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Bhati M, Thakre S, Anjankar A. Nissl Granules, Axonal Regeneration, and Regenerative Therapeutics: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e47872. [PMID: 38022048 PMCID: PMC10681117 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nissl granules, traditionally recognized for their pivotal role in protein synthesis within neuronal cell bodies, are emerging as intriguing components with far-reaching implications in the realm of regenerative therapeutics. This abstract encapsulates the essence of a comprehensive review, exploring the nexus between Nissl granules, axonal regeneration, and their transformative applications in regenerative medicine. The molecular intricacies of Nissl granules form the foundation of this exploration, unraveling their dynamic role in orchestrating cellular responses, particularly in the context of axonal regeneration. As we delve into the interplay between Nissl granules and regenerative processes, this review highlights the diverse mechanisms through which these granules contribute to neuronal repair and recovery. Beyond their conventional association with neurobiology, recent advancements underscore the translational potential of Nissl granules as therapeutic agents. Insights into their involvement in enhancing axonal regeneration prompt a reconsideration of these granules as key players in the broader field of regenerative medicine. The abstract encapsulates evidence suggesting that modulating Nissl granule-related pathways holds promise for augmenting tissue regeneration, extending their applicability beyond the confines of the nervous system. This review aims to serve as a valuable resource for medical professionals, researchers, and clinicians seeking to comprehend the multifaceted role of Nissl granules in regenerative therapeutics. By illuminating the intricate connections between Nissl granules, axonal regeneration, and therapeutic applications, this work aspires to catalyze further research and innovation, ultimately contributing to the evolution of regenerative strategies that harness the innate reparative capacities within cellular constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manya Bhati
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Swedaj Thakre
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Ashish Anjankar
- Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Kókai É, Luz LL, Fernandes EC, Safronov BV, Poisbeau P, Szucs P. Quantitative spatial analysis reveals that the local axons of lamina I projection neurons and interneurons exhibit distributions that predict distinct roles in spinal sensory processing. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:3270-3287. [PMID: 36094014 PMCID: PMC9826435 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge about the detailed wiring of neuronal circuits in the spinal dorsal horn (DH), where initial sensory processing takes place, is still very sparse. While a substantial amount of data is available on the somatodendritic morphology of DH neurons, the laminar and segmental distribution patterns and consequential function of individual axons are much less characterized. In the present study, we fully reconstructed the axonal and dendritic processes of 10 projection neurons (PNs) and 15 interneurons (INs) in lamina I of the rat, to reveal quantitative differences in their distribution. We also performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings to test the predicted function of certain axon collaterals. In line with our earlier qualitative description, we found that lamina I INs in the lateral aspect of the superficial DH send axon collaterals toward the medial part and occupy mostly laminae I-III, providing anatomical basis for a lateromedial flow of information within the DH. Local axon collaterals of PNs were more extensively distributed including dorsal commissural axon collaterals that might refer to those reported earlier linking the lateral aspect of the left and right DHs. PN collaterals dominated the dorsolateral funiculus and laminae IV-VI, suggesting propriospinal and ventral connections. Indeed, patch-clamp recordings confirmed the existence of a dorsoventral excitatory drive upon activation of neurokinin-1 receptors that, although being expressed in various lamina I neurons, are specifically enriched in PNs. In summary, lamina I PNs and INs have almost identical dendritic input fields, while their segmental axon collateral distribution patterns are distinct. INs, whose somata reside in lamina I, establish local connections, may show asymmetry, and contribute to bridging the medial and lateral halves of the DH. PNs, on the other hand, preferably relay their integrated dendritic input to deeper laminae of the spinal gray matter where it might be linked to other ascending pathways or the premotor network, resulting in a putative direct contribution to the nociceptive withdrawal reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Kókai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary,ELKH‐DE Neuroscience Research GroupDebrecenHungary
| | - Lilana L. Luz
- Instituto de Investigacao e Inovacao em SaudeUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal,Neuronal Networks Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC)Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Elisabete C. Fernandes
- Instituto de Investigacao e Inovacao em SaudeUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal,Neuronal Networks Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC)Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Boris V. Safronov
- Instituto de Investigacao e Inovacao em SaudeUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal,Neuronal Networks Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC)Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Pierrick Poisbeau
- Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et IntégrativesUniversity de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Peter Szucs
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary,ELKH‐DE Neuroscience Research GroupDebrecenHungary
