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Kearns M, Ponnampalam EN, Jacquier JC, Grasso S, Boland TM, Sheridan H, Monahan FJ. Can botanically-diverse pastures positively impact the nutritional and antioxidant composition of ruminant meat? - Invited review. Meat Sci 2023; 197:109055. [PMID: 36512854 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.109055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A desire for more sustainable pasture-based ruminant feeding systems has led to growing interest in utilising botanically-diverse pastures (BDP) over monoculture pastures. Research suggests that, from a human consumption viewpoint, grass-based ruminant feeding leads to more nutritionally desirable fatty acid (FA) and antioxidant concentrations in meat compared with concentrate feeding, which can affect meat quality. The FA, antioxidant and secondary metabolite content of plants differ, depending on species, maturity and seasonality, offering the potential through targeted feeding of BDP to produce meat with superior nutritional and antioxidant profiles. This review explores the effect, if any, that grazing ruminants on BDP has on the FA profile, fat-soluble vitamin, and antioxidant content of meat. The input-output relationship between forage and red meat constituents is complex and is likely affected by species diversity, forage consumption patterns and modulation of rumen fermentation processes. Further investigation is required to fully understand the effect that BDP may have on the composition and quality of ruminant meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kearns
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eric N Ponnampalam
- Animal Production Sciences, Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | | | - Simona Grasso
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tommy M Boland
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Helen Sheridan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Frank J Monahan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Álvarez-Rodríguez J, Urrutia O, Lobón S, Ripoll G, Bertolín JR, Joy M. Insights into the role of major bioactive dietary nutrients in lamb meat quality: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:20. [PMID: 35125115 PMCID: PMC8819927 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed supplementation with α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) increases their content in muscle, ALA increases n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and decrease n-6/n-3 ratio in muscle, and LA increases rumenic acid. However, high LA supplementation may have negative effects on lambs’ lipid oxidative stability of meat. When the sources of ALA and LA are fed as fresh forage, the negative effects are counterbalanced by the presence of other bioactive compounds, as vitamin E (mainly α-tocopherol) and polyphenols, which delay the lipid oxidation in meat. There is a wide consensus on the capability of vitamin E delaying lipid oxidation on lamb meat, and its feed content should be adjusted to the length of supplementation. A high dietary inclusion of proanthocyanidins, phenolic compounds and terpenes reduce the lipid oxidation in muscle and may improve the shelf life of meat, probably as a result of a combined effect with dietary vitamin E. However, the recommended dietary inclusion levels depend on the polyphenol type and concentration and antioxidant capacity of the feedstuffs, which cannot be compared easily because no routine analytical grading methods are yet available. Unless phenolic compounds content in dietary ingredients/supplements for lambs are reported, no specific association with animal physiology responses may be established.
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Fatty acid metabolism in lambs supplemented with different condensed and hydrolysable tannin extracts. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258265. [PMID: 34614022 PMCID: PMC8494350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Five groups of lambs (n = 9 each) were used to test the effect of plant extracts rich in hydrolysable (HT) or condensed tannin (CT) on animal performance, fatty acid composition of rumen content, liver and meat. The control group (CO) received a concentrate-based diet without tannins supplementation. The other groups received the same diet as the control lambs plus 4% chestnut (CH) and tara (TA) extracts as a source of HT and mimosa (MI) and gambier (GA) extracts as a source of CT. One-way ANOVA was used to assess the overall effect of dietary treatments, tannins supplementation (CO vs. CH+TA+MI+GA) and the effect of tannin type (HT vs. CT: CH+TA vs. MI+GA) on animal performance, rumen content, liver and intramuscular FA. Dietary CH negatively affected animal performance. The rumen content of the different groups showed similar levels of 18:3 c9c12c15, 18:2 c9c12, 18:2 c9t11, 18:1 t11 and 18:0, whereas 18:1 t10 was greater in CO. Also, 18:1 t10 tended to be lower in the rumen of HT than CT-fed lambs. These data were partially confirmed in liver and meat, where CO showed a greater percentage of individual trans 18:1 fatty acids in comparison with tannins-fed groups. Our findings challenge some accepted generalizations on the use of tannins in ruminant diets as they were ineffective to favour the accumulation of dietary PUFA or healthy fatty acids of biohydrogenation origin in the rumen content and lamb meat, but suggest a generalized influence on BH rather than on specific steps.
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Bittante G, Cecchinato A, Tagliapietra F, Pazzola M, Vacca GM, Schiavon S. Effects of feeding system and CLA supplementation on animal, carcase and meat characteristics of fattened lambs and ewes. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1954557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bittante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova (Padua), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova (Padua), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Franco Tagliapietra
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova (Padua), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Michele Pazzola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova (Padua), Legnaro, Italy
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5
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Prache S, Schreurs N, Guillier L. Review: Factors affecting sheep carcass and meat quality attributes. Animal 2021; 16 Suppl 1:100330. [PMID: 34400114 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep meat comes from a wide variety of farming systems utilising outdoor extensive to indoor intensive with animals of various ages at slaughter. In Europe, slaughter may occur from 4 weeks of age in suckling light lambs to adult ages. More than any other animal species used for meat production, there are strong country-specific preferences for sheep meat quality linked to production system characteristics such as dairy or grassland-based systems. This article critically reviews the current state of knowledge on factors affecting sheep carcass and meat quality. Quality has been broken down into six core attributes: commercial, organoleptic, nutritional, technological, safety and image, the latter covering aspects of ethics, culture and environment associated with the way the meat is produced and its origin, which are particularly valued in the many quality labels in Europe. The quality of meat is built but can also deteriorate along the continuum from the conception of the animal to the consumer. Our review pinpoints critical periods, such as the gestation and the preslaughter and slaughter periods, and key factors, such as the animal diet, via its direct effect on the fatty acid profile, the antioxidant and volatile content, and indirect effects mediated via the age of the animal. It also pinpoints methodological difficulties in predicting organoleptic attributes, particularly odour and flavour. Potential antagonisms between different dimensions of quality are highlighted. For example, pasture-feeding has positive effects on the image and nutritional attributes (through its effect on the fatty acid profile of meat lipids), but it increases the risk of off-odours and off-flavours for sensitive consumersand the variability in meat quality linked to variability of animal age at slaughter. The orientation towards more agro-ecological, low-input farming systems may therefore present benefits for the image and nutritional properties of the meat, but also risks for the commercial (insufficient carcass fatness, feed deficiencies at key periods of the production cycle, irregularity in supply), organoleptic (stronger flavour and darker colour of the meat) and variability of sheep carcass and meat quality. Furthermore, the genetic selection for lean meat yield has been effective in producing carcasses that yield more meat, but at a penalty to the intramuscular fat content and eating quality of the meat, and making it more difficult to finish lambs on grass. Various tools to assess and predict quality are in development to better consider the various dimensions of quality in consumer information, payment to farmers and genetic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prache
- Université d'Auvergne, INRA, Vetagro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 St-Genès-Champanelle, France.
