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Chowdhury FZ, Maddali S, Szucs MJ, Ahmad R, Carr SA, Lichterfeld M, Yu XG. Phosphoproteomic landscaping of HIV-1 in vitro identified phosphorylated epitopes capable of eliciting CD8+ cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses in patient samples ex vivo. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.95.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in recent years in our abilities to simultaneously detect proteome and posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation responsible for regulating protein functions. We have an incomplete understanding of the role of phosphorylation in host-pathogen interaction. The objective of this study was to fine-map phosphorylation of HIV-1 proteins and subsequently study the consequences of these PTMs. Using mass-spectrometry, we identified over 30 unique phosphorylated sites on HIV-1 proteins detected in infected primary CD4+ T cells and in cell-free virus, with the majority being present on the viral proteins Gag, Pol, and Rev proteins. Interestingly, many of these phosphorylated sites were within previously identified optimal CTL epitopes. While CTL responses to phospho-neoepitopes is subject to recent research in cancer immunology, we lack any understanding of how phosphorylation of virus affects antiviral immune responses. We stimulated PBMCs from HIV-1 infected patients ex vivo in the presence of HIV-1 epitopes with or without phosphorylation, followed by assessment of IFN-γ, TNF-α, MIP1β, and CD107a expressions by flowcytometry. Two Gag-derived phospho-epitopes were able to elicit immune responses in CTLs, potentially indicating the genesis and functional responses to such modified epitopes in vivo in HIV-1 infected patients. Moreover, CTL clones of HLA B*5701 background responded with significantly more cytotoxic marker without any effector cytokine expression, suggesting that phospho-epitopes can modulate the quality of CTL responses. Taken together, our studies shed light on a new way of evaluating host-pathogen interaction with potential for vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rushdy Ahmad
- 2Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
- 3True North Bio
| | | | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- 1Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
- 4Massachusetts General Hospital
- 5Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard medical school
| | - Xu G Yu
- 1Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
- 5Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard medical school
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2
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Garcia-Broncano P, Maddali S, Einkauf KB, Jiang C, Gao C, Chevalier J, Chowdhury FZ, Maswabi K, Ajibola G, Moyo S, Mohammed T, Ncube T, Makhema J, Jean-Philippe P, Yu XG, Powis KM, Lockman S, Kuritzkes DR, Shapiro R, Lichterfeld M. Early antiretroviral therapy in neonates with HIV-1 infection restricts viral reservoir size and induces a distinct innate immune profile. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaax7350. [PMID: 31776292 PMCID: PMC8397898 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax7350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal HIV-1 infection is associated with rapidly progressive and frequently fatal immune deficiency if left untreated. Immediate institution of antiretroviral therapy (ART), ideally within hours after birth, may restrict irreversible damage to the developing neonatal immune system and possibly provide opportunities for facilitating drug-free viral control during subsequent treatment interruptions. However, the virological and immunological effects of ART initiation within hours after delivery have not been systematically investigated. We examined a unique cohort of neonates with HIV-1 infection from Botswana who started ART shortly after birth and were followed longitudinally for about 2 years in comparison to control infants started on treatment during the first year after birth. We demonstrate multiple clear benefits of rapid antiretroviral initiation, including an extremely small reservoir of intact proviral sequences, a reduction in abnormal T cell immune activation, a more polyfunctional HIV-1-specific T cell response, and an innate immune profile that displays distinct features of improved antiviral activity and is associated with intact proviral reservoir size. Together, these data offer rare insight into the evolutionary dynamics of viral reservoir establishment in neonates and provide strong empirical evidence supporting the immediate initiation of ART for neonates with HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shivaali Maddali
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kevin B Einkauf
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chenyang Jiang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ce Gao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joshua Chevalier
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Kenneth Maswabi
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Thabani Ncube
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Joseph Makhema
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kathleen M Powis
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shahin Lockman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel R Kuritzkes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roger Shapiro
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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3
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Kulkarni S, Lied A, Kulkarni V, Rucevic M, Martin MP, Walker-Sperling V, Anderson SK, Ewy R, Singh S, Nguyen H, McLaren PJ, Viard M, Naranbhai V, Zou C, Lin Z, Gatanaga H, Oka S, Takiguchi M, Thio CL, Margolick J, Kirk GD, Goedert JJ, Hoots WK, Deeks SG, Haas DW, Michael N, Walker B, Le Gall S, Chowdhury FZ, Yu XG, Carrington M. Author Correction: CCR5AS lncRNA variation differentially regulates CCR5, influencing HIV disease outcome. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1555. [PMID: 31548709 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Kulkarni
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Alexandra Lied
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Viraj Kulkarni
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marijana Rucevic
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Olink Proteomic, Watertown, MA, USA
