Targeting cancer stem cells and signaling pathways by phytochemicals: Novel approach for breast cancer therapy

Dual perspective on autophagy in glioma: Detangling the dichotomous mechanisms of signaling pathways for therapeutic insights

Autophagy is a normal physiological process that aids the recycling of cellular nutrients, assisting the cells to cope with stressed conditions. However, autophagy's effect on cancer, including glioma, is uncertain and involves complicated molecular mechanisms. Several contradictory reports indicate that autophagy may promote or suppress glioma growth and progression. Autophagy inhibitors potentiate the efficacy of chemotherapy or radiation therapy in glioma. Numerous compounds stimulate autophagy to cause glioma cell death. Autophagy is also involved in the therapeutic resistance of glioma. This review article aims to detangle the complicated molecular mechanism of autophagy to provide a better perception of the two-sided role of autophagy in glioma and its therapeutic implications. The protein and epigenetic modulators of the cytoprotective and cytotoxic role of autophagy are described in this article. Moreover, several signaling pathways are associated with autophagy and its effects on glioma. We have reviewed the molecular pathways and highlighted the signaling axis involved in cytoprotective and cytotoxic autophagy. Additionally, this article discusses the role of autophagy in therapeutic resistance, including glioma stem cell maintenance and tumor microenvironment regulation. It also summarizes several investigations on the anti-glioma effects of autophagy modulators to understand the associated mechanisms and provide insights regarding its therapeutic implications.

Unveiling the therapeutic potential of plant steroid peimine: A study on apoptotic induction in MRMT-1 cell line-induced breast cancer in rats

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer stands as a leading contributor to global cancer-related mortality. Progressing Research and Medical Innovations Elevate Treatment Choices and Results for Breast Cancer. Among these, Peimine, a natural steroid inherent in plants, notably within the Fritillaria species, demonstrates the capability to trigger apoptosis in breast cancer cells through the mitochondrial membrane permeation pathway. Nevertheless, its impact on an appropriate cancer model remains an area necessitating further exploration.

AIM

This study explored the in vivo anticancer effects of peimine on MRMT-1 Cell-line induced breast cancer in rats.

METHOD

Cancer was induced by the administration of MRMT-1 (6 x 106 cells) cells in the mammary pads of SD rats. The daily drug treatmentcommenced on day 14 and continued till 39 days. Peimine was administered in two doses (0.24 mg/kg and 0.48 mg/kg p.o) to examine its efficacy in curing breast cancer while tamoxifen was used as standard.

RESULTS

A reduction in tumour size was observed in the peimine-treated groups. Peimine can correct the changed blood cell count in addition to its anti-tumour activity. In peimine-treated rats, imbalanced immune marker IgE, serum oxidative marker, and tissue apoptotic markers like cytochrome c and calcium level were shown to be restored significantly.

CONCLUSION

Our findings imply that quinine has beneficial effects as an anti-neoplastic medication for breast cancer, most likely through its apoptotic activity. More research is necessary to thoroughly understand their mechanisms of action, ideal dose, and potential side effects.

Caffeic acid inhibits the tumorigenicity of triple-negative breast cancer cells through the FOXO1/FIS pathway

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) still one of the most challenging sub-type in breast cancer clinical. Caffeic acid (CA) derived from effective components of traditional Chinese herbal medicine has been show potential against TNBCs. Our research has found that CA can inhibit the proliferation of TNBC cells while also suppressing the size of cancer stem cell spheres. Additionally, it reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential. Simultaneously, CA influences the stemness of TNBC cells by reducing the expression of the stem cell marker protein CD44. Furthermore, we have observed that CA can modulate the FOXO1/FIS signaling pathway, disrupting mitochondrial function, inducing mitochondrial autophagy, and exerting anti-tumor activity. Additionally, changes in the immune microenvironment were detected using a mass cytometer, we found that CA can induce M1 polarization of macrophages, enhancing anti-tumor immune responses to exert anti-tumor activity. In summary, CA can be considered as a lead compound for further research in targeting TNBC.

Correlative expression of exosomal miRNAs in chemotherapy resistance of triple-negative breast cancer: An observational study

Drug resistance in tumors is the primary contributor to clinical treatment failures, and aberrant expression of small RNA molecules, specifically microRNAs (miRNAs), in tumor tissues is intricately associated with drug resistance. The aim of this study is to investigate the targets and mechanisms through which exosomal miRNAs from triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) regulate chemotherapy resistance in tumor cells. Utilizing high-throughput sequencing technology, we conducted exosomal miRNA sequencing on serum samples obtained from TNBC patients who were either sensitive or resistant to AC-sequential T chemotherapy. Subsequently, we identified and screened differentially expressed miRNAs. The observed differences in miRNA expression were further validated through quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In comparison to TNBC patients who exhibited sensitivity to the AC-sequential T regimen chemotherapy, we identified significant differences in the expression of 85 miRNAs within serum exosomes of patients displaying chemotherapy resistance. Furthermore, we observed a substantial difference in the expression of hsa-miR-6831-5p between TNBC patients who were responsive to chemotherapy and those who were drug-resistant and underwent treatment with the AC-sequential T regimen. hsa-miR-6831-5p holds the potential to serve as a diagnostic marker for assessing the chemosensitivity of the AC-sequential T regimen in TNBC.

Uterine fibroids: current research on novel drug targets and innovative therapeutic strategies

INTRODUCTION

Uterine fibroids, the most common nonmalignant tumors affecting the female genital tract, are a significant medical challenge. This article focuses on the most recent studies that attempted to identify novel non-hormonal therapeutic targets and strategies in UF therapy.

AREAS COVERED

This review covers the analysis of the pharmacological and biological mechanisms of the action of natural substances and the role of the microbiome in reference to UFs. This study aimed to determine the potential role of these compounds in UF prevention and therapy.

EXPERT OPINION

While there are numerous approaches for treating UFs, available drug therapies for disease control have not been optimized yet. This review highlights the biological potential of vitamin D, EGCG and other natural compounds, as well as the microbiome, as promising alternatives in UF management and prevention. Although these substances have been quite well analyzed in this area, we still recommend conducting further studies, particularly randomized ones, in the field of therapy with these compounds or probiotics. Alternatively, as the quality of data continues to improve, we propose the consideration of their integration into clinical practice, in alignment with the patient's preferences and consent.

Inhibition of Cancer Stem-like Cells by Curcumin and Other Polyphenol Derivatives in MDA-MB-231 TNBC Cells

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15% of all breast cancers and is highly aggressive. Despite an initial positive response to chemotherapy, most patients experience rapid disease progression leading to relapse and metastasis. This is attributed to the presence of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) within the tumor, which are characterized by self-renewal, pluripotency, and resistance mechanisms. Targeting BCSCs has become critical as conventional therapies fail to eradicate them due to a lack of specific targets. Curcumin, a polyphenol derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa), exhibits anticancer effects against breast cancer cells and BCSCs. The use of curcumin derivatives has been suggested as an approach to overcome the bioavailability and solubility problems of curcumin in humans, thereby increasing its anticancer effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cellular and molecular effects of six synthetic compounds derived from the natural polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (TL1, TL2) and curcumin derivatives (TL3, TL4, TL5, and TL6) on a TNBC mesenchymal stem-like cell line. The activity of the compounds against BCSCs was also determined by a mammosphere inhibition assay and studying different BCSC markers by Western blotting. Finally, a drug combination assay was performed with the most promising compounds to evaluate their potential synergistic effects with the chemotherapeutic agents doxorubicin, cisplatin, and paclitaxel. The results showed that compounds exhibited specific cytotoxicity against the TNBC cell line and BCSCs. Interestingly, the combination of the curcumin derivative TL3 with doxorubicin and cisplatin displayed a synergistic effect in TNBC cells.