| | - N Schreurs
- Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Environment, PN433, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - L Guillier
- Université Paris Est, Anses, Risk Assessment Department, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Giller K, Sinz S, Messadene-Chelali J, Marquardt S. Maternal and direct dietary polyphenol supplementation affect growth, carcass and meat quality of sheep and goats. Animal 2021; 15:100333. [PMID: 34371471 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of polyphenol intake such as improved nitrogen retention make them interesting feed supplements for ruminants. In contrast, dietary polyphenols may have adverse effects on the bioavailability of nutrients and palatability of the feed which might impair growth performance. The beneficial and adverse effects might differ between different ruminant species as well as between direct intake and intake of polyphenol metabolites via suckling when supplemented to lactating dams. This study investigated the effects of maternal and direct polyphenol supplementation via grape seed extract in sheep and goats on growth, slaughter performance, meat quality and fatty acid profile. The diet of lactating East Friesian Dairy sheep (n = 11) and Saanen goats (n = 9) and of their lambs (n = 16) and kids (n = 13), respectively, was supplemented either with grape seed extract (dams: 7.4% and offspring: 5.6%, P) or without (C). This resulted in four groups per species, namely maternalC/offspringC, maternalC/offspringP, maternalP/offspringC, and maternalP/offspringP. In lambs but not in goats, maternalP increased average daily gain and improved slaughter performance whereas offspringP had no effect. Maternal and offspring diet did not affect physicochemical meat quality in lambs, but direct intake of grape seed extract increased rancid aroma of burger patties. In goat kids, both maternal and offspring diets slightly affected meat colour. While groups of meat fatty acids (FAs) were not affected by diet in both species, maternalP in lambs as well as maternalP and offspringP in goat kids increased the meat n-6 to n-3 FA ratio compared to the respective control groups. In goat kid but not in lamb meat, direct intake of polyphenols affected the proportions of several rumen biohydrogenation intermediates. In conclusion, grape seed extract can be applied in both the maternal and offspring diets in sheep and goats while maintaining or even improving offspring growth performance and carcass quality. Only few species-specific effects of grape seed extract supplementation were observed, and additive effects were scarce. Larger studies are required to confirm the observed species-specific growth response to maternalP during lactation. The underlying reasons for this differential response need to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Giller
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - S Sinz
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - S Marquardt
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Zhang K, Qian Q, Mao Y, Xu Y, Yang Y, Chen Y, Wang X. Characterization of growth phenotypes and gastrointestinal tract microbiota in sheep fed with caragana. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2763-2779. [PMID: 33998744 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Using high-protein caragana as an unconventional feed supplement has promising application potential in livestock feeding programmes, and verifying its function is of great importance to guide efficient dietary management of livestock. METHODS AND RESULTS This study investigated the resulting changes in the growth, slaughter performance, serum physiological index, physical and chemical characteristics of meat, ruminal and intestine morphology and gastrointestinal tract microbiota in sheep fed with caragana (CAR), corn straw (COR) and alfalfa (ALF) diets. The CAR group showed an increased abundance of Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Marvinbryantia, Ruminococcaceae NK4A214, Lachnospiraceae UCG-002 and Desulfuromonas in the rumen compared with ALF, and CAR group mainly enhanced starch and sucrose metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, photosynthesis and d-alanine metabolism in the rumen compared with ALF. CONCLUSIONS CAR diet positively changed the fatty acid profile of longissimus dorsi muscle and significantly altered the composition and function of the microbiota in the rumen, ileum and cecum. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study systematically demonstrated the feasibility of CAR as an alternative to ALF for animal fattening in a complete formula granulated feed and provided a fundamental basis for further research and development of CAR as an unconventional feed source for ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Q Qian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Y Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Y Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Y Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Y Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - X Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Comparison of Three Feeding Regimens on Blood Fatty Acids Metabolites of Wujumqin Sheep in Inner Mongolia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041080. [PMID: 33920167 PMCID: PMC8070206 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The traditional sheep feeding system in Inner Mongolia, based on pasture grazing, is gradually transforming into a semi-grazing plus supplementation or feedlot approach, as grassland ecological protection becomes increasingly important. The fatty acid composition of the animals’ tissues changes with transformation of the feeding system. However, the changes to blood fatty acid metabolites in sheep as a result of alterations to the feeding regimen are unknown. In this study, pasture feeding, pasture feeding plus corn supplementation, and barn feeding were carried out to explore the effects of feeding regimens on blood fatty acid composition and metabolic pathways of sheep using a metabolomic approach. The results revealed that compared to grazing, concentrate supplement feeding regimens, including either grazing plus supplements or feeding indoors, down-regulated blood n-3 PUFA biosynthesis and up-regulated blood inflammatory compound metabolism by n-6 PUFA. These data suggest that under different feeding regimens, an appropriate ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA in ruminant diets will contribute to increasingly high-quality animal production and improved immunocompetence. Abstract Feeding regimens influence the fatty acid composition of animal-derived products. However, there is limited information on the effect of feeding regimens on the blood fatty acid composition and metabolic pathways of ruminant animals. In this study, 30 Wujumqin sheep were randomly assigned to three groups, PF (pasture feeding), PSF (pasture feeding plus corn supplementation) and BF (barn feeding), to examine the effects of feeding regimens on blood fatty acid composition and metabolic pathways through a metabolomic approach. The results showed that the BF sheep had increased serum n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels, while the PF and PSF sheep had increased serum n-3 PUFA levels. Compared to the BF and PSF sheep that were fed ground corn, the PF sheep that only ate natural grass had up-regulated serum DHA levels. Meanwhile, blood metabolites from linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, including pro-inflammatory products (20-HETE, LTs, TX etc.) and anti-inflammatory products (LXB4, DHETs, HPETEs etc.) were elevated in the BF group. It was found that, compared to grazing, concentrate supplement feeding regimens, including either grazing plus supplements or feeding indoors, down-regulated blood n-3 PUFA biosynthesis and up-regulated the blood inflammatory compound metabolism by n-6 PUFA.
