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Du G, Dou C, Sun P, Wang S, Liu J, Ma L. Regulatory T cells and immune escape in HCC: understanding the tumor microenvironment and advancing CAR-T cell therapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1431211. [PMID: 39136031 PMCID: PMC11317284 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1431211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer, which most commonly manifests as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the sixth most common cancer in the world. In HCC, the immune system plays a crucial role in the growth and proliferation of tumor cells. HCC achieve immune escape through the tumor microenvironment, which significantly promotes the development of this cancer. Here, this article introduces and summarizes the functions and effects of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the tumor microenvironment, highlighting how Tregs inhibit and regulate the functions of immune and tumor cells, cytokines, ligands and receptors, etc, thereby promoting tumor immune escape. In addition, it discusses the mechanism of CAR-T therapy for HCC and elaborate on the relationship between CAR-T and Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtan Du
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Medical Department of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cunmiao Dou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Medical Department of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Leina Ma
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
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2
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Lv D, Jiang H, Yang X, Li Y, Niu W, Zhang D. Advances in understanding of dendritic cell in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1294807. [PMID: 38433836 PMCID: PMC10904453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1294807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by a rapid decline in renal function and is associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate. At present, the underlying mechanisms of AKI remain incompletely understood. Immune disorder is a prominent feature of AKI, and dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in orchestrating both innate and adaptive immune responses, including the induction of protective proinflammatory and tolerogenic immune reactions. Emerging evidence suggests that DCs play a critical role in the initiation and development of AKI. This paper aimed to conduct a comprehensive review and analysis of the role of DCs in the progression of AKI and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. The ultimate objective was to offer valuable insights and guidance for the treatment of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Lv
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Huihui Jiang
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xianzhen Yang
- Department of Urology, Afliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Urinary Organ and Functional Reconstruction of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Weipin Niu
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Dominant Diseases of traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Denglu Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Dominant Diseases of traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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3
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Zhu B, Wang T, Wei X, Zhou Y, Li J. CpG DNA-triggered upregulation of TLR9 expression affects apoptosis and immune responses in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells isolated from chronic hepatitis B patients. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023; 129:330-337. [PMID: 32990473 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1822414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) were treated with cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) DNA, and cell apoptosis, signals and immune responses were measured to investigate the effects and mechanism of CpG DNA in pDCs from chronic hepatitis B patients. CpG DNA-stimulated pDCs secreted more IFN-α than the control pDCs. CpG DNA activated Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), thereby resulting in the upregulated expression of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Furthermore, CpG DNA down-regulated apoptosis and promoted the expression of IFN-α, interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-21, IL-26 and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in pDCs. Following treatment with NF-κB inhibitor, pyrollidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), the influence of CpG DNA on pDCs was inhibited. Our results suggest that CpG DNA may directly interfere with the function of pDCs through TLR9-mediated upregulation of MyD88, IRF7 and NF-κB expression, which can partially explain the activation of pDCs in chronic hepatitis B patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhu
- Infectious Disease Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Tianbao Wang
- Infectious Disease Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wei
- Infectious Disease Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Yancai Zhou
- Infectious Disease Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Gastroenterology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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4
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Elkhatib WF, Abdelkareem SS, Khalaf WS, Shahin MI, Elfadil D, Alhazmi A, El-Batal AI, El-Sayyad GS. Narrative review on century of respiratory pandemics from Spanish flu to COVID-19 and impact of nanotechnology on COVID-19 diagnosis and immune system boosting. Virol J 2022; 19:167. [PMID: 36280866 PMCID: PMC9589879 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01902-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of the highly lethal severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 (SARS-2) as corona virus 2019 (COVID-19) reminded us of the history of other pandemics that happened in the last century (Spanish flu) and stayed in the current century, which include Severe-Acute-Respiratory-Syndrome (SARS), Middle-East-Respiratory-Syndrome (MERS), Corona Virus 2019 (COVID-19). We review in this report the newest findings and data on the origin of pandemic respiratory viral diseases, reservoirs, and transmission modes. We analyzed viral adaption needed for host switch and determinants of pathogenicity, causative factors of pandemic viruses, and symptoms and clinical manifestations. After that, we concluded the host factors associated with pandemics morbidity and mortality (immune responses and immunopathology, ages, and effect of pandemics on pregnancy). Additionally, we focused on the burdens of COVID-19, non-pharmaceutical interventions (quarantine, mass gatherings, facemasks, and hygiene), and medical interventions (antiviral therapies and vaccines). Finally, we investigated the nanotechnology between COVID-19 analysis and immune system boosting (Nanoparticles (NPs), antimicrobial NPs as antivirals and immune cytokines). This review presents insights about using nanomaterials to treat COVID-19, improve the bioavailability of the abused drugs, diminish their toxicity, and improve their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid F Elkhatib
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Union Organization St., Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, New Galala City, Suez, Egypt.
| | - Shereen S Abdelkareem
- Department of Alumni, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Industries, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Entertainment Area, Badr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wafaa S Khalaf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11751, Egypt
| | - Mona I Shahin
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Tymaa, Tabuk University, Tymaa, 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dounia Elfadil
- Biology and Chemistry Department, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Alaa Alhazmi
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- SMIRES for Consultation in Specialized Medical Laboratories, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed I El-Batal
- Drug Microbiology Laboratory, Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gharieb S El-Sayyad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, New Galala City, Suez, Egypt.
- Drug Microbiology Laboratory, Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt.
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5
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Crosstalk between Body Microbiota and the Regulation of Immunity. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:6274265. [PMID: 35647199 PMCID: PMC9135571 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6274265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome corresponds to the genetic component of microorganisms (archaea, bacteria, phages, viruses, fungi, and protozoa) that coexist with an individual. During the last two decades, research on this topic has become massive demonstrating that in both homeostasis and disease, the microbiome plays an important role, and in some cases, a decisive one. To date, microbiota have been identified at different body locations, such as the eyes, lung, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, and skin, and technological advances have permitted the taxonomic characterization of resident species and their metabolites, in addition to the cellular and molecular components of the host that maintain a crosstalk with local microorganisms. Here, we summarize recent studies regarding microbiota residing in different zones of the body and their relationship with the immune system. We emphasize the immune components underlying pathological conditions and how they interact with local (and distant) microbiota.
