS, UMR 8126, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Elliott Kieff
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - Xiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China;
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
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Lao TD, Nguyen DH, Nguyen TM, Le TAH. Molecular Screening for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): Detection of Genomic EBNA-1, EBNA-2, LMP-1, LMP-2 Among Vietnamese Patients with Nasopharyngeal Brush Samples. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:1675-1679. [PMID: 28670888 PMCID: PMC6373812 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.6.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Bar virus (EBV) is considered to be intimately associated with development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the most common and high incidence cancer of the head and neck in Asian countries, especially in Vietnam. In this study, we validated associations between highly conserved segments of the EBV genome, including EBNA-1, EBNA-2, LMP-1, LMP-2 and nasopharyngeal cancer, with the aim of applications with non-invasive brush samples for early diagnosis and as a prognostic biomarker. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to assess the presence of EBNA-1, EBNA-2, LMP-1, LMP-2 in nasopharyngeal brush samples from Vietnamese NPC patients and non-cancer controls. Positive rates for EBNA-1, EBNA-2, LMP-1, LMP-2 were 46.3%, 49.5% and 45.3%, and 47.4%, respectively, in cancer cases, much higher than the low frequencies found in non-cancer samples. Notably, at least one of the four (PI ≥ 0.25) was found in 57. 9%. Significance was reached when computing the odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR). Our detection of candidate genes. in nasopharyngeal brush samples collected from Vietnamese patients reduces the need for invasive biopsies and fulfills the characteristics of a non-invasive, specific screening method suitable for routine, NPC risk assessment for EBV-infected populations. Notably, this procedure may be useful for confirmatory screening with large oral brush swabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuan Duc Lao
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Vietnam
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Fołtyn S, Strycharz-Dudziak M, Drop B, Boguszewska A, Polz-Dacewicz M. Serum EBV antibodies and LMP-1 in Polish patients with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. Infect Agent Cancer 2017; 12:31. [PMID: 28572837 PMCID: PMC5450389 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-017-0141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the development of head and neck cancer was reported by many researchers. The aim of the present study was to detect EBV DNA and EBV antibodies in 110 Polish patients with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer compared to 40 healthy individuals. Methods Frozen tumor tissue fragments were tested using nested PCR assay for EBV DNA detection. Sera from all individuals were investigated using ELISA tests to detect the presence of VCA IgM and IgG, EBNA IgG, EA IgG. Results EBV DNA was detected in 52.7% of the patients (25% in controls). EBVCA were detected in 94.5%, EBNA in 96.4% and EA in 94.5% of patients. The significantly higher level of EA in the patients suggests EBV reactivation. The majority of patients (83%) were infected with wild-type EBV. Conclusion Our study showed that this variant seems to be associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer in the Polish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Fołtyn
- Department of Virology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Bartłomiej Drop
- Chair and Department of Public Health, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Wang C, Wang H, Zhang Y, Guo W, Long C, Wang J, Liu L, Sun X. Berberine inhibits the proliferation of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells via an Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1-dependent mechanism. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2109-2120. [PMID: 28259949 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy derived from the epithelial cells of the nasopharynx cavity, and is closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. In addition to NPC, EBV causes various human malignancies, such as gastric cancer, hematological tumors and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas. Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) encoded by EBV is indispensable for replication, partition, transcription and maintenance of viral genomes. Berberine, a naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloid, shows anti-inflammatory, anticholinergic, antioxidative, and anticancer activities. In the present study, the antitumor effect of berberine was studied. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays were performed to demonstrate whether the proliferation of EBV-positive NPC cells was inhibited by berberine. Flow cytometric results revealed that berberine induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Quantitative-PCR and western blotting results indicated that berberine decreased the expression of EBNA1 at both the mRNA and protein levels in the EBV-positive NPC cells. The function of EBNA1 promoter Qp which is to drive EBNA1 transcription in type Ⅱ latent infection was strongly suppressed by berberine. Overexpression of EBNA1 attenuated this inhibitory effect. Berberine also suppressed the activity of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 which is a new therapeutic target in a series of malignancies, including NPC. Viral titer experiments demonstrated that berberine decreased the production of virions in HONE1 and HK1-EBV cells. In a mouse xenograft model of NPC induced by HONE1 cells, berberine significantly inhibited tumor formation. Altogether, these results indicate that berberine decreases the expression of EBNA1 and exhibits an antitumor effect against NPC both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yaqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Pathology and Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Cong Long