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Wolf C, Gredig N, Kreuzer M, Ulbrich SE, Berard J, Giller K. Preferential Partitioning of Rumen-Protected n-3 and n-6 Fatty Acids into Functionally Different Adipose Tissues. Lipids 2020; 55:239-250. [PMID: 32219864 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are stored at various sites inside the body as adipose tissue (AT). These include subcutaneous, abdominal, and intermuscular locations. The AT substantially differ in their metabolic function. It is, however, unclear whether AT have specific requirements for individual essential n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (FA). If so, control mechanisms would partition FA from the blood. To investigate the hypothesis of a selective FA incorporation, 18 beef heifers were fed diets supplemented with 60 g/kg diet with lipids from either fish oil (FO) or sunflower oil (SO). The lipids had partially been rumen-protected to ruminal biohydrogenation of n-3 and n-6 FA. The AT analyzed for n-3 and n-6 FA by gas chromatography were obtained from pericardial, longissimus thoracis (LT) intermuscular, perirenal, and subcutaneous sites. The greatest proportions of n-3 and n-6 FA were found in the pericardial AT. Despite generally low abundance, n-3 FA proportions increased with FO compared to SO supplementation in all AT, but to a different extent. No such partitioning was found for the n-6 FA when supplementing SO. Concomitantly, the n-6/n-3 FA ratio was reduced with FO in all AT, except in the pericardial AT. The latter has specific metabolic functions and thus appears to be quite resistant to diet-induced changes in FA profile in order to maintain its function. The present findings showed the special role of specific n-3 and n-6 FA in bovine AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wolf
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition, Universitaetstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Gredig
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition, Universitaetstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition, Universitaetstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Susanne E Ulbrich
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Physiology, Universitaetstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Joël Berard
- ETH Zurich, AgroVet-Strickhof, Eschikon 27, Lindau, 8315, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Giller
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition, Universitaetstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
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Budimir K, Mozzon M, Toderi M, D’Ottavio P, Trombetta MF. Effect of Breed on Fatty Acid Composition of Meat and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Light Lambs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030535. [PMID: 32210212 PMCID: PMC7143277 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The recognition of the role of food in the improvement and preservation of health is receiving more and more attention among consumers, especially in developed countries. Fats from red meats are considered quite unhealthy because of their high levels of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids. Healthier lipid profiles of red meats can be achieved by a proper feed composition of animals, but other factors, such as breed, sex, and live weight, are able to affect the nutritional properties of meats. This investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of breed (Bergamasca, Italian Merino, and Sopravissana) on the fatty acid composition of invisible (intramuscular) and visible (subcutaneous) fats of light lambs reared in Central Italy transhumant farms. They recently gained a Protected Geographical Indication label (European Union, Commission Implementing Regulation No. 475/2013), as ”Agnello del Centro Italia”. It is an income opportunity for local farms that passes through the nutritional valorization of lamb meat. The indices of nutritional quality of fats have showed that the meat of Italian Merino and Sopravissana lambs had better nutritional quality than the Bergamasca breed. Abstract Lamb meat is the main product of Central Italy transhumant farms, where lambs are traditionally reared with their mothers on pastures and are supplemented with concentrates and/or hay from day 20–30 until slaughter. However, few data are available on the fatty acid (FA) composition of unweaned lambs reared by extensive systems in Central Italy. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of breed (Bergamasca, Italian Merino, and Sopravissana) on the FA composition of intramuscular (longissimus lumborum, LL) and subcutaneous (SC) fats of light lambs. Statistical analysis showed that breed had effect only on some FAs in LL muscle fat (C18:0, C20:0, C14:1, C16:1, C17:1, C18:3 n-3, trans and conjugated linoleic acid isomers) and in SC adipose tissue (C21:0, C16:1, C18:1, C20:4 n-6, C20:5 n-3, C18:1 trans isomers). Gas chromatography data in combination with a chemometric approach could have some potential to discriminate among breeds. Indices of nutritional quality of the lipids suggested that the meat of Italian Merino and Sopravissana lambs might have better nutritional quality than Bergamasca; further studies, involving a greater number of animals, are needed to confirm these early results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Mozzon
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (M.F.T.); Tel.: +39-071-2204926 (M.M.); +39-071-2204927 (M.F.T.)