| | - Maureen P Martin
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Victoria Walker-Sperling
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Stephen K Anderson
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rodger Ewy
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Hoang Nguyen
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Paul J McLaren
- J.C. Wilt Infectious Disease Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mathias Viard
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chengcheng Zou
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Zhansong Lin
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oka
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Chloe L Thio
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gregory D Kirk
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James J Goedert
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - W Keith Hoots
- Division of Blood Diseases and Resources, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David W Haas
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nelson Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Bruce Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sylvie Le Gall
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fatema Z Chowdhury
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
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4
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Einkauf KB, Lee GQ, Gao C, Sharaf R, Sun X, Hua S, Chen SM, Jiang C, Lian X, Chowdhury FZ, Rosenberg ES, Chun TW, Li JZ, Yu XG, Lichterfeld M. Intact HIV-1 proviruses accumulate at distinct chromosomal positions during prolonged antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:988-998. [PMID: 30688658 DOI: 10.1172/jci124291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal integration of genome-intact HIV-1 sequences into the host genome creates a reservoir of virally infected cells that persists throughout life, necessitating indefinite antiretroviral suppression therapy. During effective antiviral treatment, the majority of these proviruses remain transcriptionally silent, but mechanisms responsible for viral latency are insufficiently clear. Here, we used matched integration site and proviral sequencing (MIP-Seq), an experimental approach involving multiple displacement amplification of individual proviral species, followed by near-full-length HIV-1 next-generation sequencing and corresponding chromosomal integration site analysis to selectively map the chromosomal positions of intact and defective proviruses in 3 HIV-1-infected individuals undergoing long-term antiretroviral therapy. Simultaneously, chromatin accessibility and gene expression in autologous CD4+ T cells were analyzed by assays for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-Seq) and RNA-Seq. We observed that in comparison to proviruses with defective sequences, intact HIV-1 proviruses were enriched for non-genic chromosomal positions and more frequently showed an opposite orientation relative to host genes. In addition, intact HIV-1 proviruses were preferentially integrated in either relative proximity to or increased distance from active transcriptional start sites and to accessible chromatin regions. These studies strongly suggest selection of intact proviruses with features of deeper viral latency during prolonged antiretroviral therapy, and may be informative for targeting the genome-intact viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Einkauf
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guinevere Q Lee
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ce Gao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Radwa Sharaf
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephane Hua
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samantha My Chen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chenyang Jiang
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaodong Lian
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Eric S Rosenberg
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Chowdhury FZ, Ouyang Z, Buzon M, Walker BD, Lichterfeld M, Yu XG. Metabolic pathway activation distinguishes transcriptional signatures of CD8+ T cells from HIV-1 elite controllers. AIDS 2018; 32:2669-2677. [PMID: 30289807 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elite controllers, defined as persons maintaining undetectable levels of HIV-1 replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy, represent living evidence that sustained, natural control of HIV-1 is possible, at least in relatively rare instances. Understanding the complex immunologic and virologic characteristics of these specific patients holds promise for inducing drug-free control of HIV-1 in broader populations of HIV-1 infected patients. DESIGN We used an unbiased transcriptional profiling approach to characterize CD8+ T cells, the strongest correlate of HIV-1 immune control identified thus far, in a large cohort of elite controllers (n = 51); highly active antiretrovial therapy (HAART)-treated patients (n = 32) and HIV-1 negative (n = 10) served as reference cohorts. METHODS We isolated mRNA from total CD8+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) of each individual followed by microarray analysis of the transcriptional signatures. RESULTS We observed profound transcriptional differences [590 transcripts, false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted P < 0.05] between elite controller and HAART-treated patients. Interestingly, metabolic and signalling pathways governed by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and eIF2, known for their key roles in regulating cellular growth, proliferation and metabolism, were among the top functions enriched in the differentially expressed genes, suggesting a therapeutically actionable target as a distinguishing feature of spontaneous HIV-1 immune control. A subsequent bootstrapping approach distinguished five different subgroups of elite controller, each characterized by distinct transcriptional signatures. However, despite this marked heterogeneity, differential regulation of mTOR and eIF2 signalling remained the dominant functional pathway in three of these elite controller subgroups. CONCLUSION These studies suggest that mTOR and eIF2 signalling may play a remarkably universal role for regulating CD8 T-cell function from elite controllers.