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jingchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Limei Liu
- Corneal Disease Department of Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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Greijer AE, Ramayanti O, Verkuijlen SAWM, Novalić Z, Juwana H, Middeldorp JM. Quantitative multi-target RNA profiling in Epstein-Barr virus infected tumor cells. J Virol Methods 2016; 241:24-33. [PMID: 27993616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is etiologically linked to multiple acute, chronic and malignant diseases. Detection of EBV-RNA transcripts in tissues or biofluids besides EBV-DNA can help in diagnosing EBV related syndromes. Sensitive EBV transcription profiling yields new insights on its pathogenic role and may be useful for monitoring virus targeted therapy. Here we describe a multi-gene quantitative RT-PCR profiling method that simultaneously detects a broad spectrum (n=16) of crucial latent and lytic EBV transcripts. These transcripts include (but are not restricted to), EBNA1, EBNA2, LMP1, LMP2, BARTs, EBER1, BARF1 and ZEBRA, Rta, BGLF4 (PK), BXLF1 (TK) and BFRF3 (VCAp18) all of which have been implicated in EBV-driven oncogenesis and viral replication. With this method we determine the amount of RNA copies per infected (tumor) cell in bulk populations of various origin. While we confirm the expected RNA profiles within classic EBV latency programs, this sensitive quantitative approach revealed the presence of rare cells undergoing lytic replication. Inducing lytic replication in EBV tumor cells supports apoptosis and is considered as therapeutic approach to treat EBV-driven malignancies. This sensitive multi-primed quantitative RT-PCR approach can provide broader understanding of transcriptional activity in latent and lytic EBV infection and is suitable for monitoring virus-specific therapy responses in patients with EBV associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Greijer
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - O Ramayanti
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S A W M Verkuijlen
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Z Novalić
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Juwana
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J M Middeldorp
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Wang A, Zhang W, Jin M, Zhang J, Li S, Tong F, Zhou Y. Differential expression of EBV proteins LMP1 and BHFR1 in EBV‑associated gastric and nasopharyngeal cancer tissues. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4151-8. [PMID: 27052804 PMCID: PMC4838144 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with the development of T cell lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), and EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC). This study assessed the expression of the EBV-associated proteins latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) and BamHI-A rightward frame 1 (BARF1) in NPC and EBVaGC tissue specimens and determined their association with clinicopathological data, microvessel density (MVD) and micro-lymphatic vessel density (MLVD). This study collected 600 gastric cancer and 75 NPC tissue samples. EBV infection was assessed using in situ hybridization, and LMP1 and BARF1 expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry. The levels of MVD and MLVD were assessed using immunostaining of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, CD34, and lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor 1 (LYVE-1). Among the 600 gastric cancer cases, 30 were positive for EBV infection, which was shown to be associated with the age of patients (P=0.073), tumor differentiation (P<0.0001), tumor location (P<0.0001) and lymph node metastasis (P<0.0001). In these 30 EBVaGC cases, only one case was weakly positive for LMP1, but 17 cases were BARF1 positive. BARF1 expression was associated with lymph node metastasis of EBVaGC and the level of MLVD. Furthermore, 61 (81%) of 75 NPC patients were EBV positive, among which 38 cases were LMP-1 positive (62.3%) and LMP1 expression was associated with tumor-node-metastasis stage (P=0.011) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.041). MLVD was significantly higher in LMP1-positive cases than LMP1-negative cases. There were only 8 (13.3%) cases positive for BARF1 expression. In conclusion, EBV infection exhibits a role in gastric cancer and NPC development; however, expression of EBV-associated proteins LMP1 and BARF1 have differential functions during tumorigenesis of these two types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailiang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Meng Jin
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Tumor Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Tumor Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Feng Tong
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Tumor Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Yanbing Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
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37
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Shen CL, Liu CD, You RI, Ching YH, Liang J, Ke L, Chen YL, Chen HC, Hsu HJ, Liou JW, Kieff E, Peng CW. Ribosome Protein L4 is essential for Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2229-34. [PMID: 26858444 PMCID: PMC4776490 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525444113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA1)-mediated origin of plasmid replication (oriP) DNA episome maintenance is essential for EBV-mediated tumorigenesis. We have now found that EBNA1 binds to Ribosome Protein L4 (RPL4). RPL4 shRNA knockdown decreased EBNA1 activation of an oriP luciferase reporter, EBNA1 DNA binding in lymphoblastoid cell lines, and EBV genome number per lymphoblastoid cell line. EBV infection increased RPL4 expression and redistributed RPL4 to cell nuclei. RPL4 and Nucleolin (NCL) were a scaffold for an EBNA1-induced oriP complex. The RPL4 N terminus cooperated with NCL-K429 to support EBNA1 and oriP-mediated episome binding and maintenance, whereas the NCL C-terminal K380 and K393 induced oriP DNA H3K4me2 modification and promoted EBNA1 activation of oriP-dependent transcription. These observations provide new insights into the mechanisms by which EBV uses NCL and RPL4 to establish persistent B-lymphoblastoid cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Lung Shen