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11
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Vahmani P, Ponnampalam EN, Kraft J, Mapiye C, Bermingham EN, Watkins PJ, Proctor SD, Dugan MER. Bioactivity and health effects of ruminant meat lipids. Invited Review. Meat Sci 2020; 165:108114. [PMID: 32272342 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ruminant meat (RM) is an excellent source of high-quality protein, B vitamins and trace minerals and plays an important role in global food and nutrition security. However, nutritional guidelines commonly recommend reduced intake of RM mainly because of its high saturated fatty acid (SFA) content, and more recently because of its perceived negative environmental impacts. RM is, however, rich in heart healthy cis-monounsaturated fatty acids and can be an important source of long-chain omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids in populations with low fish consumption. In addition, RM is a source of bioactive phospholipids, as well as rumen-derived bioactive fatty acids including branched-chain, vaccenic and rumenic acids, which have been associated with several health benefits. However, the role of bioactive RM lipids in maintaining and improving consumers' health have been generally ignored in nutritional guidelines. The present review examines RM lipids in relation to human health, and evaluates the effectiveness of different feeding strategies and possibilities for future profile and content improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Vahmani
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, 2201 Meyer Hall, Davis, California 95616, United States.
| | - Eric N Ponnampalam
- Animal Production Sciences, Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Jana Kraft
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Cletos Mapiye
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | | | - Peter J Watkins
- Commonwealth Scientific Industry Research Organisation, 671 Sneydes Road, Werribees, VIC 3030, Australia.
| | - Spencer D Proctor
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Michael E R Dugan
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada.
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12
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The links between supplementary tannin levels and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) formation in ruminants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0216187. [PMID: 32168348 PMCID: PMC7069617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to predict and identify ways to increase conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) formation in ruminant-derived products to treat human health issues with dietary tannins. The objective was to compare and confirm the effects of dietary tannins on CLA formation by analyzing in vitro and/or in vivo studies. We reported the results of the meta-analysis based on numerical data from 38 selected publications consisting of 3712 treatments. Generally, via multiple pathways, the CLA formation increased when dietary tannins increased. Concurrently, dietary tannins increased Δ9 desaturation and the CLA indices in milk and meat (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, with average R2 values of 0.23 and 0.44, respectively), but they did not change the rumen fermentation characteristics, including total volatile fatty acids (mmol/L) and their acid components. In vitro observations may accurately predict in vivo results. Unfortunately, there was no relationship between in vitro observations and in vivo results (R2 < 0.10), indicating that it is difficult to predict CLA formation in vivo considering in vitro observations. According to the statistical meta-analysis results regarding animal aspects, the ranges of tannin levels required for CLA formation in vitro and in vivo were approximately 0.1–20 g/kg dry matter (DM) (P < 0.001) and 2.1–80 g/kg DM (P < 0.001), respectively. In conclusion, the in vivo method was more suitable for the direct observation of fatty acid transformation than the in vitro method.
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Walkenhorst M, Leiber F, Maeschli A, Kapp AN, Spengler-Neff A, Faleschini MT, Garo E, Hamburger M, Potterat O, Mayer P, Graf-Schiller S, Bieber A. A multicomponent herbal feed additive improves somatic cell counts in dairy cows - a two stage, multicentre, placebo-controlled long-term on-farm trial. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:439-452. [PMID: 32020681 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to natural and historical diets of wild and domesticated ruminants, the diversity of plant species is limited in diets of modern dairy cows. Are "production diseases" linked to this? We conducted a trial to test the effects of a multicomponent herbal feed additive (HFA) on health, performance and fertility traits. A dose-finding study (DF) with 62 cows on 11 commercial farms compared a low (50 g) and a high (100 g) dose of HFA (HFA-50, HFA-100) with a placebo (PL). In a subsequent field trial (FT) with 280 cows on 30 commercial farms, HFA-100 was compared to PL. Cows were randomly assigned to HFA and PL groups and received HFA or PL individually daily from 14 days pre- to 300 days post-calving. Data were analysed with mixed effects models. No differences between HFA and PL were found regarding performance, body condition score and overall culling rates. A tendency towards lower milk urea for HFA-100 compared to PL (p = .06) was found in DF. HFA significantly reduced elevated milk acetone observations (≥10 mg/L) in the first 10 lactation weeks (HFA-100: 4%; HFA-50: 4%; PL: 12%) in DF. HFA-50 significantly reduced lameness incidence (HFA-100: 11%; HFA-50: 2%; PL: 14%) in DF. Calving intervals were 15 days shorter in HFA compared to PL in both trials, which could be confirmed by tendency (p = .07) in FT. In both trials, the proportion of test days with elevated somatic cell score (≥3.0) was significantly lower in HFA compared to PL (DF: HFA-100: 40%, HFA-50: 45% and PL: 55%; FT: HFA-100: 38% and PL: 55%) which is also reflected by tendency (p = .08) in lower culling rates due to udder diseases in FT. HFA showed no negative impact on any of the measured parameters. The effects of HFA indicate a potential of phytochemically rich and diverse feed additives for dairy cows' nutrition and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Walkenhorst
- Department of Livestock Sciences, FiBL, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Florian Leiber
- Department of Livestock Sciences, FiBL, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Ariane Maeschli
- Department of Livestock Sciences, FiBL, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra N Kapp
- Department of Livestock Sciences, FiBL, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Anet Spengler-Neff
- Department of Livestock Sciences, FiBL, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Maria Teresa Faleschini
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Garo
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Hamburger
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Potterat
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Anna Bieber
- Department of Livestock Sciences, FiBL, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Frick, Switzerland
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Kreuzer M, Müller S, Mazzolini L, Messikommer RE, Gangnat IDM. Are dual-purpose and male layer chickens more resilient against a low-protein-low-soybean diet than slow-growing broilers? Br Poult Sci 2020; 61:33-42. [PMID: 31550927 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1671957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