Xenohormetic Phytochemicals Inhibit Neovascularization in Microphysiological Models of Vasculogenesis and Tumor Angiogenesis

Xenohormesis proposes that phytochemicals produced to combat stressors in the host plant exert biochemical effects in animal cells lacking cognate receptors. Xenohormetic phytochemicals such as flavonoids and phytoalexins modulate a range of human cell signaling mechanisms but functional correlations with human pathophysiology are lacking. Here, potent inhibitory effects of grapefruit-derived Naringenin (Nar) and soybean-derived Glyceollins (Gly) in human microphysiological models of bulk tissue vasculogenesis and tumor angiogenesis are reported. Despite this interference of vascular morphogenesis, Nar and Gly are not cytotoxic to endothelial cells and do not prevent cell cycle entry. The anti-vasculogenic effects of Glyceollin are significantly more potent in sex-matched female (XX) models. Nar and Gly do not decrease viability or expression of proangiogenic genes in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell spheroids, suggesting that inhibition of sprouting angiogenesis by Nar and Gly in a MPS model of the (TNBC) microenvironment are mediated via direct effects in endothelial cells. The study supports further research of Naringenin and Glyceollin as health-promoting agents with special attention to mechanisms of action in vascular endothelial cells and the role of biological sex, which can improve the understanding of dietary nutrition and the pharmacology of phytochemical preparations.

Apigenin: A Bioflavonoid with a Promising Role in Disease Prevention and Treatment

Apigenin is a powerful flavone compound found in numerous fruits and vegetables, and it offers numerous health-promoting benefits. Many studies have evidenced that this compound has a potential role as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound, making it a promising candidate for reducing the risk of pathogenesis. It has also been found to positively affect various systems in the body, such as the respiratory, digestive, immune, and reproductive systems. Apigenin is effective in treating liver, lung, heart, kidney, neurological diseases, diabetes, and maintaining good oral and skin health. Multiple studies have reported that this compound is capable of suppressing various types of cancer through the induction of apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest, suppressing cell migration and invasion, reduction of inflammation, and inhibiting angiogenesis. When used in combination with other drugs, apigenin increases their efficacy, reduces the risk of side effects, and improves the response to chemotherapy. This review broadly analyzes apigenin's potential in disease management by modulating various biological activities. In addition, this review also described apigenin's interaction with other compounds or drugs and the potential role of nanoformulation in different pathogeneses. Further extensive research is needed to explore the mechanism of action, safety, and efficacy of this compound in disease prevention and treatment.

Celastrol enhances the viability of random-pattern skin flaps by regulating autophagy through the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB axis

In reconstructive and plastic surgery, random-pattern skin flaps (RPSF) are often used to correct defects. However, their clinical usefulness is limited due to their susceptibility to necrosis, especially on the distal side of the RPSF. This study validates the protective effect of celastrol (CEL) on flap viability and explores in terms of underlying mechanisms of action. The viability of different groups of RPSF was evaluated by survival zone analysis, laser doppler blood flow, and histological analysis. The effects of CEL on flap angiogenesis, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and autophagy were evaluated by Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence assays. Finally, its mechanistic aspects were explored by autophagy inhibitor and Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor. On the seventh day after surgery, the survival area size, blood supply, and microvessel count of RPSF were augmented following the administration of CEL. Additionally, CEL stimulated angiogenesis, suppressed apoptosis, and lowered oxidative stress levels immediately after elevated autophagy in ischemic regions; These effects can be reversed using the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ). Specifically, CQ has been observed to counteract the protective impact of CEL on the RPSF. Moreover, it has also been discovered that CEL triggers the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB axis activation in the area affected by ischemia. In CEL-treated skin flaps, AMPK inhibitors were demonstrated to suppress the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB axis and reduce autophagy levels. This investigation suggests that CEL benefits the survival of RPSF by augmenting angiogenesis and impeding oxidative stress and apoptosis. The results are credited to increased autophagy, made possible by the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB axis activation.

Seedless black Vitis vinifera polyphenols suppress hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo by targeting apoptosis, cancer stem cells, and proliferation

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive tumor and one of the most challenging cancers to treat. Here, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo ameliorating impacts of seedless black Vitis vinifera (VV) polyphenols on HCC. Following the preparation of the VV crude extract (VVCE) from seedless VV (pulp and skin), three fractions (VVF1, VVF2, and VVF3) were prepared. The anticancer potencies of the prepared fractions, compared to 5-FU, were assessed against HepG2 and Huh7 cells. In addition, the effects of these fractions on p-dimethylaminoazobenzene-induced HCC in mice were evaluated. The predicted impacts of selected phenolic constituents of VV fractions on the activity of essential HCC-associated enzymes (NADPH oxidase "NADPH-NOX2", histone deacetylase 1 "HDAC1", and sepiapterin reductase "SepR") were analyzed using molecular docking. The results showed that VVCE and its fractions induced apoptosis and collapsed CD133+ stem cells in the studied cancer cell lines with an efficiency greater than 5-FU. VVF1 and VVF2 exhibited the most effective anticancer fractions in vitro; therefore, we evaluated their influences in mice. VVF1 and VVF2 improved liver morphology and function, induced apoptosis, and lowered the fold expression of various crucial genes that regulate cancer stem cells and other vital pathways for HCC progression. For most of the examined parameters, VVF1 and VVF2 had higher potency than 5-FU, and VVF1 showed more efficiency than VVF2. The selected phenolic compounds displayed competitive inhibitory action on NADPH-NOX2, HDAC1, and SepR. In conclusion, these findings declare that VV polyphenolic fractions, particularly VVF1, could be promising safe anti-HCC agents.

miRNAs in radiotherapy resistance of cancer; a comprehensive review

While intensity-modulated radiation therapy-based comprehensive therapy increases outcomes, cancer patients still have a low five-year survival rate and a high recurrence rate. The primary factor contributing to cancer patients' poor prognoses is radiation resistance. A class of endogenous non-coding RNAs, known as microRNAs (miRNAs), controls various biological processes in eukaryotes. These miRNAs influence tumor cell growth, death, migration, invasion, and metastasis, which controls how human carcinoma develops and spreads. The correlation between the unbalanced expression of miRNAs and the prognosis and sensitivity to radiation therapy is well-established. MiRNAs have a significant impact on the regulation of DNA repair, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and stemness in the tumor radiation response. But because radio resistance is a complicated phenomena, further research is required to fully comprehend these mechanisms. Radiation response rates vary depending on the modality used, which includes the method of delivery, radiation dosage, tumor stage and grade, confounding medical co-morbidities, and intrinsic tumor microenvironment. Here, we summarize the possible mechanisms through which miRNAs contribute to human tumors' resistance to radiation.

Apigenin: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential against Cancer Spreading

Due to its propensity to metastasize, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Thanks in part to their intrinsic low cytotoxicity, the effects of the flavonoid family in the prevention and treatment of various human cancers, both in vitro and in vivo, have received increasing attention in recent years. It is well documented that Apigenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone), among other flavonoids, is able to modulate key signaling molecules involved in the initiation of cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, including JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, NF-κB, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, as well as the oncogenic non-coding RNA network. Based on these premises, the aim of this review is to emphasize some of the key events through which Apigenin suppresses cancer proliferation, focusing specifically on its ability to target key molecular pathways involved in angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs), cell cycle arrest, and cancer cell death.

MiR-375 impairs breast cancer cell stemness by targeting the KLF5/G6PD signaling axis

Recurrence of breast cancer may be due to the presence of breast cancer stem cells (BCSC). Abnormal tumor cell growth is closely associated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disruption of redox homeostasis, and BCSCs exhibit low levels of ROS. The detailed mechanism between the low levels of ROS in BCSCs and their maintenance of stemness characteristics has not been reported. A growing number of studies have shown that tumor development is often accompanied by metabolic reprogramming, which is an important hallmark of tumor cells. As the first rate-limiting enzyme of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), the expression of G6PD is precisely regulated in tumor cells, and there is a certain correlation between PPP and BCSCs. MiR-375 has been shown to inhibit stem cell-like properties in breast cancer, but the exact mechanism is not clear. Here, KLF5, as a transcription factor, was identified to bind to the promoter of G6PD to promote its expression, whereas miR-375 inhibited the expression of KLF5 by binding to the 3'UTR region of KLF5 mRNA and thus reduced the expression of G6PD expression, inhibits PPP to reduce NADPH, and increases ROS levels in breast cancer cells, thereby weakening breast cancer cell stemness. Our study reveals the specific mechanism by which miR-375 targets the KLF5/G6PD signaling axis to diminish the stemness of breast cancer cells, providing a therapeutic strategy against BCSCs.