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Der Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Ren-In You
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hao Ching
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Liangru Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ya-Lin Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Chi Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jen Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Je-Wen Liou
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Elliott Kieff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - Chih-Wen Peng
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
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Role of Viral miRNAs and Epigenetic Modifications in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Carcinogenesis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6021934. [PMID: 26977250 PMCID: PMC4764750 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6021934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short (21–23 nucleotides), noncoding RNAs that typically silence posttranscriptional gene expression through interaction with target messenger RNAs. Currently, miRNAs have been identified in almost all studied multicellular eukaryotes in the plant and animal kingdoms. Additionally, recent studies reported that miRNAs can also be encoded by certain single-cell eukaryotes and by viruses. The vast majority of viral miRNAs are encoded by the herpesviruses family. These DNA viruses including Epstein-Barr virus encode their own miRNAs and/or manipulate the expression of cellular miRNAs to facilitate respective infection cycles. Modulation of the control pathways of miRNAs expression is often involved in the promotion of tumorigenesis through a specific cascade of transduction signals. Notably, latent infection with Epstein-Barr virus is considered liable of causing several types of malignancies, including the majority of gastric carcinoma cases detected worldwide. In this review, we describe the role of the Epstein-Barr virus in gastric carcinogenesis, summarizing the functions of the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded viral proteins and related epigenetic alterations as well as the roles of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded and virally modulated cellular miRNAs.
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Bruce JP, Yip K, Bratman SV, Ito E, Liu FF. Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Molecular Landscape. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:3346-55. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.60.7846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a unique epithelial malignancy arising from the superior aspect of the pharyngeal mucosal space, associated with latent Epstein-Barr virus infection in most cases. The capacity to characterize cancer genomes in unprecedented detail is now providing insights into the genesis and molecular underpinnings of this disease. Herein, we provide an overview of the molecular aberrations that likely drive nasopharyngeal tumor development and progression. The contributions of major Epstein-Barr virus–encoded factors, including proteins, small RNAs, and microRNAs, along with their interactions with pathways regulating cell proliferation and survival are highlighted. We review recent analyses that clearly define the role of genetic and epigenetic variations affecting the human genome in NPC. These findings point to the impact of DNA methylation and histone modifications on gene expression programs that promote this malignancy. The molecular interactions that allow NPC cells to evade immune recognition and elimination, which is crucial for the survival of cells expressing potentially immunogenic viral proteins, are also described. Finally, the potential utility of detecting host and viral factors for the diagnosis and prognosis of NPC is discussed. Altogether, the studies summarized herein have greatly expanded our knowledge of the molecular biology of NPC, yet much remains to be uncovered. Emerging techniques for using and analyzing well-annotated biospecimens from patients with NPC will ultimately lead to a greater level of understanding, and enable improvements in precision therapies and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff P. Bruce
- Jeff P. Bruce, Kenneth Yip, Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University Health Network; and Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth Yip
- Jeff P. Bruce, Kenneth Yip, Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University Health Network; and Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott V. Bratman
- Jeff P. Bruce, Kenneth Yip, Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University Health Network; and Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma Ito
- Jeff P. Bruce, Kenneth Yip, Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University Health Network; and Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fei-Fei Liu
