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Zhu Y, Wei Y, Yu X, Liu J, Lan R, Guo X, Luo Y. Altered sleep onset transition in depression: Evidence from EEG activity and EEG functional connectivity analyses. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 166:129-141. [PMID: 39163676 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2024.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sleep disorders constitute a principal diagnostic criterion for depression, potentially reflecting the abnormal persistence of brain activity during the sleep onset (SO) transition. Here, we sought to explore the differences in the dynamic changes in the EEG activity and the EEG functional connectivity (FC) during the SO transition in depressed patients. METHODS Overnight polysomnography recordings were obtained from thirty-two depressed patients and thirty-three healthy controls. The multiscale permutation entropy (MSPE) and EEG relative power were extracted to characterize EEG activity, and weighted phase lag index (WPLI) was calculated to characterize EEG FC. RESULTS The intergroup differences in EEG activity of relative power and MSPE were reversed near SO, which attributed to slower rates of change among depressed patients. Regarding the characteristics of the EEG FC network, depressed patients exhibited significantly higher inter-hemispheric and interregional WPLI values in both delta and alpha bands throughout the SO transition, concomitant with different dynamic properties in the delta band FC. During the process after SO, patients exhibited increased inter-hemispheric long-range links, whereas controls showed more intra-hemispheric ones. Finally, we found significant correlations in the dynamic changes between different EEG measures. CONCLUSIONS Our research revealed that the abnormal changes during the SO transition in depressed patients were manifested in both homeostatic and dynamic aspects, which were reflected in EEG FC and EEG activity, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE These findings may elucidate the mechanism underlying sleep disorders in depression from the perspective of neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpeng Zhu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University-Shenzhen Campus, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yu Wei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University-Shenzhen Campus, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiaokang Yu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University-Shenzhen Campus, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jiahao Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University-Shenzhen Campus, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Rongxi Lan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University-Shenzhen Campus, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xinwen Guo
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China.
| | - Yuxi Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University-Shenzhen Campus, Shenzhen 518000, China; Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen University-Shenzhen Campus, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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2
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Fasiello E, Gorgoni M, Galbiati A, Sforza M, Berra F, Scarpelli S, Alfonsi V, Annarumma L, Casoni F, Zucconi M, Castronovo V, Ferini-Strambi L, De Gennaro L. Decreased Delta/Beta ratio index as the sleep state-independent electrophysiological signature of sleep state misperception in Insomnia disorder: A focus on the sleep onset and the whole night. Neuroimage 2024; 298:120782. [PMID: 39128660 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sleep State Misperception (SSM) is described as the tendency of Insomnia Disorder (ID) patients to overestimate Sleep Latency (SL) and underestimate Total Sleep Time (TST). Literature exploring topographical components in ID with SSM is scarce and does not allow us to fully understand the potential mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. This study aims to evaluate the existence of sleep EEG topography alterations in ID patients associated with SSM compared to Healthy Controls (HC), focusing on two distinct periods: the Sleep Onset (SO) and the whole night. METHODS Twenty ID patients (mean age: 43.5 ± 12.7; 7 M/13F) and 18 HCs (mean age: 41.6 ± 11.9; 8 M/10F) underwent a night of Polysomnography (PSG) and completed sleep diaries the following morning upon awakening. Two SSM indices, referring to the misperception of SL (SLm) and TST (TSTm), were calculated by comparing objective and subjective sleep indices extracted by PSG and sleep diary. According to these indices, the entire sample was split into 4 sub-groups: ID +SLm vs HC -SLm; ID +TSTm vs HC -TSTm. RESULTS Considering the SO, the two-way mixed-design ANOVA showed a significant main effect of Groups pointing to a decreased delta/beta ratio in the whole scalp topography. Moreover, we found a significant interaction effect for the sigma and beta bands. Post Hoc tests showed higher sigma and beta power in anterior and temporo-parietal sites during the SO period in IDs +SLm compared to HC -SLm. Considering the whole night, the unpaired t-test revealed in IDs +TSTm significantly lower delta power during NREM, and lower delta/beta ratio index during NREM and REM sleep compared to HCs -TSTm. Finally, we found diffuse significant negative correlations between SSM indices and the delta/beta ratio during SO, NREM, and REM sleep. CONCLUSION The main finding of the present study suggests that higher SL overestimation and TST underestimation are both phenomena related to diffuse cortical hyperarousal interpreted as a sleep state-independent electrophysiological correlate of the SSM, both during the SO and the whole night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Fasiello
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology-Sleep Disorders Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona, 20, 20127, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Gorgoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy; Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Galbiati
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology-Sleep Disorders Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona, 20, 20127, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Sforza
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology-Sleep Disorders Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona, 20, 20127, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Berra
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology-Sleep Disorders Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona, 20, 20127, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Scarpelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Alfonsi
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Annarumma
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Casoni
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology-Sleep Disorders Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona, 20, 20127, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Zucconi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology-Sleep Disorders Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona, 20, 20127, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenza Castronovo
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology-Sleep Disorders Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona, 20, 20127, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferini-Strambi
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology-Sleep Disorders Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona, 20, 20127, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy; Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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3
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Annarumma L, Reda F, Scarpelli S, D'Atri A, Alfonsi V, Salfi F, Viselli L, Pazzaglia M, De Gennaro L, Gorgoni M. Spatiotemporal EEG dynamics of the sleep onset process in preadolescence. Sleep Med 2024; 119:438-450. [PMID: 38781667 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During preadolescence the sleep electroencephalography undergoes massive qualitative and quantitative modifications. Despite these relevant age-related peculiarities, the specific EEG pattern of the wake-sleep transition in preadolescence has not been exhaustively described. METHODS The aim of the present study is to characterize regional and temporal electrophysiological features of the sleep onset (SO) process in a group of 23 preadolescents (9-14 years) and to compare the topographical pattern of slow wave activity and delta/beta ratio of preadolescents with the EEG pattern of young adults. RESULTS Results showed in preadolescence the same dynamics known for adults, but with peculiarities in the delta and beta activity, likely associated with developmental cerebral modifications: the delta power showed a widespread increase during the SO with central maxima, and the lower bins of the beta activity showed a power increase after SO. Compared to adults, preadolescents during the SO exhibited higher delta power only in the slowest bins of the band: before SO slow delta activity was higher in prefrontal, frontal and occipital areas in preadolescents, and, after SO the younger group had higher slow delta activity in occipital areas. In preadolescents delta/beta ratio was higher in more posterior areas both before and after the wake-sleep transition and, after SO, preadolescents showed also a lower delta/beta ratio in frontal areas, compared to adults. CONCLUSION Results point to a general higher homeostatic drive for the developing areas, consistently with plastic-related maturational modifications, that physiologically occur during preadolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Annarumma
- Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Flaminia Reda
- SIPRE, Società Italiana di psicoanalisi Della Relazione, Italy
| | - Serena Scarpelli
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Aurora D'Atri
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Valentina Alfonsi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Salfi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Viselli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mariella Pazzaglia
- Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gorgoni
- Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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4
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Gebodh N, Miskovic V, Laszlo S, Datta A, Bikson M. Frontal HD-tACS enhances behavioral and EEG biomarkers of vigilance in continuous attention task. Brain Stimul 2024; 17:683-686. [PMID: 38797371 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Gebodh
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, Center for Discovery and Innovation (CDI), Rm 3.121, New York, NY, 10031, USA; Soterix Medical Inc., New York, USA.
| | - Vladimir Miskovic
- Google X Development LLC, The Moonshot Factory, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Laszlo
- Google X Development LLC, The Moonshot Factory, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - Marom Bikson
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, Center for Discovery and Innovation (CDI), Rm 3.121, New York, NY, 10031, USA
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Lacaux C, Strauss M, Bekinschtein TA, Oudiette D. Embracing sleep-onset complexity. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:273-288. [PMID: 38519370 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Sleep is crucial for many vital functions and has been extensively studied. By contrast, the sleep-onset period (SOP), often portrayed as a mere prelude to sleep, has been largely overlooked and remains poorly characterized. Recent findings, however, have reignited interest in this transitional period and have shed light on its neural mechanisms, cognitive dynamics, and clinical implications. This review synthesizes the existing knowledge about the SOP in humans. We first examine the current definition of the SOP and its limits, and consider the dynamic and complex electrophysiological changes that accompany the descent to sleep. We then describe the interplay between internal and external processing during the wake-to-sleep transition. Finally, we discuss the putative cognitive benefits of the SOP and identify novel directions to better diagnose sleep-onset disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Lacaux
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institut du Cerveau (Paris Brain Institute), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France.
| | - Mélanie Strauss
- Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group (UR2NF), Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Sleep Medicine, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Site Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tristan A Bekinschtein
- Cambridge Consciousness and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Delphine Oudiette
- Institut du Cerveau (Paris Brain Institute), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France; Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service des Pathologies du Sommeil, National Reference Centre for Narcolepsy, Paris 75013, France.