1. Although fattening dual-purpose types or male layer hybrid chickens appears more ethical than the common practice of culling day-old male layer chicks, the lower feed efficiency of these birds raises concerns. Replacing feed ingredients that compete with food production by those of lower value for human nutrition would be beneficial.2. Lohmann Dual (LD), a modern dual-purpose type, Lohmann Brown (LB), a male layer hybrid, and Hubbard JA 957 (HU), a slow-growing broiler type, were fattened for nine weeks on two diets (control or -20% crude protein; n = 6 × 12 birds). Growth, carcass and meat quality were analysed.3. Growth performance of HU exceeded that of LD and especially of LB. The growth depression caused by the low-protein diet fed to LD (-7%) was only half of that found in HU (-13%). The LD fed the control diet had the same feed efficiency as the HU fed the low-protein diet. Even the LB had a lower performance and feed efficiency with the low-protein diet in growth. There was a gradient in carcass properties (weight, dressing percentage, breast meat yield, breast proportion and breast angle) from HU to LD to LB, with some additional adverse effects of the low-protein diet especially in HU. There were some breed differences in fatty acid profile in the intramuscular fat.4. In conclusion, the dual-purpose type used complied with regulations for Swiss organic poultry systems in terms of growth rate and was found to respond less when fed a low-protein diet than the slow-growing broiler type. The LB males were inferior in all growth and carcass quality traits. Future studies need to determine the exact protein and amino acid requirements of dual-purpose and layer hybrid chickens and the economic feasibility of the systems, especially for organic farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Müller
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Mazzolini
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R E Messikommer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - I D M Gangnat
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Milojevic V, Sinz S, Kreuzer M, Chiumia D, Marquardt S, Giller K. Partitioning of fatty acids into tissues and fluids from reproductive organs of ewes as affected by dietary phenolic extracts. Theriogenology 2020; 144:174-184. [PMID: 31972461 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of dietary interventions with regard to fertility problems often observed in ruminant livestock is of global interest. Though the effects of polyphenol supplementation in ruminants on digestion and food quality are well described, the impact on reproductive tissues and fluids remains scarcely investigated. These compounds protect dietary unsaturated fatty acids (FA) from oxidation and biohydrogenation and thus saturation. In addition, modification of the expression of genes associated with FA metabolism may occur. Therefore, we characterized for the first time the FA profiles of reproductive tissues and fluids and investigated their potential modification by dietary polyphenols in 22 cyclic ewes. The animals were randomly divided into four groups and fed a basal diet of meadow hay and one of four concentrate types either non-supplemented (control) or supplemented with grape seed extract, Acacia mearnsii bark extract (13 g/kg dry matter (DM) each) or a combination of both (26 g/kg DM). After 10 weeks of feeding, the animals were slaughtered. Samples of reproductive (oviduct, uterus) and metabolically differently active tissues (liver, muscle, adipose) as well as of plasma and fluids from oviduct and uterus were analysed for their FA composition. In addition, the expression of lipid metabolic and antioxidant genes was analysed in all tissues except the adipose tissue. Fatty acid profiles in tissues and fluids as well as gene expression in tissues significantly differed between the different fluids and tissues. In contrast, only a few diet and matrix (fluid or tissue) × diet interactions were observed. Still, the FA profile of the uterus was the only one not at all affected by the diet. The mRNA expression was not affected by the diet for most of the genes investigated, which might in part be explained by the similar plasma polyphenol concentrations found at slaughter. Overall, our findings contribute to an improved understanding of the characteristic FA composition of reproductive tissues and fluids in sheep. In addition, the effect of polyphenols on different tissues, fluids and tissue gene expression has been confirmed as described in other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Milojevic
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Sinz
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Chiumia
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Svenja Marquardt
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Mazingira Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Katrin Giller
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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16
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Liu N, Pustjens AM, Erasmus SW, Yang Y, Hettinga K, van Ruth SM. Dairy farming system markers: The correlation of forage and milk fatty acid profiles from organic, pasture and conventional systems in the Netherlands. Food Chem 2020; 314:126153. [PMID: 31986340 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between the fatty acid (FA) composition in forage and milk (F&M) from different dairy systems were investigated. Eighty milk samples and 91 forage samples were collected from 40 farms (19 organic, 11 pasture and 10 conventional) in the Netherlands, during winter and summer. The FA profiles of F&M samples were measured with gas chromatography. The results showed that the F&M of organic farms were significantly differentiated from the F&M of other farms, both in summer and winter. The differences are likely due to the different grazing strategies in summer and different forage composition in winter. The Pearson's correlation results showed the specific relationship between individual FAs in forages and related milk. A PLS-DA model was applied to classify all milks samples, resulting in 87.5% and 83.3% correct classifications of training set and validation set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjing Liu
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke M Pustjens
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sara W Erasmus
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuzheng Yang
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kasper Hettinga
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia M van Ruth
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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17
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Chiumia D, Hankele AK, Drews B, Zehnder T, Berard J, Giesbertz P, Ulbrich SE, Giller K. Alpine and lowland grazing differentially alter the reproductive tract redox milieu and amino acid composition in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 213:106268. [PMID: 31987321 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An alpine environment is unique due to pasture biodiversity, with an abundant content of natural antioxidant polyphenols. The present study investigated the effects of lowland and alpine grazing on the oviduct and uterine tissue redox status and amino acid concentrations in plasma and reproductive fluids. In the first experiment, heifers grazed on lowland (H-LOW: n = 13) and on alpine (H-ALP: n = 15) pastures. In the second experiment, heifers grazed on the same lowland (HS-LOW: n = 6) and on a different alpine (HS-ALP: n = 6) pasture. The abundance of mRNA transcripts for antioxidant enzymes in the oviduct (glutathione S-transferase alpha 2, glutathione synthetase (GSS)) and the endometrium (catalase, glutathione-disulfide reductase, GSS) was less (P < 0.05), and for glutathione peroxidase 4 in the endometrium greater (P = 0.006) in the H-LOW than in the H-ALP group. The abundance of mRNA transcript for catalase was less in the endometrium in the H-LOW than in the H-ALP (P = 0.001) group. Catalase and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 concentrations in the oviduct were greater in the HS-LOW than in the HS-ALP group (P < 0.05). Of 32 amino acids analysed, there were differences in concentrations in the H-LOW and H-ALP group of 13, seven and 15 in plasma, oviduct and uterine fluids, respectively (P < 0.05). Comparing the HS-LOW to the HS-ALP groups, there were 13, one and three amino acids in the plasma, oviduct and uterine fluids, respectively, that were differentially abundant (P < 0.05). The grazing systems had some effect on the redox status and amino acid patterns in reproductive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chiumia
- ETH Zurich, Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Switzerland.
