1
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Nishanth MAD, Gourkhede D, Paidipally L, Borse R, Pollumahanti N, Nair A, Kiranmayee B, Malik SVS, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Comparative evaluation of in-house developed latex agglutination test (LAT) with World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) -recommended methods for the detection of Bacillus anthracis spores from the soil. J Microbiol Methods 2023; 211:106778. [PMID: 37394181 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
In-house developed Bacillus anthracis-specific synthetic peptide-based latex agglutination test (LAT) assay was comparatively evaluated with World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)-recommended polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/real-time PCR (qPCR) methods for the screening of B. anthracis spores from the soil to provide a simple, rapid, and economical immunodiagnostic test for field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anto Dani Nishanth
- ICAR- National Meat Research Institute, Hyderabad 500 092, India; Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Diksha Gourkhede
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | | | - Rushikesh Borse
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | | | - Amruta Nair
- ICAR- National Meat Research Institute, Hyderabad 500 092, India
| | - Bhimavarapu Kiranmayee
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Satya Veer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
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2
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Paramithiotis S. Molecular Targets for Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria Detection. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010104. [PMID: 36678453 PMCID: PMC9865778 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria currently relies on their ability to grow on chemically defined liquid and solid media, which is the essence of the classical microbiological approach. Such procedures are time-consuming and the quality of the result is affected by the selectivity of the media employed. Several alternative strategies based on the detection of molecular markers have been proposed. These markers may be cell constituents, may reside on the cell envelope or may be specific metabolites. Each marker provides specific advantages and, at the same time, suffers from specific limitations. The food matrix and chemical composition, as well as the accompanying microbiota, may also severely compromise detection. The aim of the present review article is to present and critically discuss all available information regarding the molecular targets that have been employed as markers for the detection of foodborne pathogens. Their strengths and limitations, as well as the proposed alleviation strategies, are presented, with particular emphasis on their applicability in real food systems and the challenges that are yet to be effectively addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiros Paramithiotis
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos St., 11855 Athens, Greece
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3
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Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB, Doijad SP, Vergis J, Malik SS, Chakraborty T. Ecology of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria species in India: the occurrence, resistance to biocides, genomic landscape and biocontrol. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:2759-2780. [PMID: 34693631 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, the causative agent of listeriosis, has been implicated in increasing foodborne outbreaks worldwide. The disease is manifested in various forms ranging from severe sepsis in immune-compromised individuals, febrile gastroenteritis, still birth, abortions and meningoencephalitis. In India, data from studies on the detection and molecular epidemiological analysis of L. monocytogenes are only recently emerging. The presence of Listeria in different ecological niches has been recorded from India, including foods, soil, vegetables, mangrove swamps, seafood, freshwater fishes, clinical cases, and also insects. The organism has also been isolated from women with spontaneous abortions, miscarriage or recurrent obstetric history, aborted foetuses, animal clinical cases and wildlife samples. A novel species of Listeria has also been characterized. Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from clinical, environmental, and foods showed biofilm-forming abilities. Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b isolates of ST328, a predominant and unique ST observed in India, was repeatedly isolated from different sources, times, and geographical locations. Here, we reviewed the occurrence of Listeria in different sources in India, its resistance to biocides, and provide epidemiological analysis on its genomic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepak Bhiwa Rawool
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Meat, Chengicherla, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500092, India
| | - Swapnil Prakash Doijad
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, 35392, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Giessen, 35392, Germany
| | - Jess Vergis
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Satyaveer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, 35392, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Giessen, 35392, Germany
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4
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Malla BA, Ramanjeneya S, Vergis J, Malik SS, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Comparison of recombinant and synthetic listeriolysin- O peptide- based indirect ELISA vis-à-vis cultural isolation for detection of listeriosis in caprine and ovine species. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 188:106278. [PMID: 34246691 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the comparative serodiagnostic efficacy of recombinant listeriolysin-O (rLLO) and synthetic LLO- 2 peptide-based indirect ELISA vis-à-vis cultural isolation using samples (n = 1326; blood, sera, vaginal swabs, and rectal swabs) collected from caprines (n = 350) and ovines (n = 50) having reproductive and/or nervous system disorders and/or healthy animals. On screening the test sera by rLLO- based ELISA, the antibodies against LLO (ALLO) were observed in 17.71% of the caprines and 2% of the ovines, respectively, while synthetic LLO-2- based ELISA revealed ALLO in 6.86% of caprines and not in ovines. Moreover, the adsorption of positive test sera with streptolysin-O (SLO) resulted in a significant reduction (7.43%; p < 0.05) in the seropositivity with rLLO- based ELISA, whereas LLO-2- based ELISA revealed marginal reduction (4.29%; p > 0.05) in the seropositivity. Overall, the seropositivity with LLO-2 synthetic peptide revealed comparatively less cross-reactivity in comparison to rLLO. The cultural isolation yielded five pathogenic L. monocytogenes isolates and three non-pathogenic Listeria spp. from caprine samples; however, Listeria spp. could not be recovered from any of the ovine samples. Further, on comparing seropositivity with the isolation study results, it was found that two out of the five animals from which pathogenic L. monocytogenes isolated were also found seropositive in both the ELISAs even after adsorption with SLO. Interestingly, rLLO- based ELISA detected antibodies against unadsorbed caprine sera even in those samples from which non-pathogenic Listeria spp. were isolated, whereas antibodies were not detected in LLO-2 peptide-based ELISA. In conclusion, it could be inferred that the synthetic LLO-2 peptide serves as a non- cross-reactive, ideal diagnostic antigen in serodiagnosis of capro-ovine listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad Malla