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6
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Andrillon T, Taillard J, Strauss M. Sleepiness and the transition from wakefulness to sleep. Neurophysiol Clin 2024; 54:102954. [PMID: 38460284 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2024.102954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The transition from wakefulness to sleep is a progressive process that is reflected in the gradual loss of responsiveness, an alteration of cognitive functions, and a drastic shift in brain dynamics. These changes do not occur all at once. The sleep onset period (SOP) refers here to this period of transition between wakefulness and sleep. For example, although transitions of brain activity at sleep onset can occur within seconds in a given brain region, these changes occur at different time points across the brain, resulting in a SOP that can last several minutes. Likewise, the transition to sleep impacts cognitive and behavioral levels in a graded and staged fashion. It is often accompanied and preceded by a sensation of drowsiness and the subjective feeling of a need for sleep, also associated with specific physiological and behavioral signatures. To better characterize fluctuations in vigilance and the SOP, a multidimensional approach is thus warranted. Such a multidimensional approach could mitigate important limitations in the current classification of sleep, leading ultimately to better diagnoses and treatments of individuals with sleep and/or vigilance disorders. These insights could also be translated in real-life settings to either facilitate sleep onset in individuals with sleep difficulties or, on the contrary, prevent or control inappropriate sleep onsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Andrillon
- Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne Université, Inserm-CNRS, Paris 75013, France; Monash Centre for Consciousness & Contemplative Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jacques Taillard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, SANPSY, UMR 6033, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mélanie Strauss
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), CUB Hôpital Érasme, Services de Neurologie, Psychiatrie et Laboratoire du sommeil, Route de Lennik 808 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium; Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group (UR2NF), Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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7
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Krone LB, Fehér KD, Rivero T, Omlin X. Brain stimulation techniques as novel treatment options for insomnia: A systematic review. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e13927. [PMID: 37202368 PMCID: PMC10909439 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia and recent advances in pharmacotherapy, many patients with insomnia do not sufficiently respond to available treatments. This systematic review aims to present the state of science regarding the use of brain stimulation approaches in treating insomnia. To this end, we searched MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO from inception to 24 March 2023. We evaluated studies that compared conditions of active stimulation with a control condition or group. Outcome measures included standardized insomnia questionnaires and/or polysomnography in adults with a clinical diagnosis of insomnia. Our search identified 17 controlled trials that met inclusion criteria, and assessed a total of 967 participants using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial electric stimulation, transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation or forehead cooling. No trials using other techniques such as deep brain stimulation, vestibular stimulation or auditory stimulation met the inclusion criteria. While several studies report improvements of subjective and objective sleep parameters for different repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial electric stimulation protocols, important methodological limitations and risk of bias limit their interpretability. A forehead cooling study found no significant group differences in the primary endpoints, but better sleep initiation in the active condition. Two transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation trials found no superiority of active stimulation for most outcome measures. Although modulating sleep through brain stimulation appears feasible, gaps in the prevailing models of sleep physiology and insomnia pathophysiology remain to be filled. Optimized stimulation protocols and proof of superiority over reliable sham conditions are indispensable before brain stimulation becomes a viable treatment option for insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas B. Krone
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Centre for Experimental NeurologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- The Kavli Institute for Nanoscience DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Kristoffer D. Fehér
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Division of Psychiatric SpecialtiesUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Tania Rivero
- Medical LibraryUniversity Library of Bern, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Ximena Omlin
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Division of Psychiatric SpecialtiesUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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8
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Fan JM, Kudo K, Verma P, Ranasinghe KG, Morise H, Findlay AM, Vossel K, Kirsch HE, Raj A, Krystal AD, Nagarajan SS. Cortical Synchrony and Information Flow during Transition from Wakefulness to Light Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep. J Neurosci 2023; 43:8157-8171. [PMID: 37788939 PMCID: PMC10697405 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0197-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a highly stereotyped phenomenon, requiring robust spatiotemporal coordination of neural activity. Understanding how the brain coordinates neural activity with sleep onset can provide insights into the physiological functions subserved by sleep and the pathologic phenomena associated with sleep onset. We quantified whole-brain network changes in synchrony and information flow during the transition from wakefulness to light non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, using MEG imaging in a convenient sample of 14 healthy human participants (11 female; mean 63.4 years [SD 11.8 years]). We furthermore performed computational modeling to infer excitatory and inhibitory properties of local neural activity. The transition from wakefulness to light NREM was identified to be encoded in spatially and temporally specific patterns of long-range synchrony. Within the delta band, there was a global increase in connectivity from wakefulness to light NREM, which was highest in frontoparietal regions. Within the theta band, there was an increase in connectivity in fronto-parieto-occipital regions and a decrease in temporal regions from wakefulness to Stage 1 sleep. Patterns of information flow revealed that mesial frontal regions receive hierarchically organized inputs from broad cortical regions upon sleep onset, including direct inflow from occipital regions and indirect inflow via parieto-temporal regions within the delta frequency band. Finally, biophysical neural mass modeling demonstrated changes in the anterior-to-posterior distribution of cortical excitation-to-inhibition with increased excitation-to-inhibition model parameters in anterior regions in light NREM compared with wakefulness. Together, these findings uncover whole-brain corticocortical structure and the orchestration of local and long-range, frequency-specific cortical interactions in the sleep-wake transition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our work uncovers spatiotemporal cortical structure of neural synchrony and information flow upon the transition from wakefulness to light non-rapid eye movement sleep. Mesial frontal regions were identified to receive hierarchically organized inputs from broad cortical regions, including both direct inputs from occipital regions and indirect inputs via the parieto-temporal regions within the delta frequency range. Biophysical neural mass modeling revealed a spatially heterogeneous, anterior-posterior distribution of cortical excitation-to-inhibition. Our findings shed light on the orchestration of local and long-range cortical neural structure that is fundamental to sleep onset, and support an emerging view of cortically driven regulation of sleep homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joline M Fan
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Kiwamu Kudo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
- Medical Imaging Center, Ricoh Company, Ltd., Kanazawa, Japan 243-0460
| | - Parul Verma
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Kamalini G Ranasinghe
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Hirofumi Morise
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
- Medical Imaging Center, Ricoh Company, Ltd., Kanazawa, Japan 243-0460
| | - Anne M Findlay
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Keith Vossel
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Heidi E Kirsch
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Ashish Raj
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Andrew D Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Srikantan S Nagarajan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
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9
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Andrillon T. How we sleep: From brain states to processes. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:649-657. [PMID: 37625978 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
All our lives, we alternate between wakefulness and sleep with direct consequences on our ability to interact with our environment, the dynamics and contents of our subjective experience, and our brain activity. Consequently, sleep has been extensively characterised in terms of behavioural, phenomenological, and physiological changes, the latter constituting the gold standard of sleep research. The common view is thus that sleep represents a collection of discrete states with distinct neurophysiological signatures. However, recent findings challenge such a monolithic view of sleep. Indeed, there can be sharp discrepancies in time and space in the activity displayed by different brain regions or networks, making it difficult to assign a global vigilance state to such a mosaic of contrasted dynamics. Viewing sleep as a multidimensional continuum rather than a succession of non-overlapping and mutually exclusive states could account for these local aspects of sleep. Moving away from the focus on sleep states, sleep can also be investigated through the brain processes that are present in sleep, if not necessarily specific to sleep. This focus on processes rather than states allows to see sleep for what it does rather than what it is, avoiding some of the limitations of the state perspective and providing a powerful heuristic to understand sleep. Indeed, what is sleep if not a process itself that makes up wake up every morning with a brain cleaner, leaner and less cluttered.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Andrillon
- Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France; Monash Centre for Consciousness & Contemplative Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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10
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Lopez R, Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Peter-Derex L, Dauvilliers Y. Nocturnal agitation: From sleep state dissociation to sleep-related dissociative state. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:675-686. [PMID: 37625976 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Nocturnal agitation refers to a broad spectrum of symptoms from simple movements to aggressive behaviors with partial or complete loss of awareness. An accurate identification of its etiology is critical for appropriate therapeutic intervention. In children and young adults, distinguishing between non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep parasomnias and psychogenic non-parasomniac manifestations, a condition known as sleep-related dissociative disorder (SRDD), can be challenging. This review aims to summarize current clinical, neurophysiological, and epidemiological knowledge on NREM parasomnia and SRDD, and to present the pathophysiological hypotheses underlying these nocturnal manifestations. Sleepwalking, sleep terror and confusional arousals are the three main presentations of NREM parasomnias and share common clinical characteristics. Parasomniac episodes generally occur 30minutes to three hours after sleep-onset, they are usually short, lasting no more than few minutes and involve non-stereotyped, clumsy behaviors with frequent amnesia. The prevalence of NREM parasomnia decreases from 15-30% in children to 2-4% in adults. Parasomniac episodes are incomplete awakening from the deepest NREM sleep and are characterized by a dissociated brain activity, with a wake-like activation in motor and limbic structures and a preserved sleep in the fronto-parietal regions. SRDD is a less known condition characterized by dramatic, often very long episodes with frequent aggressive and potentially dangerous behaviors. SRDD episodes frequently occur in quiet wakefulness before falling asleep. These dissociative manifestations are frequently observed in the context of psychological trauma. The pathophysiology of SRDD is poorly understood but could involve transient changes in brain connectivity due to labile sleep-wake boundaries in predisposed individuals. We hypothesize that SRDD and NREM parasomnia are forms of sleep-related dissociative states favored by a sleep-wake state dissociation during sleep-onset and awakening process, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lopez
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy-Rare hypersomnias, Sleep Unit, Department of Neurology, CHU de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier, France.
| | - J-A Micoulaud-Franchi
- Service Universitaire de médecine du Sommeil, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; UMR CNRS 6033 SANPSY, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - L Peter-Derex
- Center for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Diseases, Croix-Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, PAM Team, Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon, France
| | - Y Dauvilliers
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy-Rare hypersomnias, Sleep Unit, Department of Neurology, CHU de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier, France
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11
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Mäki-Marttunen V. Influence of vigilance-related arousal on brain dynamics: Potentials of new approaches. Neuroimage 2023; 270:119963. [PMID: 36822247 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing research has focused on how mesoscopic activity in the brain develops over time and space. Recent influential studies using functional imaging have characterized brain dynamics in terms of the spread of activation across the brain following a unimodal to transmodal axis. In parallel, a number of studies have assessed changes of brain connectivity in terms of vigilance-linked arousal. Here I offer a view on how these two lines of research can lead to a deeper understanding of how arousal shapes the brain's dynamic behavior. This knowledge could have great impact on the investigation of mental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Mäki-Marttunen
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, AK, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands.
