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Dong Y, Huang L, Liu L. Comparative analysis of testicular fusion in Spodoptera litura (cutworm) and Bombyx mori (silkworm): Histological and transcriptomic insights. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 356:114562. [PMID: 38848820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Spodoptera litura commonly known as the cutworm, is among the most destructive lepidopteran pests affecting over 120 plants species. The powerful destructive nature of this lepidopteran is attributable to its high reproductive capacity. The testicular fusion that occurs during metamorphosis from larvae to pupa in S.litura positively influences the reproductive success of the offspring. In contrast, Bombyx mori, the silkworm, retains separate testes throughout its life and does not undergo this fusion process. Microscopic examination reveals that during testicular fusion in S.litura, the peritoneal sheath becomes thinner and more translucent, whereas in B.mori, the analogous region thickens. The outer basement membrane in S.litura exhibits fractures, discontinuity, and uneven thickness accompanied by a significant presence of cellular secretions, large cell size, increased vesicles, liquid droplets, and a proliferation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. In contrast, the testicular peritoneal sheath of B.mori at comparable developmental stage exhibits minimal change. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the testicular peritoneal sheath reveals a substantial difference in gene expression between the two species. The disparity in differential expressed genes (DEGs) is linked to an enrichment of numerous transcription factors, intracellular signaling pathways involving Ca2+ and GTPase, as well as intracellular protein transport and signaling pathways. Meanwhile, structural proteins including actin, chitin-binding proteins, membrane protein fractions, cell adhesion, extracellular matrix proteins are predominantly identified. Moreover, the study highlights the enrichment of endopeptidases, serine proteases, proteolytic enzymes and matrix metalloproteins, which may play a role in the degradation of the outer membrane. Five transcription factors-Slforkhead, Slproline, Slcyclic, Slsilk, and SlD-ETS were identified, and their expression pattern were confirmed by qRT-PCR. they are candidates for participating in the regulation of testicular fusion. Our findings underscore significant morphological and trancriptomic variation in the testicular peritoneal sheath of S.litura compared to the silkworm, with substantial changes at the transcriptomic level coinciding with testicular fusion. The research provides valuable clues for understanding the complex mechanisms underlying this unique phenomenon in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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2
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Carter T, Iqbal M. The Influenza A Virus Replication Cycle: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2024; 16:316. [PMID: 38400091 PMCID: PMC10892522 DOI: 10.3390/v16020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is the primary causative agent of influenza, colloquially called the flu. Each year, it infects up to a billion people, resulting in hundreds of thousands of human deaths, and causes devastating avian outbreaks with worldwide losses worth billions of dollars. Always present is the possibility that a highly pathogenic novel subtype capable of direct human-to-human transmission will spill over into humans, causing a pandemic as devastating if not more so than the 1918 influenza pandemic. While antiviral drugs for influenza do exist, they target very few aspects of IAV replication and risk becoming obsolete due to antiviral resistance. Antivirals targeting other areas of IAV replication are needed to overcome this resistance and combat the yearly epidemics, which exact a serious toll worldwide. This review aims to summarise the key steps in the IAV replication cycle, along with highlighting areas of research that need more focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Carter
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK;
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3
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Liu C, Hu L, Dong G, Zhang Y, Ferreira da Silva-Júnior E, Liu X, Menéndez-Arias L, Zhan P. Emerging drug design strategies in anti-influenza drug discovery. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4715-4732. [PMID: 38045039 PMCID: PMC10692392 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses (IFV), According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seasonal IFV epidemics result in approximately 3-5 million cases of severe illness, leading to about half a million deaths worldwide, along with severe economic losses and social burdens. Unfortunately, frequent mutations in IFV lead to a certain lag in vaccine development as well as resistance to existing antiviral drugs. Therefore, it is of great importance to develop anti-IFV drugs with high efficiency against wild-type and resistant strains, needed in the fight against current and future outbreaks caused by different IFV strains. In this review, we summarize general strategies used for the discovery and development of antiviral agents targeting multiple IFV strains (including those resistant to available drugs). Structure-based drug design, mechanism-based drug design, multivalent interaction-based drug design and drug repurposing are amongst the most relevant strategies that provide a framework for the development of antiviral drugs targeting IFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfeng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Lide Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Guanyu Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Edeildo Ferreira da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió 57072-970, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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4
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Michalski M, Setny P. Molecular Mechanisms behind Conformational Transitions of the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Membrane Anchor. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9450-9460. [PMID: 37877534 PMCID: PMC10641832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is a fundamental process that is exploited by enveloped viruses to enter host cells. In the case of the influenza virus, fusion is facilitated by the trimeric viral hemagglutinin protein (HA). So far, major focus has been put on its N-terminal fusion peptides, which are directly responsible for fusion initiation. A growing body of evidence points also to a significant functional role of the HA C-terminal domain, which however remains incompletely understood. Our computational study aimed to elucidate the structural and functional interdependencies within the HA C-terminal region encompassing the transmembrane domain (TMD) and the cytoplasmic tail (CT). In particular, we were interested in the conformational shift of the TMD in response to varying cholesterol concentration in the viral membrane and in its modulation by the presence of CT. Using free-energy calculations based on atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, we characterized transitions between straight and tilted metastable TMD configurations under varying conditions. We found that the presence of CT is essential for achieving a stable, highly tilted TMD configuration. As we demonstrate, such a configuration of HA membrane anchor likely supports the tilting motion of its ectodomain, which needs to be executed during membrane fusion. This finding highlights the functional role of, so far, the relatively overlooked CT region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Michalski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Setny
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Tang D, Liu Y, Wang C, Li L, Al-Farraj SA, Chen X, Yan Y. Invasion by exogenous RNA: cellular defense strategies and implications for RNA inference. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:573-584. [PMID: 38045546 PMCID: PMC10689678 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous RNA poses a continuous threat to genome stability and integrity across various organisms. Accumulating evidence reveals complex mechanisms underlying the cellular response to exogenous RNA, including endo-lysosomal degradation, RNA-dependent repression and innate immune clearance. Across a variety of mechanisms, the natural anti-sense RNA-dependent defensive strategy has been utilized both as a powerful gene manipulation tool and gene therapy strategy named RNA-interference (RNAi). To optimize the efficiency of RNAi silencing, a comprehensive understanding of the whole life cycle of exogenous RNA, from cellular entry to its decay, is vital. In this paper, we review recent progress in comprehending the recognition and elimination of foreign RNA by cells, focusing on cellular entrance, intracellular transportation, and immune-inflammatory responses. By leveraging these insights, we highlight the potential implications of these insights for advancing RNA interference efficiency, underscore the need for future studies to elucidate the pathways and fates of various exogenous RNA forms, and provide foundational information for more efficient RNA delivery methods in both genetic manipulation and therapy in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danxu Tang