- Jeff P. Bruce, Kenneth Yip, Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University Health Network; and Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Tsang CM, Tsao SW. The role of Epstein-Barr virus infection in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Virol Sin 2015; 30:107-21. [PMID: 25910483 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV episomes are detected in almost all NPC cells. The role of EBV in NPC pathogenesis has long been postulated but remains enigmatic. In contrast to infection of B lymphocytes, EBV infection does not directly transform nasopharyngeal epithelial cells into proliferative clones with malignant potential. EBV infection of normal pharyngeal epithelial cells is predominantly lytic in nature. Genetic alterations in premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelium, in combination with inflammatory stimulation in the nasopharyngeal mucosa, presumably play essential roles in the establishment of a latent EBV infection in infected nasopharyngeal epithelial cells during the early development of NPC. Establishment of latent EBV infection in premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelial cells and expression of latent viral genes, including the BART transcripts and BART-encoded microRNAs, are crucial features of NPC. Expression of EBV genes may drive further malignant transformation of premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelial cells into cancer cells. The difficulties involved in the establishment of NPC cell lines and the progressive loss of EBV epsiomes in NPC cells propagated in culture strongly implicate the contribution of host stromal components to the growth of NPC cells in vivo and maintenance of EBV in infected NPC cells. Defining the growth advantages of EBV-infected NPC cells in vivo will lead to a better understanding of the contribution of EBV infection in NPC pathogenesis, and may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for NPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Tsao SW, Tsang CM, To KF, Lo KW. The role of Epstein-Barr virus in epithelial malignancies. J Pathol 2015; 235:323-33. [PMID: 25251730 PMCID: PMC4280676 DOI: 10.1002/path.4448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The close association of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection with non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinomas and a subset of gastric carcinomas suggests that EBV infection is a crucial event in these cancers. The difficulties encountered in infecting and transforming primary epithelial cells in experimental systems suggest that the role of EBV in epithelial malignancies is complex and multifactorial in nature. Genetic alterations in the premalignant epithelium may support the establishment of latent EBV infection, which is believed to be an initiation event. Oncogenic properties have been reported in multiple EBV latent genes. The BamH1 A rightwards transcripts (BARTs) and the BART-encoded microRNAs (miR-BARTs) are highly expressed in EBV-associated epithelial malignancies and may induce malignant transformation. However, enhanced proliferation may not be the crucial function of EBV infection in epithelial malignancies, at least in the early stages of cancer development. EBV-encoded gene products may confer anti-apoptotic properties and promote the survival of infected premalignant epithelial cells harbouring genetic alterations. Multiple EBV-encoded microRNAs have been reported to have immune evasion functions. Genetic alterations in host cells, as well as inflammatory stroma, could modulate the expression of EBV genes and alter the growth properties of infected premalignant epithelial cells, encouraging their selection during carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Wah Tsao
- Department of Anatomy and Centre for Cancer Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Chao M, Wang HN, Lu YJ, Chang YS, Yu JS. The V-val subtype Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 promotes cell survival after serum withdrawal. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:958-66. [PMID: 25434292 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can establish latent infection and has been associated with various human cancers. Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is the only viral protein that is expressed in all EBV-associated malignant tissues. The N- and C-terminal domains of EBNA1, which are connected by internal glycine/alanine-rich short repeat sequences of various sizes, show sequence divergence across EBV strains isolated from around the world. At least five subtypes have been described, according to the amino acid at residue 487: P-ala, P-thr, V-val, V-pro, and V-leu. Whether the variations of EBNA-1 contribute to the pathogenesis of EBV or simply reflect the geographical distribution of EBV remain to be investigated. Furthermore, the cell effects conferred by EBNA1 subtypes that differ from that of the B95.8 prototype, which belongs to the P-ala subtype, remain to be elucidated. In this study, PCR was amplified with the full-length V-val EBNA1 gene from the CG3 cell line, an EBV-carrying lymphoblastoid cell line derived from a Taiwanese chronic myeloid leukemia patient. Plasmids expressing His-tagged EBNA1 fusion proteins in E. coli were constructed and used to raise antibodies in rabbit. The V-val EBNA1 gene was then cloned into a eukaryotic expression vector and successfully expressed in the transfected cultured cells. Expression of V-val EBNA1 rendered 293 cells able to undergo serum‑independent cell proliferation, providing them with anti-apoptotic abilities, which are two characteristics of cancer cells. These data suggested that use of EBNA1 originally derived from tumor cells, rather than the more commonly utilized prototype, when investigating the potential role of EBNA1 in the oncogenesis of EBV-associated malignancies, is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chao
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yang 333, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Hsiao-Ning Wang
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yang 333, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Yi Jin Lu
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yang 333, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Yu-Sun Chang
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yang 333, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Jau-Song Yu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yang 333, Taiwan R.O.C
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Abstract