Novel formulation of parthenolide-loaded liposome coated with chitosan and evaluation of its potential anticancer effects in vitro

BACKGROUND

In this study the formulation of parthenolide (PN), an anticancer agent extracted from a natural product, into a liposome (PN-liposome), was examined. The surface of the PN-liposome was modified using chitosan (PN-chitosome). By using real-time quantitative PCR and flow cytometry, we examined the release of PN-chitosomes, cytotoxicity, and ability to induce apoptosis in vitro.

METHODS AND RESULTS

According to the present study, PN-chitosomes had a size of 251 nm which is acceptable for efficient enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) performance. PN-chitosomes were confirmed to be spherical in shape and size through FESEM analysis. In terms of encapsulation efficiency, 94.5% was achieved. PN-chitosome possessed a zeta potential of 34.72 mV, which was suitable for its stability. According to the FTIR spectra of PN and PN-chitosome, PN was chemically stable due to the intermolecular interaction between the liposome and the drug. After 48 h, only 10% of the PN was released from the PN-chitosome in PBS (pH 7.4), and less than 20% was released after 144 h.

CONCLUSION

In a dose-dependent manner, PN-chitosome exhibited anticancer properties that were more cytotoxic against cancer cells than normal cells. Moreover, the formulation activated both the apoptosis pathway and cytotoxic genes in real-time qPCR experiments. According to the cytotoxicity and activating apoptosis of the prepared modified particle, PN-chitosome may be helpful in the treatment of cancer.

Subtype recognition and identification of a prognosis model characterized by antibody-dependent cell phagocytosis-related genes in breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous tumor with a variety of etiology and clinical features. Antibody-dependent cell phagocytosis (ADCP) is the last step of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI), and macrophages detect and recognize tumor cells, then destroy and engulf tumor cells. Despite the large number, negative regulators that inhibit phagocytic activity are still a key obstacle to the full efficacy of ICI.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

An ADCP-related risk score prognostic model for risk stratification as well as prognosis prediction was established in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. The predictive value of ADCP risk score in prognosis and immunotherapy was also further validated in the TCGA along with International Cancer Genome Consortium cohorts. To promote the clinical application of the risk score, a nomogram was established, with its effectiveness verified by different methods.

RESULTS

In this study, the genes collected from previous studies were defined as ADCP-related genes. In BC patients, two ADCP-related subtypes were identified. The immune characteristics and prognostic stratification were significant different between them.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified two subtypes associated with ADCP gene expression in breast cancer. They have significant differences in immune cells, molecular functions, HLA family genes, immune scores, stromal scores, and inflammatory gene expression, which have important guiding significance for the selection of clinical treatment methods. At the same time, we constructed a risk model based on ADCP, and the risk score can be used as a good indicator of prognosis, providing potential therapeutic advantages for chemotherapy and immunotherapy, thus helping the clinical decision-making of BC patients.

Epigallocatechin Gallate for the Treatment of Benign and Malignant Gynecological Diseases-Focus on Epigenetic Mechanisms

The most common malignant gynecologic diseases are cervical, uterine, ovarian, vaginal, and vulvar cancer. Among them, ovarian cancer causes more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system. A great number of women suffer from endometriosis, uterine fibroids (UFs), adenomyosis, dysmenorrhea, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which are widespread benign health problems causing troublesome and painful symptoms and significantly impairing the quality of life of affected women, and they are some of the main causes of infertility. In addition to the available surgical and pharmacological options, the effects of supporting standard treatment with naturally occurring compounds, mainly polyphenols, are being studied. Catechins are responsible for the majority of potential health benefits attributed to green tea consumption. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is considered a non-toxic, natural compound with potential anticancer properties. Antioxidant action is its most common function, but attention is also drawn to its participation in cell division inhibition, apoptosis stimulation and epigenetic regulation. In this narrative review, we describe the role of EGCG consumption in preventing the development of benign reproductive disorders such as UF, endometriosis, and PCOS, as well as malignant gynecologic conditions. We discuss possible epigenetic mechanisms that may be related to the action of EGCG.

Ginsenoside Rg3 decreases breast cancer stem-like phenotypes through impairing MYC mRNA stability

Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are responsible for breast cancer metastasis, recurrence and treatment resistance, all of which make BCSCs potential drivers of breast cancer aggression. Ginsenoside Rg3, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, was reported to have multiple antitumor functions. Here, we revealed a novel effect of Rg3 on BCSCs. Rg3 inhibits breast cancer cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Importantly, Rg3 suppressed mammosphere formation, reduced the expression of stemness-related transcription factors, including c-Myc, Oct4, Sox2 and Lin28, and diminished ALDH(+) populations. Moreover, tumor-bearing mice treated with Rg3 exhibited robust delay of tumor growth and a decrease in tumor-initiating frequency. In addition, we found that Rg3 suppressed breast cancer stem-like properties mainly through inhibiting MYC expression. Mechanistically, Rg3 accelerated the degradation of MYC mRNA by enhancing the expression of the let-7 family, which was demonstrated to bind to the MYC 3' untranslated region (UTR). In conclusion, our findings reveal the remarkable suppressive effect of Rg3 on BCSCs, suggesting that Rg3 is a promising therapeutic treatment for breast cancer.

Targeting signaling pathways in cancer stem cells: A potential approach for developing novel anti-cancer therapeutics

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have emerged as prime players in the intricate landscape of cancer development, progression, and resistance to traditional treatments. These unique cellular subpopulations own the remarkable capability of self-renewal and differentiation, giving rise to the diverse cellular makeup of tumors and fostering their recurrence following conventional therapies. In the quest for developing more effective cancer therapeutics, the focus has now shifted toward targeting the signaling pathways that govern CSCs behavior. This chapter underscores the significance of these signaling pathways in CSC biology and their potential as pivotal targets for the development of novel chemotherapy approaches. We delve into several key signaling pathways essential for maintaining the defining characteristics of CSCs, including the Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, JAK-STAT, NF-κB pathways, among others, shedding light on their potential crosstalk. Furthermore, we highlight the latest advancements in CSC-targeted therapies, spanning from promising preclinical models to ongoing clinical trials. A comprehensive understanding of the intricate molecular aspects of CSC signaling pathways and their manipulation holds the prospective to revolutionize cancer treatment paradigms. This, in turn, could lead to more efficacious and personalized therapies with the ultimate goal of eradicating CSCs and enhancing overall patient outcomes. The exploration of CSC signaling pathways represents a key step towards a brighter future in the battle against cancer.

Nanotechnology-mediated delivery of resveratrol as promising strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC): progress and promises

INTRODUCTION

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) presents unique challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Resveratrol exhibits potential as a therapeutic intervention against TNBC by regulating various pathways such as the PI3K/AKT, RAS/RAF/ERK, PKCδ, and AMPK, leading to apoptosis through ROS-mediated CHOP activationand the expression of DR4 and DR5. However, the clinical efficacy of resveratrol is limited due to its poor biopharmaceutical characteristics and low bioavailability at the tumor site. Nanotechnology offers a promising approach to improving the biopharmaceutical characteristics of resveratrol to achieve clinical efficacy in different cancers. The small dimension (<200 nm) of nanotechnology-mediated drug delivery system is helpful to improve the bioavailability, internalization into the TNBC cell, ligand-specific targeted delivery of loaded resveratrol to tumor site including reversal of MDR (multi-drug resistance) condition.

AREAS COVERED

This manuscript provides a comprehensive discussion on the structure-activity relationship (SAR), underlying anticancer mechanism, evidence of anticancer activity in in-vitro/in-vivo investigations, and the significance of nanotechnology-mediated delivery of resveratrol in TNBC.

EXPERT OPINION

Advanced nano-formulations of resveratrol such as oxidized mesoporous carbon nanoparticles, macrophage-derived vesicular system, functionalized gold nanoparticles, etc. have increased the accumulation of loaded therapeutics at the tumor-site, and avoid off-target drug release. In conclusion, nano-resveratrol as a strategy may provide improved tumor-specific image-guided treatment options for TNBC utilizing theranostic approach.

Investigation of the effect of belinostat on MCF-7 breast cancer stem cells via the Wnt, Notch, and Hedgehog signaling pathway

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate belinostat's (PXD101) activity on MCF-7 breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) via Wnt, Notch, and Hedgehog.