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12
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Alfonsi V, D'Atri A, Scarpelli S, Gorgoni M, Giacinti F, Annarumma L, Salfi F, Amicucci G, Corigliano D, De Gennaro L. The effects of bifrontal anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on sleepiness and vigilance in partially sleep-deprived subjects: A multidimensional study. J Sleep Res 2023:e13869. [PMID: 36871580 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, transcranial electrical stimulation techniques have demonstrated their ability to modulate our levels of sleepiness and vigilance. However, the outcomes differ among the specific aspects considered (physiological, behavioural or subjective). This study aimed to observe the effects of bifrontal anodal transcranial direct current stimulation. Specifically, we tested the ability of this stimulation protocol to reduce sleepiness and increase vigilance in partially sleep-deprived healthy participants. Twenty-three subjects underwent a within-subject sham-controlled stimulation protocol. We compared sleepiness and vigilance levels before and after the two stimulation conditions (active versus sham) by using behavioural (reaction-time task), subjective (self-report scales) and physiological (sleep-onset latency and electroencephalogram power [n = 20] during the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test) measures. We showed the efficacy of the active stimulation in reducing physiological sleepiness and preventing vigilance drop compared with the sham stimulation. Consistently, we observed a reduction of perceived sleepiness following the active stimulation for both self-report scales. However, the stimulation effect on subjective measures was not statistically significant probably due to the underpowered sample size for these measures, and to the possible influence of motivational and environmental factors. Our findings confirm the ability of this technique to influence vigilance and sleepiness, pointing out the potential for new treatment developments based on transcranial electrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurora D'Atri
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Serena Scarpelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gorgoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Federico Salfi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giulia Amicucci
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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13
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Ayanampudi V, Kumar V, Krishnan A, Walker MP, Ivry RB, Knight RT, Gurumoorthy R. Personalized transcranial alternating current stimulation improves sleep quality: Initial findings. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 16:1066453. [PMID: 36704097 PMCID: PMC9872012 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1066453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Insufficient sleep is a major health issue. Inadequate sleep is associated with an array of poor health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, certain forms of cancer, Alzheimer's disease, depression, anxiety, and suicidality. Given concerns with typical sedative hypnotic drugs for treating sleep difficulties, there is a compelling need for alternative interventions. Here, we report results of a non-invasive electrical brain stimulation approach to optimizing sleep involving transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). A total of 25 participants (mean age: 46.3, S.D. ± 12.4, 15 females) were recruited for a null-stimulation controlled (Control condition), within subjects, randomized crossed design, that included two variants of an active condition involving 15 min pre-sleep tACS stimulation. To evaluate the impact on sleep quality, the two active tACS stimulation conditions were designed to modulate sleep-dependent neural activity in the theta/alpha frequency bands, with both stimulation types applied to all subjects in separate sessions. The first tACS condition used a fixed stimulation pattern across all participants, a pattern composed of stimulation at 5 and 10 Hz. The second tACS condition used a personalized stimulation approach with the stimulation frequencies determined by each individual's peak EEG frequencies in the 4-6 Hz and 9-11 Hz bands. Personalized tACS stimulation increased sleep quantity (duration) by 22 min compared to a Control condition (p = 0.04), and 19 min compared to Fixed tACS stimulation (p = 0.03). Fixed stimulation did not significantly increase sleep duration compared to Control (mean: 3 min; p = 0.75). For sleep onset, the Personalized tACS stimulation resulted in reducing the onset by 28% compared to the Fixed tACS stimulation (6 min faster, p = 0.02). For a Poor Sleep sub-group (n = 13) categorized with Clinical Insomnia and a high insomnia severity, Personalized tACS stimulation improved sleep duration by 33 min compared to Fixed stimulation (p = 0.02), and 30 min compared to Control condition (p < 0.1). Together, these results suggest that Personalized stimulation improves sleep quantity and time taken to fall asleep relative to Control and Fixed stimulation providing motivation for larger-scale trials for Personalized tACS as a sleep therapeutic, including for those with insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V. Kumar
- StimScience Inc., Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - A. Krishnan
- StimScience Inc., Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - M. P. Walker
- Department of Psychology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - R. B. Ivry
- Department of Psychology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - R. T. Knight
- Department of Psychology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - R. Gurumoorthy
- StimScience Inc., Berkeley, CA, United States,*Correspondence: R. Gurumoorthy,
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14
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Sun YM, Zhu SN, Zhang C, Li SL, Wang DX. Effect of low-dose dexmedetomidine on sleep quality in postoperative patients with mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit: A pilot randomized trial. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:931084. [PMID: 36117973 PMCID: PMC9471089 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.931084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sleep disturbances are prevalent in patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU) and are associated with worse outcomes. Sedative-dose dexmedetomidine may improve sleep quality in this patient population but is associated with adverse events. Herein, we tested the effect of low-dose dexmedetomidine infusion on nighttime sleep quality in postoperative ICU patients with invasive ventilation. Methods In this pilot randomized trial, 80 adult patients who were admitted to the ICU after non-cardiac surgery and required invasive mechanical ventilation were randomized to receive either low-dose dexmedetomidine (0.1 to 0.2 μg/kg/h, n = 40) or placebo (n = 40) for up to 72 h. The primary endpoint was overall subjective sleep quality measured using the Richards–Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (score ranges from 0 to 100, with a higher score indicating better quality) in the night of surgery. Secondary outcomes included sleep structure parameters monitored with polysomnography from 9:00 PM on the day of surgery to the next 6:00 AM. Results All 80 patients were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. The overall subjective sleep quality was median 52 (interquartile 20, 66) with placebo vs. 61 (27, 79) with dexmedetomidine, and the difference was not statistically significant (median difference 8; 95% CI: −2, 22; P = 0.120). Among 68 patients included in sleep structure analysis, those in the dexmedetomidine group tended to have longer total sleep time [median difference 54 min (95% CI: −4, 120); P = 0.061], higher sleep efficiency [median difference 10.0% (95% CI: −0.8%, 22.3%); P = 0.060], lower percentage of stage N1 sleep [median difference −3.9% (95% CI: −11.8%, 0.5%); P = 0.090], higher percentage of stage N3 sleep [median difference 0.0% (95% CI: 0.0%, 0.4%); P = 0.057], and lower arousal index [median difference −0.9 (95% CI −2.2, 0.1); P = 0.091] but not statistically significant. There were no differences between the two groups regarding the incidence of adverse events. Conclusion Among patients admitted to the ICU after surgery with intubation and mechanical ventilation, low-dose dexmedetomidine infusion did not significantly improve the sleep quality pattern, although there were trends of improvement. Our findings support the conduct of a large randomized trial to investigate the effect of low-dose dexmedetomidine in this patient population. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrial.gov, identifier: NCT03335527.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ming Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sai-Nan Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang-Ling Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shuang-Ling Li
| | - Dong-Xin Wang
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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15
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Wang H, Guo H, Zhang K, Gao L, Zheng J. Automatic sleep staging method of EEG signal based on transfer learning and fusion network. Neurocomputing 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2022.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Translational Approaches to Influence Sleep and Arousal. Brain Res Bull 2022; 185:140-161. [PMID: 35550156 PMCID: PMC9554922 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disorders are widespread in society and are prevalent in military personnel and in Veterans. Disturbances of sleep and arousal mechanisms are common in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and affective disorders, traumatic brain injury, dementia, and substance use disorders. Sleep disturbances exacerbate suicidal ideation, a major concern for Veterans and in the general population. These disturbances impair quality of life, affect interpersonal relationships, reduce work productivity, exacerbate clinical features of other disorders, and impair recovery. Thus, approaches to improve sleep and modulate arousal are needed. Basic science research on the brain circuitry controlling sleep and arousal led to the recent approval of new drugs targeting the orexin/hypocretin and histamine systems, complementing existing drugs which affect GABAA receptors and monoaminergic systems. Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques to modulate sleep and arousal are safe and show potential but require further development to be widely applicable. Invasive viral vector and deep brain stimulation approaches are also in their infancy but may be used to modulate sleep and arousal in severe neurological and psychiatric conditions. Behavioral, pharmacological, non-invasive brain stimulation and cell-specific invasive approaches covered here suggest the potential to selectively influence arousal, sleep initiation, sleep maintenance or sleep-stage specific phenomena such as sleep spindles or slow wave activity. These manipulations can positively impact the treatment of a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders by promoting the restorative effects of sleep on memory consolidation, clearance of toxic metabolites, metabolism, and immune function and by decreasing hyperarousal.
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17
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Alterations in spontaneous electrical brain activity after an extreme mountain ultramarathon. Biol Psychol 2022; 171:108348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Two-Channel Portable Biopotential Recording System Can Detect REM Sleep Behavioral Disorder: Validation Study with a Comparison of Polysomnography. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 2022:1888682. [PMID: 35251588 PMCID: PMC8894016 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1888682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Sleep disorders are frequent nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Polysomnography (PSG) has been the gold standard for its assessment. However, it requires patients to stay overnight in a hospital or sleep center. The mobile two-channel electroencephalography (EEG)/electrooculography (EOG) recording system is a self-applicable and affordable method to objectively assess sleep at home. We aimed at evaluating patients with PD to confirm the difference in sleep parameters between the portable recording system and PSG. Methods PSG and the portable recording system were simultaneously performed on a similar night in eight patients with PD. We compared the difference in sleep parameters between them using nonparametric tests. Results All patients displayed a score of both PDSS −2 ≥ 15 and PSQI ≥ 5, respectively, which revealed poor sleep quality. There was no difference in the sleep parameters between the portable recording system and PSG, except for the percentage of sleep stage N3. Regarding the detection of REM sleep without atonia, we observed accordance between the portable recording system and PSG in six patients (P=0.686). Conclusions The portable EEG/EOG recording system may gain an advantage from home-based evaluations for habitual sleep at home. Our study on device validation may contribute to measuring natural sleep, including rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavioral disorder (RBD), in an outpatient care setting.