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Melrose J, Hayes AJ, Bix G. The CNS/PNS Extracellular Matrix Provides Instructive Guidance Cues to Neural Cells and Neuroregulatory Proteins in Neural Development and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5583. [PMID: 34070424 PMCID: PMC8197505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix of the PNS/CNS is unusual in that it is dominated by glycosaminoglycans, especially hyaluronan, whose space filling and hydrating properties make essential contributions to the functional properties of this tissue. Hyaluronan has a relatively simple structure but its space-filling properties ensure micro-compartments are maintained in the brain ultrastructure, ensuring ionic niches and gradients are maintained for optimal cellular function. Hyaluronan has cell-instructive, anti-inflammatory properties and forms macro-molecular aggregates with the lectican CS-proteoglycans, forming dense protective perineuronal net structures that provide neural and synaptic plasticity and support cognitive learning. AIMS To highlight the central nervous system/peripheral nervous system (CNS/PNS) and its diverse extracellular and cell-associated proteoglycans that have cell-instructive properties regulating neural repair processes and functional recovery through interactions with cell adhesive molecules, receptors and neuroregulatory proteins. Despite a general lack of stabilising fibrillar collagenous and elastic structures in the CNS/PNS, a sophisticated dynamic extracellular matrix is nevertheless important in tissue form and function. CONCLUSIONS This review provides examples of the sophistication of the CNS/PNS extracellular matrix, showing how it maintains homeostasis and regulates neural repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK;
| | - Gregory Bix
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
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Honkamäki L, Joki T, Grigoryev NA, Levon K, Ylä-Outinen L, Narkilahti S. Novel method to produce a layered 3D scaffold for human pluripotent stem cell-derived neuronal cells. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 350:109043. [PMID: 33345946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.109043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models have been developed into more in vivo resembling structures. In particular, there is a need for human-based models for neuronal tissue engineering (TE). To produce such a model with organized microenvironment for cells in central nervous system (CNS), a 3D layered scaffold composed of hydrogel and cell guiding fibers has been proposed. NEW METHOD Here, we describe a novel method for producing a layered 3D scaffold consisting of electrospun poly (L,D-lactide) fibers embedded into collagen 1 hydrogel to achieve better resemblance of cells' natural microenvironment for human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neurons. The scaffold was constructed via a single layer-by-layer process using an electrospinning technique with a unique collector design. RESULTS The method enabled the production of layered 3D cell-containing scaffold in a single process. HPSC-derived neurons were found in all layers of the scaffold and exhibited a typical neuronal phenotype. The guiding fiber layers supported the directed cell growth and extension of the neurites inside the scaffold without additional functionalization. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Previous methods have required several process steps to construct 3D layer-by-layer scaffolds. CONCLUSIONS We introduced a method to produce layered 3D scaffolds to mimic the cell guiding cues in CNS by alternating the soft hydrogel matrix and fibrous guidance cues. The produced scaffold successfully enabled the long-term culture of hPSC-derived neuronal cells. This layered 3D scaffold is a useful model for in vitro and in vivo neuronal TE applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Honkamäki
- NeuroGroup, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Tiina Joki
- NeuroGroup, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nikita A Grigoryev
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Kalle Levon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Laura Ylä-Outinen
- NeuroGroup, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susanna Narkilahti
- NeuroGroup, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Mu X, Li W, Ze X, Li L, Wang G, Hong F, Ze Y. Molecular mechanism of nanoparticulate TiO 2 induction of axonal development inhibition in rat primary cultured hippocampal neurons. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:895-905. [PMID: 32329576 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the in vitro and in vivo neurotoxicity of nanoparticulate titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2 ), a mass-produced material for a large number of commercial and industrial applications. The mechanism of nano-TiO2 -induced inhibition of axonal development, however, is still unclear. In our study, primary cultured hippocampal neurons of 24-hour-old fetal Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 5, 15, or 30 μg/mL nano-TiO2 for 6, 12, and 24 hours, and the toxic effects of nano-TiO2 exposure on the axons development were detected and its molecular mechanism investigated. Nano-TiO2 accumulated in hippocampal neurons and inhibited the development of axons as nano-TiO2 concentrations increased. Increasing time in culture resulted in decreasing axon length by 32.5%, 36.6%, and 53.8% at 6 hours, by 49.4%, 53.8%, and 69.5% at 12 hours, and by 44.5%, 58.2%, and 63.6% at 24 hours, for 5, 15, and 30 μg/mL nano-TiO2 , respectively. Furthermore, nano-TiO2 downregulated expression of Netrin-1, growth-associated protein-43, and Neuropilin-1, and promoted an increase of semaphorin type 3A and Nogo-A. These studies suggest that nano-TiO2 inhibited axonal development in rat primary cultured hippocampal neurons and this phenomenon is related to changes in the expression of axon growth-related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Mu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wuyan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao Ze
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lingjuan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fashui Hong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Yuguan Ze
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Masgutova G, Harris A, Jacob B, Corcoran LM, Clotman F. Pou2f2 Regulates the Distribution of Dorsal Interneurons in the Mouse Developing Spinal Cord. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:263. [PMID: 31787878 PMCID: PMC6853997 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal dorsal interneurons, which are generated during embryonic development, relay and process sensory inputs from the periphery to the central nervous system. Proper integration of these cells into neuronal circuitry depends on their correct positioning within the spinal parenchyma. Molecular cues that control neuronal migration have been extensively characterized but the genetic programs that regulate their production remain poorly investigated. Onecut (OC) transcription factors have been shown to control the migration of the dorsal interneurons (dINs) during spinal cord development. Here, we report that the OC factors moderate the expression of Pou2f2, a transcription factor essential for B-cell differentiation, in spinal dINs. Overexpression or inactivation of Pou2f2 leads to alterations in the differentiation of dI2, dI3 and Phox2a-positive dI5 populations and to defects in the distribution of dI2-dI6 interneurons. Thus, an OC-Pou2f2 genetic cascade regulates adequate diversification and distribution of dINs during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauhar Masgutova