METHODS

This research study was carried out at the Department of Medical Biology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey, from June 2017 to July 2019. The effect of PXD101 on MCF-7 cell viability was determined by cell proliferation kit (XTT). Following belinostat treatment, CD44+/CD24- MCF-7 CSCs were isolated by FACS. Ribonucleic acid isolation and copy-deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis were carried out using HEK-293 cells, MCF-7 cells, and MCF-7 CSCs. Expression changes of metastasis-related genes, Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, and stem cell markers were analysed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The IC50 in MCF-7 cancer cells was 5 μM for 48 hours. The FACS analysis indicated that 2% of the MCF-7 cancer cells were CSCs. Following belinostat treatment, the MCF-7 cell count decreased by 44%, and the MCF-7 CD44+/CD24- CSC count decreased by 66%.

RESULTS

Belinostat treatment reduced the expression of metastasis, Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and stem cell marker genes.

CONCLUSION

Belinostat has a potential effect on the differentiation and self-renewal of breast CSCs.

Research progress on traditional Chinese medicine-induced apoptosis signaling pathways in ovarian cancer cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

As a "silent killer" that threatens women's lives and health, ovarian cancer (OC) has the clinical characteristics of being difficult to detect, difficult to treat, and high recurrence. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can be utilized as a long-term complementary and alternative therapy since it has shown benefits in alleviating clinical symptoms of OC, decreasing toxic side effects of radiation and chemotherapy, as well as enhancing patients' quality of life.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

This paper reviews how TCM contributes to the apoptosis of OC cells through signaling pathways, including active constituents, extracts, and herbal formulas, with the aim of providing a basis for the development and clinical application of therapeutic strategies for TCM in OC.

METHODS

The search was conducted from scientific databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and SinoMed databases aiming to elucidate the apoptosis signaling pathways in OC cells by TCM. The articles were searched by the keywords "ovarian cancer", "apoptosis", "signaling pathway", "traditional Chinese medicine", "Chinese herbal monomer", "Chinese herbal extract", and "herbal formula". The search was conducted from January 2013 to June 2023. A total of 97 potentially relevant articles were included, including 93 articles on Chinese medicine active constituents or extracts and 4 articles on Chinese herbal compound prescriptions.

RESULTS

TCM can induce apoptosis in OC cells by regulating signaling pathways with obvious advantages, including STAT3, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, NF-κB, Nrf2, HIF-1α, Fas/Fas L signaling pathway, etc. CONCLUSION: Chinese medicine can induce apoptosis in OC cells through multiple pathways, targets, and routes. TCM has special advantages for treating OC, providing more reasonable evidence for the research and development of new apoptosis inducers.

Phytonutrients and outcomes following breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

BACKGROUND

Phytonutrient intakes may improve outcomes following breast cancer, but the impact of postdiagnosis introduction vs established prediagnostic exposure as well as optimum doses has not been established. Evidence from observational studies for key exposures was evaluated, including dosage and intake time frames.

METHODS

MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the ISRCTN registry were searched for prospective and retrospective observational studies investigating the impact of soybean, lignans, cruciferous (cabbage-family) vegetables, green tea, or their phytonutrients on breast cancer survival outcomes. A random-effects model was used to calculate summary hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Nonlinear dose-response analyses were conducted using restricted cubic splines.

RESULTS

Thirty-two articles were included. Soy isoflavones were associated with a 26% reduced risk of recurrence (HR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.60 to 0.92), particularly among postmenopausal (HR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.55 to 0.94) and estrogen receptor-positive survivors (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.70 to 0.97), with the greatest risk reduction at 60 mg/day. In mortality outcomes, the reduction was mostly at 20 to 40 mg/day. Soy protein and products were inversely associated with cancer-specific mortality for estrogen receptor-positive disease (HR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.60 to 0.92). An inverse association was observed for serum or plasma enterolactone, measured prediagnosis and early postdiagnosis, with cancer-specific mortality (HR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.58 to 0.90) and all-cause mortality (HR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.57 to 0.83). No effects were observed for cruciferous vegetables. There was a 44% reduced risk of recurrence with prediagnostic green tea for stage I and II breast cancer (HR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.38 to 0.83).

CONCLUSIONS

Soy, enterolactone, and green tea demonstrated significant risk reductions in outcomes following breast cancer. Evidence is needed regarding the impact of postdiagnostic introduction or substantial increase of these exposures.

Dietary Polyphenols against Oxidative Stress in Head and Neck Cancer: What's New, What's Next

Head and neck cancers (HNC) are a worldwide health problem, accounting for over 5% of all types of cancers. Their varied nature makes it sometimes difficult to find clear explanations for the molecular mechanisms that underline their onset and development. While chemio- and radiotherapy are clearly not to be dismissed, we cannot undervalue the effect that polyphenols - especially dietary polyphenols - can have in helping us to cope with this medical emergency. By influencing several different proteins involved in numerous different metabolic pathways, polyphenols can have a broad spectrum of biological action and can hopefully act synergistically to tackle down head and neck cancer. Moreover, being natural molecules, polyphenols does not present any side effects and can even enhance drugs efficacy, making our clinical therapy against head and neck cancer more and more effective. Certainly, oxidative stress plays an important role, altering several molecular pathways, lowering the body's defenses, and ultimately helping to create a microenvironment conducive to the appearance and development of the tumor. In this regard, the regular and constant intake of foods rich in polyphenols can help counteract the onset of oxidative stress, improving the health of the general population. In this review, we highlight the role of polyphenols in managing oxidative stress, with such positive effects that they can be considered new tools to use in our anti-head and neck cancer strategy.

Analysing potent biomarkers along phytochemicals for breast cancer therapy: an in silico approach

PURPOSE

This research focused on the identification of herbal compounds as potential anti-cancer drugs, especially for breast cancer, that involved the recognition of Notch downstream targets NOTCH proteins (1-4) specifically expressed in breast tumours as biomarkers for prognosis, along with P53 tumour antigens, that were used as comparisons to check the sensitivity of the herbal bio-compounds.

METHODS

After investigating phytochemical candidates, we employed an approach for computer-aided drug design and analysis to find strong breast cancer inhibitors. The present study utilized in silico analyses and protein docking techniques to characterize and rank selected bio-compounds for their efficiency in oncogenic inhibition for use in precise carcinomic cell growth control.

RESULTS

Several of the identified phytocompounds found in herbs followed Lipinski's Rule of Five and could be further investigated as potential medicinal molecules. Based on the Vina score obtained after the docking process, the active compound Epigallocatechin gallate in green tea with NOTCH (1-4) and P53 proteins showed promising results for future drug repurposing. The stiffness and binding stability of green tea pharmacological complexes were further elucidated by the molecular dynamic simulations carried out for the highest scoring phytochemical ligand complex.

CONCLUSION

The target-ligand complex of green tea active compound Epigallocatechin gallate with NOTCH (1-4) had the potential to become potent anti-breast cancer therapeutic candidates following further research involving wet-lab experiments.

Quercetin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles exhibit antitumor activity and suppress the proliferation of triple-negative MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells: implications for invasive breast cancer treatment

BACKGROUND

Quercetin (QC) is a naturally occurring flavonoid found in abundance in fruits and vegetables. Its anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties have been previously demonstrated, but its low bioavailability hampers its clinical use. Triple-negative breast cancer is a subtype of breast cancer with a poor response to chemotherapy. This study investigates the anti-cancer effects of quercetin-solid lipid nanoparticles (QC-SLN) on the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB231.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 cells were treated with 18.9 µM of QC and QC-SLN for 48 h. Cell viability, apoptosis, colony formation assay, and the anti-angiogenic effects of the treatment were evaluated.

RESULTS

QC-SLN displayed optimal properties (particle size of 154 nm, zeta potential of -27.7 mV, encapsulation efficiency of 99.6%, and drug loading of 1.81%) and exhibited sustained release of QC over 72 h. Compared to the QC group, the QC-SLN group showed a significant decrease in cell viability, colony formation, angiogenesis, and a substantial increase in apoptosis through the modulation of Bax and Bcl-2 at both gene and protein levels. The augmentation in the proportion of cleaved-to-pro caspases 3 and 9, as well as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), under the influence of QC-SLN, was conspicuously observed in both cancer cell lines.

CONCLUSIONS

This study showcases quercetin-solid lipid nanoparticles (QC-SLN) as a promising therapy for triple-negative breast cancer. The optimized QC-SLN formulation improved physicochemical properties and sustained quercetin release, resulting in reduced cell viability, colony formation, angiogenesis, and increased apoptosis in the MDA-MB231 cell line. These effects were driven by modulating Bax and Bcl-2 expression, activating caspases 3 and 9, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Further in vivo studies are needed to confirm QC-SLN's efficacy and safety.