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19
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Casey CP, Tanabe S, Farahbakhsh Z, Parker M, Bo A, White M, Ballweg T, Mcintosh A, Filbey W, Saalmann Y, Pearce RA, Sanders RD. Distinct EEG signatures differentiate unconsciousness and disconnection during anaesthesia and sleep. Br J Anaesth 2022; 128:1006-1018. [PMID: 35148892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How conscious experience becomes disconnected from the environment, or disappears, across arousal states is unknown. We sought to identify the neural correlates of sensory disconnection and unconsciousness using a novel serial awakening paradigm. METHODS Volunteers were recruited for sedation with dexmedetomidine i.v., propofol i.v., or natural sleep with high-density EEG monitoring and serial awakenings to establish whether subjects were in states of disconnected consciousness or unconsciousness in the preceding 20 s. The primary outcome was classification of conscious states by occipital delta power (0.5-4 Hz). Secondary analyses included derivation (dexmedetomidine) and validation (sleep/propofol) studies of EEG signatures of conscious states. RESULTS Occipital delta power differentiated disconnected and unconscious states for dexmedetomidine (area under the curve [AUC] for receiver operating characteristic 0.605 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 0.516; 0.694]) but not for sleep/propofol (AUC 0.512 [95% CI: 0.380; 0.645]). Distinct source localised signatures of sensory disconnection (AUC 0.999 [95% CI: 0.9954; 1.0000]) and unconsciousness (AUC 0.972 [95% CI: 0.9507; 0.9879]) were identified using support vector machine classification of dexmedetomidine data. These findings generalised to sleep/propofol (validation data set: sensory disconnection [AUC 0.743 {95% CI: 0.6784; 0.8050}]) and unconsciousness (AUC 0.622 [95% CI: 0.5176; 0.7238]). We identified that sensory disconnection was associated with broad spatial and spectral changes. In contrast, unconsciousness was associated with focal decreases in activity in anterior and posterior cingulate cortices. CONCLUSIONS These findings may enable novel monitors of the anaesthetic state that can distinguish sensory disconnection and unconsciousness, and these may provide novel insights into the biology of arousal. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03284307.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron P Casey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sean Tanabe
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zahra Farahbakhsh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Margaret Parker
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amber Bo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marissa White
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tyler Ballweg
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andrew Mcintosh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - William Filbey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yuri Saalmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert A Pearce
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert D Sanders
- Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia; Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia; Institute of Academic Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia.
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20
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Avvenuti G, Bernardi G. Local sleep: A new concept in brain plasticity. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 184:35-52. [PMID: 35034748 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, sleep and wakefulness have been considered as two global, mutually exclusive states. However, this view has been challenged by the discovery that sleep and wakefulness are actually locally regulated and that islands of these two states may often coexist in the same individual. Importantly, such a local regulation seems to be the key for many essential functions of sleep, including the maintenance of cognitive efficiency and the consolidation of new skills and memories. Indeed, local changes in sleep-related oscillations occur in brain areas that are used and involved in learning during wakefulness. In turn, these changes directly modulate experience-dependent brain adaptations and the consolidation of newly acquired memories. In line with these observations, alterations in the regional balance between wake- and sleep-like activity have been shown to accompany many pathologic conditions, including psychiatric and neurologic disorders. In the last decade, experimental research has started to shed light on the mechanisms involved in the local regulation of sleep and wakefulness. The results of this research have opened new avenues of investigation regarding the function of sleep and have revealed novel potential targets for the treatment of several pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Avvenuti
- MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
| | - Giulio Bernardi
- MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy.
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21
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Poudel GR, Hawes S, Innes CRH, Parsons N, Drummond SPA, Caeyensberghs K, Jones RD. RoWDI: rolling window detection of sleep intrusions in the awake brain using fMRI. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34592721 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac2bb9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Brief episodes of sleep can intrude into the awake human brain due to lack of sleep or fatigue-compromising the safety of critical daily tasks (i.e. driving). These intrusions can also introduce artefactual activity within functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments, prompting the need for an objective and effective method of removing them.Approach.We have developed a method to track sleep-like events in awake humans via rolling window detection of intrusions (RoWDI) of fMRI signal template. These events can then be used in voxel-wise event-related analysis of fMRI data. To test this approach, we generated a template of fMRI activity associated with transition to sleep via simultaneous fMRI and electroencephalogram (EEG) (N= 10). RoWDI was then used to identify sleep-like events in 20 individuals performing a cognitive task during fMRI after a night of partial sleep deprivation. This approach was further validated in an independent fMRI dataset (N= 56).Main results.Our method (RoWDI) was able to infer frequent sleep-like events during the cognitive task performed after sleep deprivation. The sleep-like events were associated with on average of 20% reduction in pupil size and prolonged response time. The blood-oxygen-level-dependent activity during the sleep-like events covered thalami-cortical regions, which although spatially distinct, co-existed with, task-related activity. These key findings were validated in the independent dataset.Significance.RoWDI can reliably detect spontaneous sleep-like events in the human brain. Thus, it may also be used as a tool to delineate and account for neural activity associated with wake-sleep transitions in both resting-state and task-related fMRI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda R Poudel
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.,New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie Hawes
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carrie R H Innes
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Parsons
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakins University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sean P A Drummond
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen Caeyensberghs
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakins University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard D Jones
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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22
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Gorgoni M, Scarpelli S, Annarumma L, D’Atri A, Alfonsi V, Ferrara M, De Gennaro L. The Regional EEG Pattern of the Sleep Onset Process in Older Adults. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1261. [PMID: 34679326 PMCID: PMC8534130 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is characterized by macrostructural sleep changes and alterations of regional electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep features. However, the spatiotemporal EEG pattern of the wake-sleep transition has never been described in the elderly. The present study aimed to assess the topographical and temporal features of the EEG during the sleep onset (SO) in a group of 36 older participants (59-81 years). The topography of the 1 Hz bins' EEG power and the time course of the EEG frequency bands were assessed. Moreover, we compared the delta activity and delta/beta ratio between the older participants and a group of young adults. The results point to several peculiarities in the elderly: (a) the generalized post-SO power increase in the slowest frequencies did not include the 7 Hz bin; (b) the alpha power revealed a frequency-specific pattern of post-SO modifications; (c) the sigma activity exhibited only a slight post-SO increase, and its highest bins showed a frontotemporal power decrease. Older adults showed a generalized reduction of delta power and delta/beta ratio in both pre- and post-SO intervals compared to young adults. From a clinical standpoint, the regional EEG activity may represent a target for brain stimulation techniques to reduce SO latency and sleep fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Gorgoni
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (V.A.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Serena Scarpelli
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (V.A.); (L.D.G.)
| | | | - Aurora D’Atri
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (A.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Valentina Alfonsi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (V.A.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Michele Ferrara
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (A.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (V.A.); (L.D.G.)
- Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy;
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23
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Scarpelli S, Alfonsi V, Gorgoni M, Camaioni M, Giannini AM, De Gennaro L. Age-Related Effect of Sleepiness on Driving Performance: A Systematic-Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11081090. [PMID: 34439709 PMCID: PMC8393523 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Several studies highlighted that sleepiness affects driving abilities. In particular, road traffic injuries due to excessive daytime sleepiness are about 10–20%. Considering that aging is related to substantial sleep changes and the number of older adults with driving license is increasing, the current review aims to summarize recent studies on this issue. Further, we intend to provide insights for future research. Methods: From the 717 records screened, ten articles were selected and systematically reviewed. Results: Among the selected articles, (a) five studies investigated sleepiness only by self-reported standardized measures; (b) two studies assessed sleepiness also using a behavioral task; (c) three studies obtained objective measures by electroencephalographic recordings. Conclusions: The available literature on the topic reports several limitations. Overall, many findings converge in evidencing that older drivers are less vulnerable to sleep loss and sleepiness-related driving impairments than young adults. These discrepancies in sleepiness vulnerability between age groups may be ascribed to differences in subjects’ lifestyles. Moreover, it has been hypothesized that older adults self-regulate their driving and avoid specific dangerous situations. We believe that an easy protocol to objectively evaluate the vigilance level in elderly and young adults is required, and further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Scarpelli
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.A.); (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.M.G.); (L.D.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Valentina Alfonsi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.A.); (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.M.G.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Maurizio Gorgoni
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.A.); (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.M.G.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Milena Camaioni
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.A.); (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.M.G.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Anna Maria Giannini
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.A.); (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.M.G.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.A.); (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.M.G.); (L.D.G.)