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6
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Lee GQ, Orlova-Fink N, Einkauf K, Chowdhury FZ, Sun X, Harrington S, Kuo HH, Hua S, Chen HR, Ouyang Z, Reddy K, Dong K, Ndung'u T, Walker BD, Rosenberg ES, Yu XG, Lichterfeld M. Clonal expansion of genome-intact HIV-1 in functionally polarized Th1 CD4+ T cells. J Clin Invest 2017. [PMID: 28628034 DOI: 10.1172/jci93289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 causes a chronic, incurable disease due to its persistence in CD4+ T cells that contain replication-competent provirus, but exhibit little or no active viral gene expression and effectively resist combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). These latently infected T cells represent an extremely small proportion of all circulating CD4+ T cells but possess a remarkable long-term stability and typically persist throughout life, for reasons that are not fully understood. Here we performed massive single-genome, near-full-length next-generation sequencing of HIV-1 DNA derived from unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, ex vivo-isolated CD4+ T cells, and subsets of functionally polarized memory CD4+ T cells. This approach identified multiple sets of independent, near-full-length proviral sequences from cART-treated individuals that were completely identical, consistent with clonal expansion of CD4+ T cells harboring intact HIV-1. Intact, near-full-genome HIV-1 DNA sequences that were derived from such clonally expanded CD4+ T cells constituted 62% of all analyzed genome-intact sequences in memory CD4 T cells, were preferentially observed in Th1-polarized cells, were longitudinally detected over a duration of up to 5 years, and were fully replication- and infection-competent. Together, these data suggest that clonal proliferation of Th1-polarized CD4+ T cells encoding for intact HIV-1 represents a driving force for stabilizing the pool of latently infected CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guinevere Q Lee
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nina Orlova-Fink
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin Einkauf
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Xiaoming Sun
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sean Harrington
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hsiao-Hsuan Kuo
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephane Hua
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hsiao-Rong Chen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhengyu Ouyang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kavidha Reddy
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, and
| | - Krista Dong
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, and
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, and.,KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric S Rosenberg
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Abstract
STAT2 is unique among the STAT family of transcription factors in that its activation is driven predominantly by only two classes of cell surface receptors: Type I and III interferon receptors. As such, STAT2 plays a critical role in host defenses against viral infections. Viruses have evolved to target STAT2 by either inhibiting its expression, blocking its activity, or by targeting it for degradation. Consequently, these viral onslaughts have driven remarkable divergence in the STAT2 gene across species that is not observed in other STAT family members. Thus, the evolution of STAT2 may preserve its activity and protect each species in the face of an ever-changing viral community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Z Chowdhury
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Biology; UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
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8
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Chowdhury FZ, Estrada LD, Murray S, Forman J, Farrar JD. Pharmacological inhibition of TPL2/MAP3K8 blocks human cytotoxic T lymphocyte effector functions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92187. [PMID: 24642963 PMCID: PMC3958505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a major role in defense against intracellular pathogens. During development, antigen-presenting cells secrete innate cytokines such as IL-12 and IFN-α, which drive CTL differentiation into diverse populations of effector and long-lived memory cells. Using whole transcriptome analyses, the serine/threonine protein kinase Tpl2/MAP3K8 was found to be induced by IL-12 and selectively expressed by effector memory (TEM) CTLs. Tpl2 regulates various inflammatory pathways by activating the ERK mediated MAP kinase pathway in innate immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. In this study, we found that a specific small molecule Tpl2 inhibitor blocked IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion as well as cytolytic activity of human CTLs. This pathway was specific for human effector CTLs, as the Tpl2 inhibitor did not block IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion from murine effector CTLs. Further, IL-12 failed to induce expression of Tpl2 in murine CTLs, and Tpl2 deficient murine CTLs did not exhibit any functional deficiency either in vitro or in vivo in response to L. monocytogenes infection. In summary, we identified a species-specific role for Tpl2 in effector function of human CTLs, which plays a major role in adaptive immune responses to intracellular pathogens and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Z. Chowdhury
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Leonardo D. Estrada
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sean Murray
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - James Forman
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - J. David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: .
