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Sivagami K, Sharma P, Karim AV, Mohanakrishna G, Karthika S, Divyapriya G, Saravanathamizhan R, Kumar AN. Electrochemical-based approaches for the treatment of forever chemicals: Removal of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160440. [PMID: 36436638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical based approaches for the treatment of recalcitrant water borne pollutants are known to exhibit superior function in terms of efficiency and rate of treatment. Considering the stability of Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are designated as forever chemicals, which generating from various industrial activities. PFAS are contaminating the environment in small concentrations, yet exhibit severe environmental and health impacts. Electro-oxidation (EO) is a recent development that treats PFAS, in which different reactive species generates at anode due to oxidative reaction and reductive reactions at the cathode. Compared to water and wastewater treatment methods those being implemented, electrochemical approaches demonstrate superior function against PFAS. EO completely mineralizes (almost 100 %) non-biodegradable organic matter and eliminate some of the inorganic species, which proven as a robust and versatile technology. Electrode materials, electrolyte concentration pH and the current density applying for electrochemical processes determine the treatment efficiency. EO along with electrocoagulation (EC) treats PFAS along with other pollutants from variety of industries showed highest degradation of 7.69 mmol/g of PFAS. Integrated approach with other processes was found to exhibit improved efficiency in treating PFAS using several electrodes boron-doped diamond (BDD), zinc, titanium and lead based with efficiency the range of 64 to 97 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sivagami
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
| | - Pranshu Sharma
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Ansaf V Karim
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Gunda Mohanakrishna
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubli 580031, India.
| | - S Karthika
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - G Divyapriya
- Swiss Government Excellence Postdoctoral Scholar, Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Saravanathamizhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, A.C. College of Technology, Anna University, India
| | - A Naresh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Bracher GH, Carissimi E, Wolff DB, Glusczak AG, Graepin C. Performance of an electrocoagulation-flotation system in the treatment of domestic wastewater for urban reuse. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:49439-49456. [PMID: 35583758 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Domestic wastewater is an important alternative source of water in the face of a growing discrepancy between water availability and demand. The use of techniques that enable the urban reuse of treated sewage is essential to make cities more sustainable and resilient to water scarcity. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of an electrocoagulation-flotation system in the treatment of domestic wastewater for urban reuse. The study was performed using raw domestic wastewater samples. The electrocoagulation-flotation system was a cylindrical reactor with aluminum electrodes. The treatment conditions involved agitation at 262.5 rpm, electrical current of 1.65 A, electrolysis time of 25 min, an initial pH of 6, and inter-electrode distance of 1 cm. Overall, the electrocoagulation-flotation system was highly efficient for removal of apparent color (97.9%), chemical oxygen demand (82.9%), turbidity (95.8%), and orthophosphate phosphorous (> 98.2%). The electrocoagulation-flotation system had a consumption of electrical energy ranging from 9.5 to 13.3 kWh m-3, electrode mass from 294.7 to 557.0 g m-3, and hydrochloric acid from 4.3 to 6.6 L m-3. Sludge production in the system ranged from 1,125.7 to 1,835.7 g m-3. Treated wastewater had a satisfactory quality for several urban reuse activities. The electrocoagulation-flotation system showed potential to be used for domestic wastewater treatment for urban reuse purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Holz Bracher
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Camobi, RS, 97105‑900, Brazil.