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306/354, 00179 Rome, Italy
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24
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Gorgoni M, Sarasso S, Moroni F, Sartori I, Ferrara M, Nobili L, De Gennaro L. The distinctive sleep pattern of the human calcarine cortex: a stereo-electroencephalographic study. Sleep 2021; 44:6131365. [PMID: 33556162 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the spontaneous electroencephalographic (EEG) features of sleep in the human calcarine cortex, comparing them with the well-established pattern of the parietal cortex. METHODS We analyzed presurgical intracerebral EEG activity in calcarine and parietal cortices during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in seven patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. The time course of the EEG spectral power and NREM vs REM differences was assessed. Sleep spindles were automatically detected. To assess homeostatic dynamics, we considered the first vs second half of the night ratio in the delta frequency range (0.5-4 Hz) and the rise rate of delta activity during the first sleep cycle. RESULTS While the parietal area showed the classically described NREM and REM sleep hallmarks, the calcarine cortex exhibited a distinctive pattern characterized by: (1) the absence of sleep spindles; (2) a large similarity between EEG power spectra of NREM and REM; and (3) reduced signs of homeostatic dynamics, with a decreased delta ratio between the first and the second half of the night, a reduced rise rate of delta activity during the first NREM sleep cycle, and lack of correlation between these measures. CONCLUSIONS Besides describing for the first time the peculiar sleep EEG pattern in the human calcarine cortex, our findings provide evidence that different cortical areas may exhibit specific sleep EEG pattern, supporting the view of sleep as a local process and promoting the idea that the functional role of sleep EEG features should be considered at a regional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Gorgoni
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Sarasso
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco," University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Moroni
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivana Sartori
- C. Munari Center of Epilepsy Surgery, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Ferrara
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - Lino Nobili
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS, Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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25
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Chia CH, Tang XW, Cao Y, Cao HT, Zhang W, Wu JF, Zhu YL, Chen Y, Lin Y, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Yuan TF, Hu RP. Cortical excitability signatures for the degree of sleepiness in human. eLife 2021; 10:65099. [PMID: 34313218 PMCID: PMC8373378 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is essential in maintaining physiological homeostasis in the brain. While the underlying mechanism is not fully understood, a 'synaptic homeostasis' theory has been proposed that synapses continue to strengthen during awake and undergo downscaling during sleep. This theory predicts that brain excitability increases with sleepiness. Here, we collected transcranial magnetic stimulation measurements in 38 subjects in a 34 hr program and decoded the relationship between cortical excitability and self-report sleepiness using advanced statistical methods. By utilizing a combination of partial least squares regression and mixed-effect models, we identified a robust pattern of excitability changes, which can quantitatively predict the degree of sleepiness. Moreover, we found that synaptic strengthen occurred in both excitatory and inhibitory connections after sleep deprivation. In sum, our study provides supportive evidence for the synaptic homeostasis theory in human sleep and clarifies the process of synaptic strength modulation during sleepiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsuan Chia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Wei Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Teng Cao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Fa Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Lian Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental HealthCenter, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Ping Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Foroutannia A, Nazarimehr F, Ghasemi M, Jafari S. Chaos in memory function of sleep: A nonlinear dynamical analysis in thalamocortical study. J Theor Biol 2021; 528:110837. [PMID: 34273361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studying the dynamical behaviors of neuronal models may help in better understanding of real nervous system. In addition, it can help researchers to understand some specific phenomena in neuronal system. The thalamocortical network is made of neurons in the thalamus and cortex. In it, the memory function is consolidated in sleep by creating up and down state oscillations (1 Hz) and fast (13-17 Hz) - slow (8-12 Hz) spindles. Recently, a nonlinear biological model for up-down oscillations and fast-slow spindles of the thalamocortical network has been proposed. In this research, the power spectral for the fast-slow spindle of the model is extracted. Dynamical properties of the model, such as the bifurcation diagrams, and attractors are investigated. The results show that the variation of the synaptic power between the excitatory neurons of the cortex and the reticular neurons in the thalamus changes the spindles' activity. According to previous experimental findings, it is an essential rule for consolidating the memory function during sleep. It is also pointed out that when the fast-slow spindles of the brain increase, the dynamics of the thalamocortical system tend to chaos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Foroutannia
- Neural Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Neyshabur, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Nazarimehr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, No. 350, Hafez Ave, Valiasr Square, Tehran 159163-4311, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Ghasemi
- Neural Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Neyshabur, Neyshabur, Iran.
| | - Sajad Jafari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, No. 350, Hafez Ave, Valiasr Square, Tehran 159163-4311, Iran; Health Technology Research Institute, Amirkabir University of Technology, No. 350, Hafez Ave, Valiasr Square, Tehran 159163-4311, Iran
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27
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Illman M, Laaksonen K, Liljeström M, Piitulainen H, Forss N. The effect of alertness and attention on the modulation of the beta rhythm to tactile stimulation. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14818. [PMID: 34173721 PMCID: PMC8234481 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta rhythm modulation has been used as a biomarker to reflect the functional state of the sensorimotor cortex in both healthy subjects and patients. Here, the effect of reduced alertness and active attention to the stimulus on beta rhythm modulation was investigated. Beta rhythm modulation to tactile stimulation of the index finger was recorded simultaneously with MEG and EEG in 23 healthy subjects (mean 23, range 19–35 years). The temporal spectral evolution method was used to obtain the peak amplitudes of beta suppression and rebound in three different conditions (neutral, snooze, and attention). Neither snooze nor attention to the stimulus affected significantly the strength of beta suppression nor rebound, although a decrease in suppression and rebound strength was observed in some subjects with a more pronounced decrease of alertness. The reduction of alertness correlated with the decrease of suppression strength both in MEG (left hemisphere r = 0.49; right hemisphere r = 0.49, *p < 0.05) and EEG (left hemisphere r = 0.43; right hemisphere r = 0.72, **p < 0.01). The results indicate that primary sensorimotor cortex beta suppression and rebound are not sensitive to slightly reduced alertness nor active attention to the stimulus at a group level. Hence, tactile stimulus‐induced beta modulation is a suitable tool for assessing the sensorimotor cortex function at a group level. However, subjects’ alertness should be maintained high during recordings to minimize individual variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Illman
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland.,Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kristina Laaksonen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mia Liljeström
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Harri Piitulainen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Nina Forss
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Imperatori LS, Cataldi J, Betta M, Ricciardi E, Ince RAA, Siclari F, Bernardi G. Cross-participant prediction of vigilance stages through the combined use of wPLI and wSMI EEG functional connectivity metrics. Sleep 2021; 44:5998102. [PMID: 33220055 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional connectivity (FC) metrics describe brain inter-regional interactions and may complement information provided by common power-based analyses. Here, we investigated whether the FC-metrics weighted Phase Lag Index (wPLI) and weighted Symbolic Mutual Information (wSMI) may unveil functional differences across four stages of vigilance-wakefulness (W), NREM-N2, NREM-N3, and REM sleep-with respect to each other and to power-based features. Moreover, we explored their possible contribution in identifying differences between stages characterized by distinct levels of consciousness (REM+W vs. N2+N3) or sensory disconnection (REM vs. W). Overnight sleep and resting-state wakefulness recordings from 24 healthy participants (27 ± 6 years, 13F) were analyzed to extract power and FC-based features in six classical frequency bands. Cross-validated linear discriminant analyses (LDA) were applied to investigate the ability of extracted features to discriminate (1) the four vigilance stages, (2) W+REM vs. N2+N3, and (3) W vs. REM. For the four-way vigilance stages classification, combining features based on power and both connectivity metrics significantly increased accuracy relative to considering only power, wPLI, or wSMI features. Delta-power and connectivity (0.5-4 Hz) represented the most relevant features for all the tested classifications, in line with a possible involvement of slow waves in consciousness and sensory disconnection. Sigma-FC, but not sigma-power (12-16 Hz), was found to strongly contribute to the differentiation between states characterized by higher (W+REM) and lower (N2+N3) probabilities of conscious experiences. Finally, alpha-FC resulted as the most relevant FC-feature for distinguishing among wakefulness and REM sleep and may thus reflect the level of disconnection from the external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sophie Imperatori
- MoMiLab, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jacinthe Cataldi
- Center for Investigation and Research on Sleep, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Monica Betta
- MoMiLab, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
| | | | - Robin A A Ince
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Siclari
- Center for Investigation and Research on Sleep, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Bernardi
- MoMiLab, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy.,Center for Investigation and Research on Sleep, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Moody OA, Zhang ER, Vincent KF, Kato R, Melonakos ED, Nehs CJ, Solt K. The Neural Circuits Underlying General Anesthesia and Sleep. Anesth Analg 2021; 132:1254-1264. [PMID: 33857967 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