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6
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Dong Z, Dai H, Liu W, Jiang H, Feng Z, Liu F, Zhao Q, Rui H, Liu WJ, Liu B. Exploring the Differences in Molecular Mechanisms and Key Biomarkers Between Membranous Nephropathy and Lupus Nephritis Using Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. Front Genet 2022; 12:770902. [PMID: 35047003 PMCID: PMC8762271 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.770902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Both membranous nephropathy (MN) and lupus nephritis (LN) are autoimmune kidney disease. In recent years, with the deepening of research, some similarities have been found in the pathogenesis of these two diseases. However, the mechanism of their interrelationship is not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in molecular mechanisms and key biomarkers between MN and LN. Method: The expression profiles of GSE99325, GSE99339, GSE104948 and GSE104954 were downloaded from GEO database, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of MN and LN samples were obtained. We used Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) for enrichment analysis of DEGs. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of DEGs was constructed using Metascape. We filtered DEGs with NetworkAnalyst. Finally, we used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to identify the most significant DEGs for MN and LN. Result: Compared with LN in the glomerulus, 14 DEGs were up-regulated and 77 DEGs were down-regulated in MN. Compared with LN in renal tubules, 21 DEGs were down-regulated, but no up-regulated genes were found in MN. According to the result of GO and KEGG enrichment, PPI network and Networkanalyst, we screened out six genes (IFI6, MX1, XAF1, HERC6, IFI44L, IFI44). Interestingly, among PLA2R, THSD7A and NELL1, which are the target antigens of podocyte in MN, the expression level of NELL1 in MN glomerulus is significantly higher than that of LN, while there is no significant difference in the expression level of PLA2R and THSD7A. Conclusion: Our study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of MN and LN by analyzing the differences in gene expression levels between MN and LN kidney samples, and is expected to be used to prepare an animal model of MN that is more similar to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaocheng Dong
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Dai
- Shunyi Branch, Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hanxue Jiang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Feng
- Beijing Chinese Medicine Hospital Pinggu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qihan Zhao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Rui
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jing Liu
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Baoli Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Shunyi Branch, Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Beijing, China
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7
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Anzaghe M, Kronhart S, Niles MA, Höcker L, Dominguez M, Kochs G, Waibler Z. Type I interferon receptor-independent interferon-α induction upon infection with a variety of negative-strand RNA viruses. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34269676 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are a first line of defence against viral infections. Upon infection, a first small wave of early type I IFN, mainly IFN-β and particularly IFN-α4, are induced and bind to the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) to amplify the IFN response. It was shown for several viruses that robust type I IFN responses require this positive feedback loop via the IFNAR. Recently, we showed that infection of IFNAR knockout mice with the orthomyxovirus Thogoto virus lacking the ML open reading frame (THOV(ML-)) results in the expression of unexpected high amounts of type I IFN. To investigate if IFNAR-independent IFN responses are unique for THOV(ML-), we performed infection experiments with several negative-strand RNA viruses using different routes and dosages for infection. A variety of these viruses induced type I IFN responses IFNAR-independently when using the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route for infection. In vitro studies demonstrated that myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) are capable of producing IFNAR-independent IFN-α responses that are dependent on the expression of the adaptor protein mitochondrial antiviral-signalling protein (MAVS) whereas pDC where entirely depending on the IFNAR feedback loop in vitro. Thus, depending on dose and route of infection, the IFNAR feedback loop is not strictly necessary for robust type I IFN expression and an IFNAR-independent type I IFN production might be the rule rather than the exception for infections with numerous negative-strand RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Anzaghe
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, D-63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kronhart
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, D-63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Marc A Niles
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, D-63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Lena Höcker
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, D-63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Monica Dominguez
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, D-63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zoe Waibler
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, D-63225 Langen, Germany
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8
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Jamali A, Kenyon B, Ortiz G, Abou-Slaybi A, Sendra VG, Harris DL, Hamrah P. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 80:100877. [PMID: 32717378 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique subpopulation of immune cells, distinct from classical dendritic cells. pDCs are generated in the bone marrow and following development, they typically home to secondary lymphoid tissues. While peripheral tissues are generally devoid of pDCs during steady state, few tissues, including the lung, kidney, vagina, and in particular ocular tissues harbor resident pDCs. pDCs were originally appreciated for their potential to produce large quantities of type I interferons in viral immunity. Subsequent studies have now unraveled their pivotal role in mediating immune responses, in particular in the induction of tolerance. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on pDCs in ocular tissues in both mice and humans, in particular in the cornea, limbus, conjunctiva, choroid, retina, and lacrimal gland. Further, we will review our current understanding on the significance of pDCs in ameliorating inflammatory responses during herpes simplex virus keratitis, sterile inflammation, and corneal transplantation. Moreover, we describe their novel and pivotal neuroprotective role, their key function in preserving corneal angiogenic privilege, as well as their potential application as a cell-based therapy for ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsia Jamali
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brendan Kenyon
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gustavo Ortiz
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abdo Abou-Slaybi
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor G Sendra
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deshea L Harris
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Cornea Service, Tufts New England Eye Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Ito T, Kageyama R, Nakazawa S, Honda T. Understanding the significance of cytokines and chemokines in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:726-732. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Ito
- Department of Dermatology Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Reiko Kageyama
- Department of Dermatology Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakazawa
- Department of Dermatology Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu Japan
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10
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Impact of IFN-Free and IFN-Based Treatment on Blood Myeloid Dendritic Cell, Monocyte, Slan-DC, and Activated T Lymphocyte Dynamics during HCV Infection. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:2781350. [PMID: 32258171 PMCID: PMC7102477 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2781350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus infection leads to the activation of innate immunity, a key component in HCV fibrosis. In the past, the use of IFN-based treatment regimens did not permit an adequate evaluation of the impact of HCV clearance on immune cells, because of their antiviral and immunomodulatory properties. The recent development of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy, which is associated with high rates of sustained virological response, enables a more accurate analysis of the immunological modifications following HCV eradication. We studied the dynamics of blood myeloid dendritic cells, monocytes, slan-DCs, and T lymphocytes during IFN-free and IFN-based regimens in hepatitis C virus infection.
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11
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Ito T, Suzuki T, Sakabe JI, Funakoshi A, Fujiyama T, Tokura Y. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells as a possible key player to initiate alopecia areata in the C3H/HeJ mouse. Allergol Int 2020; 69:121-131. [PMID: 31431342 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata (AA) is a tissue-specific autoimmune disease, and interferon (IFN)-γ has been regarded as the key cytokine in the pathogenesis of AA. The clinical observation that AA can occur after viral infection or IFN-α administration implies that IFN-α-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) may be involved in the AA pathogenesis. METHODS We generated AA in C3H/HeJ mice by intradermal injection of T cells derived from lymph nodes of AA-bearing syngeneic mice and stimulated IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15. Distribution of IFN-γ producing pDCs were immunohistochemically analyzed. Realtime PCR were also demonstrated to detect the expression of IFN-γ mRNA. Hair follicles were cultured with IFN-α in order to calculate the hair elongation. Imiquimod was employed to induce catagen stage. PDCs were injected into C3H/HeJ mice to initiate AA. RESULTS In this mouse, IFN-α-producing pDCs densely infiltrated around HFs in not only AA lesional but also vicinity of AA lesion. Importantly, intradermal injection of pDCs induced AA lesions. Finally, IFN-α inhibited hair elongation of murine vibrissae and upregulated MHC class I and CXCL10 levels in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that IFN-α-producing pDCs initiate AA by inducing apoptosis and increasing Th1/Tc1 chemokine production such as CXCL10, that accumulates Th1/Tc1 cells and result in autoimmune reactions against hair follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Department Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida, USA
| | | | - Atsuko Funakoshi
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Fujiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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12
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Carvajal JJ, Avellaneda AM, Salazar-Ardiles C, Maya JE, Kalergis AM, Lay MK. Host Components Contributing to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2152. [PMID: 31572372 PMCID: PMC6753334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most prevalent viral etiological agent of acute respiratory tract infection. Although RSV affects people of all ages, the disease is more severe in infants and causes significant morbidity and hospitalization in young children and in the elderly. Host factors, including an immature immune system in infants, low lymphocyte levels in patients under 5 years old, and low levels of RSV-specific neutralizing antibodies in the blood of adults over 65 years of age, can explain the high susceptibility to RSV infection in these populations. Other host factors that correlate with severe RSV disease include high concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukins (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and thymic stromal lymphopoitein (TSLP), which are produced in the respiratory tract of RSV-infected individuals, accompanied by a strong neutrophil response. In addition, data from studies of RSV infections in humans and in animal models revealed that this virus suppresses adaptive immune responses that could eliminate it from the respiratory tract. Here, we examine host factors that contribute to RSV pathogenesis based on an exhaustive review of in vitro infection in humans and in animal models to provide insights into the design of vaccines and therapeutic tools that could prevent diseases caused by RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan J. Carvajal
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Andrea M. Avellaneda
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Camila Salazar-Ardiles
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jorge E. Maya
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K. Lay
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Kim TH, Oh DS, Jung HE, Chang J, Lee HK. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Contribute to the Production of IFN-β via TLR7-MyD88-Dependent Pathway and CTL Priming during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080730. [PMID: 31398816 PMCID: PMC6723852 DOI: 10.3390/v11080730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of respiratory viral infection in infants and children, yet little is known about the antiviral response of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to RSV infection. We tracked the cellular source of interferon-β using interferon-β/yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) reporter mice and identified the signaling pathway activated by RSV that induces type I interferon production in pDCs and DCs. Results from in vitro analyses of RSV-stimulated bone marrow cells revealed that RSV induces interferon-β production in both pDCs and DCs. Kinetic analyses of interferon-β-producing cells in RSV-infected lung cells in vivo indicated that pDCs are rapidly recruited to sites of inflammation during infection. These cells produced interferon-β via the TLR7-MyD88-mediated pathway and IFNα1R-mediated pathway rather than the MAVS-mediated pathway. Moreover, pDC-ablated mice exhibited decreased interferon-γ production and the antigen specificity of CD8+ T cells. Collectively, these data indicate that pDCs play pivotal roles in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses and are one of producers of type I interferon during RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon 51472, Korea
| | - Dong Sun Oh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hi Eun Jung
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jun Chang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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14
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Schaeffer J, Reynard S, Carnec X, Pietrosemoli N, Dillies MA, Baize S. Non-Pathogenic Mopeia Virus Induces More Robust Activation of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells than Lassa Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030287. [PMID: 30901952 PMCID: PMC6466290 DOI: 10.3390/v11030287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) causes a viral haemorrhagic fever in humans and is a major public health concern in West Africa. An efficient immune response to LASV appears to rely on type I interferon (IFN-I) production and T-cell activation. We evaluated the response of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) to LASV, as they are an important and early source of IFN-I. We compared the response of primary human pDCs to LASV and Mopeia virus (MOPV), which is very closely related to LASV, but non-pathogenic. We showed that pDCs are not productively infected by either MOPV or LASV, but produce IFN-I. However, the activation of pDCs was more robust in response to MOPV than LASV. In vivo, pDC activation may support the control of viral replication through IFN-I production, but also improve the induction of a global immune response. Therefore, pDC activation could play a role in the control of LASV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Schaeffer
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Stéphanie Reynard
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Xavier Carnec
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Natalia Pietrosemoli
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique⁻C3BI, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Marie-Agnès Dillies
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique⁻C3BI, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Sylvain Baize
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), 69007 Lyon, France.
