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Song Y, Bao Z, Gu Y. Photocatalytic Enhancement Strategy with the Introduction of Metallic Bi: A Review on Bi/Semiconductor Photocatalysts. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300307. [PMID: 38084448 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Semiconductor photocatalysis has great potential in the fields of solar fuel production and environmental remediation. Nevertheless, the photocatalytic efficiency still constrains its practical production applications. The development of new semiconductor materials is essential to enhance the solar energy conversion efficiency of photocatalytic systems. Recently, the research on enhancing the photocatalytic performance of semiconductors by introducing bismuth (Bi) has attracted widespread attention. In this review, we briefly overview the main synthesis methods of Bi/semiconductor photocatalysts and summarize the control of the micromorphology of Bi in Bi/semiconductors and the key role of Bi in the catalytic system. In addition, the promising applications of Bi/semiconductors in photocatalysis, such as pollutant degradation, sterilization, water separation, CO2 reduction, and N2 fixation, are outlined. Finally, an outlook on the challenges and future research directions of Bi/semiconductor photocatalysts is given. We aim to offer guidance for the rational design and synthesis of high-efficiency Bi/semiconductor photocatalysts for energy and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankai Song
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Zongqi Bao
- Foreign Language Department, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yingying Gu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
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2
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Samarasinghe LV, Muthukumaran S, Baskaran K. Recent advances in visible light-activated photocatalysts for degradation of dyes: A comprehensive review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140818. [PMID: 38056717 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development in industrialization and urbanization coupled with an ever-increasing world population has caused a tremendous increase in contamination of water resources globally. Synthetic dyes have emerged as a major contributor to environmental pollution due to their release in large quantities into the environment, especially owing to their high demand in textile, cosmetics, clothing, food, paper, rubber, printing, and plastic industries. Photocatalytic treatment technology has gained immense research attention for dye contaminated wastewater treatment due to its environment-friendliness, ability to completely degrade dye molecules using light irradiation, high efficiency, and no generation of secondary waste. Photocatalytic technology is evolving rapidly, and the foremost goal is to synthesize highly efficient photocatalysts with solar energy harvesting abilities. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent advances in highly efficient visible light-activated photocatalysts for dye degradation, including methods of synthesis, strategies for improving photocatalytic activity, regeneration and their performance in real industrial effluent. The influence of various operational parameters on photocatalytic activity are critically evaluated in this article. Finally, this review briefly discusses the current challenges and prospects of visible-light driven photocatalysts. This review serves as a convenient and comprehensive resource for comparing and studying the fundamentals and recent advancements in visible light photocatalysts and will facilitate further research in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shobha Muthukumaran
- Institute for Sustainability Industries and Liveable Cities, College of Sport, Health & Engineering, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Kanagaratnam Baskaran
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Victoria, 3216, Australia
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3
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Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Guo R, You J, Zhang H. Review of Bi-based catalysts in piezocatalytic, photocatalytic and piezo-photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:18571-18580. [PMID: 37955616 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05016e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis, as an effective advanced oxidation process, has been widely carried out in water waste treatment, especially in the degradation of organic pollutants. However, the photocatalytic process is limited by the high recombination rate of photo-generated carriers. To improve photocatalytic efficiency, piezocatalysis has attracted increasing attention, especially that using lead-free piezoelectric materials, which avoids the secondary pollution of lead toxicity in the environment. Bi-based materials have both photocatalytic activity and piezocatalytic activity, which can perfectly combine the advantages of these two catalytic processes to promote the degradation of organic pollutants. Under an external mechanical action, the Bi-based catalyst produces a polarized electric field due to the piezoelectric effect, and the photo-generated carriers can be effectively separated under electrostatic attraction, thus obtaining more efficient photocatalytic performance. However, there are still many gaps in the design, reaction mechanism, and development prospects of Bi-based piezo-photocatalysts. Therefore, to acquire a deeper understanding of the research status of Bi-based piezo-photocatalysts, we summarize the existing literature to provide effective ways to improve piezo-photocatalytic performance. Moreover, this paper points out the developmental direction of piezo-photocatalysis in the future. Last but not least, we also look forward to the prospect of piezo-photocatalysis in the degradation of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yubo Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zhaobo Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Rui Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Junhua You
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
| | - Hangzhou Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics; Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