General anesthesia is characterized by loss of consciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and immobility. Important molecular targets of general anesthetics have been identified, but the neural circuits underlying the discrete end points of general anesthesia remain incompletely understood. General anesthesia and natural sleep share the common feature of reversible unconsciousness, and recent developments in neuroscience have enabled elegant studies that investigate the brain nuclei and neural circuits underlying this important end point. A common approach to measure cortical activity across the brain is electroencephalogram (EEG), which can reflect local neuronal activity as well as connectivity among brain regions. The EEG oscillations observed during general anesthesia depend greatly on the anesthetic agent as well as dosing, and only some resemble those observed during sleep. For example, the EEG oscillations during dexmedetomidine sedation are similar to those of stage 2 nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, but high doses of propofol and ether anesthetics produce burst suppression, a pattern that is never observed during natural sleep. Sleep is primarily driven by withdrawal of subcortical excitation to the cortex, but anesthetics can directly act at both subcortical and cortical targets. While some anesthetics appear to activate specific sleep-active regions to induce unconsciousness, not all sleep-active regions play a significant role in anesthesia. Anesthetics also inhibit cortical neurons, and it is likely that each class of anesthetic drugs produces a distinct combination of subcortical and cortical effects that lead to unconsciousness. Conversely, arousal circuits that promote wakefulness are involved in anesthetic emergence and activating them can induce emergence and accelerate recovery of consciousness. Modern neuroscience techniques that enable the manipulation of specific neural circuits have led to new insights into the neural circuitry underlying general anesthesia and sleep. In the coming years, we will continue to better understand the mechanisms that generate these distinct states of reversible unconsciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia A Moody
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edlyn R Zhang
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathleen F Vincent
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Risako Kato
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eric D Melonakos
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christa J Nehs
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ken Solt
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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30
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Greer JMH, Riby DM, McMullon MEG, Hamilton C, Riby LM. An EEG investigation of alpha and beta activity during resting states in adults with Williams syndrome. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:72. [PMID: 33952354 PMCID: PMC8097943 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00575-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Williams syndrome (WS) is neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by executive deficits of attention and inhibitory processing. The current study examined the neural mechanisms during resting states in adults with WS in order to investigate how this subserves the attention and inhibitory deficits associated with the syndrome. Method Adopting electroencephalography (EEG) methodology, cortical electrical activity was recorded from eleven adults with WS aged 35 + years during Eyes Closed (EC) and Eyes Open (EO) resting states, and compared to that of thirteen typically developing adults matched for chronological age (CA) and ten typically developing children matched for verbal mental ability (MA). Using mixed-design analyses of variance (ANOVA), analyses focused on the full alpha (8–12.5 Hz), low-alpha (8–10 Hz), upper-alpha (10–12.5 Hz), and beta (13–29.5 Hz) bands, as these are thought to have functional significance with attentional and inhibitory processes. Results No significant difference in alpha power were found between the WS and CA groups across all analyses, however a trend for numerically lower alpha power was observed in the WS group, consistent with other developmental disorders characterised by attentional/inhibitory deficits such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In contrast, comparable beta power between the WS and CA groups during both EC/EO conditions suggests that their baseline EEG signature is commensurate with successful attentional processing, though this needs to be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size. Analyses also revealed an unusual trend for low variability in the EEG signature of the WS group, which contradicts the heterogeneity typically observed behaviourally. Conclusions This novel finding of low variability in the EEG spectra in the WS group has been previously associated with poor behavioural performance in ADHD and is highly informative, highlighting future research needs to also consider how the role of low variability in the EEG profile of WS manifests in relation to their behavioural and cognitive profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M H Greer
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Deborah M Riby
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Centre for Developmental Disorders, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | - Colin Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Leigh M Riby
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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31
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de Zambotti M, Goldstone A, Forouzanfar M, Javitz H, Claudatos S, Colrain IM, Baker FC. The falling asleep process in adolescents. Sleep 2021; 43:5686157. [PMID: 31872251 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To investigate the pre-sleep psychophysiological state and the arousal deactivation process across the sleep onset (SO) transition in adolescents. METHODS Data were collected from a laboratory overnight recording in 102 healthy adolescents (48 girls, 12-20 years old). Measures included pre-sleep self-reported cognitive/somatic arousal, and cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) and electrocardiographic activity across the SO transition. RESULTS Adolescent girls, compared with boys, reported higher pre-sleep cognitive activation (p = 0.025) and took longer to fall asleep (p < 0.05), as defined with polysomnography. Girls also showed a less smooth progression from wake-to-sleep compared with boys (p = 0.022). In both sexes, heart rate (HR) dropped at a rate of ~0.52 beats per minute in the 5 minutes preceding SO, and continued to drop, at a slower rate, during the 5 minutes following SO (p < 0.05). Older girls had a higher HR overall in the pre-sleep period and across SO, compared to younger girls and boys (p < 0.05). The EEG showed a progressive cortical synchronization, with increases in Delta relative power and reductions in Alpha, Sigma, Beta1, and Beta2 relative powers (p < 0.05) in the approach to sleep, in both sexes. Delta relative power was lower and Theta, Alpha, and Sigma relative powers were higher in older compared to younger adolescents at bedtime and across SO (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show the dynamics of the cortical-cardiac de-arousing process across the SO transition in a non-clinical sample of healthy adolescents. Findings suggest a female-specific vulnerability to inefficient sleep initiation, which may contribute to their greater risk for developing insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aimee Goldstone
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
| | | | - Harold Javitz
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
| | | | - Ian M Colrain
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona C Baker
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.,Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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32
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Scott H, Lechat B, Lovato N, Lack L. Correspondence between physiological and behavioural responses to vibratory stimuli during the sleep onset period: A quantitative electroencephalography analysis. J Sleep Res 2020; 30:e13232. [PMID: 33205490 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Behavioural responses to auditory stimuli cease in late N1 or early N2 sleep. Yet, responsiveness to minimal intensity tactile stimuli and the correspondence with sleep microstructure during the sleep onset period is unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate sleep microstructure using quantitative electroencephalography analysis when participants behaviourally responded to minimal intensity vibratory stimuli compared to when participants did not respond to stimuli during the sleep onset period. Eighteen participants wore a device that emitted vibratory stimuli to which individuals responded by tapping their index finger. A fast Fourier transform using multitaper-based estimation was applied to electroencephalography signals in 5-s epochs. Participants exhibited increases in higher frequencies 5 s before and immediately after the stimulus presentation when they responded to the stimulus compared to when they did not respond during all sleep stages. They also had greater delta power after stimulus onset when they did not respond to stimuli presented in N1 and N2 sleep compared to when they did respond. Participants responded to a significantly greater proportion of stimuli in wake than in N1 sleep (p < .001, d = 2.38), which was also significantly greater than the proportion of responses in N2 sleep (p < .001, d = 1.12). Participants showed wake-like sleep microstructure when they responded to vibratory stimuli and sleep-like microstructure when they did not respond during all sleep stages. The present study adds to the body of evidence characterising N1 sleep as a transitional period between sleep and wake containing rapid fluctuations between these two states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Scott
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health: A Flinders Centre of Research Excellence, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Bastien Lechat
- College of Science and Engineering, Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health: A Flinders Centre of Research Excellence, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nicole Lovato
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health: A Flinders Centre of Research Excellence, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Leon Lack
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health: A Flinders Centre of Research Excellence, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Gorgoni M, D’Atri A, Scarpelli S, Ferrara M, De Gennaro L. The electroencephalographic features of the sleep onset process and their experimental manipulation with sleep deprivation and transcranial electrical stimulation protocols. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 114:25-37. [PMID: 32343983 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Rapid fast-delta decay following prolonged wakefulness marks a phase of wake-inertia in NREM sleep. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3130. [PMID: 32561733 PMCID: PMC7305232 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep-wake driven changes in non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREM) sleep (NREMS) EEG delta (δ-)power are widely used as proxy for a sleep homeostatic process. Here, we noted frequency increases in δ-waves in sleep-deprived mice, prompting us to re-evaluate how slow-wave characteristics relate to prior sleep-wake history. We identified two classes of δ-waves; one responding to sleep deprivation with high initial power and fast, discontinuous decay during recovery sleep (δ2) and another unrelated to time-spent-awake with slow, linear decay (δ1). Reanalysis of previously published datasets demonstrates that δ-band heterogeneity after sleep deprivation is also present in human subjects. Similar to sleep deprivation, silencing of centromedial thalamus neurons boosted subsequent δ2-waves, specifically. δ2-dynamics paralleled that of temperature, muscle tone, heart rate, and neuronal ON-/OFF-state lengths, all reverting to characteristic NREMS levels within the first recovery hour. Thus, prolonged waking seems to necessitate a physiological recalibration before typical NREMS can be reinstated. Changes in EEG delta-activity are widely used as proxy of sleep propensity. Here the authors demonstrate in mice and humans the presence of two types of delta-waves, only one of which reports on prior sleep-wake history with dynamics denoting a wake-inertia process accompanying deepest non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREM) sleep.