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15
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Schaeffer J, Carnec X, Reynard S, Mateo M, Picard C, Pietrosemoli N, Dillies MA, Baize S. Lassa virus activates myeloid dendritic cells but suppresses their ability to stimulate T cells. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007430. [PMID: 30419076 PMCID: PMC6258464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is responsible for a viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and the death of 3,000 to 5,000 people every year. The immune response to LASV is poorly understood, but type I interferon (IFN-I) and T-cell responses appear to be critical for the host. We studied the response of myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) to LASV, as mDCs are involved in both IFN-I production and T-cell activation. We compared the response of primary human mDCs to LASV and Mopeia virus (MOPV), which is similar to LASV, but non-pathogenic. We showed that mDCs produced substantial amounts of IFN-I in response to both LASV and MOPV. However, only MOPV-infected mDCs were able to activate T cells. More surprisingly, coculture with T cells completely inhibited the activation of LASV-infected mDCs. These differences between LASV and MOPV were mostly due to the LASV nucleoprotein, which has major immunosuppressive properties, but the glycoprotein was also involved. Overall, these results suggest that mDCs may be important for the global response to LASV and play a role in the outcome of Lassa fever. Lassa fever is a viral hemorrhagic fever and a major public health issue in West Africa. Lassa virus, the causative agent of Lassa fever, is listed by the World Health Organization as one of the emerging pathogens likely to cause severe outbreaks in the near future. Indeed, there is currently no vaccine and no treatment against Lassa virus. Determinants of Lassa virus high pathogenicity are not completely understood. However, it has been shown that rapid type I interferon response and efficient T cell response were critical to survive Lassa fever. Dendritic cells are at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. Their direct response to viral infection includes type I interferon production. They can also present viral antigens, initiating the T cell responses. We decided to investigate how dendritic cells respond to Lassa virus to evaluate their importance in the global immune response. We showed that primary human myeloid dendritic cells are activated by Lassa virus infection, and produce type I interferon. However, Lassa virus-infected dendritic cells were not able to activate T cells. We also elucidated the roles of viral proteins in the modulation of dendritic cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Schaeffer
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), Lyon, France
| | - Xavier Carnec
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Reynard
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Mateo
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Picard
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), Lyon, France
| | - Natalia Pietrosemoli
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Centre de Bioinformatique Biostatistique et Biologie Intégrative (C3BI, USR 3756, IP CNRS), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Dillies
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Centre de Bioinformatique Biostatistique et Biologie Intégrative (C3BI, USR 3756, IP CNRS), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baize
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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16
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Exosome markers associated with immune activation and oxidative stress in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7227. [PMID: 29740045 PMCID: PMC5940833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25515-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles released from most cell types including immune cells. Prior studies suggest exosomes play a role in HIV pathogenesis, but little is known about exosome cargo in relation to immune responses and oxidative stress. Here, we characterize plasma exosomes in HIV patients and their relationship to immunological and oxidative stress markers. Plasma exosome fractions were isolated from HIV-positive subjects on ART with suppressed viral load and HIV-negative controls. Exosomes were characterized by electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking, immunoblotting, and LC-MS/MS proteomics. Plasma exosomes were increased in HIV-positive subjects compared to controls, and correlated with increased oxidative stress markers (cystine, oxidized cys-gly) and decreased PUFA (DHA, EPA, DPA). Untargeted proteomics detected markers of exosomes (CD9, CD63, CD81), immune activation (CD14, CRP, HLA-A, HLA-B), oxidative stress (CAT, PRDX1, PRDX2, TXN), and Notch4 in plasma exosomes. Exosomal Notch4 was increased in HIV-positive subjects versus controls and correlated with immune activation markers. Treatment of THP-1 monocytic cells with patient-derived exosomes induced expression of genes related to interferon responses and immune activation. These results suggest that exosomes in ART-treated HIV patients carry proteins related to immune activation and oxidative stress, have immunomodulatory effects on myeloid cells, and may have pro-inflammatory and redox effects during pathogenesis.
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17
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Bocharov G, Volpert V, Ludewig B, Meyerhans A. Modelling of Experimental Infections. MATHEMATICAL IMMUNOLOGY OF VIRUS INFECTIONS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7123718 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72317-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This chapter aims to give a clear idea of how mathematical analysis for experimental systems could help in the process of data assimilation, parameter estimation and hypothesis testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Bocharov
- Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaly Volpert
- Institut Camille Jordan, UMR 5208 CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Villeurbanne, France
- RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Parc de Recerca Biomedica Barcelona, ICREA and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Sacchi A, Tumino N, Turchi F, Refolo G, Fimia G, Ciccosanti F, Montalbano M, Lionetti R, Taibi C, D'Offizi G, Casetti R, Bordoni V, Cimini E, Martini F, Agrati C. Dendritic cells activation is associated with sustained virological response to telaprevir treatment of HCV-infected patients. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:82-90. [PMID: 28736275 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
First anti-HCV treatments, that include protease inhibitors in conjunction with IFN-α and Ribavirin, increase the sustained virological response (SVR) up to 80% in patients infected with HCV genotype 1. The effects of triple therapies on dendritic cell (DC) compartment have not been investigated. In this study we evaluated the effect of telaprevir-based triple therapy on DC phenotype and function, and their possible association with treatment outcome. HCV+ patients eligible for telaprevir-based therapy were enrolled, and circulating DC frequency, phenotype, and function were evaluated by flow-cytometry. The antiviral activity of plasmacytoid DC was also tested. In SVR patients, myeloid DC frequency transiently decreased, and returned to baseline level when telaprevir was stopped. Moreover, an up-regulation of CD80 and CD86 on mDC was observed in SVR patients as well as an improvement of IFN-α production by plasmacytoid DC, able to inhibit in vitro HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sacchi
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Nicola Tumino
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Turchi
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Refolo
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - GianMaria Fimia
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiola Ciccosanti
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Montalbano
- Clinical Division, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Lionetti
- Clinical Division, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Taibi
- Clinical Division, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianpiero D'Offizi
- Clinical Division, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Casetti
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Bordoni
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cimini
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Martini
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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19
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Tang BM, Shojaei M, Parnell GP, Huang S, Nalos M, Teoh S, O'Connor K, Schibeci S, Phu AL, Kumar A, Ho J, Meyers AFA, Keynan Y, Ball T, Pisipati A, Kumar A, Moore E, Eisen D, Lai K, Gillett M, Geffers R, Luo H, Gul F, Schreiber J, Riedel S, Booth D, McLean A, Schughart K. A novel immune biomarker IFI27 discriminates between influenza and bacteria in patients with suspected respiratory infection. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/6/1602098. [PMID: 28619954 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02098-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Host response biomarkers can accurately distinguish between influenza and bacterial infection. However, published biomarkers require the measurement of many genes, thereby making it difficult to implement them in clinical practice. This study aims to identify a single-gene biomarker with a high diagnostic accuracy equivalent to multi-gene biomarkers.In this study, we combined an integrated genomic analysis of 1071 individuals with in vitro experiments using well-established infection models.We identified a single-gene biomarker, IFI27, which had a high prediction accuracy (91%) equivalent to that obtained by multi-gene biomarkers. In vitro studies showed that IFI27 was upregulated by TLR7 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, antigen-presenting cells that responded to influenza virus rather than bacteria. In vivo studies confirmed that IFI27 was expressed in influenza patients but not in bacterial infection, as demonstrated in multiple patient cohorts (n=521). In a large prospective study (n=439) of patients presented with undifferentiated respiratory illness (aetiologies included viral, bacterial and non-infectious conditions), IFI27 displayed 88% diagnostic accuracy (AUC) and 90% specificity in discriminating between influenza and bacterial infections.IFI27 represents a significant step forward in overcoming a translational barrier in applying genomic assay in clinical setting; its implementation may improve the diagnosis and management of respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Tang