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9
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Becker AM, Dao KH, Han BK, Kornu R, Lakhanpal S, Mobley AB, Li QZ, Lian Y, Wu T, Reimold AM, Olsen NJ, Karp DR, Chowdhury FZ, Farrar JD, Satterthwaite AB, Mohan C, Lipsky PE, Wakeland EK, Davis LS. SLE peripheral blood B cell, T cell and myeloid cell transcriptomes display unique profiles and each subset contributes to the interferon signature. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67003. [PMID: 23826184 PMCID: PMC3691135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that is characterized by defective immune tolerance combined with immune cell hyperactivity resulting in the production of pathogenic autoantibodies. Previous gene expression studies employing whole blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) have demonstrated that a majority of patients with active disease have increased expression of type I interferon (IFN) inducible transcripts known as the IFN signature. The goal of the current study was to assess the gene expression profiles of isolated leukocyte subsets obtained from SLE patients. Subsets including CD19+ B lymphocytes, CD3+CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD33+ myeloid cells were simultaneously sorted from PBMC. The SLE transcriptomes were assessed for differentially expressed genes as compared to healthy controls. SLE CD33+ myeloid cells exhibited the greatest number of differentially expressed genes at 208 transcripts, SLE B cells expressed 174 transcripts and SLE CD3+CD4+ T cells expressed 92 transcripts. Only 4.4% (21) of the 474 total transcripts, many associated with the IFN signature, were shared by all three subsets. Transcriptional profiles translated into increased protein expression for CD38, CD63, CD107a and CD169. Moreover, these studies demonstrated that both SLE lymphoid and myeloid subsets expressed elevated transcripts for cytosolic RNA and DNA sensors and downstream effectors mediating IFN and cytokine production. Prolonged upregulation of nucleic acid sensing pathways could modulate immune effector functions and initiate or contribute to the systemic inflammation observed in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Becker
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathryn H. Dao
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bobby Kwanghoon Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Roger Kornu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shuchi Lakhanpal
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Angela B. Mobley
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yun Lian
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tianfu Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andreas M. Reimold
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nancy J. Olsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - David R. Karp
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fatema Z. Chowdhury
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - J. David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anne B. Satterthwaite
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter E. Lipsky
- Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward K. Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laurie S. Davis
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jones SA, Gibson T, Maltby RC, Chowdhury FZ, Stewart V, Cohen PS, Conway T. Anaerobic respiration of Escherichia coli in the mouse intestine. Infect Immun 2011; 79:4218-26. [PMID: 21825069 PMCID: PMC3187261 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05395-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is inhabited by a large microbial community consisting primarily of anaerobes and, to a lesser extent, facultative anaerobes, such as Escherichia coli, which we have shown requires aerobic respiration to compete successfully in the mouse intestine (S. A. Jones et al., Infect. Immun. 75:4891-4899, 2007). If facultative anaerobes efficiently lower oxygen availability in the intestine, then their sustained growth must also depend on anaerobic metabolism. In support of this idea, mutants lacking nitrate reductase or fumarate reductase have extreme colonization defects. Here, we further explore the role of anaerobic respiration in colonization using the streptomycin-treated mouse model. We found that respiratory electron flow is primarily via the naphthoquinones, which pass electrons to cytochrome bd oxidase and the anaerobic terminal reductases. We found that E. coli uses nitrate and fumarate in the intestine, but not nitrite, dimethyl sulfoxide, or trimethylamine N-oxide. Competitive colonizations revealed that cytochrome bd oxidase is more advantageous than nitrate reductase or fumarate reductase. Strains lacking nitrate reductase outcompeted fumarate reductase mutants once the nitrate concentration in cecal mucus reached submillimolar levels, indicating that fumarate is the more important anaerobic electron acceptor in the intestine because nitrate is limiting. Since nitrate is highest in the absence of E. coli, we conclude that E. coli is the only bacterium in the streptomycin-treated mouse large intestine that respires nitrate. Lastly, we demonstrated that a mutant lacking the NarXL regulator (activator of the NarG system), but not a mutant lacking the NarP-NarQ regulator, has a colonization defect, consistent with the advantage provided by NarG. The emerging picture is one in which gene regulation is tuned to balance expression of the terminal reductases that E. coli uses to maximize its competitiveness and achieve the highest possible population in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shari A. Jones