| | - Elvis Carissimi
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Camobi, RS, 97105‑900, Brazil
| | - Delmira Beatriz Wolff
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Camobi, RS, 97105‑900, Brazil
| | - Andressa Gabriela Glusczak
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Camobi, RS, 97105‑900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Graepin
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Camobi, RS, 97105‑900, Brazil
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Ghanim AN, Al-Saadi FA. A hybrid system for lead removal of simulated battery industry Wastewater using electrocoagulation/electroflotation. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2022.2055576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa N. Ghanim
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
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Investigation of fouling mechanism in membrane distillation using in-situ optical coherence tomography with green regeneration of fouled membrane. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bracher GH, Carissimi E, Wolff DB, Graepin C, Hubner AP. Optimization of an electrocoagulation-flotation system for domestic wastewater treatment and reuse. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:2669-2679. [PMID: 31875770 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1709905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The risks inherent to the inadequate domestic wastewater disposal, allied to the water growing demand, scarcity, and pollution problems, have highlighted the importance of adopting treatment techniques that not only target the sewage discharge, but also its reuse. For this reason, the objective of this study was to evaluate the best conditions of an electrocoagulation-flotation system for domestic wastewater treatment and urban reuse. To achieve this, an effects study followed by two rotatable central composite experimental designs 2² was performed, considering: agitation, electrical current, electrolysis time, inter-electrodes distance, and initial pH. The electrocoagulation-flotation system was composed of a cylindrical acrylic reactor with a working volume of 1 L, with two aluminium electrodes connected to a direct-current power supply. Results showed that electrical current and electrolysis time were the most influent operational parameters on domestic wastewater treatment in the electrocoagulation-flotation system. The initial pH adjustment was also important due the pH increase tendency observed in the results. The best conditions of agitation, inter-electrodes distance, electrolysis time, electrical current, and initial pH for domestic wastewater treatment and urban reuse were 262.5 rpm, 1 cm, 25 min, 1.65 A, and 6, respectively. Under these conditions, turbidity and colour removals higher than 98% and 92% were reached respectively, as well as residual turbidity lower than 6 NTU and final pH of 8 were achieved, following the Brazilian standards and guidelines for urban reuse. Thus, the electrocoagulation-flotation system studied was effective for domestic wastewater treatment and reuse for urban supply purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Holz Bracher
- Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Elvis Carissimi
- Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Delmira Beatriz Wolff
- Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Graepin
- Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Andressa Paola Hubner
- Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Techno-Economic Analysis of Electrocoagulation on Water Reclamation and Bacterial/Viral Indicator Reductions of a High-Strength Organic Wastewater—Anaerobic Digestion Effluent. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12072697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the use of iron and aluminum and their combinations as electrodes to determine the technically sound and economically feasible electrochemical approach for the treatment of anaerobic digestion effluent. The results indicated that the use of iron as anode and cathode is the most suitable solution among different electrode combinations. The reduction of turbidity, total chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococci, and phages in the reclaimed water were 99%, 91%, 100%, 1.5 log, 1.7 log, 1.0 log, and 2.0 log, respectively. The economic assessment further concluded that the average treatment cost is $3 per 1000 L for a small-scale operation handling 3000 L wastewater/day. This study demonstrated that the electrocoagulation (EC) is a promising technique for the recovery and reclamation of water from anaerobic digestion effluent. Even though its energy consumption is higher and the nitrogen removal is insufficient compared to some conventional wastewater treatment technologies, there are several advantages of the EC treatment, such as short retention time, small footprint, no mixing, and gradual addition of coagulants. These features make EC technology applicable to be used alone or combined with other technologies for a wide range of wastewater treatment applications.
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Roadmap to distillery spent wash treatment and use of soft computing techniques. EVOLUTIONARY INTELLIGENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12065-020-00381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hashim KS, AlKhaddar R, Shaw A, Kot P, Al-Jumeily D, Alwash R, Aljefery MH. Electrocoagulation as an Eco-Friendly River Water Treatment Method. LECTURE NOTES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8181-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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9
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Selective separation of rare-earth metal ions from aqueous solutions on the example of slightly soluble cerium and lanthanum compounds using electroflotation method in a flow-through plant. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Shamaei L, Khorshidi B, Perdicakis B, Sadrzadeh M. Treatment of oil sands produced water using combined electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation techniques. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:560-572. [PMID: 30029132 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid electrocoagulation-chemical coagulation (EC-CC) process has attracted a growing attention for the removal of various types of wastewaters contaminants. In this paper, the feasibility of EC-CC technique as an alternative to conventional chemical processes for the treatment of steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) produced water has been systematically studied. Eight parameters, namely electrode material, cell configuration, pH and temperature of the solution, chemical coagulant dosage, intensity of the electrical current, mixing rate, and treatment time were studied. To explore the synergistic effect of the design parameters, the experimental trials were arranged using Taguchi method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate the effect of each design parameter on the organic matter removal from the SAGD produced water. It was found that all parameters except the electrode arrangement had a significant effect on the removal efficiency of the EC-CC process. Among these parameters, the chemical coagulant and the treatment time had the most significant contribution to the efficiency by 40% and 26%, respectively. The optimum condition for the highest TOC removal efficiency (39.8%) was obtained by applying 0.34 A to Al electrode in a bipolar (BP) configuration when the pH, temperature, coagulant concentration, mixing rate, and reaction time were set to 8, 60 °C, 200 mg/L, 700 rpm, and 90 min, respectively. Moreover, a second-order polynomial regression model was proposed to predict the removal efficiency in terms of design parameters. An excellent agreement between the model predictions and experimental data was obtained with the adjusted R2 of about 99%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Shamaei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 10-367 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Advanced Water Research Lab (AWRL), University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, AB, Canada.