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Chundi Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Lifang Li
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Saleh A. Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiao Chen
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Ying Yan
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
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6
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Borisevich SS, Zarubaev VV, Shcherbakov DN, Yarovaya OI, Salakhutdinov NF. Molecular Modeling of Viral Type I Fusion Proteins: Inhibitors of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin and the Spike Protein of Coronavirus. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040902. [PMID: 37112882 PMCID: PMC10142020 DOI: 10.3390/v15040902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The fusion of viral and cell membranes is one of the basic processes in the life cycles of viruses. A number of enveloped viruses confer fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane using surface viral fusion proteins. Their conformational rearrangements lead to the unification of lipid bilayers of cell membranes and viral envelopes and the formation of fusion pores through which the viral genome enters the cytoplasm of the cell. A deep understanding of all the stages of conformational transitions preceding the fusion of viral and cell membranes is necessary for the development of specific inhibitors of viral reproduction. This review systematizes knowledge about the results of molecular modeling aimed at finding and explaining the mechanisms of antiviral activity of entry inhibitors. The first section of this review describes types of viral fusion proteins and is followed by a comparison of the structural features of class I fusion proteins, namely influenza virus hemagglutinin and the S-protein of the human coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia S. Borisevich
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, Ufa Institute of Chemistry Ufa Federal Research Center, 450078 Ufa, Russia
- Correspondence: (S.S.B.); (O.I.Y.)
| | - Vladimir V. Zarubaev
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Dmitriy N. Shcherbakov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia;
| | - Olga I. Yarovaya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Correspondence: (S.S.B.); (O.I.Y.)
| | - Nariman F. Salakhutdinov
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
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7
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Wang Y, Li X, Xu Q, Niu X, Zhang S, Qu X, Chu H, Chen J, Shi Q, Zhang E, Zhang G. Characterization of Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies and Identification of a Novel Conserved C-Terminal Linear Epitope on the Hemagglutinin Protein of the H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112530. [PMID: 36423139 PMCID: PMC9698441 DOI: 10.3390/v14112530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) remains a serious threat to the global poultry industry and public health. The hemagglutinin (HA) protein is an essential protective antigen of AIVs and a major target of neutralizing antibodies and vaccines. Therefore, in this study, we used rice-derived HA protein as an immunogen to generate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and screened them using an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Eight mAbs reacted well with the recombinant H9N2 AIV and HA protein, four of which exhibited potent inhibitory activity against hemagglutination, while three showed remarkable neutralization capacities. Western blotting confirmed that two mAbs bound to the HA protein. Linear epitopes were identified using the mAbs; a novel linear epitope, 480HKCDDQCM487, was identified. Structural analysis revealed that the novel linear epitope is located at the C-terminus of HA2 near the disulfide bond-linked HA1 and HA2. Alignment of the amino acid sequences showed that the epitope was highly conserved among multiple H9N2 AIV strains. The results of this study provide novel insights for refining vaccine and diagnostic strategies and expand our understanding of the immune response against AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xueyang Li
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qianru Xu
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xiangxiang Niu
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shenli Zhang
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaotian Qu
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Hongyan Chu
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jinxuan Chen
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Erqin Zhang
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Longhu Modern Immunity Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Correspondence: (E.Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Longhu Modern Immunity Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Correspondence: (E.Z.); (G.Z.)
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8
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Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic demonstrates the threat posed by novel coronaviruses to human health. Coronaviruses share a highly conserved cell entry mechanism mediated by the spike protein, the sole product of the S gene. The structural dynamics by which the spike protein orchestrates infection illuminate how antibodies neutralize virions and how S mutations contribute to viral fitness. Here, we review the process by which spike engages its proteinaceous receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and how host proteases prime and subsequently enable efficient membrane fusion between virions and target cells. We highlight mutations common among severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern and discuss implications for cell entry. Ultimately, we provide a model by which sarbecoviruses are activated for fusion competency and offer a framework for understanding the interplay between humoral immunity and the molecular evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike. In particular, we emphasize the relevance of the Canyon Hypothesis (M. G. Rossmann, J Biol Chem 264:14587-14590, 1989) for understanding evolutionary trajectories of viral entry proteins during sustained intraspecies transmission of a novel viral pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Wolf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Interdiscipinary Ph.D. Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Quantitative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jason C Kwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jeremy P Kamil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
- Center for Excellence in Emerging Viral Threats, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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9
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Michalski M, Setny P. Membrane-Bound Configuration and Lipid Perturbing Effects of Hemagglutinin Subunit 2 N-Terminus Investigated by Computer Simulations. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:826366. [PMID: 35155580 PMCID: PMC8830744 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.826366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) mediated fusion of influenza virus envelope with host lipid membrane is a critical step warrantying virus entry to the cell. Despite tremendous advances in structural biology methods, the knowledge concerning the details of HA2 subunit insertion into the target membrane and its subsequent bilayer perturbing effect is still rather limited. Herein, based on a set of molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the structure and interaction with lipid membrane of the N-terminal HA2 region comprising a trimer of fusion peptides (HAfps) tethered by flexible linkers to a fragment of coiled-coil stem structure. We find that, prior to insertion into the membrane, HAfps within the trimers do not sample space individually but rather associate into a compact hydrophobic aggregate. Once within the membrane, they fold into tight helical hairpins, which remain at the lipid-water interface. However, they can also assume stable, membrane-spanning configurations of significantly increased membrane-perturbing potential. In this latter case, HAfps trimers centre around the well-hydrated transmembrane channel-forming distinct, symmetric assemblies, whose wedge-like shape may play a role in promoting membrane curvature. We also demonstrate that, following HAfps insertion, the coiled-coil stem spontaneously tilts to almost membrane-parallel orientation, reflecting experimentally observed configuration adopted in the course of membrane fusion by complete HA2 units at the rim of membrane contact zones.