- Dept of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia .,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Sydney, Australia.,Respiratory Virus Infection Research, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney, Australia.,These authors contributed equally to the study
| | - Maryam Shojaei
- Dept of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Sydney, Australia.,These authors contributed equally to the study
| | - Grant P Parnell
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen Huang
- Dept of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marek Nalos
- Dept of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sally Teoh
- Dept of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kate O'Connor
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen Schibeci
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amy L Phu
- Dept of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anand Kumar
- Section of Critical Care Medicine and Section of Infectious Diseases, Dept of Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - John Ho
- National Laboratory for HIV Immunology, JC Wilt Infectious Disease Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Adrienne F A Meyers
- National Laboratory for HIV Immunology, JC Wilt Infectious Disease Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Dept of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Dept of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Dept of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Terry Ball
- National Laboratory for HIV Immunology, JC Wilt Infectious Disease Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada.,Dept of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Amarnath Pisipati
- Dept of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Aseem Kumar
- Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Moore
- Transfusion Research Unit, Dept of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Damon Eisen
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Australia
| | - Kevin Lai
- Dept of Emergency Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Gillett
- Dept of Emergency Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hao Luo
- Nepean Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fahad Gul
- Nepean Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jens Schreiber
- Clinic of Pneumology, Otto-von-Guerike University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Riedel
- Clinic of Pneumology, Otto-von-Guerike University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - David Booth
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anthony McLean
- Dept of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Klaus Schughart
- Dept of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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20
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Smith N, Vidalain PO, Nisole S, Herbeuval JP. An efficient method for gene silencing in human primary plasmacytoid dendritic cells: silencing of the TLR7/IRF-7 pathway as a proof of concept. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29891. [PMID: 27412723 PMCID: PMC4944138 DOI: 10.1038/srep29891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are specialized immune cells that produce massive levels of type I interferon in response to pathogens. Unfortunately, pDC are fragile and extremely rare, rendering their functional study a tough challenge. However, because of their central role in numerous pathologies, there is a considerable need for an efficient and reproducible protocol for gene silencing in these cells. In this report, we tested six different methods for siRNA delivery into primary human pDC including viral-based, lipid-based, electroporation, and poly-ethylenimine (PEI) technologies. We show that lipid-based reagent DOTAP was extremely efficient for siRNA delivery into pDC, and did not induce cell death or pDC activation. We successfully silenced Toll-Like Receptor 7 (TLR7), CXCR4 and IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF-7) gene expression in pDC as assessed by RT-qPCR or cytometry. Finally, we showed that TLR7 or IRF-7 silencing in pDC specifically suppressed IFN-α production upon stimulation, providing a functional validation of our transfection protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikaïa Smith
- Equipe Chimie et Biologie, Modélisation &Immunologie pour la Thérapie (CBMIT), CNRS UMR8601, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CICB-Paris (FR 3567), Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- Equipe Chimie et Biologie, Modélisation &Immunologie pour la Thérapie (CBMIT), CNRS UMR8601, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CICB-Paris (FR 3567), Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Herbeuval
- Equipe Chimie et Biologie, Modélisation &Immunologie pour la Thérapie (CBMIT), CNRS UMR8601, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CICB-Paris (FR 3567), Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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21
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Staudacher A, Hinz T, Novak N, von Bubnoff D, Bieber T. Exaggerated IDO1 expression and activity in Langerhans cells from patients with atopic dermatitis upon viral stimulation: a potential predictive biomarker for high risk of Eczema herpeticum. Allergy 2015. [PMID: 26198597 DOI: 10.1111/all.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a heterogenous and highly complex disease characterized by an increased microbial colonization. For unknown reasons, a subgroup of patients with AD develops Eczema herpeticum (EH), a severe viral complication due to spreading of herpes simplex virus (HSV). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) is a tryptophan (Trp)-catabolizing enzyme which is assumed to be instrumental in the antibacterial and antiviral defence mechanisms. METHODS Comparative investigation of the IDO1 expression and activity in freshly isolated monocytes, plasmacytoid DC (pDC) and in vitro-generated Langerhans cells (LC) obtained from AD patients with HSV infections and EH and nonatopic controls. RESULTS We demonstrate an increase in Trp degradation in the serum of patients during acute EH episodes. Circulating pDC from patients with history of EH display an increased IDO1 expression. An increased Trp degradation is detected in the supernatants of circulating monocytes from AD patients with acute EH. Mature LC from AD patients with history of EH and with acute EH display an increased IDO1 expression and activity, respectively. In LC from patients with history of EH, viral signals induce an exaggerated IDO1 expression and activity. CONCLUSION IDO1 expression and activity in LC seem to be involved in the pathophysiology of EH in AD and could represent a predictive biomarker for patients with risk to develop EH and other viral complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Staudacher
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Friedrich-Wilhelms-University; Bonn Germany
| | - T. Hinz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Friedrich-Wilhelms-University; Bonn Germany
| | - N. Novak
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Friedrich-Wilhelms-University; Bonn Germany
| | - D. von Bubnoff
- Department of Dermatology; Albert-Ludwigs University; Freiburg Germany
| | - T. Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Friedrich-Wilhelms-University; Bonn Germany
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22
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Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Elicited Different Responses after Infection with Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Junin Virus Strains. J Virol 2015; 89:7409-13. [PMID: 25926646 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01014-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The arenavirus Junin virus (JUNV) is the etiologic agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever. We characterized the JUNV infection of human peripheral blood-derived plasmacytoid dendritic cells (hpDC), demonstrating that hpDC are susceptible to infection with the C#1 strain (attenuated) and even more susceptible to infection with the P (virulent) JUNV strain. However, hpDC elicited different responses in terms of viability, activation, maturation, and cytokine expression after infection with both JUNV strains.
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Efficient virus assembly, but not infectivity, determines the magnitude of hepatitis C virus-induced interferon alpha responses of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Virol 2014; 89:3200-8. [PMID: 25552725 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03229-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Worldwide, approximately 160 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), seven distinct genotypes of which are discriminated. The hallmarks of HCV are its genetic variability and the divergent courses of hepatitis C progression in patients. We assessed whether intragenotypic HCV variations would differentially trigger host innate immunity. To this end, we stimulated human primary plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) with crude preparations of different cell culture-derived genotype 2a HCV variants. Parental Japanese fulminant hepatitis C virus (JFH1) did not induce interferon alpha (IFN-α), whereas the intragenotypic chimera Jc1 triggered massive IFN-α responses. Purified Jc1 retained full infectivity but no longer induced IFN-α. Coculture of pDC with HCV-infected hepatoma cells retrieved the capacity to induce IFN-α, whereas Jc1-infected cells triggered stronger responses than JFH1-infected cells. Since the infectivity of virus particles did not seem to affect pDC activation, we next tested Jc1 mutants that were arrested at different stages of particle assembly. These experiments revealed that efficient assembly and core protein envelopment were critically needed to trigger IFN-α. Of note, sequences within domain 2 of the core that vitally affect virus assembly also crucially influenced the IFN-α responses of pDC. These data showed that viral determinants shaped host innate IFN-α responses to HCV. IMPORTANCE Although pegylated IFN-α plus ribavirin currently is the standard of care for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection, not much is known about the relevance of early interferon responses in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus infection. Here, we addressed whether intragenotypic variations of hepatitis C virus would account for differential induction of type I interferon responses mounted by primary blood-derived plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Surprisingly, a chimeric genotype 2a virus carrying the nonstructural genes of Japanese fulminant hepatitis C virus (JFH1) induced massive type I interferon responses, whereas the original genotype 2a JFH1 strain did not. Our detailed analyses revealed that, not the virus infectivity, but rather, the efficiency of virus assembly and core protein envelopment critically determined the magnitude of interferon responses. To our knowledge, this is the first example of hepatitis C virus-associated genetic variations that determine the magnitude of innate host responses.