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019
| | - Terri Gibson
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019
| | - Rosalie C. Maltby
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019
| | - Fatema Z. Chowdhury
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019
| | - Valley Stewart
- Section of Microbiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616-8665
| | - Paul S. Cohen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | - Tyrrell Conway
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019
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11
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Huber JP, Chowdhury FZ, Gill MA, Gruchalla RS, Farrar JD. Negative Regulation of Human Th2 cells by Type I Interferon (140.15). The Journal of Immunology 2009. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.140.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-α/β) is a potent anti-viral cytokine that regulates multiple aspects of innate and adaptive responses to viral infections. As some respiratory viral infections have been linked to the etiology and exacerbation of asthma, we wished to determine the effects of IFN-α/β on driving the development of human Th2 cells. In these studies, we found that IFNα/β inhibited the ability of IL-4 to promote Th2 differentiation and significantly de-stablized cytokine expression from fully polarized Th2 cells. Further, this effect was specific to IFNα/β as neither IL-12 nor IFNγ inhibited IL-4-regulated Th2 development or stability. IFNα/β inhibited Th2 development by blocking the induction of GATA-3, and this effect was found to bypass the induction of GATA3 via IL-4-mediated STAT6 activation. Finally, IFNα/β also potently inhibited Th2 cytokine secretion from fully committed CRTH2+ cells isolated directly from peripheral blood. Thus, we have found a novel function of IFNα/β in the inhibition of Th2 responses that may be useful as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michelle A Gill
- 2Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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12
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Jones SA, Jorgensen M, Chowdhury FZ, Rodgers R, Hartline J, Leatham MP, Struve C, Krogfelt KA, Cohen PS, Conway T. Glycogen and maltose utilization by Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the mouse intestine. Infect Immun 2008; 76:2531-40. [PMID: 18347038 PMCID: PMC2423072 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00096-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant screens and transcriptome studies led us to consider whether the metabolism of glucose polymers, i.e., maltose, maltodextrin, and glycogen, is important for Escherichia coli colonization of the intestine. By using the streptomycin-treated mouse model, we found that catabolism of the disaccharide maltose provides a competitive advantage in vivo to pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 and commensal E. coli K-12, whereas degradation of exogenous forms of the more complex glucose polymer, maltodextrin, does not. The endogenous glucose polymer, glycogen, appears to play an important role in colonization, since mutants that are unable to synthesize or degrade glycogen have significant colonization defects. In support of the hypothesis that E. coli relies on internal carbon stores to maintain colonization during periods of famine, we found that by providing a constant supply of a readily metabolized sugar, i.e., gluconate, in the animal's drinking water, the competitive disadvantage of E. coli glycogen metabolism mutants is rescued. The results suggest that glycogen storage may be widespread in enteric bacteria because it is necessary for maintaining rapid growth in the intestine, where there is intense competition for resources and occasional famine. An important implication of this study is that the sugars used by E. coli are present in limited quantities in the intestine, making endogenous carbon stores valuable. Thus, there may be merit to combating enteric infections by using probiotics or prebiotics to manipulate the intestinal microbiota in such a way as to limit the availability of sugars preferred by E. coli O157:H7 and perhaps other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shari A Jones
- Advanced Center for Genome Technology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