CDK2 and CDK4 targeted liensinine inhibits the growth of bladder cancer T24 cells

Bladder cancer (BCa) is a urinary tumor with limited treatment options and high mortality. Liensinine (LIEN), a natural bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, has shown excellent anti-tumor effects in numerous preclinical studies. However, the anti-BCa effect of LIEN remains unclear. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the molecular mechanism of LIEN in the management of BCa. First, we identified the treatment-related targets of BCa; those that repeatedly occur in more than two databases, including GeneCards, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, DisGeNET, Therapeutic Target Database, and Drugbank. The SwissTarget database was used to screen LIEN-related targets, and those with a probability >0 were possible LIEN targets. The prospective targets of LIEN in the treatment of BCa were then determined using a Venn diagram. Second, we discovered that the PI3K/AKT pathway and senescence mediated the anti-BCa action of LIEN by using GO and KEGG enrichment analysis to explore the function of LIEN therapeutic targets. A protein-protein interaction network was created using the String website, and six algorithms of the CytoHubba plug-in were then used in Cytoscape to assess the core targets of LIEN for the therapy of BCa. The outcomes of molecular docking and dynamics simulation demonstrated that CDK2 and CDK4 proteins were the direct targets of LIEN in the management of BCa, among which CDK2 was more stable in binding to LIEN than CDK4. Finally, in vitro experiments showed that LIEN inhibited the activity and proliferation of T24 cells. The expression of p-/AKT, CDK2, and CDK4 proteins progressively decreased, while the expression and fluorescence intensity of the senescence-related protein, γH2AX, gradually increased with increasing LIEN concentration in T24 cells. Therefore, our data suggest that LIEN may promote senescence and inhibit proliferation by inhibiting the CDK2/4 and PI3K/AKT pathways in BCa.

Serine Metabolic Reprogramming in Tumorigenesis, Tumor Immunity, and Clinical Treatment

Serine has been recently identified as an essential metabolite for oncogenesis, progression, and adaptive immunity. Influenced by many physiologic or tumor environmental factors, the metabolic pathways of serine synthesis, uptake, and usage are heterogeneously reprogrammed and frequently amplified in tumor or tumor-associated cells. The hyperactivation of serine metabolism promotes abnormal cellular nucleotide/protein/lipid synthesis, mitochondrial function, and epigenetic modifications, which drive malignant transformation, unlimited proliferation, metastasis, immunosuppression, and drug resistance of tumor cells. Dietary restriction of serine or phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase depletion mitigates tumor growth and extends the survival of tumor patients. Correspondingly, these findings triggered a boom in the development of novel therapeutic agents targeting serine metabolism. In this study, recent discoveries in the underlying mechanism and cellular function of serine metabolic reprogramming are summarized. The vital role of serine metabolism in oncogenesis, tumor stemness, tumor immunity, and therapeutic resistance is outlined. Finally, some potential tumor therapeutic concepts, strategies, and limitations of targeting the serine metabolic pathway are described in detail. Taken together, this review underscores the importance of serine metabolic reprogramming in tumorigenesis and progression and highlights new opportunities for dietary restriction or selective pharmacologic intervention.

Emerging role of interactions between tumor angiogenesis and cancer stem cells

Tumor angiogenesis and cancer stem cells (CSCs) are two major hallmarks of solid tumors. They have long received attention for their critical roles in tumor progression, metastasis and recurrence. Meanwhile, plenty of evidence indicates the close association between CSCs and tumor vasculature. CSCs are proven to promote tumor angiogenesis, and the highly vascularized tumor microenvironment further maintains CSCs growth in return, thereby forming a hard-breaking vicious circle to promote tumor development. Hence, though monotherapy targeting tumor vasculature or CSCs has been extensively studied over the past decades, the poor prognosis has been limiting the clinical application. This review summarizes the crosstalk between tumor vasculature and CSCs with emphasis on small-molecule compounds and the associated biological signaling pathways. We also highlight the importance of linking tumor vessels to CSCs to disrupt the CSCs-angiogenesis vicious circle. More precise treatment regimens targeting tumor vasculature and CSCs are expected to benefit future tumor treatment development.

Chemically-Modified Sepharose 6B Beads for Collection of Circulating Tumor Cells

The isolation and quantitative characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are of great importance in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, isolating and detecting CTCs in whole blood presents a significant challenge due to the low numbers of CTCs (often ranging from one to five) in samples containing billions of erythrocytes. Recently, point-of-care devices that use antibody trapping coupled with remote immunofluorescence analyses have been described to identify the number and type of CTCs in blood. In this study, we propose a novel method for trapping and quantifying CTCs using Sepharose 6B beads of 45-160 μm size that are engineered with capture antibodies. Specifically, we employed CD44 antibody conjugates (bearing a maleimide group) that are specific to the CTCs of breast cancer to thiol-Sepharose beads 6B. These beads, when mixed with MDAMB231 and Jurkat cells and filtered through a 40 μm filter, can capture ~80% of MDAMB231 cells. Furthermore, the antibody-modified Sepharose 6B can be stored at four degrees Celsius for a period exceeding six months.

Structural modification of resveratrol analogue exhibits anticancer activity against lung cancer stem cells via suppression of Akt signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Compound with cancer stem cell (CSC)-suppressing activity is promising for the improvement of lung cancer clinical outcomes. Toward this goal, we discovered the CSC-targeting activity of resveratrol (RES) analog moscatilin (MOS). With slight structural modification from RES, MOS shows dominant cytotoxicity and CSC-suppressive effect.

METHODS

Three human lung cancer cell lines, namely H23, H292, and A549, were used to compare the effects of RES and MOS. Cell viability and apoptosis were determined by the MTT assay and Hoechst33342/PI double staining. Anti-proliferative activity was determined by colony formation assay and cell cycle analysis. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by fluorescence microscopy using DCFH₂-DA staining. CSC-rich populations of A549 cells were generated, and CSC markers, and Akt signaling were determined by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to predict the possible binding of the compound to Akt protein.

RESULTS

In this study, we evaluated the effects of RES and MOS on lung cancer and its anti-CSC potential. Compared with RES, its analog MOS more effectively inhibited cell viability, colony formation, and induced apoptosis in all lung cancer cell lines (H23, H292, and A549). We further investigated the anti-CSC effects on A549 CSC-rich populations and cancer adherent cells (A549 and H23). MOS possesses the ability to suppress CSC-like phenotype of lung cancer cells more potent than RES. Both MOS and RES repressed lung CSCs by inhibiting the viability, proliferation, and lung CSC-related marker CD133. However, only MOS inhibits the CSC marker CD133 in both CSC-rich population and adherent cells. Mechanistically, MOS exerted its anti-CSC effects by inhibiting Akt and consequently restored the activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and decreased the pluripotent transcription factors (Sox2 and c-Myc). Thus, MOS inhibits CSC-like properties through the repression of the Akt/GSK-3β/c-Myc pathway. Moreover, the superior inhibitory effects of MOS compared to RES were associated with the improved activation of various mechanism, such as cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, production of ROS-mediated apoptosis, and inhibition of Akt activation. Notably, the computational analysis confirmed the strong interaction between MOS and Akt protein. MD simulations revealed that the binding between MOS and Akt1 was more stable than RES, with MM/GBSA binding free energy of - 32.8245 kcal/mol at its allosteric site. In addition, MOS interacts with Trp80 and Tyr272, which was a key residue in allosteric inhibitor binding and can potentially alter Akt activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Knowledge about the effect of MOS as a CSC-targeting compound and its interaction with Akt is important for the development of drugs for the treatment of CSC-driven cancer including lung cancer.

Natural Products for the Prevention, Treatment and Progression of Breast Cancer

In this review, we summarize the most used natural products as useful adjuvants in BC by clarifying how these products may play a critical role in the prevention, treatment and progression of this disease. BC is the leading cancer, in terms of incidence, that affects women. The epidemiology and pathophysiology of BC were widely reported. Inflammation and cancer are known to influence each other in several tumors. In the case of BC, the inflammatory component precedes the development of the neoplasm through a slowly increasing and prolonged inflammation that also favors its growth. BC therapy involves a multidisciplinary approach comprising surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. There are numerous observations that showed that the effects of some natural substances, which, in integration with the classic protocols, can be used not only for prevention or integration in order to prevent recurrences and induce a state of chemoquiescence but also as chemo- and radiosensitizers during classic therapy.

