1
|
Liu Y, Yuan Y, Wang Y, Ngo HH, Wang J. Research and application of active species based on high-valent iron for the degradation of pollutants: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171430. [PMID: 38458457 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Fe(VI), as a new green treatment agent, has two indispensable processes in water treatment: coagulation and oxidation. Fe(VI) has a strong oxidation ability. The intermediate iron species (Fe(V) and Fe(IV)) and reactive radical species (H2O2, •OH, and O2•-) produced by decomposition and reduction reaction have strong oxidation ability, in addition, the hydrolyzed product formed in situ with core (γ-Fe2O3)-shell (γ-FeOOH) structure also has good coagulation effect. Because Fe(VI) is easy to decompose and challenging to preserve, it limits the application and sometimes significantly reduces the subsequent processing effect. How to make Fe(VI) more efficient use is a hot spot in current research. This article summarizes the distribution of active substances during the hydrolysis of Fe(VI), distinguish the differences mechanisms in the similar regulation methods, reviews the current preparation methods of Fe(VI), and finally reviews the applications of Fe(VI) in the field of environmental remediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dar AA, Pan B, Qin J, Zhu Q, Lichtfouse E, Usman M, Wang C. Sustainable ferrate oxidation: Reaction chemistry, mechanisms and removal of pollutants in wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:117957. [PMID: 34425373 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is intended to evaluate the use of ferrate (Fe(VI)), being a green coagulant, sustainable and reactive oxidant, to remove micro pollutants especially pharmaceutical pollutants in contaminated water. After a brief description of advanced oxidation processes, fundamental dimensions regarding the nature, reactivity, and chemistry of this oxidant are summarized. The degradation of contaminants by Fe(VI) involves several mechanisms and reactive agents which are critically evaluated. The efficiency and chemistry of Fe(VI) oxidation differs according to the reaction conditions and activation agent, such as soluble Fe(VI) processes, which involve Fe(VI), UV light, and electro-Fe(VI) oxidation. Fe(VI) application methods (including single dose, multiple doses, chitosan coating etc), and Fe(VI) with activating agents (including sulfite, thiosulfate, and UV) are also described to degrade the micro pollutants. Besides, application of Fe(VI) to remove pharmaceuticals in wastewater are intensely studied. Electrochemical prepared Fe(VI) has more wide application than wet oxidation method. Meanwhile, we elaborated Fe(VI) performance, limitations, and proposed innovative aspects to improve its stability, such as the generation of Fe(III), synergetic effects, nanopores entrapment, and nanopores capsules. This study provides conclusive direction for synergetic oxidative technique to degrade the micro pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Ahmed Dar
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Bao Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jiani Qin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Qiuhui Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, 13100, France
| | - Muhammad Usman
- PEIE Research Chair for the Development of Industrial Estates and Free Zones, Center for Environmental Studies and Research, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Chuanyi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
ZIF-67-derived Co@N-PC anchored on tracheid skeleton from sawdust with micro/nano composite structures for boosted methylene blue degradation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
4
|
Lei X, Lei Y, Zhang X, Yang X. Treating disinfection byproducts with UV or solar irradiation and in UV advanced oxidation processes: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 408:124435. [PMID: 33189471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the degradation kinetics and mechanisms of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) under UV and solar irradiation and in UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). A total of 59 such compounds are discussed. The processes evaluated are low pressure, medium pressure and vacuum UV irradiation, solar irradiation together with UV/hydrogen peroxide, UV/persulfate and UV/chlorine AOPs. Under UV and solar irradiation, the photodegradation rates of N-nitrosamines are much higher than those of halogenated DBPs. Among halogenated DBPs, those containing iodine are photodegraded more rapidly than those containing bromine or chlorine. This is due to differences in their bond energies (EN-N < EC-I < EC-Br < EC-Cl). Molar absorption coefficients at 254 nm and energy gaps can be used to predict the photodegradation rates of DBPs under low pressure UV irradiation. But many DBPs of interest cannot be degraded to half their original concentration with less than a 500 mJ cm-2 dose of low pressure UV light. HO• generally contributes to less than 30% of the degradation of DBPs except iodo-DBPs in UV/H2O2 AOPs. Reaction mechanisms under UV irradiation and in HO•-mediated oxidation are also summarized. N-N bond cleavage initiates their direct UV photolysis of N-nitrosamines as C-X cleavage does among halogenated compounds. HO• generally initiates degradation via single electron transfer, addition and hydrogen abstraction pathways. Information