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10
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The Underestimated Role of Platelets in Severe Infection a Narrative Review. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030424. [PMID: 35159235 PMCID: PMC8834344 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond their role in hemostasis, platelets have emerged as key contributors in the immune response; accordingly, the occurrence of thrombocytopenia during sepsis/septic shock is a well-known risk factor of mortality and a marker of disease severity. Recently, some studies elucidated that the response of platelets to infections goes beyond a simple fall in platelets count; indeed, sepsis-induced thrombocytopenia can be associated with—or even anticipated by—several changes, including an altered morphological pattern, receptor expression and aggregation. Of note, alterations in platelet function and morphology can occur even with a normal platelet count and can modify, depending on the nature of the pathogen, the pattern of host response and the severity of the infection. The purpose of this review is to give an overview on the pathophysiological interaction between platelets and pathogens, as well as the clinical consequences of platelet dysregulation. Furthermore, we try to clarify how understanding the nature of platelet dysregulation may help to optimize the therapeutic approach.
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11
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Dully M, Ceresnakova M, Murray D, Soulimane T, Hudson SP. Lipid Cubic Systems for Sustained and Controlled Delivery of Antihistamine Drugs. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3777-3794. [PMID: 34547899 PMCID: PMC8493555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Antihistamines are capable of blocking mediator responses in allergic reactions including allergic rhinitis and dermatological reactions. By incorporating various H1 receptor antagonists into a lipid cubic phase network, these active ingredients can be delivered locally over an extended period of time owing to the mucoadhesive nature of the system. Local delivery can avoid inducing unwanted side effects, often observed after systematic delivery. Lipid-based antihistamine delivery systems are shown here to exhibit prolonged release capabilities. In vitro drug dissolution studies investigated the extent and release rate of two model first-generation and two model second-generation H1 antagonist antihistamine drugs from two monoacyglycerol-derived lipid models. To optimize the formulation approach, the systems were characterized macroscopically and microscopically by small-angle X-ray scattering and polarized light to ascertain the mesophase accessed upon an incorporation of antihistamines of varying solubilities and size. The impact of encapsulating the antihistamine molecules on the degree of mucoadhesivity of the lipid cubic systems was investigated using multiparametric surface plasmon resonance. With the ultimate goal of developing therapies for the treatment of allergic reactions, the ability of the formulations to inhibit mediator release utilizing RBL-2H3 mast cells with the propensity to release histamine upon induction was explored, demonstrating no interference from the lipid excipient on the effectiveness of the antihistamine molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dully
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, SSPC, the Science Foundation Ireland Research
Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy,
Co. Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Miriama Ceresnakova
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, SSPC, the Science Foundation Ireland Research
Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy,
Co. Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - David Murray
- COOK
Ireland Limited, O’Halloran
Rd, Castletroy, Co. Limerick V94 N8X2, Ireland
| | - Tewfik Soulimane
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, SSPC, the Science Foundation Ireland Research
Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy,
Co. Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Sarah P. Hudson
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, SSPC, the Science Foundation Ireland Research
Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy,
Co. Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
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12
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Gupta M, Kumar H, Kaur S. Vegetative Insecticidal Protein (Vip): A Potential Contender From Bacillus thuringiensis for Efficient Management of Various Detrimental Agricultural Pests. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:659736. [PMID: 34054756 PMCID: PMC8158940 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.659736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacterium is found in various ecological habitats, and has natural entomo-pesticidal properties, due to the production of crystalline and soluble proteins during different growth phases. In addition to Cry and Cyt proteins, this bacterium also produces Vegetative insecticidal protein (Vip) during its vegetative growth phase, which is considered an excellent toxic candidate because of the difference in sequence homology and receptor sites from Cry proteins. Vip proteins are referred as second-generation insecticidal proteins, which can be used either alone or in complementarity with Cry proteins for the management of various detrimental pests. Among these Vip proteins, Vip1 and Vip2 act as binary toxins and have toxicity toward pests belonging to Hemiptera and Coleoptera orders, whereas the most important Vip3 proteins have insecticidal activity against Lepidopteran pests. These Vip3 proteins are similar to Cry proteins in terms of toxicity potential against susceptible insects. They are reported to be toxic toward pests, which can’t be controlled with Cry proteins. The Vip3 proteins have been successfully pyramided along with Cry proteins in transgenic rice, corn, and cotton to combat resistant pest populations. This review provides detailed information about the history and importance of Vip proteins, their types, structure, newly identified specific receptors, and action mechanism of this specific class of proteins. Various studies conducted on Vip proteins all over the world and the current status have been discussed. This review will give insights into the significance of Vip proteins as alternative promising candidate toxic proteins from Bt for the management of pests in most sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Gupta
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.,ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana, India
| | - Harish Kumar
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Faridkot, India
| | - Sarvjeet Kaur
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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13
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Schlich M, Palomba R, Costabile G, Mizrahy S, Pannuzzo M, Peer D, Decuzzi P. Cytosolic delivery of nucleic acids: The case of ionizable lipid nanoparticles. Bioeng Transl Med 2021; 6:e10213. [PMID: 33786376 PMCID: PMC7995196 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the most clinically advanced nano-delivery system for therapeutic nucleic acids. The great effort put in the development of ionizable lipids with increased in vivo potency brought LNPs from the laboratory benches to the FDA approval of patisiran in 2018 and the ongoing clinical trials for mRNA-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Despite these success stories, several challenges remain in RNA delivery, including what is known as "endosomal escape." Reaching the cytosol is mandatory for unleashing the therapeutic activity of RNA molecules, as their accumulation in other intracellular compartments would simply result in efficacy loss. In LNPs, the ability of ionizable lipids to form destabilizing non-bilayer structures at acidic pH is recognized as the key for endosomal escape and RNA cytosolic delivery. This is motivating a surge in studies aiming at designing novel ionizable lipids with improved biodegradation and safety profiles. In this work, we describe the journey of RNA-loaded LNPs across multiple intracellular barriers, from the extracellular space to the cytosol. In silico molecular dynamics modeling, in vitro high-resolution microscopy analyses, and in vivo imaging data are systematically reviewed to distill out the regulating mechanisms underlying the endosomal escape of RNA. Finally, a comparison with strategies employed by enveloped viruses to deliver their genetic material into cells is also presented. The combination of a multidisciplinary analytical toolkit for endosomal escape quantification and a nature-inspired design could foster the development of future LNPs with improved cytosolic delivery of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Schlich