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India
| | - Sunitha Ramanjeneya
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India
| | - Satyaveer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India
| | | | - Deepak Bhiwa Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India; ICAR- National Research Centre on Meat, Chengicherla, Hyderabad 500 092, India.
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5
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Lopes-Luz L, Mendonça M, Bernardes Fogaça M, Kipnis A, Bhunia AK, Bührer-Sékula S. Listeria monocytogenes: review of pathogenesis and virulence determinants-targeted immunological assays. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:647-666. [PMID: 33896354 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1911930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is one of the most invasive foodborne pathogens and is responsible for numerous outbreaks worldwide. Most of the methods to detect this bacterium in food require selective enrichment using traditional bacterial culture techniques that can be time-consuming and labour-intensive. Moreover, molecular methods are expensive and need specific technical knowledge. In contrast, immunological approaches are faster, simpler, and user-friendly alternatives and have been developed for the detection of L. monocytogenes in food, environmental, and clinical samples. These techniques are dependent on the constitutive expression of L. monocytogenes antigens and the specificity of the antibodies used. Here, updated knowledge on pathogenesis and the key immunogenic virulence determinants of L. monocytogenes that are used for the generation of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for the serological assay development are summarised. In addition, immunological approaches based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence, lateral flow immunochromatographic assays, and immunosensors with relevant improvements are highlighted. Though the sensitivity and specificity of the assays were improved significantly, methods still face many challenges that require further validation before use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Lopes-Luz
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Mendonça
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Brasil
| | | | - André Kipnis
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil
| | - Arun K Bhunia
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Samira Bührer-Sékula
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil
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6
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Sahu R, Rawool DB, Vinod VK, Malik SVS, Barbuddhe SB. Current approaches for the detection of Coxiella burnetii infection in humans and animals. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 179:106087. [PMID: 33086105 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Q fever (coxiellosis), caused by Coxiella burnetii, is an emerging or re-emerging zoonotic disease of public health significance and with worldwide distribution. As a causal agent of the one among the 13 global priority zoonoses, having the infectious dose as low as one bacterium, C. burnetii has been regarded as an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen. The agent has been classified as a Group B bioterrorism agent by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the disease is included in the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) list of notifiable diseases. It is mainly transmitted through airborne route in humans and animals. Isolation of C. burnetii, using standard routine laboratory culture techniques was impossible until formulation of axenic-based medium. However, it is still to be included among routinely isolated laboratory pathogen, accounting prolonged incubation period (~7 days) and requirement of specific oxygen concentration (2.5% O2). Therefore, indirect diagnostic tools have been mainly used for its diagnosis. So far serology has been mostly used for testing for C. burnetii infection. The detection of C. burnetii DNA by PCR in various clinical samples have also been widely used. The disease has remained largely under-reported, underdiagnosed and as a masked zoonosis; and therefore, needs to be explored through well-planned scientific studies for knowing its true status and likely it impact in humans and animals by employing state-of-the-art diagnostics, identifying its diverse and new host range, as well as risk factors involved in different geo-climatic, behavioural and social settings as well as risk groups. Here, we reviewed the current approaches used for the detection of C. burnetii infection in humans and animals at the population and individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishna Sahu
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Deepak B Rawool
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Meat, Hyderabad 500 092, India
| | - Valil Kunjukunju Vinod
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - S V S Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
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7
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Yadav JP, Malik SVS, Dhaka P, Kumar M, Sirsant B, Gourkhede D, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Comparison of two new in-house Latex Agglutination Tests (LATs), based on the DnaK and Com1 synthetic peptides of Coxiella burnetii, with a commercial indirect-ELISA, for sero-screening of coxiellosis in bovines. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 170:105859. [PMID: 32027926 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The in-house developed DnaK and Com1 synthetic peptide-based Latex Agglutination Tests (LATs) were comparatively evaluated with commercial indirect-ELISA kit, to provide a rapid, economical and onsite field applicable test for seroscreening of coxiellosis in bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Prakash Yadav
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Satya Veer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Pankaj Dhaka
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Bhoomika Sirsant
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Diksha Gourkhede
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | | | - Deepak B Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India.