| | - Behnam Khorshidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 10-367 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Advanced Water Research Lab (AWRL), University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, AB, Canada.
| | - Basil Perdicakis
- Suncor Energy Inc., P.O. Box 2844, 150-6th Ave. SW, Calgary T2P 3E3, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Mohtada Sadrzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 10-367 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Advanced Water Research Lab (AWRL), University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, AB, Canada.
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Anfruns-Estrada E, Bruguera-Casamada C, Salvadó H, Brillas E, Sirés I, Araujo RM. Inactivation of microbiota from urban wastewater by single and sequential electrocoagulation and electro-Fenton treatments. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 126:450-459. [PMID: 28992592 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This work aims at comparing the ability of two kinds of electrochemical technologies, namely electrocoagulation (EC) and electro-Fenton (EF), to disinfect primary and secondary effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants. Heterotrophic bacteria, Escherichia coli, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens spores, somatic coliphages and eukaryotes (amoebae, flagellates, ciliates and metazoa) were tested as indicator microorganisms. EC with an Fe/Fe cell at 200 A m-2 and natural pH allowed >5 log unit removal of E. coli and final concentration below 1 bacteria mL-1 of coliphages and eukaryotes from both effluents in ca. 60 min, whereas heterotrophic bacteria, enterococci and spores were more resistant. A larger removal was obtained for the primary effluent, probably because the flocs remove higher amount of total organic carbon (TOC), entrapping more easily the microbiota. EF with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and an air-diffusion cathode that produces H2O2 on site was first performed at pH 3.0, with large or even total inactivation of microorganisms within 30 min. A more effective microorganism removal was attained as compared to EC thanks to •OH formed from Fenton's reaction. A quicker disinfection was observed for the secondary effluent owing to its lower TOC content, allowing the attack of greater quantities of electrogenerated oxidants on microorganisms. Wastewater disinfection by EF was also feasible at natural pH (∼7), showing similar abatement of active microorganisms as a result of the synergistic action of generated oxidants like active chlorine and coagulation with iron hydroxides. A sequential EC/EF treatment (30 min each) was more effective for a combined decontamination and disinfection of urban wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Anfruns-Estrada
- Sec. Microbiologia, Virologia i Biotecnologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmina Bruguera-Casamada
- Sec. Microbiologia, Virologia i Biotecnologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Humbert Salvadó
- Sec. Microbiologia, Virologia i Biotecnologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Laboratori de Protistologia, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Brillas
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sirés
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rosa M Araujo
- Sec. Microbiologia, Virologia i Biotecnologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Nariyan E, Aghababaei A, Sillanpää M. Removal of pharmaceutical from water with an electrocoagulation process; effect of various parameters and studies of isotherm and kinetic. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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13
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Hakizimana JN, Najid N, Gourich B, Vial C, Stiriba Y, Naja J. Hybrid electrocoagulation/electroflotation/electrodisinfection process as a pretreatment for seawater desalination. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chellam S, Sari MA. Aluminum electrocoagulation as pretreatment during microfiltration of surface water containing NOM: A review of fouling, NOM, DBP, and virus control. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 304:490-501. [PMID: 26619048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrocoagulation (EC) is the intentional corrosion of sacrificial anodes (typically aluminum or iron) by passing electricity to release metal-ion coagulant species and destabilize a wide range of suspended, dissolved, and macromolecular contaminants. It can be integrated ahead of microfiltration (MF) to effectively control turbidity, microorganisms, and disinfection by-products (DBPs) and simultaneously maintain a high MF specific flux. This manuscript summarizes the current knowledge on MF pretreatment by aluminum EC particularly focusing on mechanisms of (i) electrocoagulant dosing, (ii) (bio)colloid destabilization, (iii) fouling reductions, and (iv) enhanced removal of viruses, natural organic matter (NOM), and DBP precursors. Electrolysis efficiently removes hydrophobic NOM, viruses, and siliceous foulants. Aluminum effectively electrocoagulates viruses by physically encapsulating them in flocs, neutralizing their surface charge and reducing electrostatic repulsion, and increasing hydrophobic interactions between any sorbed NOM and free viruses. New results included herein demonstrate that EC achieves DBP control by removing NOM, reducing chlorine-reactivity of remaining NOM, and inducing a slight shift toward more brominated trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. EC reduces MF fouling by forming large flocs that tend to deposit on the membrane surface, i.e. decrease pore penetration and forming more permeable cakes and by reducing foulant mass in case of significant floc-flotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankararaman Chellam
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, United States.
| | - Mutiara Ayu Sari
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, United States
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Särkkä H, Vepsäläinen M, Sillanpää M. Natural organic matter (NOM) removal by electrochemical methods — A review. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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17
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Mohora E, Rončević S, Agbaba J, Tubić A, Mitić M, Klašnja M, Dalmacija B. Removal of arsenic from groundwater rich in natural organic matter (NOM) by continuous electrocoagulation/flocculation (ECF). Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mansoorian HJ, Mahvi AH, Jafari AJ. Removal of lead and zinc from battery industry wastewater using electrocoagulation process: Influence of direct and alternating current by using iron and stainless steel rod electrodes. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Boudjema N, Drouiche N, Abdi N, Grib H, Lounici H, Pauss A, Mameri N. Treatment of Oued El Harrach river water by electrocoagulation noting the effect of the electric field on microorganisms. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Djelal H, Tahrani L, Fathallah S, Cabrol A, Mansour HB. Treatment process and toxicities assessment of wastewater issued from anaerobic digestion of household wastes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:2437-2447. [PMID: 24072641 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Modern society grapples with large amounts of household waste. The anaerobic digestion of this waste offers a promising source for energy-rich biogas production but generates high toxic effluents that require treatment before reuse or disposal into the environment. This study aimed to investigate three techniques, namely coagulation/flocculation, electro-coagulation, and activated sludge, in terms of efficiency in the treatment of these effluents. It also aimed to assess their toxicity effects on the germination and growth of durum wheat Triticum aestivum L. seeds before and after 6 days of treatment. Activated sludge was most efficient in reducing chemical oxygen demand, turbidity, and conductivity (95.7 %, 15.8 %, and 37.5 %, respectively). The effluent treated with this technique induced a marked delay in germination (low mean time of germination) and a significant reduction in the percentages of seed germination and root and leaf growths. It was also noted to strongly induce lipid peroxidation in roots and leaves, which presumably explained the germination/growth inhibition of the wheat seeds. The effluent also induced marked lipid peroxidation effects and strongly inhibited the activities of butyrylcholinesterase in mice bone marrows. The effluent shows a high ability to inhibit the growth of three microalgae; these endpoints are useful tools to biomonitor the physico-chemical quality of this wastewater. Overall, while no significant alterations were observed in terms of animal and vegetable toxicities when the effluent was treated by coagulation/flocculation, activated sludge treatment proved efficient in reducing the toxicities induced by the untreated effluents. The results indicate that the application of this technique is promising with regards to attaining efficient, eco-friendly, and cost-effective strategies for the management and treatment of household waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayet Djelal
- Ecole des Métiers de l'Environnement, Campus de Ker Lann, 35170, Bruz, France
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22