Downregulation of the long noncoding RNA DSCR9 (Down syndrome critical region 9) delays breast cancer progression by modulating microRNA-504-5p-dependent G protein-coupled receptor 65

Possible roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer stem cells (CSCs) have often been reported. Here, we focused on the regulatory function of the lncRNA Down syndrome critical region 9 (DSCR9) in breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). Through bioinformatics analysis, DSCR9, microRNA-504-5p (miR-504-5p), and G protein-coupled receptor 65 (GPR65) were identified as targets implicated in breast cancer development. Then, clinical tissue samples, breast cancer cells, and isolated BCSCs were used to determine the expression of DSCR9, miR-504-5p, and GPR65. The results confirmed the overexpression of DSCR9 and GPR65 but low expression of miR-504-5p in breast cancer tissues and cells as well as in BCSCs. Following mechanistic investigation, it was found that DSCR9 targeted miR-504-5p, and that silencing DSCR9 inhibited the proliferation of BCSCs by elevating the expression of miR-504-5p. Additionally, miR-504-5p targeted GPR65 and inhibited its expression. Moreover, GPR65 activated the MEK/ERK signaling pathway to regulate BCSC proliferation. Finally, animal study verified that depletion of DSCR9 inhibited the proliferation of BCSCs in vivo and that BCSC proliferation was restored by overexpression of GPR65. Altogether, our findings revealed that DSCR9 elevated GPR65 expression by targeting miR-504-5p to exacerbate breast cancer, highlighting a new treatment modality for breast cancer.

Anticancer Activity of Novel Difluorinated Curcumin Analog and Its Inclusion Complex with 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin against Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the primary reason for cancer-related deaths in the US. Genetic mutations, drug resistance, the involvement of multiple signaling pathways, cancer stem cells (CSCs), and desmoplastic stroma, which hinders drug penetrance, contribute to poor chemotherapeutic efficacy. Hence, there is a need to identify novel drugs with improved delivery to improve treatment outcomes. Curcumin is one such compound that can inhibit multiple signaling pathways and CSCs. However, curcumin’s clinical applicability for treating PDAC is limited because of its poor solubility in water and metabolic instability. Hence, we developed a difluorinated curcumin (CDF) analog that accumulates selectively in the pancreas and inhibits PDAC growth in vitro and in vivo. In the present work, we developed its 2-hydroxy-propyl-β-cyclodextrin (HCD) inclusion complex to increase its water solubility and hydrolytic stability. The CDFHCD inclusion complex was characterized by spectroscopic, thermal, and microscopic techniques. The inclusion complex exhibited increased aqueous solubility, hydrolytic stability, and antiproliferative activity compared to parent CDF. Moreover, CDF and CDFHCD inhibited colony and spheroid formation, and induced cell cycle and apoptosis in PDAC cell lines. Hence, CDFHCD self-assembly is an efficient approach to increase water solubility and anticancer therapeutic efficacy, which now warrants advancement towards a clinical proof of concept in PDAC patients.

Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Prevents the Acquisition of a Cancer Stem Cell Phenotype in Ovarian Cancer Tumorspheres through the Inhibition of Src/JAK/STAT3 Signaling

Three-dimensional tumorsphere cultures recapitulate the expression of several cancer stem cell (CSC) biomarkers and represent an effective in vitro platform to screen the anti-CSC properties of drugs. Whereas ovarian carcinoma is among the leading causes of death for women, ovarian CSC (OvCSC), a highly malignant subpopulation of ovarian cancer cells, is thought to be responsible for therapy resistance, metastasis, and tumor relapse. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a diet-derived active polyphenol found in green tea leaves, can suppress ovarian cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. However, its capacity to prevent the acquisition of cancer stemness traits in ovarian malignancies remains unclear. Here, we exploited the in vitro three-dimensional tumorsphere culture model to explore the capacity of EGCG to alter CSC biomarkers expression, signal transducing events and cell chemotaxis. Total RNA and protein lysates were isolated from human ES-2 ovarian cancer cell tumorspheres for gene assessment by RT-qPCR and protein expression by immunoblot. Real-time cell chemotaxis was assessed with xCELLigence. Compared with their parental adherent cells, tumorspheres expressed increased levels of the CSC markers NANOG, SOX2, PROM1, and Fibronectin. EGCG treatment reduced dose-dependently tumorspheres size and inhibited the transcriptional regulation of those genes. Src and JAK/STAT3 signaling pathways appeared to be relevant for CSC phenotype and chemotactic response. In conclusion, these data highlight and support the chemopreventive benefits of the diet-derived EGCG and its capacity to target intracellular transducing events that regulate the acquisition of an invasive CSC phenotype.

Green Synthesis of NiO Nanoflakes Using Bitter Gourd Peel, and Their Electrochemical Urea Sensing Application

To determine urea accurately in clinical samples, food samples, dairy products, and agricultural samples, a new analytical method is required, and non-enzymatic methods are preferred due to their low cost and ease of use. In this study, bitter gourd peel biomass waste is utilized to modify and structurally transform nickel oxide (NiO) nanostructures during the low-temperature aqueous chemical growth method. As a result of the high concentration of phytochemicals, the surface was highly sensitive to urea oxidation under alkaline conditions of 0.1 M NaOH. We investigated the structure and shape of NiO nanostructures using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In spite of their flake-like morphology and excellent crystal quality, NiO nanostructures exhibited cubic phases. An investigation of the effects of bitter gourd juice demonstrated that a large volume of juice produced thin flakes measuring 100 to 200 nanometers in diameter. We are able to detect urea concentrations between 1-9 mM with a detection limit of 0.02 mM using our urea sensor. Additionally, the stability, reproducibility, repeatability, and selectivity of the sensor were examined. A variety of real samples, including milk, blood, urine, wheat flour, and curd, were used to test the non-enzymatic urea sensors. These real samples demonstrated the potential of the electrode device for measuring urea in a routine manner. It is noteworthy that bitter gourd contains phytochemicals that are capable of altering surfaces and activating catalytic reactions. In this way, new materials can be developed for a wide range of applications, including biomedicine, energy production, and environmental protection.

Targeting KK-LC-1 inhibits malignant biological behaviors of triple-negative breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) participate in the regulation of malignant biological behaviors in breast cancer. However, the function and mechanism of KK-LC-1, a member of the CTA family, in breast cancer are still unclear.

METHODS

Bioinformatic tools, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting were utilized to detect the expression of KK-LC-1 in breast cancer and to explore the prognostic effect of KK-LC-1 expression in breast cancer patients. Cell function assays, animal assays, and next-generation sequencing were utilized to explore the function and mechanism of KK-LC-1 in the malignant biological behaviors of triple-negative breast cancer. Small molecular compounds targeting KK-LC-1 were also screened and drug susceptibility testing was performed.

RESULTS

KK-LC-1 was significantly highly expressed in triple-negative breast cancer tissues than in normal breast tissues. KK-LC-1 high expression was related to poor survival outcomes in patients with breast cancer. In vitro studies suggested that KK-LC-1 silencing can inhibit triple-negative breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and scratch healing ability, increase cell apoptosis ratio, and arrest the cell cycle in the G0-G1 phase. In vivo studies have suggested that KK-LC-1 silencing decreases tumor weight and volume in nude mice. Results showed that KK-CL-1 can regulate the malignant biological behaviors of triple-negative breast cancer via the MAL2/MUC1-C/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. The small-molecule compound Z839878730 had excellent KK-LC-1 targeting ability and cancer cell killing ability. The EC₅₀ value was 9.7 μM for MDA-MB-231 cells and 13.67 µM for MDA-MB-468 cells. Besides, Z839878730 has little tumor-killing effect on human normal mammary epithelial cells MCF10A and can inhibit the malignant biological behaviors of triple-negative breast cancer cells by MAL2/MUC1-C/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that KK-LC-1 may serve as a novel therapeutic target for triple-negative breast cancer. Z839878730, which targets KK-LC-1, presents a new path for breast cancer clinical treatment.