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaLaboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision MedicineGenoaItaly
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
| | - Roberto Palomba
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaLaboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision MedicineGenoaItaly
| | - Gabriella Costabile
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaLaboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision MedicineGenoaItaly
| | - Shoshy Mizrahy
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaLaboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision MedicineGenoaItaly
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of EngineeringTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Center for Nanoscience and NanotechnologyTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Cancer Biology Research CenterTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Martina Pannuzzo
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaLaboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision MedicineGenoaItaly
| | - Dan Peer
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of EngineeringTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Center for Nanoscience and NanotechnologyTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Cancer Biology Research CenterTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaLaboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision MedicineGenoaItaly
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14
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Russell CJ. Hemagglutinin Stability and Its Impact on Influenza A Virus Infectivity, Pathogenicity, and Transmissibility in Avians, Mice, Swine, Seals, Ferrets, and Humans. Viruses 2021; 13:746. [PMID: 33923198 PMCID: PMC8145662 DOI: 10.3390/v13050746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulate in wild aquatic birds. From this reservoir, IAVs sporadically cause outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics in wild and domestic avians, wild land and sea mammals, horses, canines, felines, swine, humans, and other species. One molecular trait shown to modulate IAV host range is the stability of the hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein. The HA protein is the major antigen and during virus entry, this trimeric envelope glycoprotein binds sialic acid-containing receptors before being triggered by endosomal low pH to undergo irreversible structural changes that cause membrane fusion. The HA proteins from different IAV isolates can vary in the pH at which HA protein structural changes are triggered, the protein causes membrane fusion, or outside the cell the virion becomes inactivated. HA activation pH values generally range from pH 4.8 to 6.2. Human-adapted HA proteins tend to have relatively stable HA proteins activated at pH 5.5 or below. Here, studies are reviewed that report HA stability values and investigate the biological impact of variations in HA stability on replication, pathogenicity, and transmissibility in experimental animal models. Overall, a stabilized HA protein appears to be necessary for human pandemic potential and should be considered when assessing human pandemic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
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15
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Ouyang Y, Mouillet JF, Sorkin A, Sadovsky Y. Trophoblastic extracellular vesicles and viruses: Friends or foes? Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 85:e13345. [PMID: 32939907 PMCID: PMC7880881 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells produce cytoplasmic vesicles to facilitate the processing and transport of RNAs, proteins, and other signaling molecules among intracellular organelles. Moreover, most cells release a range of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that mediate intercellular communication in both physiological and pathological settings. In addition to a better understanding of their biological functions, the diagnostic and therapeutic prospects of EVs, particularly the nano-sized small EVs (sEVs, exosomes), are currently being rigorously pursued. While EVs and viruses such as retroviruses might have evolved independently, they share a number of similar characteristics, including biogenesis pathways, size distribution, cargo, and cell-targeting mechanisms. The interplay of EVs with viruses has profound effects on viral replication and infectivity. Our research indicates that sEVs, produced by primary human trophoblasts, can endow other non-placental cell types with antiviral response. Better insights into the interaction of EVs with viruses may illuminate new ways to attenuate viral infections during pregnancy, and perhaps develop new antiviral therapeutics to protect the feto-placental unit during critical times of human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshi Ouyang
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Mouillet
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexander Sorkin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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16
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Murata D, Arai K, Iijima M, Sesaki H. Mitochondrial division, fusion and degradation. J Biochem 2020; 167:233-241. [PMID: 31800050 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrion is an essential organelle for a wide range of cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, signal transduction and cell death. To execute these functions, mitochondria regulate their size, number, morphology and distribution in cells via mitochondrial division and fusion. In addition, mitochondrial division and fusion control the autophagic degradation of dysfunctional mitochondria to maintain a healthy population. Defects in these dynamic membrane processes are linked to many human diseases that include metabolic syndrome, myopathy and neurodegenerative disorders. In the last several years, our fundamental understanding of mitochondrial fusion, division and degradation has been significantly advanced by high resolution structural analyses, protein-lipid biochemistry, super resolution microscopy and in vivo analyses using animal models. Here, we summarize and discuss this exciting recent progress in the mechanism and function of mitochondrial division and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Murata
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kenta Arai
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Miho Iijima
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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17
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Chen YC, Sood C, Marin M, Aaron J, Gratton E, Salaita K, Melikyan GB. Super-Resolution Fluorescence Imaging Reveals That Serine Incorporator Protein 5 Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Fusion by Disrupting Envelope Glycoprotein Clusters. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10929-10943. [PMID: 32441921 PMCID: PMC8274448 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Serine incorporator protein 5 (SERINC5) is the host antiretroviral factor that reduces HIV-1 infectivity by incorporating into virions and inhibiting the envelope glycoprotein (Env) mediated virus fusion with target cells. We and others have shown that SERINC5 incorporation into virions alters the Env structure and sensitizes the virus to broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting cryptic Env epitopes. We have also found that SERINC5 accelerates the loss of Env function over time compared to control viruses. However, the exact mechanism by which SERINC5 inhibits HIV-1 fusion is not understood. Here, we utilized 2D and 3D super-resolution microscopy to examine the effect of SERINC5 on the distribution of Env glycoproteins on single HIV-1 particles. We find that, in agreement with a previous report, Env glycoproteins form clusters on the surface of mature virions. Importantly, incorporation of SERINC5, but not SERINC2, which lacks antiviral activity, disrupted Env clusters without affecting the overall Env content. We also show that SERINC5 and SERINC2 also form clusters on single virions. Unexpectedly, Env and SERINC molecules exhibited poor codistribution on virions, as evidenced by much greater Env-SERINC pairwise distances compared to Env-Env distances. This observation is inconsistent with the previously reported interaction between Env and SERINC5 and suggests an indirect effect of SERINC5 on Env cluster formation. Collectively, our results reveal a multifaceted mechanism of SERINC5-mediated restriction of HIV-1 fusion that, aside from the effects on individual Env trimers, involves disruption of Env clusters, which likely serve as sites of viral fusion with target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Cheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chetan Sood