| | | | - Barbara Drews
- ETH Zurich, Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Switzerland.
| | - Tobias Zehnder
- ETH Zurich, Animal Nutrition, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Switzerland.
| | - Joel Berard
- ETH Zurich, Animal Nutrition, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Switzerland.
| | - Pieter Giesbertz
- Nutritional Physiology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
| | - Susanne E Ulbrich
- ETH Zurich, Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Switzerland.
| | - Katrin Giller
- ETH Zurich, Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Animal Nutrition, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Switzerland.
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18
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Biondi L, Randazzo CL, Russo N, Pino A, Natalello A, Van Hoorde K, Caggia C. Dietary Supplementation of Tannin-Extracts to Lambs: Effects on Meat Fatty Acids Composition and Stability and on Microbial Characteristics. Foods 2019; 8:E469. [PMID: 31658772 PMCID: PMC6836261 DOI: 10.3390/foods8100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two extracts derived from plant material rich in hydrolysable (Tara, T; Caesalpinia spinosa) or condensed (Mimosa, M; Acacia mearnsii) tannins were added to lamb's diet and their effects on meat quality and on microbial population were evaluated; a diet without tannins represented the Control (C). Meat pH, vitamin E, intramuscular fat content and muscle fatty acid composition were determined. Oxidative stability and microbiological analyses were performed on meat samples after 0, 4 and 7 days of refrigerated storage. Psychrotrophic bacteria were identified through MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Regarding meat fatty acids, Tara treatment decreased the percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids. The counts of all microbial groups were similar among dietary treatments at day 0, while a significant reduction of microbial loads was observed in T-group at day 7. Pseudomonas fluorescens group count was significantly affected by T extract supplementation. The MALDI-TOF MS identification revealed the dominance of Pseudomonas fragi species in all samples while Pseudomonas lundensis, Brochothrix thermosphacta and Candida famata were revealed only in control ones. In conclusions, the tannin extract supplementation is a promising dietary strategy to preserve lamb meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Biondi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Cinzia L Randazzo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Nunziatina Russo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Pino
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Antonio Natalello
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Koenraad Van Hoorde
- Service Foodborne Pathogens, Sciensano, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Brewing Science and Technology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Cinzia Caggia
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
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19
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Wolf C, Gredig N, Ulbrich SE, Kreuzer M, Berard J, Giller K. Partitioning of Rumen-Protected n-3 and n-6 Fatty Acids is Organ-Specific in Growing Angus Heifers. Lipids 2019; 54:503-517. [PMID: 31410851 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (FA), play an important role in the regulation of FA metabolism in all mammals. However, FA metabolism differs between different organs, suggesting a distinct partitioning of highly relevant FA. For the present study in cattle, a novel technology was applied to overcome rumen biohydrogenation of dietary unsaturated FA. Angus heifers were fed a straw-based diet supplemented for 8 weeks with 450 g/day of rumen-protected oil, either from fish (FO) or sunflower (SO). The FA composition in blood and five important organs, namely heart, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen, was examined. In blood, proportions of polyunsaturated FA were increased by supplementing FO compared to SO. The largest increase of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) proportion was found with FO instead of SO in the kidney, the lowest in the lung. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was increased more in the liver than in kidney, lung, and spleen. The heart incorporated seven times more EPA than DHA, which is more than all other organs and described here for the first time in ruminants. In addition, the heart had the highest proportions of α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and linoleic acid (18:2n-6) of all organs. The proportions of polyunsaturated FA in the lung and spleen were exceptionally low compared to heart, liver, and kidney. In conclusion, it was shown that the response to FO in the distribution of dietary n-3 FA was organ-specific while proportions of n-6 FA were quite inert with respect to the type of oil supplemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wolf
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Gredig
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne E Ulbrich
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Physiology, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joel Berard
- ETH Zurich, AgroVet-Strickhof, Eschikon 27, 8315, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Giller
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Effects of vegetation type and breed on n-3 and n-6 fatty acid proportions in heart, lung and brain phospholipids of lambs. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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Koczura M, Pervier S, Manzocchi E, Turille G, Bruckmaier RM, Kreuzer M, Berard J. Previous alpine grazing experience of cows has little medium-term effect on feeding behaviour, milk yield and composition in a traditional alpine system. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1532326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Koczura
- ETH Zurich, Institut für Agrarwissenschaften, Universitaetstrasse 2, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Steve Pervier
- ETH Zurich, Institut für Agrarwissenschaften, Universitaetstrasse 2, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Manzocchi
- ETH Zurich, Institut für Agrarwissenschaften, Universitaetstrasse 2, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institut für Agrarwissenschaften, Universitaetstrasse 2, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Joel Berard
- ETH Zurich, Institut für Agrarwissenschaften, Universitaetstrasse 2, Zürich, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, AgroVet-Strickhof, Eschikon 27, Lindau, Switzerland
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22
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Nguyen DV, Malau-Aduli BS, Cavalieri J, Nichols PD, Malau-Aduli AE. Supplementation with plant-derived oils rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for lamb production. Vet Anim Sci 2018; 6:29-40. [PMID: 32734050 PMCID: PMC7386694 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, an overview of the health benefits of omega-3 long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) and recent progress in using alpha linolenic acid (ALA) rich sources derived from oilseeds to enhance productive performance, n-3 PUFA profiles and sensory properties of lamb for human consumption is reviewed. Omega-3 LC-PUFA can prevent mental health issues and chronic human disorders including cancer, cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. The median amount of n-3 LC-PUFA consumption is generally lacking in Western diets. More attention is now being paid to the use of innovative nutritional strategies to improve PUFA content in ruminants, which could subsequently increase the content of health-benefitting n-3 LC-PUFA for human consumption. The richest sources of dietary n-3 LC-PUFA are derived from marine products, while forage and oilseeds such as flaxseed, canola, and their oils are abundant in ALA. Numerous studies have shown that dietary ALA increases n-3 LC-PUFA levels of edible tissues. However, other studies concluded that ALA rich supplementation led to no differences in tissue FA profiles because of extensive biohydrogenation of dietary ALA, limited conversion from ALA to n-3 LC-PUFA and low incorporation of n-3 LC-PUFA into edible tissues. Generally, the inclusion of ALA rich sources in lamb diets potentially increases ALA content in lamb. It is proposed that supplementing ruminants with ALA-rich sources at or below 6% can promote n-3 PUFA profiles in lamb and is unlikely to have negative effects on feed intake, growth, carcass and sensory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don V. Nguyen