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Zodi S, Merzouk B, Potier O, Lapicque F, Leclerc JP. Direct red 81 dye removal by a continuous flow electrocoagulation/flotation reactor. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kuokkanen V, Kuokkanen T, Rämö J, Lassi U. Recent Applications of Electrocoagulation in Treatment of Water and Wastewater—A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/gsc.2013.32013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mohora E, Rončević S, Dalmacija B, Agbaba J, Watson M, Karlović E, Dalmacija M. Removal of natural organic matter and arsenic from water by electrocoagulation/flotation continuous flow reactor. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 235-236:257-264. [PMID: 22902131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The performance of the laboratory scale electrocoagulation/flotation (ECF) reactor in removing high concentrations of natural organic matter (NOM) and arsenic from groundwater was analyzed in this study. An ECF reactor with bipolar plate aluminum electrodes was operated in the horizontal continuous flow mode. Electrochemical and flow variables were optimized to examine ECF reactor contaminants removal efficiency. The optimum conditions for the process were identified as groundwater initial pH 5, flow rate=4.3 l/h, inter electrode distance=2.8 cm, current density=5.78 mA/cm(2), A/V ratio=0.248 cm(-1). The NOM removal according to UV(254) absorbance and dissolved organic matter (DOC) reached highest values of 77% and 71% respectively, relative to the raw groundwater. Arsenic removal was 85% (6.2 μg As/l) relative to raw groundwater, satisfying the drinking water standards. The specific reactor electrical energy consumption was 17.5 kWh/kg Al. The specific aluminum electrode consumption was 66 g Al/m(3). According to the obtained results, ECF in horizontal continuous flow mode is an energy efficient process to remove NOM and arsenic from groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilijan Mohora
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg D. Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Vepsäläinen M, Pulliainen M, Sillanpää M. Effect of electrochemical cell structure on natural organic matter (NOM) removal from surface water through electrocoagulation (EC). Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gamage NP, Rimer JD, Chellam S. Improvements in permeate flux by aluminum electroflotation pretreatment during microfiltration of surface water. J Memb Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tanneru CT, Chellam S. Mechanisms of virus control during iron electrocoagulation--microfiltration of surface water. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:2111-20. [PMID: 22326196 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Results from a laboratory-scale study evaluating virus control by a hybrid iron electrocoagulation - microfiltration process revealed only 1.0-1.5 log MS2 bacteriophage reduction even at relatively high iron dosages (≈ 13 mg/L as Fe) for natural surface water containing moderate natural organic matter (NOM) concentrations (4.5 mg/L dissolved organic carbon, DOC). In contrast, much greater reductions were measured (6.5-log at pH 6.4 and 4-log at pH 7.5) at similar iron dosages for synthetic water that was devoid of NOM. Quantitative agreement with Faraday's law with 2-electron transfer and speciation with phenanthroline demonstrated electrochemical generation of soluble ferrous iron. Near quantitative extraction of viruses by dissolving flocs formed in synthetic water provided direct evidence of their removal by sorption and enmeshment onto iron hydroxide flocs. In contrast, only approximately 1% of the viruses were associated with the flocs formed in natural water consistent with the measured poor removals. 1-2 logs of virus inactivation were also observed in the electrochemical cell for synthetic water (no NOM) but not for surface water (4.5 mg/L DOC). Sweep flocculation was the dominant destabilization mechanism since the ζ potential did not reach zero even when 6-log virus reductions were achieved. Charge neutralization only played a secondary role since ζ potential → 0 with increasing iron electrocoagulant dosage. Importantly, virus removal from synthetic water decreased when Suwanee River Humic Acid was added. Therefore, NOM present in natural waters appears to reduce the effectiveness of iron electrocoagulation pretreatment to microfiltration for virus control by complexing ferrous ions. This inhibits (i) Fe(2+) oxidation, precipitation, and virus destabilization and (ii) virus inactivation through reactive oxygen species intermediates or by direct interactions with Fe(2+) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charan Tej Tanneru
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, TX 77204-4003, USA