on the reaction rate constants of SO4•- and halogen radicals with DBPs is rather limited, and little information is available about their reaction pathways. Overall, this review provides improved understanding of UV, solar and AOPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xinran Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dong M, Liu YD, Zhong R. NDMA formation mechanisms from typical hydrazines and hydrazones during ozonation: A computational study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 366:370-377. [PMID: 30544038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as the most frequently detected disinfection by-product has aroused widespread concern due to its unusually high carcinogenicity, however, there is still limited understanding of its formation mechanisms. In this study, the formation mechanisms of NDMA from some typical hydrazines and hydrazones with high NDMA conversion yields (60%∼90%) during ozonation, i.e., unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), 1-formyl-2,2-dimethylhydrazine (FDMH), formaldehyde dimethylhydrazone (FDH) and acetone dimethylhydrazone (ADMH), were investigated by using DFT method with the M05 functional. A new NDMA formation mechanism from hydrazines during ozonation was proposed, in which the initial step is hydrogen abstraction rather than previously reported oxygen addition. For hydrazones, the C atom of the -N = C moiety in hydrazones is preferred to be attacked by ozone to generate N,N-dimethylaminonitrene (DMAN), which is an important intermediate in NDMA formation during ozonation. Moreover, the reactivity order of the following H atoms in hydrogen/hydride ion abstraction (HA) by ozone is -NH2 > -N(CH3)2 > -CO-NH ∼ =C(CH3)2 > =CH-. Additionally, formation pathways of some experimentally detected compounds, i.e., HOOOH, HOOH and HCOH, in the ozonation of hydrazine were elucidated in this study. The results are expected to expand our understanding of NDMA formation mechanisms and ozone reaction characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Yong Dong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Rugang Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
David V, Galaon T, Bacalum E. Sample Enrichment by Solid-Phase Extraction for Reaching Parts per Quadrillion Levels in Environmental Analysis. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
7
|
Beltrán-Suito R, Pinedo-Flores A, Bravo-Hualpa F, Ramos-Muñoz J, Sun-Kou MDR. Adsorption of N,N-dimethylamine from aqueous solutions by a metal organic framework, MOF – 235. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2018.1489275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Beltrán-Suito
- Department of Sciences, Section Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, San Miguel, Perú
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganic Chemistry and Inorganic Materials, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela Pinedo-Flores
- Department of Sciences, Section Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, San Miguel, Perú
| | - Fabiola Bravo-Hualpa
- Department of Sciences, Section Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, San Miguel, Perú
| | - Jorge Ramos-Muñoz
- Department of Sciences, Section Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, San Miguel, Perú
- Department of Sciences, Peruvian University of Applied Sciences, Monterrico, Santiago de Surco, Perú
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Al-Obaidi M, Kara-Zaïtri C, Mujtaba I. Simulation and optimisation of spiral-wound reverse osmosis process for the removal of N -nitrosamine from wastewater. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
9
|
Liu J, Dong M, Zhang S, Liu YD, Zhong R. Theoretical Investigation of the Gas-Phase S N2 Reactions of Anionic and Neutral Nucleophiles with Chloramines. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:3045-3056. [PMID: 29498521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The SN2 reactions at nitrogen center (SN2@N) play a significant role in organic synthesis, carcinogenesis, and the formation of some environmentally toxic compounds. However, the SN2@N reactions specifically for neutral compounds as nucleophiles are less known. In this work, reactions of dimethylamine (DMA) and F- with NH2Cl were investigated as model reactions to validate an accurate functional from 24 DFT functionals by comparing with the CCSD(T) reference data. M06-2X functional was found to perform best and applied to systematically explore the trends in reactivity for halides (F- and Cl-) and simple amines toward the substrates NH2Cl and NHCl2 (SN2@N) as well as CH3Cl and CH2Cl2 (SN2@C). The computational results show that the backside inversion channel dominates most the SN2@N reactions except for the case of F- + NHCl2, which reacts preferentially via proton transfer. The overall activation free energies (Δ G‡) of the inversion channel for the SN2 reactions of F- and Cl- with chloramines are negative, whereas those for amines as nucleophiles are around 30-44 kcal/mol. The SN2@N reactions for all the nucleophiles investigated here are faster than the corresponding SN2@C. Moreover, amines react faster when they have a higher extent of methyl substitution. Additionally, the energy gap between the HOMO of nucleophile and LUMO of substrate generally correlates well with Δ G‡ of the corresponding SN2 reactions, which is consistent with previous results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieqing Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science & Bioengineering , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