- Animal Genetics and Nutrition, Veterinary Science Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- National Institute of Animal Science, Hanoi 129909, Viet Nam
| | - Bunmi S. Malau-Aduli
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - John Cavalieri
- Animal Genetics and Nutrition, Veterinary Science Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Peter D. Nichols
- Animal Genetics and Nutrition, Veterinary Science Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, PO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Aduli E.O. Malau-Aduli
- Animal Genetics and Nutrition, Veterinary Science Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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23
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Differential partitioning of rumen-protected n–3 and n–6 fatty acids into muscles with different metabolism. Meat Sci 2018; 137:106-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Marquardt S, Barsila SR, Amelchanka SL, Devkota NR, Kreuzer M, Leiber F. Fatty acid profile of ghee derived from two genotypes (cattle–yak vs yak) grazing different alpine Himalayan pasture sites. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid (FA) profile of ghee produced from milk of cattle–yak hybrids grazing five mountain pasture sites along a high-alpine transhumance route in Nepal was analysed. Pastures differed in altitude above sea level (2600–4500 m), time period of being grazed and phytochemical composition of the swards. Additionally, a comparison of ghee from purebred yak and hybrid was performed, with samples produced at two of the sites. Pasture site had a strong effect on almost all FAs. Proportions of oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acid in ghee were smallest on the highest pasture at 4500 m where the largest condensed tannin concentrations in the forages were found. No systematic site effects were found for c9,t11 conjugated linoleic acid and total polyunsaturated FAs. Ghee produced from the hybrids’ milk was richer in major functional FAs such as α-linolenic and linoleic acid, while yak ghee contained more saturated FAs and eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids.
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25
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Chikwanha OC, Vahmani P, Muchenje V, Dugan MER, Mapiye C. Nutritional enhancement of sheep meat fatty acid profile for human health and wellbeing. Food Res Int 2017; 104:25-38. [PMID: 29433780 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids (FA) consumed by sheep, like other ruminants, can undergo biohydrogenation resulting in high proportions of saturated FA (SFA) in meat. Biohydrogenation is typically less extensive in sheep than cattle, and consequently, sheep meat can contain higher proportions of omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), and PUFA biohydrogenation intermediates (PUFA-BHI) including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-monounsaturated FAs (t-MUFA). Sheep meat is also noted for having characteristically higher contents of branched chain FA (BCFA). From a human health and wellness perspective, some SFA and trans-MUFA have been found to negatively affect blood lipid profiles, and are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). On the other hand, n-3 PUFA, BCFA and some PUFA-BHI may have many potential beneficial effects on human health and wellbeing. In particular, vaccenic acid (VA), rumenic acid (RA) and BCFA may have potential for protecting against cancer and inflammatory disorders among other human health benefits. Several innovative strategies have been evaluated for their potential to enrich sheep meat with FA which may have human health benefits. To this end, dietary manipulation has been found to be the most effective strategy of improving the FA profile of sheep meat. However, there is a missing link between the FA profile of sheep meat, human consumption patterns of sheep FA and chronic diseases. The current review provides an overview of the nutritional strategies used to enhance the FA profile of sheep meat for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obert C Chikwanha
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Payam Vahmani
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Voster Muchenje
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Michael E R Dugan
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cletos Mapiye
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
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Ravetto Enri S, Renna M, Probo M, Lussiana C, Battaglini LM, Lonati M, Lombardi G. Relationships between botanical and chemical composition of forages: a multivariate approach to grasslands in the Western Italian Alps. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:1252-1259. [PMID: 27324464 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant composition of species-rich mountain grasslands can affect the sensorial and chemical attributes of dairy and meat products, with implications for human health. A multivariate approach was used to analyse the complex relationships between vegetation characteristics (botanical composition and plant community variables) and chemical composition (proximate constituents and fatty acid profile) in mesophilic and dry vegetation ecological groups, comprising six different semi-natural grassland types in the Western Italian Alps. RESULTS Mesophilic and dry grasslands were comparable in terms of phenology, biodiversity indices and proportion of botanical families. The content of total fatty acids and that of the most abundant fatty acids (alpha-linolenic, linoleic and palmitic acids) were mainly associated to nutrient-rich plant species, belonging to the mesophilic grassland ecological group. Mesophilic grasslands showed also higher values of crude protein, lower values of fibre content and they were related to higher pastoral values of vegetation compared to dry grasslands. The proximate composition and fatty acid profile appeared mainly single species dependent rather than botanical family dependent. CONCLUSION These findings highlight that forage from mesophilic grasslands can provide higher nutritive value for ruminants and may be associated to ruminant-derived food products with a healthier fatty acid profile. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Ravetto Enri
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Manuela Renna
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Massimiliano Probo
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Carola Lussiana
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Luca M Battaglini
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Michele Lonati