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mariana Marin
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jesse Aaron
- Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gregory B. Melikyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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18
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Núñez-Ramírez R, Huesa J, Bel Y, Ferré J, Casino P, Arias-Palomo E. Molecular architecture and activation of the insecticidal protein Vip3Aa from Bacillus thuringiensis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3974. [PMID: 32769995 PMCID: PMC7414852 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3 (Vegetative Insecticidal Protein 3) toxins are widely used in biotech crops to control Lepidopteran pests. These proteins are produced as inactive protoxins that need to be activated by midgut proteases to trigger cell death. However, little is known about their three-dimensional organization and activation mechanism at the molecular level. Here, we have determined the structures of the protoxin and the protease-activated state of Vip3Aa at 2.9 Å using cryo-electron microscopy. The reconstructions show that the protoxin assembles into a pyramid-shaped tetramer with the C-terminal domains exposed to the solvent and the N-terminal region folded into a spring-loaded apex that, after protease activation, drastically remodels into an extended needle by a mechanism akin to that of influenza haemagglutinin. These results provide the molecular basis for Vip3 activation and function, and serves as a strong foundation for the development of more efficient insecticidal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Núñez-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juanjo Huesa
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Yolanda Bel
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Juan Ferré
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Patricia Casino
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ernesto Arias-Palomo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Thompson AJ, Cao L, Ma Y, Wang X, Diedrich JK, Kikuchi C, Willis S, Worth C, McBride R, Yates JR, Paulson JC. Human Influenza Virus Hemagglutinins Contain Conserved Oligomannose N-Linked Glycans Allowing Potent Neutralization by Lectins. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:725-735.e5. [PMID: 32298658 PMCID: PMC7158820 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hemagglutinins (HAs) from human influenza viruses adapt to bind α2-6-linked sialosides, overcoming a receptor-defined species barrier distinct from the α2-3 specificity of avian virus progenitors. Additionally, human-adapted HAs gain glycosylation sites over time, although their biological function is poorly defined. Using quantitative glycomic analysis, we show that HAs from human pandemic viruses exhibit significant proportions of high-mannose type N-linked glycans throughout the head domain. By contrast, poorly adapted avian-origin HAs contain predominately complex-type glycans, which have greater structural diversity. Although oligomannose levels vary, they are present in all tested recombinant HAs and whole viruses and can be specifically targeted for universal detection. The positions of high-mannose glycosites on the HA of human H1N1 and H3N2 strains are conserved. Additionally, high-mannose-binding lectins possess a broad capacity to neutralize and prevent infection with contemporary H3N2 strains. These findings reveal the biological significance of HA glycosylation and therapeutic potential of targeting these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Liwei Cao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuanhui Ma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chika Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shelby Willis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Charli Worth
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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20
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Benhaim MA, Lee KK. New Biophysical Approaches Reveal the Dynamics and Mechanics of Type I Viral Fusion Machinery and Their Interplay with Membranes. Viruses 2020; 12:E413. [PMID: 32276357 PMCID: PMC7232462 DOI: 10.3390/v12040413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-mediated membrane fusion is a highly regulated biological process essential for cellular and organismal functions and infection by enveloped viruses. During viral entry the membrane fusion reaction is catalyzed by specialized protein machinery on the viral surface. These viral fusion proteins undergo a series of dramatic structural changes during membrane fusion where they engage, remodel, and ultimately fuse with the host membrane. The structural and dynamic nature of these conformational changes and their impact on the membranes have long-eluded characterization. Recent advances in structural and biophysical methodologies have enabled researchers to directly observe viral fusion proteins as they carry out their functions during membrane fusion. Here we review the structure and function of type I viral fusion proteins and mechanisms of protein-mediated membrane fusion. We highlight how recent technological advances and new biophysical approaches are providing unprecedented new insight into the membrane fusion reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Benhaim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA;
| | - Kelly K. Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA;
- Biological Physics Structure and Design Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA
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21
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Chen B, You W, Wang Y, Shan T. The regulatory role of Myomaker and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion in muscle development and regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1551-1569. [PMID: 31642939 PMCID: PMC11105057 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays essential roles in motor function, energy, and glucose metabolism. Skeletal muscle formation occurs through a process called myogenesis, in which a crucial step is the fusion of mononucleated myoblasts to form multinucleated myofibers. The myoblast/myocyte fusion is triggered and coordinated in a muscle-specific way that is essential for muscle development and post-natal muscle regeneration. Many molecules and proteins have been found and demonstrated to have the capacity to regulate the fusion of myoblast/myocytes. Interestingly, two newly discovered muscle-specific membrane proteins, Myomaker and Myomixer (also called Myomerger and Minion), have been identified as fusogenic regulators in vertebrates. Both Myomaker and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion have the capacity to directly control the myogenic fusion process. Here, we review and discuss the latest studies related to these two proteins, including the discovery, structure, expression pattern, functions, and regulation of Myomaker and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion. We also emphasize and discuss the interaction between Myomaker and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion, as well as their cooperative regulatory roles in cell-cell fusion. Moreover, we highlight the areas for exploration of Myomaker and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion in future studies and consider their potential application to control cell fusion for cell-therapy purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bide Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing You
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.