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Spanier J, Lienenklaus S, Paijo J, Kessler A, Borst K, Heindorf S, Baker DP, Kröger A, Weiss S, Detje CN, Staeheli P, Kalinke U. Concomitant TLR/RLH signaling of radioresistant and radiosensitive cells is essential for protection against vesicular stomatitis virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3045-54. [PMID: 25127863 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several studies indicated that TLR as well as retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like helicase (RLH) signaling contribute to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-mediated triggering of type I IFN (IFN-I) responses. Nevertheless, TLR-deficient MyD88(-/-)Trif(-/-) mice and RLH-deficient caspase activation and recruitment domain adaptor inducing IFN-β (Cardif)(-/-) mice showed only marginally enhanced susceptibility to lethal VSV i.v. infection. Therefore, we addressed whether concomitant TLR and RLH signaling, or some other additional mechanism, played a role. To this end, we generated MyD88(-/-)Trif(-/-)Cardif(-/-) (MyTrCa(-/-)) mice that succumbed to low-dose i.v. VSV infection with similar kinetics as IFN-I receptor-deficient mice. Three independent approaches (i.e., analysis of IFN-α/β serum levels, experiments with IFN-β reporter mice, and investigation of local IFN-stimulated gene induction) revealed that MyTrCa(-/-) mice did not mount IFN-I responses following VSV infection. Of note, treatment with rIFN-α protected the animals, qualifying MyTrCa(-/-) mice as a model to study the contribution of different immune cell subsets to the production of antiviral IFN-I. Upon adoptive transfer of wild-type plasmacytoid dendritic cells and subsequent VSV infection, MyTrCa(-/-) mice displayed significantly reduced viral loads in peripheral organs and showed prolonged survival. On the contrary, adoptive transfer of wild-type myeloid dendritic cells did not have such effects. Analysis of bone marrow chimeric mice revealed that TLR and RLH signaling of radioresistant and radiosensitive cells was required for efficient protection. Thus, upon VSV infection, plasmacytoid dendritic cell-derived IFN-I primarily protects peripheral organs, whereas concomitant TLR and RLH signaling of radioresistant stroma cells as well as of radiosensitive immune cells is needed to effectively protect against lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jennifer Paijo
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Annett Kessler
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Borst
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabrina Heindorf
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Kröger
- Research Group on Innate Immunity and Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; and
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Claudia N Detje
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Department of Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
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25
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Age-dependent myeloid dendritic cell responses mediate resistance to la crosse virus-induced neurological disease. J Virol 2014; 88:11070-9. [PMID: 25008929 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01866-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED La Crosse virus (LACV) is the major cause of pediatric viral encephalitis in the United States; however, the mechanisms responsible for age-related susceptibility in the pediatric population are not well understood. Our current studies in a mouse model of LACV infection indicated that differences in myeloid dendritic cell (mDC) responses between weanling and adult mice accounted for susceptibility to LACV-induced neurological disease. We found that type I interferon (IFN) responses were significantly stronger in adult than in weanling mice. Production of these IFNs required both endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytoplasmic RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs). Surprisingly, IFN expression was not dependent on plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) but rather was dependent on mDCs, which were found in greater number and induced stronger IFN responses in adults than in weanlings. Inhibition of these IFN responses in adults resulted in susceptibility to LACV-induced neurological disease, whereas postinfection treatment with type I IFN provided protection in young mice. These studies provide a definitive mechanism for age-related susceptibility to LACV encephalitis, where mDCs in young mice are insufficiently activated to control peripheral virus replication, thereby allowing virus to persist and eventually cause central nervous system (CNS) disease. IMPORTANCE La Crosse virus (LACV) is the primary cause of pediatric viral encephalitis in the United States. Although the virus infects both adults and children, over 80% of the reported neurological disease cases are in children. To understand why LACV causes neurological disease primarily in young animals, we used a mouse model where weanling mice, but not adult mice, develop neurological disease following virus infection. We found that an early immune response cell type, myeloid dendritic cells, was critical for protection in adult animals and that these cells were reduced in young animals. Activation of these cells during virus infection or after treatment with type I interferon in young animals provided protection from LACV. Thus, this study demonstrates a reason for susceptibility to LACV infection in young animals and shows that early therapeutic treatment in young animals can prevent neurological disease.
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Abstract
Persistent viral infection, such as HCV infection, is the result of the inability of the host immune system to mount a successful antiviral response, as well as the escape strategies devised by the virus. Although each individual component of the host immune system plays important roles in antiviral immunity, the interactive network of immune cells as a whole acts against the virus. The innate immune system forms the first line of host defense against viral infection, and thus, virus elimination or chronic HCV infection is linked to the direct outcome of the interactions between the various innate immune cells and HCV. By understanding how the distinct components of the innate immune system function both individually and collectively during HCV infection, potential therapeutic targets can be identified to overcome immune dysfunction and control chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banishree Saha
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Chowdhury FZ, Farrar JD. STAT2: A shape-shifting anti-viral super STAT. JAKSTAT 2014; 2:e23633. [PMID: 24058798 PMCID: PMC3670274 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.23633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
STAT2 is unique among the STAT family of transcription factors in that its activation is driven predominantly by only two classes of cell surface receptors: Type I and III interferon receptors. As such, STAT2 plays a critical role in host defenses against viral infections. Viruses have evolved to target STAT2 by either inhibiting its expression, blocking its activity, or by targeting it for degradation. Consequently, these viral onslaughts have driven remarkable divergence in the STAT2 gene across species that is not observed in other STAT family members. Thus, the evolution of STAT2 may preserve its activity and protect each species in the face of an ever-changing viral community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Z Chowdhury
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Biology; UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
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28
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Wimmers F, Schreibelt G, Sköld AE, Figdor CG, De Vries IJM. Paradigm Shift in Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy: From in vitro Generated Monocyte-Derived DCs to Naturally Circulating DC Subsets. Front Immunol 2014; 5:165. [PMID: 24782868 PMCID: PMC3990057 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy employs the patients’ immune system to fight neoplastic lesions spread over the entire body. This makes it an important therapy option for patients suffering from metastatic melanoma, which is often resistant to chemotherapy. However, conventional cellular vaccination approaches, based on monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs), only achieved modest response rates despite continued optimization of various vaccination parameters. In addition, the generation of moDCs requires extensive ex vivo culturing conceivably hampering the immunogenicity of the vaccine. Recent studies, thus, focused on vaccines that make use of primary DCs. Though rare in the blood, these naturally circulating DCs can be readily isolated and activated thereby circumventing lengthy ex vivo culture periods. The first clinical trials not only showed increased survival rates but also the induction of diversified anti-cancer immune responses. Upcoming treatment paradigms aim to include several primary DC subsets in a single vaccine as pre-clinical studies identified synergistic effects between various antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wimmers
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Gerty Schreibelt
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Annette E Sköld
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - I Jolanda M De Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands ; Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands
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29
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Type I interferons promote severe disease in a mouse model of lethal ehrlichiosis. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1698-709. [PMID: 24491580 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01564-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) is caused by a tick-borne obligate intracellular pathogen of the order Rickettsiales. HME disease can range from mild to a fatal, toxic shock-like syndrome, yet the mechanisms regulating pathogenesis are not well understood. We define a central role for type I interferons (alpha interferon [IFN-α] and IFN-β) in severe disease in a mouse model of fatal ehrlichiosis caused by Ixodes ovatus Ehrlichia (IOE). IFN-α and IFN-β were induced by IOE infection but not in response to a less virulent strain, Ehrlichia muris. The major sources of type I IFNs during IOE infection were plasmacytoid dendritic cells and monocytes. Mice lacking the receptor for type I IFNs (Ifnar deficient) or neutralization of IFN-α and IFN-β resulted in a reduced bacterial burden. Ifnar-deficient mice exhibited significantly increased survival after IOE infection, relative to that of wild-type (WT) mice, that correlated with increased type II IFN (IFN-γ) production. Pathogen-specific antibody responses were also elevated in Ifnar-deficient mice, and this required IFN-γ. Remarkably, increased IFN-γ and IgM were not essential for protection in the absence of type I IFN signaling. The direct effect of type I IFNs on hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells was evaluated in bone marrow chimeric mice. We observed that chimeric mice containing Ifnar-deficient hematopoietic cells succumbed to infection early, whereas Ifnar-deficient mice containing WT hematopoietic cells exhibited increased survival, despite having a higher bacterial burden. These data demonstrate that IFN-α receptor signaling in nonhematopoietic cells is important for pathogenesis. Thus, type I IFNs are induced during a rickettsial infection in vivo and promote severe disease.