| | - Meng Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science & Bioengineering , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science & Bioengineering , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
| | - Yong Dong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science & Bioengineering , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
| | - Rugang Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science & Bioengineering , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The self-catalysis of ferrate (VI) by its reactive byproducts or reductive substances for the degradation of diclofenac: Kinetics, mechanism and transformation products. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
11
|
Sun Z, Zhang C, Zhao X, Chen J, Zhou Q. Efficient photoreductive decomposition of N-nitrosodimethylamine by UV/iodide process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 329:185-192. [PMID: 28171837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) has aroused extensive concern as a disinfection byproduct due to its high toxicity and elevated concentration levels in water sources. This study investigates the photoreductive decomposition of NDMA by UV/iodide process. The results showed that this process is an effective strategy for the treatment of NDMA with 99.2% NDMA removed within 10min. The depletion of NDMA by UV/iodide process obeyed pseudo-first-order kinetics with a rate constant (k1) of 0.60±0.03min-1. Hydrated electrons (eaq-) generated by the UV irradiation of iodide were proven to play a critical role. Dimethylamine (DMA) and nitrite (NO2-) were formed as the main intermediate products, which completely converted to formate (HCOO-), ammonium (NH4+) and nitrogen (N2). Therefore, not only the high efficiencies in NDMA destruction, but the elimination of toxic intermediates make UV/iodide process advantageous. A photoreduction mechanism was proposed: NDMA initially absorbed photons to a photoexcited state, and underwent a cleavage of NNO bond under the attack of eaq-. The solution pH had little impact on NDMA removal. However, alkaline conditions were more favorable for the elimination of DMA and NO2-, thus effectively reducing the secondary pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chaojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu YD, Zhong R. Comparison of N-nitrosodimethylamine formation mechanisms from dimethylamine during chloramination and ozonation: A computational study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 321:362-370. [PMID: 27643481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as a disinfection by-product has recently become the focus of considerable research interest due to its unusually high carcinogenicity. In this study, the formation mechanisms of NDMA from dimethylamine (DMA) during chloramination and ozonation were investigated by using the quantum chemical G4 method. The reactivity of haloamines and hydroxylamine reacting with DMA was found in the order: NHCl2∼NHBrCl (Br-leaving)>NHBr2>NH2Cl∼NH2Br>>NH2OH. This offers a theoretical support for the experimentally proposed mechanism that dimethylamine reacts with NHCl2 rather than NH2Cl to form chlorinated unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine intermediate and the existence of bromochloramine in the presence of bromide during chloramination, and explains the observation that NDMA yield during ozonation is much lower than that during chloramination. Importantly, an N,N-dimethylaminonitrene was found to be a significant intermediate to form NDMA in oxidation reactions by molecular oxygen and ozone. Additionally, results suggest that the amines containing the second nitrogen source directly connecting or close to the N-(CH3)2 moiety are potential significant NDMA precursors upon ozonation. The findings of this study are helpful for expanding the knowledge of NDMA formation mechanism, and predicting potential NDMA precursors during disinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Dong Liu
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Rugang Zhong
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang X, Gan W, Zhang X, Huang H, Sharma VK. Effect of pH on the formation of disinfection byproducts in ferrate(VI) pre-oxidation and subsequent chlorination. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
14
|
Chen WH, Yang YC, Wang YH, Li CM, Lin KY, Lou JC. Effect of molecular characteristics on the formation of nitrosamines during chlor(am)ination of phenylurea herbicides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2015; 17:2092-2100. [PMID: 26537693 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00308c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the formation of different nitrosamines during chlorination or chloramination (chlor(am)ination) of five phenylurea herbicides (fluometuron, diuron, linuron, metobromuron, and propanil), with the effects of disinfection approaches, additional inorganic nitrogen, and reaction pH being studied. By analyzing six nitrosamines, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) formation was observed. The dimethylamine functional group was the key to determining whether a particular phenylurea herbicide was an important nitrosamine precursor, as the NDMA conversion ratio was much higher. Chlorination with ammonium or