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Ahmed MT, Chaabane T, Maachi R, Darchen A. Efficiency of a Pretreatment by Electrocoagulation with Aluminum Electrodes in a Nanofiltration Treatment of Polluted Water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lopez-Lopez C, Martín-Pascual J, González-Martínez A, Calderón K, González-López J, Hontoria E, Poyatos JM. Influence of filling ratio and carrier type on organic matter removal in a moving bed biofilm reactor with pretreatment of electrocoagulation in wastewater treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2012; 47:1759-1767. [PMID: 22755522 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2012.689223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
At present, there is great concern about limited water resources and water quality, which require a more advanced technology. The Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) has been shown to be an efficient technology for removal of organic matter and nutrients in industrial and urban wastewater treatment. However, there are some pollutants which are more difficult to remove by biological processes, so this process can be improved with additional physical and chemical treatments such as electrocoagulation, which appears to be a promising technology in electrochemical treatments. In this research, urban wastewater was treated in an MBBR plant with an electrocoagulation pre-treatment. K1 from AnoxKaldnes and AQWISE ABC5 from Aqwise were the carriers studied under three different filling ratios (20, 35, and 50%). The experimental pilot plant had four bioreactors with 20 L of operation volume and a common feed tank with 100 L of operation volume. The movement of the carriers was generated by aeration and stirrer systems. Organic matter removal was studied by analysis of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD). The maximum organic matter removal in this MBBR system was 65.8% ± 1.4% and 78.4% ± 0.1% for K1 and Aqwise ABC5 carriers, respectively. Moreover, the bacterial diversity of the biofilm was studied by temperature-gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) of PCR-amplified partial 16S rRNA genes. 20 prominent TGGE bands were successfully reamplified and sequenced, being the predominant population: β-Proteobacteria, α-Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lopez-Lopez
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Mahvi AH, Ebrahimi SJAD, Mesdaghinia A, Gharibi H, Sowlat MH. Performance evaluation of a continuous bipolar electrocoagulation/electrooxidation–electroflotation (ECEO–EF) reactor designed for simultaneous removal of ammonia and phosphate from wastewater effluent. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 192:1267-74. [PMID: 21741172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Gamage NP, Chellam S. Aluminum electrocoagulation pretreatment reduces fouling during surface water microfiltration. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Orescanin V, Kollar R, Nad K. The electrocoagulation/advanced oxidation treatment of the groundwater used for human consumption. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2011; 46:1611-1618. [PMID: 22092157 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.623628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was development and application of the purification system suitable for the treatment of groundwater used for human consumption, satisfying following criteria: (a) no need for external addition of the chemicals; (b) simultaneous removal of wide range of contaminants present in the treated water; (c) low sensitivity to the changes in the composition of the treated water; (d) high quality of treated water with regards to all measured parameters. Therefore the well water from the 60 m deep water layer situated near the city of Osijek (Eastern Croatia) with elevated values of heavy metals, color, turbidity, suspended solids, ammonia and organic contaminants was processed. Due to the complex composition of the treated water, the purification system required the combination of electroreduction/electrocoagulation, using iron and aluminum electrode plates followed by the simultaneous ozonation/UV treatment. The electroreduction/electrocoagulation approach was used for the removal of heavy metals, suspended solids, color and turbidity, while the organic contaminants and ammonia were removed by the ozonation/UV treatment. All measured parameters in the purified water were significantly lower compared to the regulated values. Under the optimum treatment conditions, the removal efficiencies for color, turbidity, nickel and arsenic were 100%. The removal efficiencies of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, ammonia, fluorides, sulfates and COD were 94.5%, 96.0%, 98.3%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 97.8%, 96.7%, 96,7%, 93.4%, 51.4%, 72.2% and 93.8%, respectively, increasing with the increased initial concentrations.
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