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Lee SW, Park HJ, Park SH, Kim N, Hong S. Immunomodulatory effect of poly-γ-glutamic acid derived from Bacillus subtilis on natural killer dendritic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:413-21. [PMID: 24309101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis-derived poly-γ-glutamic acid (γPGA) stimulates dendritic cells (DCs) to produce IL12, leading to CD4(+) T cell differentiation toward the Th1 phenotype, but DCs consist of heterogeneous subpopulations with a variety of immune functions. Among these, natural killer dendritic cells (NKDCs) play an important role in anti-tumor immune responses. Herein, we demonstrate the role of NKDCs in γPGA-meditated anti-tumor immune responses. NK1.1(+) CD11c(+) NKDCs were stimulated upon γPGA stimulation in vitro and in vivo to up-regulate lymphocyte activation markers, MHC class I and II, and co-stimulatory molecules. In particular, NKDCs were activated by γPGA to produce IFNγ and TNFα, like NK cells, as well as IL12, like DCs, implying that NKDCs have unique and multifunctional roles. Importantly, NKDCs stimulated by γPGA conferred stronger anti-tumor effects in mice and showed increased cytotoxicity against various tumor cell lines in vitro. In conclusion, NKDCs are one of the key players in anti-tumor immunity induced by γPGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Lee
- Dept. of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Dept. of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Ho Park
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seokmann Hong
- Dept. of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Mathan TSMM, Figdor CG, Buschow SI. Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells: from molecules to intercellular communication network. Front Immunol 2013; 4:372. [PMID: 24282405 PMCID: PMC3825182 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a specific subset of naturally occurring dendritic cells, that secrete large amounts of Type I interferon and play an important role in the immune response against viral infection. Several studies have highlighted that they are also effective antigen presenting cells, making them an interesting target for immunotherapy against cancer. However, the modes of action of pDCs are not restricted to antigen presentation and IFN secretion alone. In this review we will highlight a selection of cell surface proteins expressed by human pDCs that may facilitate communication with other immune cells, and we will discuss the implications of these molecules for pDC-driven immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till S M Manuel Mathan
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen , Netherlands
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Feller L, Altini M, Khammissa R, Chandran R, Bouckaert M, Lemmer J. Oral mucosal immunity. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 116:576-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Frazão JB, Errante PR, Condino-Neto A. Toll-like receptors' pathway disturbances are associated with increased susceptibility to infections in humans. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 61:427-43. [PMID: 24057516 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense microbial products and play an important role in innate immunity. Currently, 11 members of TLRs have been identified in humans, with important function in host defense in early steps of the inflammatory response. TLRs are present in the plasma membrane (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6) and endosome (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9) of leukocytes. TLRs and IL-1R are a family of receptors related to the innate immune response that contain an intracellular domain known as the Toll-IL-1R (TIR) domain that recruits the TIR-containing cytosolic adapters MyD88, TRIF, TIRAP and TRAM. The classical pathway results in the activation of both nuclear factor κB and MAPKs via the IRAK complex, with two active kinases (IRAK-1 and IRAK-4) and two non-catalytic subunits (IRAK-2 and IRAK-3/M). The classical pro-inflammatory TLR signaling pathway leads to the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12 and TNF-α. In humans, genetic defects have been identified that impair signaling of the TLR pathway and this may result in recurrent pyogenic infections, as well as virus and fungi infections. In this review, we discuss the main mechanisms of microbial recognition and the defects involving TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josias Brito Frazão
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 1730, Lineu Prestes Avenue, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil,
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Derkow K, Bauer JMJ, Hecker M, Paap BK, Thamilarasan M, Koczan D, Schott E, Deuschle K, Bellmann-Strobl J, Paul F, Zettl UK, Ruprecht K, Lehnardt S. Multiple sclerosis: modulation of toll-like receptor (TLR) expression by interferon-β includes upregulation of TLR7 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70626. [PMID: 23950974 PMCID: PMC3741212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-β is an established treatment for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) but its mechanisms of action are not well understood. Viral infections are a known trigger of MS relapses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of the innate immune system, which sense conserved structures of viruses and other pathogens. Effects of interferon-β on mRNA levels of all known human TLRs (TLR1-10) and the TLR adaptor molecule MyD88 were analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors by quantitative real-time PCR and by transcriptome analysis in PBMCs of 25 interferon-β-treated patients with relapsing-remitting MS. Regulation of TLR protein expression by interferon-β was investigated by flow cytometry of leukocyte subsets of healthy subjects and of untreated, interferon-β-, or glatiramer acetate-treated patients with MS. Interferon-β specifically upregulated mRNA expression of TLR3, TLR7, and MyD88 and downregulated TLR9 mRNA in PBMCs of healthy donors as well as in PBMCs of patients with MS. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) were identified as the major cell type responding to interferon-β with increased expression of TLR7 and MyD88 protein. In line with this, expression of TLR7 protein was increased in pDCs of interferon-β-treated, but not untreated or glatiramer acetate-treated patients with MS. Interferon-β-induced upregulation of TLR7 in pDCs is of functional relevance since pre-treatment of PBMCs with interferon-β resulted in a strongly increased production of interferon-α upon stimulation with the TLR7 agonist loxoribine. Flow cytometry confirmed pDCs as the cellular source of interferon-α production induced by activation of TLR7. Thus, upregulation of TLR7 in pDCs and a consequently increased activation of pDCs by TLR7 ligands represents a novel immunoregulatory mechanism of interferon-β. We hypothesize that this mechanism could contribute to a reduction of virus-triggered relapses in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Derkow
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob M. J. Bauer
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Hecker
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte K. Paap
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Madhan Thamilarasan
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Eckart Schott
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Deuschle
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Bellmann-Strobl
- Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe K. Zettl
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seija Lehnardt
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Malta FM, Bruno FR, Carvalho KI, Nastri ACSS, Kalil J, Carrilho FJ, Kallas EG, Pinho JRR. HCV viremia drives an increment of CD86 expression by myeloid dendritic cells. J Med Virol 2013; 85:1919-24. [PMID: 23926073 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The host immune response, including innate and adaptive immunity, plays a critical role in determining the outcome of viral infection. Nevertheless, little is known about the exact reasons for the failure of the host immune system in controlling hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Impairment of dendritic cells (DCs) function is probably one of the mechanisms responsible for immune evasion of HCV. In this study, the frequency and phenotype of DCs subsets were analyzed in three groups: HCV-infected individuals who developed viral persistence (1), HCV-infected individuals who spontaneously cleared the virus (2) and HCV-seronegative uninfected subjects (3). The results showed that the frequency of DCs subsets was not statistically significant between groups. Plasmacytoid DCs circulating exhibited an immature phenotype characterized by low expression of CD86. On the other hand, CD86 expression in myeloid DCs was significantly higher in chronic infected individuals compared to healthy controls (P=0.037). A positive correlation was observed between CD86(+) myeloid DC (mDC) and HCV viral load (r=0.4121, P=0.0263). These results suggest that HCV did not have an inhibitory effect on mDC maturation and the HCV viremia drives the increase of CD86 expression in mDC. The regulation of DCs maturation and migration lies at the level of intracellular signaling. HCV can activate or block intracellular signaling pathways and alter DC function. In conclusion, the present study suggests that imbalance of DC maturation by the virus represents a mechanism of evasion of the immune system despite the fact that HCV viremia appears to exert a "stimulatory" effect on cell-surface immune phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Malta
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Paulo, Brazil.
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36
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Abstract
AbstractBovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) causes a variety of diseases and is globally distributed. It infects via mucosal epithelium, leading to rapid lytic replication and latent infection, primarily in sensory ganglia. Large amounts of virus can be excreted by the host on primary infection or upon recrudescence of latent infection, resulting in disease spread. The bovine immune response to BHV-1 is rapid, robust, balanced, and long-lasting. The innate immune system is the first to respond to the infection, with type I interferons (IFNs), inflammatory cytokines, killing of infected host cells, and priming of a balanced adaptive immune response. The virus possesses a variety of immune evasion strategies, including inhibition of type I IFN production, chemokine and complement binding, infection of macrophages and neutrophils, and latency. BHV-1 immune suppression contributes to the severity of its disease manifestations and to the bovine respiratory disease complex, the leading cause of cattle death loss in the USA.