dichloramination enhanced the NDMA formation. NPYR formation from the herbicides that did not form NDMA was detected and was more vigorous during dichloramination or in the presence of either ammonium or nitrite. The NPYR formation was possibly related to the aniline molecular fragment from the phenylurea herbicides. Both NDMA and NPYR formation were higher at pH 8. Overall, the maximum nitrosamine conversions decreased in the order: fluometuron > diuron > propanil > metobromuron > linuron (up to 0.99%, 0.46%, 0.005%, 0.004%, and 0.003% molar conversion rates, respectively) during chlorination or chloramination and dichloramine > free chlorine > monochloramine (up to 0.99%, 0.41%, and 0.005% molar conversion rates, respectively) for given herbicide, chlorine, and nitrogen doses. Applying the results of this study, phenylurea herbicide concentrations ranging from several to tens of μg L(-1) will yield a NDMA concentration in drinking water above the level for a theoretical 10(-6) lifetime cancer risk. NPYR formation will increase the risk of these phenylurea herbicide concentrations to downstream water users. The true adverse environmental impacts of these phenylurea herbicides are important to emphasize given their high loadings as non-point source pollutants and their typical environmental scenarios (e.g., at neutral pH or with the co-occurrence of inorganic nitrogen), likely resulting in more efficient nitrosamine formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Chen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ciao Yang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Hong Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Min Li
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Kun-Yi Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Jie-Chung Lou
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Beltrán-Suito R, Pinedo-Flores A, Bravo-Hualpa F, Ramos-Muñoz J, Picasso-Escobar G, Sun-Kou MDR. Synthesis of activated carbon from aguaje seeds (Mauritia flexuosa) for the adsorption of the N,N-dimethylamine. ADSORPTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-015-9705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
16
|
Gan W, Sharma VK, Zhang X, Yang L, Yang X. Investigation of disinfection byproducts formation in ferrate(VI) pre-oxidation of NOM and its model compounds followed by chlorination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 292:197-204. [PMID: 25814185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation in pre-oxidation with ferrate(VI) (Fe(VI)O4(2-), Fe(VI)) and relationship between subsequent chlorination of Suwannee river natural organic matter (SRNOM) and eight model compounds containing moieties of alcohol, aldehyde, amines, amino acids, and phenol. The DBPs studied were trihalomethanes (THMs), chloral hydrate (CH), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and trichloronitromethane (TCNM). When the interaction of Fe(VI) and SRNOM was independently examined at pH 7.0, a decrease was seen in dissolved organic carbon and in the hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions of NOM. With the model compounds, the results showed that Fe(VI) pre-oxidation and subsequent chlorination decreased the formation of THMs with most of the compounds except amines and glycine. The effect of Fe(VI) preoxidation on CH and HANs formation from model compounds varied and was dependent on ferrate doses. Fe(VI) pre-oxidation significantly enhanced TCNM formation, compared to without pre-oxidation, from subsequent chlorination of methylamine, dimethylamine and glycine and the formation increased with increasing doses of ferrate. Correlations of DBPs formation between SRNOM and model compounds were sought to identify the moieties involved in influencing the formation of DBPs. The generation of DBPs is described using the parent molecules and the kinetics and reaction products of Fe(VI)/chlorine oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Gan
- SYSU-HKUST Research Center for Innovative Environmental Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- SYSU-HKUST Research Center for Innovative Environmental Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - La Yang
- SYSU-HKUST Research Center for Innovative Environmental Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Yang
- SYSU-HKUST Research Center for Innovative Environmental Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Spahr S, Bolotin J, Schleucher J, Ehlers I, von Gunten U, Hofstetter TB. Compound-Specific Carbon, Nitrogen, and Hydrogen Isotope Analysis of N-Nitrosodimethylamine in Aqueous Solutions. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2916-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5044169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Spahr
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- School
of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jakov Bolotin
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Schleucher
- Umeå University, Department of Medical Biochemistry
and Biophysics, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ina Ehlers
- Umeå University, Department of Medical Biochemistry
and Biophysics, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- School
of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute
of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas B. Hofstetter