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Giampiero Lombardi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Nutritional strategies to improve the lipid composition of meat, with emphasis on Thailand and Asia. Meat Sci 2016; 120:157-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Faehnrich B, Lukas B, Humer E, Zebeli Q. Phytogenic pigments in animal nutrition: potentials and risks. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:1420-1430. [PMID: 26415572 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytogenic pigments are secondary plant compounds responsible for coloring effects in plant tissues. In particular, phenolic flavonoids and terpenoid carotenoids, but also rare compounds like curcumin and betalain, form this group of biochemical agents used in animal nutrition. From the perspective of ecological mutuality between plants and animals, these compounds are of crucial importance because they serve as visual attraction for herbivores but also signal nutritional and/or health-promoting values. This review focuses on the properties of phytogenic pigments which are likely to impact feed intake and preferences of livestock. Also natural prophylactic and/or therapeutic properties and, in particular, the potential of pigments to enhance quality and health value of animal products for human consumption are important issues. Nevertheless, reasonable limits of use due to possible adverse indications have been suggested recently. Pathways of digestion, metabolism and excretion in animals play a crucial role not only in the evaluation of effectiveness but also in the prediction of potential risks for human consumption. The popularity of natural feed additives is growing; therefore, more research work is needed to better understand metabolic pathways in the animal's body and to better estimate the potentials and risks of pigmenting plant compounds used in animal nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Faehnrich
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Lukas
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elke Humer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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Gangnat IDM, Kreuzer M, McCormick AC, Leiber F, Berard J. Carcass and meat quality of finished and non-finished Limousin heifers from alpine livestock systems differing in altitudinal origin of the forage. Arch Anim Nutr 2016; 70:108-26. [PMID: 26822886 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2015.1134398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Effects of the alpine origin of the forage and of finishing on carcass and beef quality were quantified by modelling different alpine livestock system alternatives. Thirty-five Limousin heifers, initially weighing 383 ± 45 kg, were fed fresh grass at 400 or 2000 m above sea level, or a 1:1 mixture of alpine grass and lowland grass hay at 2000 m. After 9 weeks, the six heaviest and oldest animals per group were slaughtered. The remaining animals were finished for 8 weeks on a silage-concentrate diet in the lowlands to similar age and body weight as the first slaughtered group. Carcass and meat quality (M. longissimus thoracis) were assessed in various respects. The average daily gains achieved were of about 600 g/d and similar between forage-type groups. Dressing percentage was 53.5% in the alpine and 57.2% in the lowland group. Carcass conformation and fat cover scores did not differ between forage-type groups. The meat from the alpine groups had greater ultimate pH and smaller redness, yellowness and protein contents. Still, these differences were of minor practical relevance. There was no forage-type effect on water-holding capacity and shear force of the meat. The alpine systems enhanced the proportion of α-linolenic acid in intramuscular fat and decreased the levels of some volatile compounds in perirenal fat. Finishing resulted in compensatory growth, especially in the animals previously fed lowland grass. There was a trend for the finished compared with the non-finished groups towards greater carcass fat cover and intramuscular fat content. Additionally, ultimate pH was smaller and cooking loss was greater with than without finishing. Meat colour differences were also observed. Shear force was not affected by finishing. The finished animals had a smaller α-linolenic acid proportion in the intramuscular fat. In conclusion, the forage type had small effects on carcass and meat quality. Finishing did not substantially improve carcass and meat quality. The (alpine) grass-specific differences in fatty acid profile found in the unfinished cattle were not present in the finished animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- a ETH Zurich , Institute of Agricultural Sciences , Zurich , Switzerland
| | | | - Florian Leiber
- a ETH Zurich , Institute of Agricultural Sciences , Zurich , Switzerland.,b Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) , Frick , Switzerland
| | - Joel Berard
- a ETH Zurich , Institute of Agricultural Sciences , Zurich , Switzerland
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Iussig G, Renna M, Gorlier A, Lonati M, Lussiana C, Battaglini L, Lombardi G. Browsing ratio, species intake, and milk fatty acid composition of goats foraging on alpine open grassland and grazable forestland. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Mlambo V, Mapiye C. Towards household food and nutrition security in semi-arid areas: What role for condensed tannin-rich ruminant feedstuffs? Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Khiaosa-ard R, Kreuzer M, Leiber F. Apparent recovery of C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids from feed in cow milk: A meta-analysis of the importance of dietary fatty acids and feeding regimens in diets without fat supplementation. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:6399-414. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Alvarenga TIRC, Chen Y, Furusho-Garcia IF, Perez JRO, Hopkins DL. Manipulation of Omega-3 PUFAs in Lamb: Phenotypic and Genotypic Views. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 14:189-204. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tharcilla Isabella Rodrigues Costa Alvarenga
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Lavras; Campus Universitário; Caixa Postal 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
- NSW Dept. of Primary Industries; Centre for Red Meat and Sheep Development; Cowra NSW 2794 Australia
| | - Yizhou Chen
- NSW Dept. of Primary Industries; Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Inst; Menangle NSW 2568 Australia
| | - Iraides Ferreira Furusho-Garcia
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Lavras; Campus Universitário; Caixa Postal 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Juan Ramon Olalquiaga Perez
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Lavras; Campus Universitário; Caixa Postal 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - David L. Hopkins
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Lavras; Campus Universitário; Caixa Postal 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
- NSW Dept. of Primary Industries; Centre for Red Meat and Sheep Development; Cowra NSW 2794 Australia
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Frequent moving of grazing dairy cows to new paddocks increases the variability of milk fatty acid composition. Animal 2015; 9:604-13. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114003000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Leiber F. Resigning protein concentrates in dairy cattle nutrition: a problem or a chance? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13165-014-0073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Kälber T, Kreuzer M, Leiber F. Milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows fed green whole-plant buckwheat, phacelia or chicory in their vegetative and reproductive stage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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