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Karthaus N, Hontelez S, Looman MWG, van Spriel AB, Ansems M, Adema GJ. Nuclear receptor expression patterns in murine plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cells. Mol Immunol 2013; 55:409-17. [PMID: 23597769 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a central role in the immune system. They can either induce immunity or promote tolerance. The DC family is generally comprised of two functionally distinct DC subsets. Conventional dendritic cells (cDC) are the classical antigen presenting cells; plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are the main producers of type I interferons thereby serving innate immunity. Upon activation DCs are able to present antigen and stimulate T cells. The immune modulatory functions of DCs largely depend on the recognition of soluble cues. Besides pathogen derived cues, recent data indicate that the tissue micro-environment, i.e. of the gut and skin affects cDC function. Many of these micro-environmental factors are ligands for the nuclear receptor (NR) family of transcription regulators known to affect immunity and tolerance. Whether pDC function is also influenced by tissue derived cues, like hormones, vitamins and metabolic products, is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the NR expression profile of murine pDCs and cDCs. We assessed the mRNA levels of 19 NRs of in vitro derived as well as ex vivo isolated DCs from four different lymphoid tissues. We observed that cDCs and pDCs expressed the same repertoire of NRs. Expression levels, however, differed between the two subsets, especially upon maturation of DCs. These data imply that NR ligands do impact pDC function and that their activity might be regulated in a DC-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Karthaus
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Fiandrino G, Arra M, Riboni R, Lucioni M, Dallera E, Arcaini L, Berti E, Paulli M. Absence ofMYD88L265P mutation in blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. Br J Dermatol 2013; 168:883-4. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rega A, Terlizzi M, Luciano A, Forte G, Crother TR, Arra C, Arditi M, Pinto A, Sorrentino R. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells play a key role in tumor progression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated lung tumor-bearing mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2391-402. [PMID: 23355734 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The antitumor activity of LPS was first described by Dr. William Coley. However, its role in lung cancer remains unclear. The aim of our study was to elucidate the dose-dependent effects of LPS (0.1-10 μg/mouse) in a mouse model of B16-F10-induced metastatic lung cancer. Lung tumor growth increased at 3 and 7 d after the administration of low-dose LPS (0.1 μg/mouse) compared with control mice. This was associated with an influx of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and CD8(+) regulatory T cells. In contrast, high-dose LPS (10 μg/mouse) reduced lung tumor burden and was associated with a greater influx of pDCs, as well as a stronger Th1 and Th17 polarization. Depletion of pDCs during low-dose LPS administration resulted in a decreased lung tumor burden. Depletion of pDCs during high-dose LPS treatment resulted in an increased tumor burden. The dichotomy in LPS effects was due to the phenotype of pDCs, which were immunosuppressive after the low-dose LPS, and Th1- and T cytotoxic-polarizing cells after the high-dose LPS. Adoptive transfer of T cells into nude mice demonstrated that CD8(+) T cells were responsible for pDC recruitment following low-dose LPS administration, whereas CD4(+) T cells were required for pDC influx after the high-dose LPS. In conclusion, our data suggest differential effects of low-dose versus high-dose LPS on pDC phenotype and tumor progression or regression in the lungs of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Rega
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Fisciano 84084, Italy.
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Martinet J, Dufeu-Duchesne T, Bruder Costa J, Larrat S, Marlu A, Leroy V, Plumas J, Aspord C. Altered functions of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and reduced cytolytic activity of natural killer cells in patients with chronic HBV infection. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:1586-1596.e8. [PMID: 22960656 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis B virus (HBV) modulates the immune system to escape clearance. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) initiate antiviral immunity and might determine outcomes of HBV infections. Functional defects in pDCs and natural killer (NK) cells have been reported in patients with chronic HBV infection. However, the mechanisms of these immune dysfunctions and the interactions between pDCs and NK cells have not been determined. We investigated features of pDCs from patients with chronic HBV infection and their interactions with NK cells. METHODS We used flow cytometry and cytokine assays to analyze pDCs from patients with chronic HBV infection (118 aviremic and 67 viremic) and compared them with pDCs from uninfected individuals (controls). We performed coculture assays to analyze the ability of pDCs to activate heterologous NK cells. RESULTS Circulating and hepatic pDCs from patients with chronic HBV infection had higher levels of activation than pDCs from controls and defective responses to stimulation with Toll-like receptor 9 ligand (TLR9-L), regardless of the patient's viral load. TLR9-L-activated pDCs from viremic patients with HBV did not induce cytolytic activity of NK cells. This altered function of pDCs was associated with reduced expression of OX40L and could be reproduced by incubating control pDCs with plasma from viremic patients with HBV. A high level of interferon-induced protein 10 (IP-10 or CXCL10) and hepatitis B surface and e antigens might induce these defective pDC functions. CONCLUSIONS HBV escapes antiviral immunity by altering pDC functions, to disrupt interactions between pDC and NK cells. This could reduce immune control of HBV and lead to chronic infection.
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Characteristics of plasmacytoid dendritic cell and CD4+ T cell in HIV elite controllers. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:869505. [PMID: 23243424 PMCID: PMC3517220 DOI: 10.1155/2012/869505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite variability, the majority of HIV-1-infected individuals progress to AIDS characterized by high viral load and massive CD4+ T-cell depletion. However, there is a subset of HIV-1-positive individuals that does not progress and spontaneously maintains an undetectable viral load. This infrequent patient population is defined as HIV-1 controllers (HIV controllers), and represents less than 1% of HIV-1-infected patients. HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells and the pool of central memory CD4+ T cells are also preserved despite immune activation due to HIV-1 infection. The majority of HIV controllers are also defined by the absence of massive CD4+ T-cell depletion, even after 10 years of infection. However, the mechanisms involved in protection against HIV-1 disease progression have not been elucidated yet. Controllers represent a heterogeneous population; we describe in this paper some common characteristics concerning innate immune response and CD4+ T cells of HIV controllers.
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Martinet J, Leroy V, Dufeu-Duchesne T, Larrat S, Richard MJ, Zoulim F, Plumas J, Aspord C. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells induce efficient stimulation of antiviral immunity in the context of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 2012; 56:1706-18. [PMID: 22707082 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The immune control of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is essential for viral clearance. Therefore, restoring functional anti-HBV immunity is a promising immunotherapeutic approach to treatment of chronic infection. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play a crucial role in triggering antiviral immunity through their ability to capture and process viral antigens and subsequently induce adaptive immune responses. We investigated the potential of pDCs to trigger antiviral cellular immunity against HBV. We used a human leukocyte antigen A (HLA-A)*0201(+) pDC line loaded with HLA-A*0201-restricted peptides derived from hepatitis B core/hepatitis B surface (HBc/HBs) antigens to amplify specific CD8 T cells ex vivo from chronic HBV patients and established a Hepato-HuPBL mouse model to address the therapeutic potential of the strategy in vivo. Stimulation of PBMCs or liver-infiltrating lymphocytes from HLA-A*0201(+) chronic HBV patients by HBc peptide-loaded pDCs elicited up to 23.1% and 76.1% HBV-specific CD8 T cells in 45.8% of cases. The specific T cells from the "responder" group secreted interferon-γ, expressed CD107 upon restimulation, and efficiently lysed HBV antigen-expressing hepatocytes. Circulating hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) was found to distinguish the group of patients not responding to the pDC stimulation. The therapeutic efficacy of the pDC vaccine was evaluated in immunodeficient NOD-SCID β(2) m(-/-) mice reconstituted with HBV patients' PBMCs and xenotransplanted with human HBV-transfected hepatocytes. Vaccination of Hepato-HuPBL mice with the HBc/HBs peptide-loaded pDCs elicited HBV-specific T cells able to specifically lyse the transfected hepatocytes and reduce the systemic viral load. CONCLUSION pDCs loaded with HBV-derived peptides can elicit functional virus-specific T cells. HBeAg appears to be critical in determining the outcome of immunotherapies in chronic HBV patients. A pDC-based immunotherapeutic approach could be of interest in attempts to restore functional antiviral immunity, which is critical for the control of the virus in chronic HBV patients.