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35
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Local sleep and wakefulness—the concept and its potential for the understanding and treatment of insomnia disorder. SOMNOLOGIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11818-020-00245-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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36
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Lee M, Song CB, Shin GH, Lee SW. Possible Effect of Binaural Beat Combined With Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response for Inducing Sleep. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:425. [PMID: 31849629 PMCID: PMC6900908 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is important to maintain physical and cognitive functions in everyday life. However, the prevalence of sleep disorders is on the rise. One existing solution to this problem is to induce sleep using an auditory stimulus. When we listen to acoustic beats of two tones in each ear simultaneously, a binaural beat is generated which induces brain signals at a specific desired frequency. However, this auditory stimulus is uncomfortable for users to listen to induce sleep. To overcome this difficulty, we can exploit the feelings of calmness and relaxation that are induced by the perceptual phenomenon of autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR). In this study, we proposed a novel auditory stimulus for inducing sleep. Specifically, we used a 6 Hz binaural beat corresponding to the center of the theta band (4-8 Hz), which is the frequency at which brain activity is entrained during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) in sleep stage 1. In addition, the "ASMR triggers" that cause ASMR were presented from natural sound as the sensory stimuli. In session 1, we combined two auditory stimuli (the 6 Hz binaural beat and ASMR triggers) at three-decibel ratios to find the optimal combination ratio. As a result, we determined that the combination of a 30:60 dB ratio of binaural beat to ASMR trigger is most effective for inducing theta power and psychological stability. In session 2, the effects of these combined stimuli (CS) were compared with an only binaural beat, only the ASMR trigger, or a sham condition. The combination stimulus retained the advantages of the binaural beat and resolved its shortcomings with the ASMR triggers, including psychological self-reports. Our findings indicate that the proposed auditory stimulus could induce the brain signals required for sleep, while simultaneously keeping the user in a psychologically comfortable state. This technology provides an important opportunity to develop a novel method for increasing the quality of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chae-Bin Song
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gi-Hwan Shin
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Whan Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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D'Ambrosio S, Castelnovo A, Guglielmi O, Nobili L, Sarasso S, Garbarino S. Sleepiness as a Local Phenomenon. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1086. [PMID: 31680822 PMCID: PMC6813205 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep occupies a third of our life and is a primary need for all animal species studied so far. Nonetheless, chronic sleep restriction is a growing source of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries. Sleep loss is associated with the subjective feeling of sleepiness and with decreased performance, as well as with detrimental effects on general health, cognition, and emotions. The ideas that small brain areas can be asleep while the rest of the brain is awake and that local sleep may account for at least some of the cognitive and behavioral manifestations of sleepiness are making their way into the scientific community. We herein clarify the different ways sleep can intrude into wakefulness, summarize recent scientific advances in the field, and offer some hypotheses that help framing sleepiness as a local phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha D'Ambrosio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Castelnovo
- Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital (EOC) of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Ottavia Guglielmi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal/Child Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lino Nobili
- Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS, Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simone Sarasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Garbarino
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal/Child Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Adamantidis AR, Gutierrez Herrera C, Gent TC. Oscillating circuitries in the sleeping brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:746-762. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Scarpelli S, D'Atri A, Bartolacci C, Mangiaruga A, Gorgoni M, De Gennaro L. Oscillatory EEG Activity During REM Sleep in Elderly People Predicts Subsequent Dream Recall After Awakenings. Front Neurol 2019; 10:985. [PMID: 31620069 PMCID: PMC6763554 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several findings underlined that the electrophysiological (EEG) background of the last segment of sleep before awakenings may predict the presence/absence of dream recall (DR) in young subjects. However, little is known about the EEG correlates of DR in elderly people. Only an investigation found differences between recall and non-recall conditions during NREM sleep EEG in older adults, while—surprisingly—no EEG predictor of DR was found for what concerns REM sleep. Considering REM sleep as a privileged scenario to produce mental sleep activity related to cognitive processes, our study aimed to investigate whether specific EEG topography and frequency changes during REM sleep in elderly people may predict a subsequent recall of mental sleep activity. Twenty-one healthy older volunteers (mean age 69.2 ± 6.07 SD) and 20 young adults (mean age 23.4 ± 2.76 SD) were recorded for one night from 19 scalp derivations. Dreams were collected upon morning awakenings from REM sleep. EEG signals of the last 5 min were analyzed by the Better OSCillation algorithm to detect the peaks of oscillatory activity in both groups. Statistical comparisons revealed that older as well as young individuals recall their dream experience when the last segment of REM sleep is characterized by frontal theta oscillations. No Recall (Recall vs. Non-Recall) × Age (Young vs. Older) interaction was found. This result replicated the previous evidence in healthy young subjects, as shown in within- and between-subjects design. The findings are completely original for older individuals, demonstrating that theta oscillations are crucial for the retrieval of dreaming also in this population. Furthermore, our results did not confirm a greater presence of the theta activity in healthy aging. Conversely, we found a greater amount of rhythmic theta and alpha activity in young than older participants. It is worth noting that the theta oscillations detected are related to cognitive functioning. We emphasize the notion that the oscillatory theta activity should be distinguished from the non-rhythmic theta activity identified in relation to other phenomena such as (a) sleepiness and hypoarousal conditions during the waking state and (b) cortical slowing, considered as an EEG alteration in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Scarpelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Aurora D'Atri
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Bartolacci
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Gorgoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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40
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Achermann P, Rusterholz T, Stucky B, Olbrich E. Oscillatory patterns in the electroencephalogram at sleep onset. Sleep 2019; 42:5512509. [PMID: 31173152 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Falling asleep is a gradually unfolding process. We investigated the role of various oscillatory activities including sleep spindles and alpha and delta oscillations at sleep onset (SO) by automatically detecting oscillatory events. We used two datasets of healthy young males, eight with four baseline recordings, and eight with a baseline and recovery sleep after 40 h of sustained wakefulness. We analyzed the 2-min interval before SO (stage 2) and the five consecutive 2-min intervals after SO. The incidence of delta/theta events reached its maximum in the first 2-min episode after SO, while the frequency of them was continuously decreasing from stage 1 onwards, continuing over SO and further into deeper sleep. Interestingly, this decrease of the frequencies of the oscillations were not affected by increased sleep pressure, in contrast to the incidence which increased. We observed an increasing number of alpha events after SO, predominantly frontally, with their prevalence varying strongly across individuals. Sleep spindles started to occur after SO, with first an increasing then a decreasing incidence and a continuous decrease in their frequency. Again, the frequency of the spindles was not altered after sleep deprivation. Oscillatory events revealed derivation dependent aspects. However, these regional aspects were not specific of the process of SO but rather reflect a general sleep related phenomenon. No individual traits of SO features (incidence and frequency of oscillations) and their dynamics were observed. Delta/theta events are important features for the analysis of SO in addition to slow waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Achermann
- Chronobiology and Sleep Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,The KEY Institute for Brain-Mind Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sleep and Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rusterholz
- Chronobiology and Sleep Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Stucky
- Chronobiology and Sleep Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eckehard Olbrich
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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Fernandez Guerrero A, Achermann P. Brain dynamics during the sleep onset transition: An EEG source localization study. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2019; 6:24-34. [PMID: 31236519 PMCID: PMC6586601 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
EEG source localization is an essential tool to reveal the cortical sources underlying brain oscillatory activity. We applied LORETA, a technique of EEG source localization, to identify the principal brain areas involved in the process of falling asleep (sleep onset, SO). We localized the contributing brain areas of activity in the classical frequency bands and tracked their temporal evolution (in 2-min intervals from 2 min prior to SO up to 10 min after SO) during a baseline night and subsequent recovery sleep after total sleep deprivation of 40 h. Delta activity (0.5–5 Hz) gradually increased both in baseline and recovery sleep, starting in frontal areas and finally involving the entire cortex. This increase was steeper in the recovery condition. The evolution of sigma activity (12–16 Hz) resembled an inverted U-shape in both conditions and the activity was most salient in the parietal cortex. In recovery, sigma activity reached its maximum faster than in baseline, but attained lower levels. Theta activity (5–8 Hz) increased with time in large parts of the occipital lobe (baseline and recovery) and in recovery involved additionally frontal areas. Changes in alpha activity (8–12 Hz) at sleep onset involved large areas of the cortex, whereas activity in the beta range (16–24 Hz) was restricted to small cortical areas. The dynamics in recovery could be considered as a “fast-forward version” of the one in baseline. Our results confirm that the process of falling asleep is neither spatially nor temporally a uniform process and that different brain areas might be falling asleep at a different speed potentially reflecting use dependent aspects of sleep regulation. LORETA is a valuable tool to reveal cortical sources of brain activity at sleep onset. Spectral bands had location dependent dynamics; brain areas fell asleep asynchronously BA 11 was the most relevant brain region associated with delta activity. Spindle dynamics resembled an inverted U-shape. During recovery from sleep deprivation capacity for spindle generation was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Fernandez Guerrero
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Achermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,The KEY Institute for Brain‑Mind Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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42
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Gorgoni M, Bartolacci C, D’Atri A, Scarpelli S, Marzano C, Moroni F, Ferrara M, De Gennaro L. The Spatiotemporal Pattern of the Human Electroencephalogram at Sleep Onset After a Period of Prolonged Wakefulness. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:312. [PMID: 31001079 PMCID: PMC6456684 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During the sleep onset (SO) process, the human electroencephalogram (EEG) is characterized by an orchestrated pattern of spatiotemporal changes. Sleep deprivation (SD) strongly affects both wake and sleep EEG, but a description of the topographical EEG power spectra and oscillatory activity during the wake-sleep transition after a period of prolonged wakefulness is still missing. The increased homeostatic sleep pressure should induce an earlier onset of sleep-related EEG oscillations. The aim of the present study was to assess the spatiotemporal EEG pattern at SO following SD. A dataset of a previous study was analyzed. We assessed the spatiotemporal EEG changes (19 cortical derivations) during the SO (5 min before vs. 5 min after the first epoch of Stage 2) of a recovery night after 40 h of SD in 39 healthy subjects, analyzing the EEG power spectra (fast Fourier transform) and the oscillatory activity [better oscillation (BOSC) detection method]. The spatiotemporal pattern of the EEG power spectra mostly confirmed the changes previously observed during the wake-sleep transition at baseline. The comparison between baseline and recovery showed a wide increase of the post- vs. pre-SO ratio during the recovery night in the frequency bins ≤10 Hz. We found a predominant alpha oscillatory rhythm in the pre-SO period, while after SO the theta oscillatory activity was prevalent. The oscillatory peaks showed a generalized increase in all frequency bands from delta to sigma with different predominance, while beta activity increased only in the fronto-central midline derivations. Overall, the analysis of the EEG power replicated the topographical pattern observed during a baseline night of sleep but with a stronger intensity of the SO-induced changes in the frequencies ≤10 Hz, and the detection of the rhythmic activity showed the rise of several oscillations at SO after SD that was not observed during the wake-sleep transition at baseline (e.g., alpha and frontal theta in correspondence of their frequency peaks). Beyond confirming the local nature of the EEG pattern at SO, our results show that SD has an impact on the spatiotemporal modulation of cortical activity during the falling-asleep process, inducing the earlier emergence of sleep-related EEG oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Gorgoni