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Abdullah M, Iqbal J, Ur Rehman MS, Khalid U, Mateen F, Arshad SN, Al-Sehemi AG, Algarni H, Al-Hartomy OA, Fazal T. Removal of ceftriaxone sodium antibiotic from pharmaceutical wastewater using an activated carbon based TiO 2 composite: Adsorption and photocatalytic degradation evaluation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 317:137834. [PMID: 36640968 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The water pollution becomes a serious concern for the sustainability of ecosystems due to the existence of pharmaceutical products (ceftriaxone (CEF) antibiotic). Even in low concentration of CEF has lethal effects on ecosystem and human health. To remove CEF, TiO2 is considered as an effective and efficient nanoparticles, however its performance is reduced due to wider energy gap and rapid recombination of charge carriers. In this study, activated carbon based TiO2 (ACT-X) heterogeneous nanocomposites were synthesized to improve the intrinsic properties of TiO2 and their adsorption-photocatalytic performance for the removal of CEF. The characterization results revealed that ACT-X composites have slower recombination of charge carriers, lower energy band gap (3.05 eV), and better light absorption under visible region of light. From ACT-X composites, the ACT-4 photocatalyst has achieved highest photocatalytic degradation (99.6%) and COD removal up (99.2%). The results of radical scavengers showed that photocatalytic degradation of CEF is mainly occurred due to superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Meanwhile, the reusability of ACT-4 up to five cycles shows more than 80% photocatalytic degradation, which make the process more economical. The highest experimental adsorption capacity is achieved up to 844.8 mg g-1 using ACT-4. The favorable and multilayer heterogeneous adsorption is carried out according to the well-fitted data with pseudo-second-order and Freundlich models, respectively. These results indicate that the carbon-based TiO2 composites can be used as a green, stable, efficient, effective, reusable, renewable, and sustainable photocatalyst to eliminate the pharmaceutical pollutants (antibiotics) via adsorption and photocatalytic degradation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb Abdullah
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ICEE), Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ICEE), Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Usman Khalid
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ICEE), Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Mateen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Salman Noshear Arshad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Science (LUMS), Lahore, 54792, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed Algarni
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A Al-Hartomy
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahir Fazal
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ICEE), Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan.
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Yusuf A, Amusa HK, Eniola JO, Giwa A, Pikuda O, Dindi A, Bilad MR. Hazardous and emerging contaminants removal from water by plasma-based treatment: a review of recent advances. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2023.100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Azam K, Shezad N, Shafiq I, Akhter P, Akhtar F, Jamil F, Shafique S, Park YK, Hussain M. A review on activated carbon modifications for the treatment of wastewater containing anionic dyes. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135566. [PMID: 35787877 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polluted water resources, particularly those polluted with industrial effluents' dyes, are carcinogenic and hence pose a severe threat to sustainable and longstanding worldwide development. Meanwhile, adsorption is a promising process for polluted/wastewater treatment. In particular, activated carbon (AC) is popular among various wastewater treatment adsorbents, especially in the organic contaminants' remediation in wastewater. Hence, the AC's synthesis from degradable and non-degradable resources, the carbon activation involved in the AC synthesis, and the AC's modification to cutting-edge and effective materials have been modern-research targets in recent years. Likewise, the main research focuses worldwide have been the salient AC characteristics, such as its surface chemistry, porosity, and enhanced surface area. Notably, various modified-AC synthesis methods have been employed to enhance the AC's potential for improved contaminants-removal. Hence, we critically analyze the different modified ACs (with enhanced (surface) functional groups and textural properties) of their capacity to remove different-natured anionic dyes in wastewater. We also discuss the corresponding AC modification techniques, the factors affecting the AC properties, and the modifying agents' influence on the AC's morphological/adsorptive properties. Finally, the AC research of future interest has been proposed by identifying the current AC research gaps, especially related to the AC's application in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshaf Azam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Shezad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan; Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Iqrash Shafiq
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Parveen Akhter
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, 1-km Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farid Akhtar
- Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Farrukh Jamil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sumeer Shafique
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
| | - Murid Hussain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
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7
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Zhang N, Wu X, Lv K, Chu Y, Qin H, Zhang D, Wang G, Niu J. Ultrathin Niobate Nanosheet Assembly with Au NPs and CdS QDs as a Highly Efficient Photocatalyst. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202256. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niuniu Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475000 China
| | - Xia Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475000 China
| | - Kangjia Lv
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475000 China
| | - Yujie Chu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475000 China
| | - Haimei Qin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Dongdi Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475000 China
| | - Guan Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475000 China
| | - Jingyang Niu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475000 China
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8