Since its discovery 50 years ago, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to the development of cancers originating from both lymphoid and epithelial cells. Approximately 95% of the world's population sustains an asymptomatic, life-long infection with EBV. The virus persists in the memory B-cell pool of normal healthy individuals, and any disruption of this interaction results in virus-associated B-cell tumors. The association of EBV with epithelial cell tumors, specifically nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and EBV-positive gastric carcinoma (EBV-GC), is less clear and is currently thought to be caused by the aberrant establishment of virus latency in epithelial cells that display premalignant genetic changes. Although the precise role of EBV in the carcinogenic process is currently poorly understood, the presence of the virus in all tumor cells provides opportunities for developing novel therapeutic and diagnostic approaches. The study of EBV and its role in carcinomas continues to provide insight into the carcinogenic process that is relevant to a broader understanding of tumor pathogenesis and to the development of targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence S Young
- Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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Tsang CM, Deng W, Yip YL, Zeng MS, Lo KW, Tsao SW. Epstein-Barr virus infection and persistence in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2014; 33:549-55. [PMID: 25223910 PMCID: PMC4244318 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.014.10169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is closely associated with undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), strongly implicating a role for EBV in NPC pathogenesis; conversely, EBV infection is rarely detected in normal nasopharyngeal epithelial tissues. In general, EBV does not show a strong tropism for infecting human epithelial cells, and EBV infection in oropharyngeal epithelial cells is believed to be lytic in nature. To establish life-long infection in humans, EBV has evolved efficient strategies to infect B cells and hijack their cellular machinery for latent infection. Lytic EBV infection in oropharyngeal epithelial cells, though an infrequent event, is believed to be a major source of infectious EBV particles for salivary transmission. The biological events associated with nasopharyngeal epithelial cells are only beginning to be understood with the advancement of EBV infection methods and the availability of nasopharyngeal epithelial cell models for EBV infection studies. EBV infection in human epithelial cells is a highly inefficient process compared to that in B cells, which express the complement receptor type 2 (CR2) to mediate EBV infection. Although receptor(s) on the epithelial cell surface for EBV infection remain(s) to be identified, EBV infection in epithelial cells could be achieved via the interaction of glycoproteins on the viral envelope with surface integrins on epithelial cells, which might trigger membrane fusion to internalize EBV in cells. Normal nasopharyngeal epithelial cells are not permissive for latent EBV infection, and EBV infection in normal nasopharyngeal epithelial cells usually results in growth arrest. However, genetic alterations in premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelial cells, including p16 deletion and cyclin D1 overexpression, could override the growth inhibitory effect of EBV infection to support stable and latent EBV infection in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. The EBV episome in NPC is clonal in nature, suggesting that NPC develops from a single EBV-infected nasopharyngeal epithelial cell, and the establishment of persistent and latent EBV infection in premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelium may represent an early and critical event for NPC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Epstein-Barr virus EBNA1 protein regulates viral latency through effects on let-7 microRNA and dicer. J Virol 2014; 88:11166-77. [PMID: 25031339 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01785-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The EBNA1 protein of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) plays multiple roles in EBV latent infection, including altering cellular pathways relevant for cancer. Here we used microRNA (miRNA) cloning coupled with high-throughput sequencing to identify the effects of EBNA1 on cellular miRNAs in two nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines. EBNA1 affected a small percentage of cellular miRNAs in both cell lines, in particular, upregulating multiple let-7 family miRNAs, including let-7a. The effects of EBNA1 on let-7a were verified by demonstrating that EBNA1 silencing in multiple EBV-positive carcinomas downregulated let-7a. Accordingly, the let-7a target, Dicer, was found to be partially downregulated by EBNA1 expression (at the mRNA and protein levels) and upregulated by EBNA1 silencing in EBV-positive cells. Reporter assays based on the Dicer 3' untranslated region with and without let-7a target sites indicated that the effects of EBNA1 on Dicer were mediated by let-7a. EBNA1 was also found to induce the expression of let-7a primary RNAs in a manner dependent on the EBNA1 transcriptional activation region, suggesting that EBNA1 induces let-7a by transactivating the expression of its primary transcripts. Consistent with previous reports that Dicer promotes EBV reactivation, we found that a let-7a mimic inhibited EBV reactivation to the lytic cycle, while a let-7 sponge increased reactivation. The results provide a mechanism by which EBNA1 could promote EBV latency by inducing let-7 miRNAs. IMPORTANCE The EBNA1 protein of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) contributes in multiple ways to the latent mode of EBV infection that leads to lifelong infection. In this study, we identify a mechanism by which EBNA1 helps to maintain EBV infection in a latent state. This involves induction of a family of microRNAs (let-7 miRNAs) that in turn decreases the level of the cellular protein Dicer. We demonstrate that let-7 miRNAs inhibit the reactivation of latent EBV, providing an explanation for our previous observation that EBNA1 promotes latency. In addition, since decreased levels of Dicer have been associated with metastatic potential, EBNA1 may increase metastases by downregulating Dicer.