PMN-MDSCs modulated by CCL20 from cancer cells promoted breast cancer cell stemness through CXCL2-CXCR2 pathway

Our previous studies have showed that C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) advanced tumor progression and enhanced the chemoresistance of cancer cells by positively regulating breast cancer stem cell (BCSC) self-renewal. However, it is unclear whether CCL20 affects breast cancer progression by remodeling the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we observed that polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) were remarkably enriched in TME of CCL20-overexpressing cancer cell orthotopic allograft tumors. Mechanistically, CCL20 activated the differentiation of granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMPs) via its receptor C-C motif chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) leading to the PMN-MDSC expansion. PMN-MDSCs from CCL20-overexpressing cell orthotopic allograft tumors (CCL20-modulated PMN-MDSCs) secreted amounts of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2) and increased ALDH⁺ BCSCs via activating CXCR2/NOTCH1/HEY1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) antagonist SB225002 enhanced the docetaxel (DTX) effects on tumor growth by decreasing BCSCs in CCL20^high-expressing tumors. These findings elucidated how CCL20 modulated the TME to promote cancer development, indicating a new therapeutic strategy by interfering with the interaction between PMN-MDSCs and BCSCs in breast cancer, especially in CCL20^high-expressing breast cancer.

A small molecule inhibitor of Notch1 modulates stemness and suppresses breast cancer cell growth

Although breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are well characterized, molecularly targeting and eradicating this sub-population remains a challenge in the clinic. Recent studies have explored several signaling pathways that govern stem cell activation: We and others established that the Notch1 signaling plays a significant role in the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of BCSCs. Earlier, we reported that a newly developed small molecule, ASR490, binds to the negative regulatory region (NRR: The activation switch of the Notch receptor) of Notch1. In vitro results demonstrated that ASR490 significantly inhibited BCSCs (ALDH+ and CD44+/CD24-) and breast cancer (BC) growth at nM concentrations, and subsequently inhibited the colony- and mammosphere-forming abilities of BCSCs and BCs. ASR490 downregulated the expressions of Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD: The active form of Notch1) and its downstream effectors Hey1 and HES1. Inhibition of Notch1-NICD facilitated autophagy-mediated growth inhibition by triggering the fusion of autophagosome and autolysosome in BCSCs. ASR490 was found to be non-toxic to healthy cells as compared to existing Notch1 inhibitors. Moreover, oral administration of ASR490 abrogated BCSC and BC tumor growth in the in vivo xenograft models. Together our results indicate that ASR490 is a potential therapeutic agent that inhibits BC tumor growth by targeting and abolishing Notch1 signaling in BCSCs and BC cells.

Breast cancer heterogeneity and its implication in personalized precision therapy

Breast cancer heterogeneity determines cancer progression, treatment effects, and prognosis. However, the precise mechanism for this heterogeneity remains unknown owing to its complexity. Here, we summarize the origins of breast cancer heterogeneity and its influence on disease progression, recurrence, and therapeutic resistance. We review the possible mechanisms of heterogeneity and the research methods used to analyze it. We also highlight the importance of cell interactions for the origins of breast cancer heterogeneity, which can be further categorized into cooperative and competitive interactions. Finally, we provide new insights into precise individual treatments based on heterogeneity.

Advances in Quercetin for Drug-Resistant Cancer Therapy: Mechanisms, Applications, and Delivery Systems

Quercetin (QUE), a natural flavone abundantly discovered in fruits, has gained attention for its potential health benefits due to its unique structure. In addition, epidemiological and clinical studies have shown promising antioxidant activity of QUE aiming to treat various diseases, including cancer. This article's purpose is to provide an overview of recent advances in the use of QUE for drug-resistant cancer therapies, focusing on its mechanisms, applications, and delivery systems. The review discusses the structure-function relationship of QUE and its role in mitigating various disorders. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of QUE on cancer and cancer stem cells, elucidating the signaling pathways at the cellular and molecular levels involved. Additionally, the review explores the mechanistic role of QUE in reversing drug resistance in different types of drug-resistant cancers. Moreover, it presents a comprehensive analysis of drug diverse delivery strategies employed for effective cancer treatment using QUE. Clinical studies investigating the safety and bioavailability of QUE are also discussed. Finally, the review concludes with future directions, emphasizing the use of cost-effective and efficient protein and peptide-based self-assembling hydrogels for targeted delivery of QUE.

Resveratrol against Cervical Cancer: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Cervical cancer affects many women worldwide, with more than 500,000 cases diagnosed and approximately 300,000 deaths each year. Resveratrol is a natural substance of the class of phytoalexins with a basic structure of stilbenes and has recently drawn scientific attention due to its anticancer properties. The purpose of this review is to examine the effectiveness of resveratrol against cervical cancer. All available in vitro and in vivo studies on cervical cancer were critically reviewed. Many studies utilizing cervical cancer cells in culture reported a reduction in proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and induction of apoptosis. Apart from apoptosis, induction of autophagy was seen in some studies. Importantly, many studies have shown a reduction in the HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 and increased levels of the tumor suppressor p53 with resveratrol treatment. A few studies examined the effects of resveratrol administration in mice ectopic-xenografted with cervical cancer cells showing reduced tumor volume and weight. Overall, the scientific data show that resveratrol has the ability to target/inhibit certain signaling molecules (EGFR, VEGFR, PKC, JNK, ERK, NF-kB, and STAT3) involved in cervical cancer cell proliferation and survival. Further in vivo experiments and clinical studies are required to better understand the potential of resveratrol against cervical cancer.

Design of Conjugates Based on Sesquiterpene Lactones with Polyalkoxybenzenes by "Click" Chemistry to Create Potential Anticancer Agents

Using the methodology of "click" chemistry, a singular method has been developed for the synthesis of unique conjugates based on sesquiterpene lactones: dehydrocostuslactone and alantolactone with polyalkoxybenzenes. To expand the structural range of the resulting conjugates, the length of the 1,2,3-triazole spacer was varied. For all synthesized compounds, the cytotoxic profile was determined on the cell lines of tumor origin (SH-SY5Y, HeLa, Hep-2, A549) and normal Hek 293 cells. It was found that the compounds based on alantolactone 7a-d with a long spacer and substances containing dehydrocostuslactone 10a-d with a short spacer have the greatest toxic effect. The decrease in cell survival under the action of these conjugates may be due to their ability to cause dissipation of the transmembrane potential of mitochondria and inhibit the process of glycolysis, leading to cell death. The obtained results confirm the assumption that the development of conjugates based on sesquiterpene lactones and polyalkoxybenzenes can be considered as a promising strategy for the search for potential antitumor agents.

Role of Medicinal plant-derived Nutraceuticals as a potential target for the treatment of breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most challenging cancers to treat, accounting for many cancer-related deaths. Over some years, chemotherapy, hormone treatment, radiation, and surgeries have been used to treat cancer. Unfortunately, these treatment options are unsuccessful due to crucial adverse reactions and multidrug tolerance/resistance. Although it is clear that substances in the nutraceuticals category have a lot of anti-cancer activity, using a supplementary therapy strategy, in this case, could be very beneficial. Nutraceuticals are therapeutic agents, which are nutrients that have drug-like characteristics and can be used to treat diseases. Plant nutraceuticals categorized into polyphenols, terpenoids, vitamins, alkaloids, and flavonoids are part of health food products, that have great potential for combating BC. Nutraceuticals can reduce BC's severity, limit malignant cell growth, and modify cancer-related mechanisms. Nutraceuticals acting by attenuating Hedgehog, Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), Notch, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling are the main pathways in controlling the self-renewal of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). This article reviews some important nutraceuticals and their modes of action, which can be very powerful versus BC. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Nutraceuticals' importance to the control and diagnosis of breast cancer is undeniable and cannot be overlooked. Natural dietary compounds have a wide range of uses and have been used in traditional medicine. In addition, these natural chemicals can enhance the effectiveness of other traditional medicines. They may also be used as a treatment process independently because of their capacity to affect several cancer pathways. This study highlights a variety of natural chemicals, and their mechanisms of action, routes, synergistic effects, and future potentials are all examined.