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22
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Seifried BM, Qi W, Yang YJ, Mai DJ, Puryear WB, Runstadler JA, Chen G, Olsen BD. Glycoprotein Mimics with Tunable Functionalization through Global Amino Acid Substitution and Copper Click Chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:554-566. [PMID: 32078297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins and their mimics are challenging to produce because of their large number of polysaccharide side chains that form a densely grafted protein-polysaccharide brush architecture. Herein a new approach to protein bioconjugate synthesis is demonstrated that can approach the functionalization densities of natural glycoproteins through oligosaccharide grafting. Global amino acid substitution is used to replace the methionine residues in a methionine-enriched elastin-like polypeptide with homopropargylglycine (HPG); the substitution was found to replace 93% of the 41 methionines in the protein sequence as well as broaden and increase the thermoresponsive transition. A series of saccharides were conjugated to the recombinant protein backbones through copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition to determine reactivity trends, with 83-100% glycosylation of HPGs. Only an acetyl-protected sialyllactose moiety showed a lower level of 42% HPG glycosylation that is attributed to steric hindrance. The recombinant glycoproteins reproduced the key biofunctional properties of their natural counterparts such as viral inhibition and lectin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Seifried
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wenjing Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Yun Jung Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Danielle J Mai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wendy B Puryear
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, United States
| | - Jonathan A Runstadler
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, United States
| | - Guosong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
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23
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Mechanisms regulating myoblast fusion: A multilevel interplay. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 104:81-92. [PMID: 32063453 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myoblast fusion into myotubes is one of the crucial steps of skeletal muscle development (myogenesis). The fusion is preceded by specification of a myogenic lineage (mesodermal progenitors) differentiating into myoblasts and is followed by myofiber-type specification and neuromuscular junction formation. Similarly to other processes of myogenesis, the fusion requires a very precise spatial and temporal regulation occuring both during embryonic development as well as regeneration and repair of the muscle. A plethora of genes and their products is involved in regulation of myoblast fusion and a precise multilevel interplay between them is crucial for myogenic cells to fuse. In this review, we describe both cellular events taking place during myoblast fusion (migration, adhesion, elongation, cell-cell recognition, alignment, and fusion of myoblast membranes enabling formation of myotubes) as well as recent findings on mechanisms regulating this process. Also, we present muscle disorders in humans that have been associated with defects in genes involved in regulation of myoblast fusion.
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24
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Dyett BP, Yu H, Strachan J, Drummond CJ, Conn CE. Fusion dynamics of cubosome nanocarriers with model cell membranes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4492. [PMID: 31582802 PMCID: PMC6776645 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery with nanocarriers relies on the interaction of individual nanocarriers with the cell surface. For lipid-based NCs, this interaction uniquely involves a process of membrane fusion between the lipid bilayer that makes up the NC and the cell membrane. Cubosomes have emerged as promising fusogenic NCs, however their individual interactions had not yet been directly observed due to difficulties in achieving adequate resolution or disentangling multiple interactions with common characterization techniques. Moreover, many studies on these interactions have been performed under static conditions which may not mimic the actual transport of NCs. Herein we have observed fusion of lipid cubosome NCs with lipid bilayers under flow. Total internal reflection microscopy has allowed visualisation of the fusion event which was sensitive to the lipid compositions and rationalized by lipid diffusion. The fusion event in supported lipid bilayers has been compared with those in cells, revealing a distinct similarity in kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan P Dyett
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Haitao Yu
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Strachan
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Calum J Drummond
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Charlotte E Conn
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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25
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Ranaweera A, Ratnayake PU, Ekanayaka EAP, Declercq R, Weliky DP. Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Supports Independent Membrane-Interfacial Fusion Peptide and Transmembrane Domains in Subunit 2 of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Protein, a Structured and Aqueous-Protected Connection between the Fusion Peptide and Soluble Ectodomain, and the Importance of Membrane Apposition by the Trimer-of-Hairpins Structure. Biochemistry 2019; 58:2432-2446. [PMID: 31008587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein has HA1 and HA2 subunits, which form an initial complex. HA1's bind host cell sialic acids, which triggers endocytosis, HA1/HA2 separation, and HA2-mediated fusion between virus and endosome membranes. We report hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) on the HA2 subunit without HA1. HA2 contains the fusion peptide (FP), soluble ectodomain (SE), transmembrane domain (TM), and endodomain. FP is a monomer by itself, while SE is a trimer of hairpins that includes an interior bundle of residue 38-105 helices, turns, and residue 154-178 strands packed antiparallel to the bundle. FP and TM extend from the same side of the SE hairpin, and fusion models often depict a FP/TM complex with membrane traversal of both domains that is important for membrane pore expansion. The HDX-MS data of this study do not support this complex and instead support independent FP and TM with respective membrane-interfacial and traversal locations. The data also show a low level of aqueous exposure of the 22-38 segment, consistent with retention of the 23-35 antiparallel β sheet observed in the initial HA1/HA2 complex. We propose the β sheet as a semirigid connector between FP and SE that enables close membrane apposition prior to fusion. The I173E mutant exhibits greater exchange for residues 22-69 and 150-191, consistent with dissociation of SE C-terminal strands from interior N-helices. Similar trends are observed for the G1E mutant as well as less exchange for G1E FP. Fusion is highly impaired with either mutant, which correlates with reduced membrane apposition and, for G1E, FP binding to SE rather than the target membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahinsa Ranaweera
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Punsisi U Ratnayake
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - E A Prabodha Ekanayaka
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Robin Declercq
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - David P Weliky
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
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26
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Nathan L, Daniel S. Single Virion Tracking Microscopy for the Study of Virus Entry Processes in Live Cells and Biomimetic Platforms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1215:13-43. [PMID: 31317494 PMCID: PMC7122913 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14741-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The most widely-used assays for studying viral entry, including infectivity, cofloatation, and cell-cell fusion assays, yield functional information but provide low resolution of individual entry steps. Structural characterization provides high-resolution conformational information, but on its own is unable to address the functional significance of these conformations. Single virion tracking microscopy techniques provide more detail on the intermediate entry steps than infection assays and more functional information than structural methods, bridging the gap between these methods. In addition, single virion approaches also provide dynamic information about the kinetics of entry processes. This chapter reviews single virion tracking techniques and describes how they can be applied to study specific virus entry steps. These techniques provide information complementary to traditional ensemble approaches. Single virion techniques may either probe virion behavior in live cells or in biomimetic platforms. Synthesizing information from ensemble, structural, and single virion techniques ultimately yields a more complete understanding of the viral entry process than can be achieved by any single method alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Nathan