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Tsao SW, Yip YL, Tsang CM, Pang PS, Lau VMY, Zhang G, Lo KW. Etiological factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:330-8. [PMID: 24630258 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common disease among southern Chinese. The major etiological factors proposed for NPC pathogenesis include genetic susceptibility, environment factors and EBV infection. In the high risk population, genetic susceptibility to NPC has been mapped to the HLA loci and adjacent genes in MHC region on chromosome 6p21. Consumption of preserved food including salted fish has been implicated in its etiology in earlier studies. Its contribution to pathogenesis of NPC remains to be determined. A decreasing trend of NPC incidence was observed in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore in recent years which may be accounted by a change of dietary habits. A comprehensive epidemiological study will help to elucidate the relative importance of various risk factors in the pathogenesis of NPC. Despite the close association of EBV infection with NPC, the etiological role of EBV in NPC pathogenesis remains enigmatic. EBV infection in primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cells is uncommon and difficult to achieve. EBV does not transform primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cells into proliferative clones, which contrasts greatly with the well-documented ability of EBV to transform and immortalize primary B cells. Genetic alterations identified in premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelium may play crucial roles to support stable EBV infection. Subsequently, latent and lytic EBV gene products may drive clonal expansion and transformation of premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelial cells into cancer cells. Stromal inflammation in nasopharyngeal mucosa is believed to play an important role in modulating the growth and possibly drive the malignant transformation of EBV-infected nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. Furthermore, there are increasing evidences supporting a role of EBV infection to evade host immune surveillance. EBV-infected cells may have selective growth advantages in vivo by acquiring a stress-resistance phenotype. Understanding the etiological factors and pathogenesis of NPC will contribute effectively to the prevention and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wah Tsao
- Department of Anatomy and Center for Cancer Research, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Yim Ling Yip
- Department of Anatomy and Center for Cancer Research, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomy and Center for Cancer Research, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Pei Shin Pang
- Department of Anatomy and Center for Cancer Research, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Victoria Ming Yi Lau
- Department of Anatomy and Center for Cancer Research, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Guitao Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Center for Cancer Research, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Lu F, Tempera I, Lee HT, Dewispelaere K, Lieberman PM. EBNA1 binding and epigenetic regulation of gastrokine tumor suppressor genes in gastric carcinoma cells. Virol J 2014; 11:12. [PMID: 24460791 PMCID: PMC3904692 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) latently infects ~10% of gastric carcinomas (GC). Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA1) is expressed in EBV-associated GC, and can bind host DNA, where it may impact cellular gene regulation. Here, we show that EBNA1 binds directly to DNA upstream of the divergently transcribed GC-specific tumor suppressor genes gastrokine 1 (GKN1) and gastrokine 2 (GKN2). METHODS We use ChIP-Seq, ChIP-qPCR, and EMSA to demonstrate that EBNA1 binds directly to the GKN1 and GKN2 promoter locus. We generate AGS-EBV, and AGS-EBNA1 cell lines to study the effects of EBNA1 on GKN1 and GKN2 mRNA expression with or without 5' azacytidine treatment. RESULTS We show that gastrokine genes are transcriptionally silenced by DNA methylation. We also show that latent EBV infection further reduces GKN1 and GKN2 expression in AGS gastric carcinoma cells, and that siRNA depletion of EBNA1 partially alleviates this repression. However, ectopic expression of EBNA1 slightly increased GKN1 and GKN2 basal mRNA levels, but reduced their responsiveness to demethylating agent. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that EBNA1 binds to the divergent promoter of the GKN1 and GKN2 genes in GC cells, and suggest that EBNA1 contributes to the complex transcriptional and epigenetic deregulation of the GKN1 and GKN2 tumor suppressor genes in EBV positive GC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul M Lieberman
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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48