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey Harris
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benvenuto Jacob
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, System and Cognition Division, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lynn M Corcoran
- Molecular Immunology Division and Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Frédéric Clotman
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Brussels, Belgium
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Restović I, Bočina I, Vukojević K, Kero D, Filipović N, Raonić J, Vučinić J, Vukmirović F, Vučković L, Saraga-Babić M. Time course and expression pattern of the neuronal markers in the developing human spinal cord. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 74:1-10. [PMID: 30753937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the spatio-temporal appearance of different neuronal cell subtypes by analyzing expression patterns of several neuronal markers (calretinin, neurofilament 200 (NF200), vanilloid receptor 1(VR1) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)) of the embryonic human spinal cord (SC). Developing human SCs from 11 human conceptuses beetwen 5-10 developmental weeks (DW) were examined by light and electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Light and electron microscopy revealed different embryonic stages of recognizable structure of the SC. NF200, CGRP and VR1 positive cells were observed in SCs during 5th-6th DW. NF200 was predominantly expressed in the ventral part, indicating presence of motoneurons. As development advanced, NF200 was mainly expressed in the marginal zone. Expression of CGRP was intense during all of the investigated periods, predominantly during the 5th-6th DW pointing to neural sensory differentiation, as opposed to the last DW when reduced expression of CGRP in the marginal layer indicated the terminations of the sensory afferents. Expression of VR1 was highest in the intermediate zone, at the beginning and at the end of the investigated periods, pointing to VR1 spatial pattern in the visceral afferents in the grey matter, while the first signs of calretinin were found in the 9th-10th DW ventrally. Delineating the relationships between factors involved in processes of neuronal differentiation as well as spatial and temporal arrangement of SC interrelated neurons can provide a useful information about normal SC development as well as the insight in possible causes of anomalies and disorders during embryonic life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Restović
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Split, Poljička cesta 35, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Bočina
- Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21 000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Katarina Vukojević
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Laboratory for Early Human Development, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Darko Kero
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Laboratory for Early Human Development, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Natalija Filipović
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Laboratory for Early Human Development, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia; School of Medicine, University of Split, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Laboratory Neurocardiology, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Janja Raonić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro.
| | - Jelena Vučinić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro.
| | - Filip Vukmirović
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro.
| | - Ljiljana Vučković
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro.
| | - Mirna Saraga-Babić
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Laboratory for Early Human Development, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia.
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Backer S, Lokmane L, Landragin C, Deck M, Garel S, Bloch-Gallego E. Trio GEF mediates RhoA activation downstream of Slit2 and coordinates telencephalic wiring. Development 2018; 145:dev.153692. [PMID: 30177526 DOI: 10.1242/dev.153692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Trio, a member of the Dbl family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors, activates Rac1 downstream of netrin 1/DCC signalling in axon outgrowth and guidance. Although it has been proposed that Trio also activates RhoA, the putative upstream factors remain unknown. Here, we show that Slit2 induces Trio-dependent RhoA activation, revealing a crosstalk between Slit and Trio/RhoA signalling. Consistently, we found that RhoA activity is hindered in vivo in T rio mutant mouse embryos. We next studied the development of the ventral telencephalon and thalamocortical axons, which have been previously shown to be controlled by Slit2. Remarkably, this analysis revealed that Trio knockout (KO) mice show phenotypes that bear strong similarities to the ones that have been reported in Slit2 KO mice in both guidepost corridor cells and thalamocortical axon pathfinding in the ventral telencephalon. Taken together, our results show that Trio induces RhoA activation downstream of Slit2, and support a functional role in ensuring the proper positioning of both guidepost cells and a major axonal tract. Our study indicates a novel role for Trio in Slit2 signalling and forebrain wiring, highlighting its role in multiple guidance pathways as well as in biological functions of importance for a factor involved in human brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Backer
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France.,INSERM, U1016, Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Ludmilla Lokmane
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, PSL research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Camille Landragin
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France.,INSERM, U1016, Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Marie Deck
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, PSL research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sonia Garel
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, PSL research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Bloch-Gallego
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France .,INSERM, U1016, Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
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