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Susan Daniel
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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27
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Betancourt-Solis MA, Desai T, McNew JA. The atlastin membrane anchor forms an intramembrane hairpin that does not span the phospholipid bilayer. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18514-18524. [PMID: 30287684 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is composed of flattened sheets and interconnected tubules that extend throughout the cytosol and makes physical contact with all other cytoplasmic organelles. This cytoplasmic distribution requires continuous remodeling. These discrete ER morphologies require specialized proteins that drive and maintain membrane curvature. The GTPase atlastin is required for homotypic fusion of ER tubules. All atlastin homologs possess a conserved domain architecture consisting of a GTPase domain, a three-helix bundle middle domain, a hydrophobic membrane anchor, and a C-terminal cytosolic tail. Here, we examined several Drosophila-human atlastin chimeras to identify functional domains of human atlastin-1 in vitro Although all chimeras could hydrolyze GTP, only chimeras containing the human C-terminal tail, hydrophobic segments, or both could fuse membranes in vitro We also determined that co-reconstitution of atlastin with reticulon does not influence GTPase activity or membrane fusion. Finally, we found that both human and Drosophila atlastin hydrophobic membrane anchors do not span the membrane, but rather form two intramembrane hairpin loops. The topology of these hairpins remains static during membrane fusion and does not appear to play an active role in lipid mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanvi Desai
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - James A McNew
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
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28
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Leikina E, Gamage DG, Prasad V, Goykhberg J, Crowe M, Diao J, Kozlov MM, Chernomordik LV, Millay DP. Myomaker and Myomerger Work Independently to Control Distinct Steps of Membrane Remodeling during Myoblast Fusion. Dev Cell 2018; 46:767-780.e7. [PMID: 30197239 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Classic mechanisms for membrane fusion involve transmembrane proteins that assemble into complexes and dynamically alter their conformation to bend membranes, leading to mixing of membrane lipids (hemifusion) and fusion pore formation. Myomaker and Myomerger govern myoblast fusion and muscle formation but are structurally divergent from traditional fusogenic proteins. Here, we show that Myomaker and Myomerger independently mediate distinct steps in the fusion pathway, where Myomaker is involved in membrane hemifusion and Myomerger is necessary for fusion pore formation. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Myomerger is required on the cell surface where its ectodomains stress membranes. Moreover, we show that Myomerger drives fusion completion in a heterologous system independent of Myomaker and that a Myomaker-Myomerger physical interaction is not required for function. Collectively, our data identify a stepwise cell fusion mechanism in myoblasts where different proteins are delegated to perform unique membrane functions essential for membrane coalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Leikina
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dilani G Gamage
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Vikram Prasad
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Joanna Goykhberg
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Crowe
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Leonid V Chernomordik
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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29
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Ranaweera A, Ratnayake PU, Weliky DP. The Stabilities of the Soluble Ectodomain and Fusion Peptide Hairpins of the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Subunit II Protein Are Positively Correlated with Membrane Fusion. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5480-5493. [PMID: 30141905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular entry of influenza virus is mediated by the viral protein hemagglutinin (HA), which forms an initial complex of three HA1 and three HA2 subunits. Each HA2 includes a fusion peptide (FP), a soluble ectodomain (SE), and a transmembrane domain. HA1 binds to cellular sialic acids, followed by virus endocytosis, pH reduction, dissociation of HA1, and structural rearrangement of HA2 into a final trimer-of-SE hairpins. A decrease in pH also triggers HA2-mediated virus/endosome membrane fusion. SE hairpins have an interior parallel helical bundle and C-terminal strands in the grooves of the exterior of the bundle. FPs are separate helical hairpins. This study compares wild-type HA2 (WT-HA2) with G1E(FP) and I173E(SE strand) mutants. WT-HA2 induces vesicle fusion at pH 5.0, whereas the extent of fusion is greatly reduced for both mutants. Circular dichroism for HA2 and FHA2≡FP+SE constructs shows dramatic losses of stability for the mutants, including a Tm reduced by 40 °C for I173E-FHA2. This is evidence of destabilization of SE hairpins via dissociation of strands from the helical bundle, which is also supported by larger monomer fractions for mutant versus WT proteins. The G1E mutant may have disrupted FP hairpins, with consequent non-native FP binding to dissociated SE strands. It is commonly proposed that free energy released by the HA2 structural rearrangement catalyzes HA-mediated fusion. This study supports an alternate mechanistic model in which fusion is preceded by FP insertion in the target membrane and formation of the final SE hairpin. Less fusion by the mutants is due to the loss of hairpin stability and consequent reduced level of membrane apposition of the virus and target membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahinsa Ranaweera
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Punsisi U Ratnayake
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - David P Weliky
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
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30
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Falanga A, Galdiero M, Morelli G, Galdiero S. Membranotropic peptides mediating viral entry. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018; 110:e24040. [PMID: 32328541 PMCID: PMC7167733 DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The means used by enveloped viruses to bypass cellular membranes are well characterized; however, the mechanisms used by non-enveloped viruses to deliver their genome inside the cell remain unresolved and poorly defined. The discovery of short, membrane interacting, amphipathic or hydrophobic sequences (known as membranotropic peptides) in both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses suggests that these small peptides are strongly involved in breaching the host membrane and in the delivery of the viral genome into the host cell. Thus, in spite of noticeable differences in entry, this short stretches of membranotropic peptides are probably associated with similar entry-related events. This review will uncover the intrinsic features of viral membranotropic peptides involved in viral entry of both naked viruses and the ones encircled with a biological membrane with the objective to better elucidate their different functional properties and possible applications in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Falanga
- Department of Pharmacy, School of MedicineNaples80134Italy
- CIRPEB University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16Naples80134Italy
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- CIRPEB University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16Naples80134Italy
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli,” Via de CrecchioNaples80134Italy
| | - Giancarlo Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of MedicineNaples80134Italy
- CIRPEB University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16Naples80134Italy
| | - Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Pharmacy, School of MedicineNaples80134Italy
- CIRPEB University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16Naples80134Italy
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31
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Hottz ED, Bozza FA, Bozza PT. Platelets in Immune Response to Virus and Immunopathology of Viral Infections. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:121. [PMID: 29761104 PMCID: PMC5936789 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are essential effector cells in hemostasis. Aside from their role in coagulation, platelets are now recognized as major inflammatory cells with key roles in the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Activated platelets have key thromboinflammatory functions linking coagulation to immune responses in various infections, including in response to virus. Recent studies have revealed that platelets exhibit several pattern recognition receptors (PRR) including those from the toll-like receptor, NOD-like receptor, and C-type lectin receptor family and are first-line sentinels in detecting and responding to pathogens in the vasculature. Here, we review the main mechanisms of platelets interaction with viruses, including their ability to sustain viral infection and replication, their expression of specialized PRR, and activation of thromboinflammatory responses against viruses. Finally, we discuss the role of platelet-derived mediators and platelet interaction with vascular and immune cells in protective and pathophysiologic responses to dengue, influenza, and human immunodeficiency virus 1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio D Hottz