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Atypical Epstein-Barr viral genomic structure in lymphoma tissue and lymphoid cell lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 22:91-101. [PMID: 23628820 DOI: 10.1097/pdm.0b013e318273fb43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA is found within the malignant cells of some subtypes of lymphoma, and viral presence is being exploited for improved diagnosis, monitoring, and management of affected patients. Recent work suggests that viral genomic polymorphism, such as partial deletion of the viral genome, could interfere with virus detection in tumor tissues. To test for atypical forms of the EBV genome, 98 lymphomas and 6 infected cell lines were studied using a battery of 6 quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays targeting disparate sections of EBV DNA. Fifty of the lymphomas (51%) had no amplifiable EBV DNA, and 38 lymphomas (39%) had low-level EBV infection that was deemed incidental based on EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization results. The remaining 10 lymphomas (10%) had high EBV loads and EBER localization to malignant cells by EBER in situ hybridization. All 10 represented lymphoma subtypes were previously associated with EBV (Burkitt, diffuse large B-cell, or T-cell type), whereas no remnants of EBV were detected in other lymphoma subtypes (follicular, small lymphocytic, mantle cell, or marginal zone type). Interestingly, 4 of the 10 infected lymphomas had evidence of atypical viral genomes, including 3 of 4 infected T-cell lymphomas with aberrant loss of LMP2 amplicons, and a single diffuse large B-cell lymphoma lacking the central part of the viral genome spanning BamH1W, BZLF1, and EBNA1 gene segments. A reasonable screening strategy for infected malignancy involves applying EBER1 and LMP1 quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays and confirming that values exceeding 2000 copies of EBV per 100,000 cells have EBER localization to malignant cells.
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Alibek K, Mussabekova A, Kakpenova A, Duisembekova A, Baiken Y, Aituov B, Karatayeva N, Zhussupbekova S. Childhood cancers: what is a possible role of infectious agents? Infect Agent Cancer 2013; 8:48. [PMID: 24321500 PMCID: PMC4029297 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-8-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of childhood cancers has been studied for more than 40 years. However, most if not all cancers occurring in children are attributed to unknown causes. This review is focused on the role of infections in cancer development and progression in children. The main infectious agents include human herpesviruses, polyoma viruses, and human papilloma viruses. It is known that infections can lead to carcinogenesis through various mechanisms, and most likely act in addition to genetic and environmental factors. Given the importance of the infectious etiology of childhood cancers, clinical implications and possible prevention strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Alibek
- School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
- National Medical Holding, 2 Syganak Street, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Assel Mussabekova
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Ainur Kakpenova
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Assem Duisembekova
- School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Yeldar Baiken
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Bauyrzhan Aituov
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Nargis Karatayeva
- School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Samal Zhussupbekova
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
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50
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Identification of a novel protein interaction motif in the regulatory subunit of casein kinase 2. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 34:246-58. [PMID: 24216761 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00968-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Casein kinase 2 (CK2) regulates multiple cellular processes and can promote oncogenesis. Interactions with the CK2β regulatory subunit of the enzyme target its catalytic subunit (CK2α or CK2α') to specific substrates; however, little is known about the mechanisms by which these interactions occur. We previously showed that by binding CK2β, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) EBNA1 protein recruits CK2 to promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies, where increased CK2-mediated phosphorylation of PML proteins triggers their degradation. Here we have identified a KSSR motif near the dimerization interface of CK2β as forming part of a protein interaction pocket that mediates interaction with EBNA1. We show that the EBNA1-CK2β interaction is primed by phosphorylation of EBNA1 on S393 (within a polyserine region). This phosphoserine is critical for EBNA1-induced PML degradation but does not affect EBNA1 functions in EBV replication or segregation. Using comparative proteomics of wild-type (WT) and KSSR mutant CK2β, we identified an uncharacterized cellular protein, C18orf25/ARKL1, that also binds CK2β through the KSSR motif and show that this involves a polyserine sequence resembling the CK2β binding sequence in EBNA1. Therefore, we have identified a new mechanism of CK2 interaction used by viral and cellular proteins.
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