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liao X, Chen C, Zhang J, Dai Y, Zhang X, Xie S. Dimethylamine biodegradation by mixed culture enriched from drinking water biofilter. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:935-940. [PMID: 25280176 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylamine (DMA) is one of the important precursors of drinking water disinfection by-product N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Reduction of DMA to minimize the formation of carcinogenic NDMA in drinking water is of practical importance. Biodegradation plays a major role in elimination of DMA pollution in the environment, yet information on DMA removal by drinking water biofilter is still lacking. In this study, microcosms with different treatments were constructed to investigate the potential of DMA removal by a mixed culture enriched from a drinking water biofilter and the effects of carbon and nitrogen sources. DMA could be quickly mineralized by the enrichment culture. Amendment of a carbon source, instead of a nitrogen source, had a profound impact on DMA removal. A shift in bacterial community structure was observed with DMA biodegradation, affected by carbon and nitrogen sources. Proteobacteria was the predominant phylum group in DMA-degrading microcosms. Microorganisms from a variety of bacterial genera might be responsible for the rapid DMA mineralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Liao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingxu Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Dai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuguang Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Verdugo EM, Krause C, Genskow K, Han Y, Baltrusaitis J, Mattes TE, Valentine RL, Cwiertny DM. N-functionalized carbon nanotubes as a source and precursor of N-nitrosodimethylamine: implications for environmental fate, transport, and toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:9279-9287. [PMID: 25073818 DOI: 10.1021/es501578u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous byproducts may be generated during the environmental processing of engineered nanomaterials. Here, we explore the ability of carbon nanotubes with nitrogen-containing surface groups (N-CNTs) to generate N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) during chemical disinfection. Unexpectedly, we observed that commercial N-CNTs with amine, amide, or N-containing polymer (PABS) surface groups are a source of NDMA. As-received powders can leach up to 50 ng of NDMA per mg of N-CNT in aqueous suspension; presumably NDMA originates as a residue from N-CNT manufacturing. Furthermore, reaction of N-CNTs with free chlorine, monochloramine, and ozone generated byproduct NDMA at yields comparable to those reported for natural organic matter. Chlorination also altered N-CNT surface chemistry, with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicating addition of Cl, loss of N, and an increase in surface O. Although these changes can increase N-CNT suspension stability, they do not enhance their acute toxicity in E. coli bioassays above that observed for as-received powders. Notably, however, dechlorination of reacted N-CNTs with sulfite completely suppresses N-CNT toxicity. Collectively, our work demonstrates that N-CNTs are both a source and precursor of NDMA, a probable human carcinogen, while chemical disinfection can produce CNTs exhibiting surface chemistry and environmental behavior distinct from that of native (i.e., as-received) materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgard M Verdugo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ⊥Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
|
22
|
Yates BJ, Zboril R, Sharma VK. Engineering aspects of ferrate in water and wastewater treatment - a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:1603-1614. [PMID: 25320847 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.950924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is renewed interest in the tetra-oxy compound of +6 oxidation states of iron, ferrate(VI) (Fe(VI)O4(2-)), commonly called ferrate. Ferrate has the potential in cleaner ("greener") technologies for water treatment and remediation processes, as it produces potentially less toxic byproducts than other treatment chemicals (e.g., chlorine). Ferrate has strong potential to oxidize a number of contaminants, including sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds, estrogens, and antibiotics. This oxidation capability of ferrate combines with its efficient disinfection and coagulation properties as a multi-purpose treatment chemical in a single dose. This review focuses on the engineering aspects of ferrate use at the pilot scale to remove contaminants in and enhance physical treatment of water and wastewater. In most of the pilot-scale studies, in-line and on-line electrochemical ferrate syntheses have been applied. In this ferrate synthesis, ferrate was directly prepared in solution from an iron anode, followed by direct addition to the contaminant stream. Some older studies applied ferrate as a solid. This review presents examples of removing a range of contaminants by adding ferrate solution to the stream. Results showed that ferrate alone and in combination with additional coagulants can reduce total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and organic matter. Ferrate also oxidizes cyanide, sulfide, arsenic, phenols, anilines, and dyes and disinfects a variety of viruses and bacteria. Limitations and drawbacks of the application of ferrate in treating contaminated water on the pilot scale are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Yates