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Losikoff PT, Self AA, Gregory SH. Dendritic cells, regulatory T cells and the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C. Virulence 2012; 3:610-20. [PMID: 23076334 PMCID: PMC3545943 DOI: 10.4161/viru.21823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small, enveloped RNA virus and a major cause of chronic liver disease. Resolution of primary HCV infections depends upon the vigorous responses of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to multiple viral epitopes. Although such broad-based responses are readily detected early during the course of infection regardless of clinical outcome, they are not maintained in individuals who develop chronic disease. Ostensibly, a variety of factors contribute to the diminished T cell responses observed in chronic, HCV-infected patients including impaired dendritic cell function and the induction of CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Overwhelming evidence suggests that the complex interaction of dendritic cells and regulatory T cells plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis T Losikoff
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Umemoto E, Otani K, Ikeno T, Verjan Garcia N, Hayasaka H, Bai Z, Jang MH, Tanaka T, Nagasawa T, Ueda K, Miyasaka M. Constitutive plasmacytoid dendritic cell migration to the splenic white pulp is cooperatively regulated by CCR7- and CXCR4-mediated signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:191-9. [PMID: 22634622 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the spleen plays an important role in host defense against infection, the mechanism underlying the migration of the innate immune cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), into the spleen remains ill defined. In this article, we report that pDCs constitutively migrate into the splenic white pulp (WP) in a manner dependent on the chemokine receptors CCR7 and CXCR4. In CCR7-deficient mice and CCR7 ligand-deficient mice, compared with wild-type (WT) mice, substantially fewer pDCs were found in the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath of the splenic WP under steady-state conditions. In addition, the migration of adoptively transferred CCR7-deficient pDCs into the WP was significantly worse than that of WT pDCs, supporting the idea that pDC trafficking to the splenic WP requires CCR7 signaling. WT pDCs responded to a CCR7 ligand with modest chemotaxis and ICAM-1 binding in vitro, and priming with the CCR7 ligand enabled the pDCs to migrate efficiently toward low concentrations of CXCL12 in a CXCR4-dependent manner, raising the possibility that CCR7 signaling enhances CXCR4-mediated pDC migration. In agreement with this hypothesis, CCL21 and CXCL12 were colocalized on fibroblastic reticular cells in the T cell zone and in the marginal zone bridging channels, through which pDCs appeared to enter the WP. Furthermore, functional blockage of CCR7 and CXCR4 abrogated pDC trafficking into the WP. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that pDCs employ both CCR7 and CXCR4 as critical chemokine receptors to migrate into the WP under steady-state conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Umemoto
- Laboratory of Immunodynamics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Adv Hematol 2012; 2012:230173. [PMID: 22570658 PMCID: PMC3337580 DOI: 10.1155/2012/230173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) are a group of diseases that range from benign polyclonal to malignant monoclonal lymphoid proliferations. They arise secondary to treatment with immunosuppressive drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. Three main pathologic subsets/stages of evolution are recognised: early, polymorphic, and monomorphic lesions. The pathogenesis of PTLDs seems to be multifactorial. Among possible infective aetiologies, the role of EBV has been studied in depth, and the virus is thought to play a central role in driving the proliferation of EBV-infected B cells that leads to subsequent development of the lymphoproliferative disorder. It is apparent, however, that EBV is not solely responsible for the “neoplastic” state. Accumulated genetic alterations of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes (deletions, mutations, rearrangements, and amplifications) and epigenetic changes (aberrant hypermethylation) that involve tumour suppressor genes are integral to the pathogenesis. Antigenic stimulation also plays an evident role in the pathogenesis of PTLDs. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) that are critical to fight viral infections have been thought to play a pathogenetically relevant role in PTLDs. Furthermore, regulatory T cells (Treg cells), which are modulators of immune reactions once incited, seem to have an important role in PTLDs where antigenic stimulation is key for the pathogenesis.
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Interaction between innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Anim Health Res Rev 2012; 12:149-67. [PMID: 22152291 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252311000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity provides frontline antiviral protection and bridges adaptive immunity against virus infections. However, viruses can evade innate immune surveillance potentially causing chronic infections that may lead to pandemic diseases. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an example of an animal virus that has developed diverse mechanisms to evade porcine antiviral immune responses. Two decades after its discovery, PRRSV is still one of the most globally devastating viruses threatening the swine industry. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular composition of the mammalian innate antiviral immune system with emphasis on the porcine system. In particular, we focus on the interaction between PRRSV and porcine innate immunity at cellular and molecular levels. Strategies for targeting innate immune components and other host metabolic factors to induce ideal anti-PRRSV protection are also discussed.
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Fang TC, Schaefer U, Mecklenbrauker I, Stienen A, Dewell S, Chen MS, Rioja I, Parravicini V, Prinjha RK, Chandwani R, MacDonald MR, Lee K, Rice CM, Tarakhovsky A. Histone H3 lysine 9 di-methylation as an epigenetic signature of the interferon response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:661-9. [PMID: 22412156 PMCID: PMC3328357 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Effective antiviral immunity depends on the ability of infected cells or cells triggered with virus-derived nucleic acids to produce type I interferon (IFN), which activates transcription of numerous antiviral genes. However, disproportionately strong or chronic IFN expression is a common cause of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We describe an epigenetic mechanism that determines cell type-specific differences in IFN and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in response to exogenous signals. We identify di-methylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2) as a suppressor of IFN and IFN-inducible antiviral gene expression. We show that levels of H3K9me2 at IFN and ISG correlate inversely with the scope and amplitude of IFN and ISG expression in fibroblasts and dendritic cells. Accordingly, genetic ablation or pharmacological inactivation of lysine methyltransferase G9a, which is essential for the generation of H3K9me2, resulted in phenotypic conversion of fibroblasts into highly potent IFN-producing cells and rendered these cells resistant to pathogenic RNA viruses. In summary, our studies implicate H3K9me2 and enzymes controlling its abundance as key regulators of innate antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry C Fang
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Epigenetics and Signaling, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Döring Y, Manthey HD, Drechsler M, Lievens D, Megens RTA, Soehnlein O, Busch M, Manca M, Koenen RR, Pelisek J, Daemen MJ, Lutgens E, Zenke M, Binder CJ, Weber C, Zernecke A. Auto-antigenic protein-DNA complexes stimulate plasmacytoid dendritic cells to promote atherosclerosis. Circulation 2012; 125:1673-83. [PMID: 22388324 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.046755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation has been closely linked to auto-immunogenic processes in atherosclerosis. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are specialized to produce type-I interferons in response to pathogenic single-stranded nucleic acids, but can also sense self-DNA released from dying cells or in neutrophil extracellular traps complexed to the antimicrobial peptide Cramp/LL37 in autoimmune disease. However, the exact role of pDCs in atherosclerosis remains elusive. METHODS AND RESULTS Here we demonstrate that pDCs can be detected in murine and human atherosclerotic lesions. Exposure to oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein enhanced the capacity of pDCs to phagocytose and prime antigen-specific T cell responses. Plasmacytoid DCs can be stimulated to produce interferon-α by Cramp/DNA complexes, and we further identified increased expression of Cramp and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in atherosclerotic arteries. Whereas Cramp/DNA complexes aggravated atherosclerotic lesion formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, pDC depletion and Cramp-deficiency in bone marrow reduced atherosclerosis and anti-double-stranded DNA antibody titers. Moreover, the specific activation of pDCs and interferon-α treatment promoted plaque growth, associated with enhanced anti-double-stranded-DNA antibody titers. Accordingly, anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies were elevated in patients with symptomatic versus asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. CONCLUSIONS Self-DNA (eg, released from dying cells or in neutrophil extracellular traps) and an increased expression of the antimicrobial peptide Cramp/LL37 in atherosclerotic lesions may thus stimulate a pDC-driven pathway of autoimmune activation and the generation of anti-double-stranded-DNA antibodies, critically aggravating atherosclerosis lesion formation. These key factors may thus represent novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Döring
- Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Medicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider Strasse 2, Würzburg, Germany
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Kadowaki T, Arikawa T, Shinonaga R, Oomizu S, Inagawa H, Soma G, Niki T, Hirashima M. Galectin-9 signaling prolongs survival in murine lung-cancer by inducing macrophages to differentiate into plasmacytoid dendritic cell-like macrophages. Clin Immunol 2011; 142:296-307. [PMID: 22177847 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) expanded plasmacytoid dendritic cell-like macrophages (pDC-Mϕs) in lung cancer-bearing mice and prolonged the survival. Gal-9 increased the frequency of CD11c(high) cells in M-CSF- but not GM-CSF-induced Mϕs in vitro in a Tim-3 independent manner. CD11c(high) cells differentiated with M-CSF+Gal-9 expressed pDC-Mϕ markers, such as PDCA-1 and F4/80. These cells expressed high TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9, although they exhibited decreased IFN-α mRNA levels. LPS or LLC stimulation further elevated pDC-Mϕ markers, indicating that M-CSF+Gal-9-induced Mϕs were pDC-Mϕ precursors. Moreover, LPS stimulation resulted in the increased IRF7 and E2-2 levels, suggesting that the pDC-Mϕ precursors matured into pDC-Mϕs. These matured pDC-Mϕs augmented NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity though they did not produce IFN-α upon TLR7 or TLR9 stimulation. The present results suggest that Gal-9 induces Mϕs to differentiate to pDC-Mϕs, and that this switch in differentiation favors the activation of NK cells that are able to prolong the survival of tumor-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kadowaki
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Surface molecules on stimulated plasmacytoid dendritic cells are sufficient to cross-activate resting myeloid dendritic cells. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:1018-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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