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13
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Fabich AJ, Jones SA, Chowdhury FZ, Cernosek A, Anderson A, Smalley D, McHargue JW, Hightower GA, Smith JT, Autieri SM, Leatham MP, Lins JJ, Allen RL, Laux DC, Cohen PS, Conway T. Comparison of carbon nutrition for pathogenic and commensal Escherichia coli strains in the mouse intestine. Infect Immun 2008; 76:1143-52. [PMID: 18180286 PMCID: PMC2258830 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01386-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The carbon sources that support the growth of pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the mammalian intestine have not previously been investigated. In vivo, the pathogenic E. coli EDL933 grows primarily as single cells dispersed within the mucus layer that overlies the mouse cecal epithelium. We therefore compared the pathogenic strain and the commensal E. coli strain MG1655 modes of metabolism in vitro, using a mixture of the sugars known to be present in cecal mucus, and found that the two strains used the 13 sugars in a similar order and cometabolized as many as 9 sugars at a time. We conducted systematic mutation analyses of E. coli EDL933 and E. coli MG1655 by using lesions in the pathways used for catabolism of 13 mucus-derived sugars and five other compounds for which the corresponding bacterial gene system was induced in the transcriptome of cells grown on cecal mucus. Each of 18 catabolic mutants in both bacterial genetic backgrounds was fed to streptomycin-treated mice, together with the respective wild-type parent strain, and their colonization was monitored by fecal plate counts. None of the mutations corresponding to the five compounds not found in mucosal polysaccharides resulted in colonization defects. Based on the mutations that caused colonization defects, we determined that both E. coli EDL933 and E. coli MG1655 used arabinose, fucose, and N-acetylglucosamine in the intestine. In addition, E. coli EDL933 used galactose, hexuronates, mannose, and ribose, whereas E. coli MG1655 used gluconate and N-acetylneuraminic acid. The colonization defects of six catabolic lesions were found to be additive with E. coli EDL933 but not with E. coli MG1655. The data indicate that pathogenic E. coli EDL933 uses sugars that are not used by commensal E. coli MG1655 to colonize the mouse intestine. The results suggest a strategy whereby invading pathogens gain advantage by simultaneously consuming several sugars that may be available because they are not consumed by the commensal intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Fabich
- Advanced Center for Genome Technology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
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Jones SA, Chowdhury FZ, Fabich AJ, Anderson A, Schreiner DM, House AL, Autieri SM, Leatham MP, Lins JJ, Jorgensen M, Cohen PS, Conway T. Respiration of Escherichia coli in the mouse intestine. Infect Immun 2007; 75:4891-9. [PMID: 17698572 PMCID: PMC2044527 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00484-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals are aerobes that harbor an intestinal ecosystem dominated by large numbers of anaerobic microorganisms. However, the role of oxygen in the intestinal ecosystem is largely unexplored. We used systematic mutational analysis to determine the role of respiratory metabolism in the streptomycin-treated mouse model of intestinal colonization. Here we provide evidence that aerobic respiration is required for commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli to colonize mice. Our results showed that mutants lacking ATP synthase, which is required for all respiratory energy-conserving metabolism, were eliminated by competition with respiratory-competent wild-type strains. Mutants lacking the high-affinity cytochrome bd oxidase, which is used when oxygen tensions are low, also failed to colonize. However, the low-affinity cytochrome bo(3) oxidase, which is used when oxygen tension is high, was found not to be necessary for colonization. Mutants lacking either nitrate reductase or fumarate reductase also had major colonization defects. The results showed that the entire E. coli population was dependent on both microaerobic and anaerobic respiration, consistent with the hypothesis that the E. coli niche is alternately microaerobic and anaerobic, rather than static. The results indicate that success of the facultative anaerobes in the intestine depends on their respiratory flexibility. Despite competition for relatively scarce carbon sources, the energy efficiency provided by respiration may contribute to the widespread distribution (i.e., success) of E. coli strains as commensal inhabitants of the mammalian intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shari A Jones
- Advanced Center for Genome Technology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
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