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8
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Kumar M, Malik SS, Vergis J, Ramanjeneya S, Sahu R, Pathak R, Yadav JP, Dhaka P, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Development of the Com1 synthetic peptide-based Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) and its comparative evaluation with commercial indirect-ELISA for sero-screening of coxiellosis in cattle. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 162:83-85. [PMID: 31145941 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel Com1 synthetic peptide-based latex agglutination test (LAT) was developed and evaluated against commercial ELISA kit for sero-screening of coxiellosis in cattle. The developed test is economical, has field applicability and can serve as an important rapid tool for sero-screening of coxiellosis in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Satyaveer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Sunitha Ramanjeneya
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Radhakrishna Sahu
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Richa Pathak
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Jay Prakash Yadav
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Pankaj Dhaka
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | | | - Deepak B Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India.
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9
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Ramanjeneya S, Sahoo SC, Pathak R, Kumar M, Vergis J, Malik SVS, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Virulence Potential, Biofilm Formation, and Antibiotic Susceptibility ofListeria monocytogenesIsolated from Cattle Housed in a Particular Gaushala (Cattle Shelter) and Organized Farm. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:214-220. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sunitha Ramanjeneya
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Sudam Chandra Sahoo
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Richa Pathak
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Satya Veer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | | | - Deepak B. Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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10
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Suryawanshi RD, Malik SVS, Jayarao B, Chaudhari SP, Savage E, Vergis J, Kurkure NV, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Comparative diagnostic efficacy of recombinant LLO and PI-PLC-based ELISAs for detection of listeriosis in animals. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 137:40-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Dhama K, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Shabbir MZ, Barbuddhe S, Malik SVS, Singh RK. Listeriosis in animals, its public health significance (food-borne zoonosis) and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2015; 35:211-35. [PMID: 26073265 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2015.1063023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeriosis is an infectious and fatal disease of animals, birds, fish, crustaceans and humans. It is an important food-borne zoonosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes, an intracellular pathogen with unique potential to spread from cell to cell, thereby crossing blood-brain, intestinal and placental barriers. The organism possesses a pile of virulence factors that help to infect the host and evade from host immune machinery. Though disease occurrence is sporadic throughout the world, it can result in severe damage during an outbreak. Listeriosis is characterized by septicaemia, encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, abortion, stillbirth, perinatal infections and gastroenteritis with the incubation period varying with the form of infection. L. monocytogenes has been isolated worldwide from humans, animals, poultry, environmental sources like soil, river, decaying plants, and food sources like milk, meat and their products, seafood and vegetables. Since appropriate vaccines are not available and infection is mainly transmitted through foods in humans and animals, hygienic practices can prevent its spread. The present review describes etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, pathogenesis, public health significance, and advances in diagnosis, vaccines and treatment of this disease. Special attention has been given to novel as well as prospective emerging therapies that include bacteriophage and cytokine therapy, avian egg yolk antibodies and herbal therapy. Various vaccines, including advances in recombinant and DNA vaccines and their modes of eliciting immune response, are also discussed. Due focus has also been given regarding appropriate prevention and control strategies to be adapted for better management of this zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- a Division of Pathology , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122 , UP , India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- b Division of Bacteriology and Mycology , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122 , UP , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- c Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology , College of Veterinary Sciences , Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura 281001 , India
| | - Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- d Quality Operations Laboratory , University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Sukhadeo Barbuddhe
- e Indian Council of Agricultural Research Complex for Goa , Old Goa, Goa 403402, India
| | - Satya Veer Singh Malik
- f Division of Veterinary Public Health , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122 , UP , India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- g Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122 , UP , India
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