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Chen S, Wang H, Dong F. Activation and characterization of environmental catalysts in plasma-catalysis: Status and challenges. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:128150. [PMID: 34979387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasma-catalysis has attracted great attentions in environmental/energy-related fields, but the synergetic mechanism still suffers intractable defects. Key issues are that what kind of catalysts are applicable for plasma system, how are they activated in plasma, and how to characterize them in plasma. This review systematically gives a comprehensive summarization of the selection of catalysts and its activation mechanism in plasma, based on the character of plasma, including physical effects containing the enhancement of discharge intensity and adsorption of reactants, and the utilization of plasma-generated active species such as·O, heat, O3, ultraviolet light and e* . Focus is given to the illumination of the activation mechanisms of catalysts when placed in plasma zone. Subsequently, the novel characterization techniques for catalysts, which may associate properties to performance, are critically overviewed. The challenges and opportunities for the activation and characterizations of catalysts are proposed, and future perspectives are suggested about where the efforts should be made. It is expected that a bridge between catalysts design and character of plasma can be built to shed light on the synergetic mechanism for plasma-catalysis and design of new plasma-catalysis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Haiqiang Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Dong
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313000, China; Research Center for Environmental and Energy Catalysis, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
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9
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Dong G, Chen B, Liu B, Hounjet LJ, Cao Y, Stoyanov SR, Yang M, Zhang B. Advanced oxidation processes in microreactors for water and wastewater treatment: Development, challenges, and opportunities. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 211:118047. [PMID: 35033742 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The miniaturization of reaction processes by microreactors offers many significant advantages over the use of larger, conventional reactors. Microreactors' interior structures exhibit comparatively higher surface area-to-volume ratios, which reduce reactant diffusion distances, enable faster and more efficient heat and mass transfer, and better control over process conditions. These advantages can be exploited to significantly enhance the performance of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) commonly used for the removal of water pollutants. This comprehensive review of the rapidly emerging area of environmental microfluidics describes recent advances in the development and application of microreactors to AOPs for water and wastewater treatment. Consideration is given to the hydrodynamic properties, construction materials, fabrication techniques, designs, process features, and upscaling of microreactors used for AOPs. The use of microreactors for various AOP types, including photocatalytic, electrochemical, Fenton, ozonation, and plasma-phase processes, showcases how microfluidic technology enhances mass transfer, improves treatment efficiency, and decreases the consumption of energy and chemicals. Despite significant advancements of microreactor technology, organic pollutant degradation mechanisms that operate during microscale AOPs remain poorly understood. Moreover, limited throughput capacity of microreactor systems significantly restrains their industrial-scale applicability. Since large microreactor-inspired AOP systems are needed to meet the high-throughput requirements of the water treatment sector, scale-up strategies and recommendations are suggested as priority research opportunities. While microstructured reactor technology remains in an early stage of development, this work offers valuable insight for future research and development of AOPs in microreactors for environmental purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Dong
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Bing Chen
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada.
| | - Bo Liu
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Lindsay J Hounjet
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY Devon, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, AB T9G 1A8, Canada
| | - Yiqi Cao
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Stanislav R Stoyanov
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY Devon, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, AB T9G 1A8, Canada.
| | - Min Yang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Baiyu Zhang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada
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Pulsed discharge plasma on water surface coupled with CaFe2O4/Bi2O3 composites for synergistic degradation of aqueous tetracycline hydrochloride. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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11
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Feyzi L, Rahemi N, Allahyari S. Tetracycline degradation using combined system of dielectric barrier discharge air plasma and zeolites synthesized at different Na2O/SiO2 ratios. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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12
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Pulsed Discharge Plasma in High-Pressure Environment for Water Pollutant Degradation and Nanoparticle Synthesis. PLASMA 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/plasma4020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of high-voltage discharge plasma for water pollutant decomposition and the synthesis of nanoparticles under a high-pressure argon gas environment (~4 MPa) was demonstrated. The experiments were carried out in a batch-type system at room temperature with a pulsed DC power supply (15.4 to 18.6 kV) as a discharge plasma source. The results showed that the electrode materials, the pulsed repetition rates, the applied number of pulses, and the applied voltages had a significant effect on the degradation reactions of organic compounds. Furthermore, carbon solid materials from glycine decomposition were generated during the high-voltage discharge plasma treatment under high-pressure conditions, while Raman spectra and the HRTEM images indicated that titanium dioxide with a brookite structure and titanium carbide nanoparticles were also formed under these conditions. It was concluded that this process is applicable in practice and may lead to advanced organic compound decomposition and metal-based nanoparticle synthesis technologies.
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