Targeting oncogenic transcription factors in skin malignancies: An update on cancer stemness and therapeutic outcomes

The skin is the largest organ of the human body and prone to various diseases, including cancer; thus, provides the first line of defense against exogenous biological and non-biological agents. Skin cancer, a complex and heterogenic process, with steep incidence rate often metastasizes due to poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis and clinical challenges. Indeed, accumulating evidence indicates that deregulation of transcription factors (TFs) due to genetic, epigenetic and signaling distortions plays essential role in the development of cutaneous malignancies and therapeutic challenges including cancer stemness features and reprogramming. This review highlights the recent developments exploring underlying mechanisms how deregulated TFs (e.g., NF-κB, AP-1, STAT etc.,) orchestrates cutaneous onco-pathogenesis, reprogramming, stemness and poor clinical outcomes. Along this line, bioactive drugs, and their derivatives from natural and or synthetic origin has gained attention due to their multitargeting potential, potentially safer and effective therapeutic outcome for human malignancies. We also discussed therapeutic importance of targeting aberrantly expressed TFs in skin cancers with bioactive natural products and or synthetic agents.

Signaling pathways in the regulation of cancer stem cells and associated targeted therapy

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subpopulation of malignant tumor cells with selective capacities for tumor initiation, self-renewal, metastasis, and unlimited growth into bulks, which are believed as a major cause of progressive tumor phenotypes, including recurrence, metastasis, and treatment failure. A number of signaling pathways are involved in the maintenance of stem cell properties and survival of CSCs, including well-established intrinsic pathways, such as the Notch, Wnt, and Hedgehog signaling, and extrinsic pathways, such as the vascular microenvironment and tumor-associated immune cells. There is also intricate crosstalk between these signal cascades and other oncogenic pathways. Thus, targeting pathway molecules that regulate CSCs provides a new option for the treatment of therapy-resistant or -refractory tumors. These treatments include small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies that target key signaling in CSCs, as well as CSC-directed immunotherapies that harness the immune systems to target CSCs. This review aims to provide an overview of the regulating networks and their immune interactions involved in CSC development. We also address the update on the development of CSC-directed therapeutics, with a special focus on those with application approval or under clinical evaluation.

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.)-Derived Phytochemicals Target Multiple Signaling Pathways to Confer Oncopreventive and Oncotherapeutic Effects

Cancer is a highly lethal disease, and its incidence has rapidly increased worldwide over the past few decades. Although chemotherapeutics and surgery are widely used in clinical settings, they are often insufficient to provide the cure for cancer patients. Hence, more effective treatment options are highly needed. Although licorice has been used as a medicinal herb since ancient times, the knowledge about molecular mechanisms behind its diverse bioactivities is still rather new. In this review article, different anticancer properties (antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, antimetastatic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects) of various bioactive constituents of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) are thoroughly described. Multiple licorice constituents have been shown to bind to and inhibit the activities of various cellular targets, including B-cell lymphoma 2, cyclin-dependent kinase 2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinases, mammalian target of rapamycin, nuclear factor-κB, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, vascular endothelial growth factor, and matrix metalloproteinase-3, resulting in reduced carcinogenesis in several in vitro and in vivo models with no evident toxicity. Emerging evidence is bringing forth licorice as an anticancer agent as well as bottlenecks in its potential clinical application. It is expected that overcoming toxicity-related obstacles by using novel nanotechnological methods might importantly facilitate the use of anticancer properties of licorice-derived phytochemicals in the future. Therefore, anticancer studies with licorice components must be continued. Overall, licorice could be a natural alternative to the present medication for eradicating new emergent illnesses while having just minor side effects.

Efforts in Bioprospecting Research: A Survey of Novel Anticancer Phytochemicals Reported in the Last Decade

Bioprospecting natural products to find prominent agents for medical application is an area of scientific endeavor that has produced many clinically used bioactive compounds, including anticancer agents. These compounds come from plants, microorganisms, and marine life. They are so-called secondary metabolites that are important for a species to survive in the hostile environment of its respective ecosystem. The kingdom of Plantae has been an important source of traditional medicine in the past and is also enormously used today as an exquisite reservoir for detecting novel bioactive compounds that are potent against hard-to-treat maladies such as cancer. Cancer therapies, especially chemotherapies, are fraught with many factors that are difficult to manage, such as drug resistance, adverse side effects, less selectivity, complexity, etc. Here, we report the results of an exploration of the databases of PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar for bioactive anticancer phytochemicals published between 2010 and 2020. Our report is restricted to new compounds with strong-to-moderate bioactivity potential for which mass spectroscopic structural data are available. Each of the phytochemicals reported in this review was assigned to chemical classes with peculiar anticancer properties. In our survey, we found anticancer phytochemicals that are reported to have selective toxicity against cancer cells, to sensitize MDR cancer cells, and to have multitarget effects in several signaling pathways. Surprisingly, many of these compounds have limited follow-up studies. Detailed investigations into the synthesis of more functional derivatives, chemical genetics, and the clinical relevance of these compounds are required to achieve safer chemotherapy.

Resveratrol Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Autophagy by Blocking SREBP1 Expression in Oral Cancer Cells

Resveratrol is a polyphenolic antioxidant found in grapes, red wine, and peanuts and has been reported to have anti-neoplastic effects on various cancer types. However, the exact mechanism of its anti-cancer effects in oral cancer is not fully understood and remains controversial. Resveratrol exhibits strong hypolipidemic effects; therefore, we examined its effect on lipid metabolism in oral cancer. Resveratrol significantly reduced cell viability and induced autophagic cell death in oral cancer cells but not in normal cells. This selective effect was accompanied by significantly reduced lipogenesis, which is caused by downregulation of the transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) gene, followed by downregulation of the epidermal fatty acid-binding protein (E-FABP). It was strongly suggested that resveratrol-induced autophagy resulted from the inhibition of SREBP1-mediated cell survival signaling. Luciferase reporter assay further indicated that resveratrol has a potent and specific inhibitory effect on SREBP1-dependent transactivation. Importantly, resveratrol markedly suppressed the growth of oral cancer cells in an animal xenograft model, without exhibiting apparent cytotoxicity. In conclusion, resveratrol induces autophagy in oral cancer cells by suppressing lipid metabolism through the regulation of SREBP1 expression, which highlights a novel mechanism of the anti-cancer effect of resveratrol.

Natural compounds as a potential modifier of stem cells renewal: Comparative analysis

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are indispensable for development, progression, drug resistance, and tumor metastasis. Current cancer-directed interventions target targeting rapidly dividing cancer cells and slow dividing CSCs, which are the root cause of cancer origin and recurrence. The most promising targets include several self-renewal pathways involved in the maintenance and renewal of CSCs, such as the Wnt/β-Catenin, Sonic Hedgehog, Notch, Hippo, Autophagy, and Ferroptosis. In view of safety, natural compounds are coming to the front line of treatment modalities for modifying various signaling pathways simultaneously involved in maintaining CSCs. Therefore, targeting CSCs with natural compounds is a promising approach to treating various types of cancers. In view of this, here we provide a comprehensive update on the current status of natural compounds that effectively tune key self-renewal pathways of CSCs. In addition, we highlighted surface expression markers in several types of cancer. We also emphasize how natural compounds target these self-renewal pathways to reduce therapy resistance and cancer recurrence properties of CSCs, hence providing valuable cancer therapeutic strategies. The inclusion of nutraceuticals is believed to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of current cancer-directed interventions significantly.

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety of Amygdalin as a Cancer Therapy

Cancer is one of the most important causes of death worldwide. Several studies have shown the efficacy of apricot kernel seed as a cancer therapy due to the presence of amygdalin. These studies have demonstrated amygdalin's cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, and apoptosis in vitro using human cancer cell lines. However, no studies have demonstrated their cancer activity in vivo. The aim of this study is to develop an amygdalin-loaded niosomes (ALN) gel formulation as a drug delivery system in order to investigate the selectivity, efficacy, and toxicity of amygdalin as a cancer therapy in vivo using the 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA) carcinoma rat model. Based on pre-formulation studies, the ALN formulation composed of Tween 60: cholesterol: dihexadecyl phosphate in a molar ratio of 1:2:0.1 was chosen as an optimum formulation because it has a percent of EE of 66.52% with a particle size of 269.3 nm and a reflux of 3.54 µg.cm^-2.h^-1. The ALN gel formulation was integrated into carbopol gel to be evaluated in vivo. Compared to DMBA control, treatment with ALN gel showed a reduction in the carcinoma volume and in the hyperplasia of the epidermis with no signs of edema. In conclusion, the ALN gel formulation could be an efficient cancer therapy.