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Aurora D’Atri
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Scarpelli
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Marzano
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Moroni
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Ferrara
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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43
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D'Atri A, Scarpelli S, Gorgoni M, Alfonsi V, Annarumma L, Giannini AM, Ferrara M, Ferlazzo F, Rossini PM, De Gennaro L. Bilateral Theta Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) Modulates EEG Activity: When tACS Works Awake It Also Works Asleep. Nat Sci Sleep 2019; 11:343-356. [PMID: 31819688 PMCID: PMC6875492 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s229925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies demonstrate that 5-Hz bilateral transcranial alternating current stimulation (θ-tACS) on fronto-temporal areas affects resting EEG enhancing cortical synchronization, but it does not affect subjective sleepiness. This dissociation raises questions on the resemblance of this effect to the physiological falling asleep process. The current study aimed to evaluate the ability of fronto-temporal θ-tACS to promote sleep. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Twenty subjects (10 F/10 M; mean age: 24.60 ± 2.9 y) participated in a single-blind study consisting of two within-subject sessions (active/sham), one week apart in counterbalanced order. Stimulation effects on EEG were assessed during wake and post-stimulation nap. The final sample included participants who fell asleep in both sessions (n=17). RESULTS Group analyses on the whole sample reported no θ-tACS effects on subjective sleepiness and sleep measures, while a different scenario came to light by analysing data of responders to the stimulation (ie, subjects actually showing the expected increase of theta activity in the wake EEG after the θ-tACS, n=7). Responders reported a significant increase in subjective sleepiness during wakefulness after the active stimulation as compared to the sham. Moreover, the sleep after the θ-tACS compared to sham in this sub-group showed: (1) greater slow-wave activity (SWA); (2) SWA time-course revealing increases much larger as closer to the sleep onset; (3) stimulation-induced changes in SWA during sleep topographically associated to those in theta activity during wake. CONCLUSION Subjects who show the expected changes during wake after the stimulation also had a consistent pattern of changes during sleep. The enhancement of cortical synchronization by θ-tACS during wakefulness actually corresponds to increased sleep pressure, but it occurs only in some individuals. Thus, θ-tACS can enhance sleep, although individual factors to be further investigated affect the actual responsiveness to this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora D'Atri
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy.,Area of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Scarpelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gorgoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Alfonsi
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Michele Ferrara
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Fabio Ferlazzo
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Department Geriatrics, Neuroscience & Orthopaedics, Policlinic A. Gemelli Foundation-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy.,Area of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
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Mashour GA, Avidan MS. Black swans: challenging the relationship of anaesthetic-induced unconsciousness and electroencephalographic oscillations in the frontal cortex. Br J Anaesth 2018; 119:563-565. [PMID: 29121275 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aex207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G A Mashour
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M S Avidan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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46
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Fernandez Guerrero A, Achermann P. Intracortical Causal Information Flow of Oscillatory Activity (Effective Connectivity) at the Sleep Onset Transition. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:912. [PMID: 30564093 PMCID: PMC6288604 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the sleep onset transition in humans from an effective connectivity perspective in a baseline condition (approx. 16 h of wakefulness) and after sleep deprivation (40 h of sustained wakefulness). Using EEG recordings (27 derivations), source localization (LORETA) allowed us to reconstruct the underlying patterns of neuronal activity in various brain regions, e.g., the default mode network (DMN), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, which were defined as regions of interest (ROI). We applied isolated effective coherence (iCOH) to assess effective connectivity patterns at the sleep onset transition [2 min prior to and 10 min after sleep onset (first occurrence of stage 2)]. ICOH reveals directionality aspects and resolves the spectral characteristics of information flow in a given network of ROIs. We observed an anterior-posterior decoupling of the DMN, and moreover, a prominent role of the posterior cingulate cortex guiding the process of the sleep onset transition, particularly, by transmitting information in the low frequency range (delta and theta bands) to other nodes of DMN (including the hippocampus). In addition, the midcingulate cortex appeared as a major cortical relay station for spindle synchronization (originating from the thalamus; sigma activity). The inclusion of hippocampus indicated that this region might be functionally involved in sigma synchronization observed in the cortex after sleep onset. Furthermore, under conditions of increased homeostatic pressure, we hypothesize that an anterior-posterior decoupling of the DMN occurred at a faster rate compared to baseline overall indicating weakened connectivity strength within the DMN. Finally, we also demonstrated that cortico-cortical spindle synchronization was less effective after sleep deprivation than in baseline, thus, reflecting the reduction of spindles under increased sleep pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Fernandez Guerrero
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Achermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- The KEY Institute for Brain-Mind Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Sychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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47
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Olcese U, Oude Lohuis MN, Pennartz CMA. Sensory Processing Across Conscious and Nonconscious Brain States: From Single Neurons to Distributed Networks for Inferential Representation. Front Syst Neurosci 2018; 12:49. [PMID: 30364373 PMCID: PMC6193318 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity is markedly different across brain states: it varies from desynchronized activity during wakefulness to the synchronous alternation between active and silent states characteristic of deep sleep. Surprisingly, limited attention has been paid to investigating how brain states affect sensory processing. While it was long assumed that the brain was mostly disconnected from external stimuli during sleep, an increasing number of studies indicates that sensory stimuli continue to be processed across all brain states-albeit differently. In this review article, we first discuss what constitutes a brain state. We argue that-next to global, behavioral states such as wakefulness and sleep-there is a concomitant need to distinguish bouts of oscillatory dynamics with specific global/local activity patterns and lasting for a few hundreds of milliseconds, as these can lead to the same sensory stimulus being either perceived or not. We define these short-lasting bouts as micro-states. We proceed to characterize how sensory-evoked neural responses vary between conscious and nonconscious states. We focus on two complementary aspects: neuronal ensembles and inter-areal communication. First, we review which features of ensemble activity are conducive to perception, and how these features vary across brain states. Properties such as heterogeneity, sparsity and synchronicity in neuronal ensembles will especially be considered as essential correlates of conscious processing. Second, we discuss how inter-areal communication varies across brain states and how this may affect brain operations and sensory processing. Finally, we discuss predictive coding (PC) and the concept of multi-level representations as a key framework for understanding conscious sensory processing. In this framework the brain implements conscious representations as inferences about world states across multiple representational levels. In this representational hierarchy, low-level inference may be carried out nonconsciously, whereas high levels integrate across different sensory modalities and larger spatial scales, correlating with conscious processing. This inferential framework is used to interpret several cellular and population-level findings in the context of brain states, and we briefly compare its implications to two other theories of consciousness. In conclusion, this review article, provides foundations to guide future studies aiming to uncover the mechanisms of sensory processing and perception across brain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Olcese
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs N. Oude Lohuis
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cyriel M. A. Pennartz
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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How do children fall asleep? A high-density EEG study of slow waves in the transition from wake to sleep. Neuroimage 2018; 178:23-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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The Efficacy of Transcranial Current Stimulation Techniques to Modulate Resting-State EEG, to Affect Vigilance and to Promote Sleepiness. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8070137. [PMID: 30037023 PMCID: PMC6071002 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8070137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial Current Stimulations (tCSs) are non-invasive brain stimulation techniques which modulate cortical excitability and spontaneous brain activity by the application of weak electric currents through the scalp, in a safe, economic, and well-tolerated manner. The direction of the cortical effects mainly depend on the polarity and the waveform of the applied current. The aim of the present work is to provide a broad overview of recent studies in which tCS has been applied to modulate sleepiness, sleep, and vigilance, evaluating the efficacy of different stimulation techniques and protocols. In recent years, there has been renewed interest in these stimulations and their ability to affect arousal and sleep dynamics. Furthermore, we critically review works that, by means of stimulating sleep/vigilance patterns, in the sense of enhancing or disrupting them, intended to ameliorate several clinical conditions. The examined literature shows the efficacy of tCSs in modulating sleep and arousal pattern, likely acting on the top-down pathway of sleep regulation. Finally, we discuss the potential application in clinical settings of this neuromodulatory technique as a therapeutic tool for pathological conditions characterized by alterations in sleep and arousal domains and for sleep disorders per se.
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Quercia A, Zappasodi F, Committeri G, Ferrara M. Local Use-Dependent Sleep in Wakefulness Links Performance Errors to Learning. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:122. [PMID: 29666574 PMCID: PMC5891895 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep and wakefulness are no longer to be considered as discrete states. During wakefulness brain regions can enter a sleep-like state (off-periods) in response to a prolonged period of activity (local use-dependent sleep). Similarly, during nonREM sleep the slow-wave activity, the hallmark of sleep plasticity, increases locally in brain regions previously involved in a learning task. Recent studies have demonstrated that behavioral performance may be impaired by off-periods in wake in task-related regions. However, the relation between off-periods in wake, related performance errors and learning is still untested in humans. Here, by employing high density electroencephalographic (hd-EEG) recordings, we investigated local use-dependent sleep in wake, asking participants to repeat continuously two intensive spatial navigation tasks. Critically, one task relied on previous map learning (Wayfinding) while the other did not (Control). Behaviorally awake participants, who were not sleep deprived, showed progressive increments of delta activity only during the learning-based spatial navigation task. As shown by source localization, delta activity was mainly localized in the left parietal and bilateral frontal cortices, all regions known to be engaged in spatial navigation tasks. Moreover, during the Wayfinding task, these increments of delta power were specifically associated with errors, whose probability of occurrence was significantly higher compared to the Control task. Unlike the Wayfinding task, during the Control task neither delta activity nor the number of errors increased progressively. Furthermore, during the Wayfinding task, both the number and the amplitude of individual delta waves, as indexes of neuronal silence in wake (off-periods), were significantly higher during errors than hits. Finally, a path analysis linked the use of the spatial navigation circuits undergone to learning plasticity to off periods in wake. In conclusion, local sleep regulation in wakefulness, associated with performance failures, could be functionally linked to learning-related cortical plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Quercia
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Filippo Zappasodi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giorgia Committeri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Michele Ferrara
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, Italy
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