- a Energy and Environment, Battelle , Columbus , Ohio , USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sharma VK, Zboril R, McDonald TJ. Formation and toxicity of brominated disinfection byproducts during chlorination and chloramination of water: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:212-228. [PMID: 24380621 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.858576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water exhibit considerable adverse health effects; recent focus is on the brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs). The chlorination and chloramination of bromide ion containing water produce reactive bromo species, which subsequently react with natural organic matter (NOM) to yield Br-DBPs. The possible reactions involved in generating DBPs are presented. Identified Br-DBPs include bromomethanes, bromoacetic acid, bromoacetamides, bromoacetonitriles, and bromophenols. Mixed chloro- and bromo-species have also been identified. Pathways of the formation of Br-DBPs have been described. The concentration of Br- ion, pH, reaction time, and the presence of Cu(II) influence the yield of DBPs. The effects of water conditions on the production of Br-DBPs are presented. The epidemiological studies to understand the potential toxic effects of DBPs including Br-DBPs are summarized. Brominated DBPs may have higher health risks than their corresponding chlorinated DBPs. A potential role of an emerging alternate disinfectant, ferrate (FeV)O(2-)4), in minimizing DBPs is briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virender K Sharma
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , School of Rural Public Health, Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas , USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Casbeer EM, Sharma VK, Zajickova Z, Dionysiou DD. Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of tryptophan by ferrate(VI). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:4572-4580. [PMID: 23517271 DOI: 10.1021/es305283k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Kinetics of the oxidation of tryptophan (Trp) and kynurenine (Kyn), precursors of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBP), by ferrate(VI) (Fe(VI)O4(2-), Fe(VI)) were investigated over the acidic to basic pH range. The second-order rate constants decreased with increase in pH, which could be described by the speciation of Fe(VI) and Trp (or Kyn). The trend of pH dependence of rates for Trp (i.e., aromatic α-amino acid) differs from that for glycine (i.e., aliphatic α-amino acid). A nonlinear relationship between transformation of Trp and the added amount of Fe(VI) was found. This suggests that the formed intermediate oxidized products (OPs), identified by LC-PDA and LC-MS techniques, could possibly compete with Trp to react with Fe(VI). N-Formylkynurenine (NFK) at pH 7.0 and 4-hydroxyquinoline (4-OH Q) and kynurenic acid (Kyn-A) at pH 9.0 were the major OPs. Tryptophan radical formation during the reaction was confirmed by the rapid-freeze quench EPR experiments. The oxygen atom transfer from Fe(VI) to NFK was demonstrated by reacting Fe(18)O4(2-) ion with Trp. A proposed mechanism explains the identified OPs at both neutral and alkaline pH. Kinetics and OPs by Fe(VI) were compared with other oxidants (chlorine, ClO2(•), O3, and (•)OH).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Casbeer
- Chemistry Department, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Soltermann F, Lee M, Canonica S, von Gunten U. Enhanced N-nitrosamine formation in pool water by UV irradiation of chlorinated secondary amines in the presence of monochloramine. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:79-90. [PMID: 23098367 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
N-Nitrosamines, in particular N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), are carcinogens, which occur as chlorine disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pools and hot tubs. UV treatment is a commonly used technique in swimming pools for disinfection and DBP attenuation. UV irradiation is known to efficiently degrade N-nitrosamines. However, UV irradiation (at λ = 254 nm) of chlorinated dimethylamine (CDMA) and monochloramine, two NDMA precursors present in swimming pool water, resulted in a substantial UV-induced NDMA formation (~1-2% molar yield based on initial CDMA concentration) simultaneously to NDMA photolysis. Maximum NDMA concentrations were found at UV doses in the range used for advanced oxidation (350-850 mJ cm(-2)). Very similar behaviour was found for other chlorinated secondary amines, namely diethylamine and morpholine. Effectiveness of UV irradiation for N-nitrosamine abatement depends on initial N-nitrosamine and precursor concentrations and the applied UV dose. N-Nitrosamine formation is hypothesized to occur via the reaction of nitric oxide or peroxynitrite with the secondary aminyl radical, which are products from the photolysis of monochloramine and chlorinated secondary amines, respectively. Experiments with pool water showed that similar trends were observed under pool water conditions. UV treatment (UV dose: ~360 mJ cm(-2)) slightly increased NDMA concentration in pool water instead of the anticipated 50% abatement in the absence of NDMA precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Soltermann
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|