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Bozza
- Laboratório de Medicina Intensiva, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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32
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Hayashi H, Kubo Y, Izumida M, Takahashi E, Kido H, Sato K, Yamaya M, Nishimura H, Nakayama K, Matsuyama T. Enterokinase Enhances Influenza A Virus Infection by Activating Trypsinogen in Human Cell Lines. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:91. [PMID: 29629340 PMCID: PMC5876233 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage and activation of hemagglutinin (HA) by trypsin-like proteases in influenza A virus (IAV) are essential prerequisites for its successful infection and spread. In host cells, some transmembrane serine proteases such as TMPRSS2, TMPRSS4 and HAT, along with plasmin in the bloodstream, have been reported to cleave the HA precursor (HA0) molecule into its active forms, HA1 and HA2. Some trypsinogens can also enhance IAV proliferation in some cell types (e.g., rat cardiomyoblasts). However, the precise activation mechanism for this process is unclear, because the expression level of the physiological activator of the trypsinogens, the TMPRSS15 enterokinase, is expected to be very low in such cells, with the exception of duodenal cells. Here, we show that at least two variant enterokinases are expressed in various human cell lines, including A549 lung-derived cells. The exogenous expression of these enterokinases was able to enhance the proliferation of IAV in 293T human kidney cells, but the proliferation was reduced by knocking down the endogenous enterokinase in A549 cells. The enterokinase was able to enhance HA processing in the cells, which activated trypsinogen in vitro and in the IAV-infected cells also. Therefore, we conclude that enterokinase plays a role in IAV infection and proliferation by activating trypsinogen to process viral HA in human cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hayashi
- Medical University Research Administrator, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Kubo
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mai Izumida
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Etsuhisa Takahashi
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kido
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ko Sato
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Yamaya
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kou Nakayama
- Medical University Research Administrator, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Matsuyama
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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33
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Boonstra S, Blijleven JS, Roos WH, Onck PR, van der Giessen E, van Oijen AM. Hemagglutinin-Mediated Membrane Fusion: A Biophysical Perspective. Annu Rev Biophys 2018; 47:153-173. [PMID: 29494252 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-070317-033018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is a viral membrane protein responsible for the initial steps of the entry of influenza virus into the host cell. It mediates binding of the virus particle to the host-cell membrane and catalyzes fusion of the viral membrane with that of the host. HA is therefore a major target in the development of antiviral strategies. The fusion of two membranes involves high activation barriers and proceeds through several intermediate states. Here, we provide a biophysical description of the membrane fusion process, relating its kinetic and thermodynamic properties to the large conformational changes taking place in HA and placing these in the context of multiple HA proteins working together to mediate fusion. Furthermore, we highlight the role of novel single-particle experiments and computational approaches in understanding the fusion process and their complementarity with other biophysical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Boonstra
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; , , , ,
| | - Jelle S Blijleven
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; , , , ,
| | - Wouter H Roos
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; , , , ,
| | - Patrick R Onck
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; , , , ,
| | - Erik van der Giessen
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; , , , ,
| | - Antoine M van Oijen
- School of Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health; University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia;
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34
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Ustinov NB, Zavyalova EG, Smirnova IG, Kopylov AM. The Power and Limitations of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Assays. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 82:1234-1248. [PMID: 29223151 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917110025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus hemagglutinins (HAs) are surface proteins that bind to sialic acid residues at the host cell surface and ensure further virus internalization. Development of methods for the inhibition of these processes drives progress in the design of new antiviral drugs. The state of the isolated HA (i.e. combining tertiary structure and extent of oligomerization) is defined by multiple factors, like the HA source and purification method, posttranslational modifications, pH, etc. The HA state affects HA functional activity and significantly impacts the results of numerous HA assays. In this review, we analyze the power and limitations of currently used HA assays regarding the state of HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Ustinov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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35
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Boonstra S, Onck PR, van der Giessen E. Computation of Hemagglutinin Free Energy Difference by the Confinement Method. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:11292-11303. [PMID: 29151344 PMCID: PMC5742479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b09699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) mediates membrane fusion, a crucial step during influenza virus cell entry. How many HAs are needed for this process is still subject to debate. To aid in this discussion, the confinement free energy method was used to calculate the conformational free energy difference between the extended intermediate and postfusion state of HA. Special care was taken to comply with the general guidelines for free energy calculations, thereby obtaining convergence and demonstrating reliability of the results. The energy that one HA trimer contributes to fusion was found to be 34.2 ± 3.4kBT, similar to the known contributions from other fusion proteins. Although computationally expensive, the technique used is a promising tool for the further energetic characterization of fusion protein mechanisms. Knowledge of the energetic contributions per protein, and of conserved residues that are crucial for fusion, aids in the development of fusion inhibitors for antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Boonstra
- Micromechanics of Materials,
Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick R. Onck
- Micromechanics of Materials,
Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik van der Giessen
- Micromechanics of Materials,
Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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36
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Yang Z, Gou L, Chen S, Li N, Zhang S, Zhang L. Membrane Fusion Involved in Neurotransmission: Glimpse from Electron Microscope and Molecular Simulation. Front Mol Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28638320 PMCID: PMC5461332 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane fusion is one of the most fundamental physiological processes in eukaryotes for triggering the fusion of lipid and content, as well as the neurotransmission. However, the architecture features of neurotransmitter release machinery and interdependent mechanism of synaptic membrane fusion have not been extensively studied. This review article expounds the neuronal membrane fusion processes, discusses the fundamental steps in all fusion reactions (membrane aggregation, membrane association, lipid rearrangement and lipid and content mixing) and the probable mechanism coupling to the delivery of neurotransmitters. Subsequently, this work summarizes the research on the fusion process in synaptic transmission, using electron microscopy (EM) and molecular simulation approaches. Finally, we propose the future outlook for more exciting applications of membrane fusion involved in synaptic transmission, with the aid of stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), cryo-EM (cryo-EM), and molecular simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Yang
- Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Lu Gou
- Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Shuyu Chen
- Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China
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