1
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Olejnik P, Buczma K, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A, Kasarełło K. Involvement of gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis-review of a new pathophysiological hypothesis and potential treatment target. Immunol Res 2024; 72:554-565. [PMID: 38446328 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-024-09471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to demyelination and damage to the central nervous system. It is well known, the significance of the involvement and influence of the immune system in the development and course of MS. Nowadays, more and more studies are demonstrating that an important factor that affects the action of the immune system is the gut microbiota. Changes in the composition and interrelationships in the gut microbiota have a significant impact on the course of MS. Dysbiosis affects the disease course mainly by influencing the immune system directly but also by modifying the secreted metabolites and increasing mucosal permeability. The essential metabolites affecting the course of MS are short-chain fatty acids, which alter pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in the immune system but also increase the permeability of the intestinal wall and the blood-brain barrier. Dietary modification alone can have a significant impact on MS. Based on these interactions, new treatments for MS are being developed, including probiotics administration, supplementation of bacterial metabolites, fecal microbiota transplantation, and dietary changes. Further studies may serve to develop new drugs and therapeutic approaches for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Olejnik
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kasper Buczma
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kaja Kasarełło
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Han YZ, Zheng HJ, Du BX, Zhang Y, Zhu XY, Li J, Wang YX, Liu WJ. Role of Gut Microbiota, Immune Imbalance, and Allostatic Load in the Occurrence and Development of Diabetic Kidney Disease. J Diabetes Res 2023; 2023:8871677. [PMID: 38094870 PMCID: PMC10719010 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8871677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a prevailing complication arising from diabetes mellitus. Unfortunately, there are no trustworthy and efficacious treatment modalities currently available. In recent times, compelling evidence has emerged regarding the intricate correlation between the kidney and the gut microbiota, which is considered the largest immune organ within the human physique. Various investigations have demonstrated that the perturbation of the gut microbiota and its associated metabolites potentially underlie the etiology and progression of DKD. This phenomenon may transpire through perturbation of both the innate and the adaptive immunity, leading to a burdensome allostatic load on the body and ultimately culminating in the development of DKD. Within this literature review, we aim to delve into the intricate interplay between the gut microbiota, its metabolites, and the immune system in the context of DKD. Furthermore, we strive to explore and elucidate potential chemical interventions that could hold promise for the treatment of DKD, thereby offering invaluable insights and directions for future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhen Han
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Juan Zheng
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Xuan Du
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Yu Zhu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yao Xian Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jing Liu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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3
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Ghahramanipour Z, Alipour S, Masoumi J, Rostamlou A, Hatami-Sadr A, Heris JA, Naseri B, Jafarlou M, Baradaran B. Regulation of Dendritic Cell Functions by Vitamins as Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Immune System Disorders. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300142. [PMID: 37423961 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
A functional immune system is crucial for a healthy life, protecting from infections, tumors, or autoimmune disorders; these are accomplished by the interaction between various immune cells. Nourishment, particularly micronutrients, are very important components in the immune system balance, therefore this review emphasizes the vitamins (D, E, A, C) and Dendritic cells' subsets due to vitamins' roles in immune processes, especially on dendritic cells' functions, maturation, and cytokine production. Current studies reveal significant benefits related to vitamins, including vitamin E, which can contribute to the control of dendritic cells' function and maturation. Furthermore, vitamin D plays an immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory role in the immune system. Metabolite of vitamin A which is called retinoic acid leads to T cells' differentiation to T helper 1 or T helper 17, so low levels of this vitamin exacerbate the menace of infectious diseases, and vitamin C has anti-oxidant effects on dendritic cells and modulate their activation and differentiation program. Additionally, the correlation between the amount of vitamin and the occurrence or progression of allergic diseases and autoimmunity disorders is discussed according to the results of previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ghahramanipour
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166616471, Iran
| | - Shiva Alipour
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166616471, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5165665931, Iran
| | - Javad Masoumi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166616471, Iran
| | - Arman Rostamlou
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of EGE, Izmir, 35040, Turkey
| | | | - Javad Ahmadian Heris
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166616471, Iran
| | - Bahar Naseri
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166616471, Iran
| | - Mahdi Jafarlou
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166616471, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166616471, Iran
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4
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He K, Wan T, Wang D, Hu J, Zhou T, Tao W, Wei Z, Lu Q, Zhou R, Tian Z, Flavell RA, Zhu S. Gasdermin D licenses MHCII induction to maintain food tolerance in small intestine. Cell 2023; 186:3033-3048.e20. [PMID: 37327784 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) constitute the primary barrier between host cells and numerous foreign antigens; it is unclear how IECs induce the protective immunity against pathogens while maintaining the immune tolerance to food. Here, we found IECs accumulate a less recognized 13-kD N-terminal fragment of GSDMD that is cleaved by caspase-3/7 in response to dietary antigens. Unlike the 30-kD GSDMD cleavage fragment that executes pyroptosis, the IEC-accumulated GSDMD cleavage fragment translocates to the nucleus and induces the transcription of CIITA and MHCII molecules, which in turn induces the Tr1 cells in upper small intestine. Mice treated with a caspase-3/7 inhibitor, mice with GSDMD mutation resistant to caspase-3/7 cleavage, mice with MHCII deficiency in IECs, and mice with Tr1 deficiency all displayed a disrupted food tolerance phenotype. Our study supports that differential cleavage of GSDMD can be understood as a regulatory hub controlling immunity versus tolerance in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin He
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Tingting Wan
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Decai Wang
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Ji Hu
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Tingyue Zhou
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Wanyin Tao
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Qiao Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rongbin Zhou
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Shu Zhu
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230601, China; School of Data Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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5
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Feng S, Zhang C, Chen S, He R, Chao G, Zhang S. TLR5 Signaling in the Regulation of Intestinal Mucosal Immunity. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:2491-2501. [PMID: 37337514 PMCID: PMC10276996 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s407521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) is a pattern recognition receptor that specifically recognizes flagellin and consequently plays a crucial role in the control of intestinal homeostasis by activating innate and adaptive immune responses. TLR5 overexpression, on the other hand, might disrupt the intestinal mucosal barrier, which serves as the first line of defense against harmful microbes. The intestine symbiotic bacteria, mucous layer, intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), adherens junctions (such as tight junctions and peripheral membrane proteins), the intestinal mucosal immune system, and cytokines make up the intestinal mucosal barrier. Impaired barrier function has been linked to intestinal illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is a persistent non-specific inflammatory illness of the digestive system with an unknown cause. It is now thought to be linked to infection, environment, genes, immune system, and the gut microbiota. The significance of immunological dysfunction in IBD has received more attention in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to explore TLR5's position in the intestinal mucosal barrier and its relevance to IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Feng
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruonan He
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanqun Chao
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Abstract
Vitamin A (retinol) is a critical micronutrient required for the control of stem cell functions, cell differentiation, and cell metabolism in many different cell types, both during embryogenesis and in the adult organism. However, we must obtain vitamin A from food sources. Thus, the uptake and metabolism of vitamin A by intestinal epithelial cells, the storage of vitamin A in the liver, and the metabolism of vitamin A in target cells to more biologically active metabolites, such as retinoic acid (RA) and 4-oxo-RA, must be precisely regulated. Here, I will discuss the enzymes that metabolize vitamin A to RA and the cytochrome P450 Cyp26 family of enzymes that further oxidize RA. Because much progress has been made in understanding the regulation of ALDH1a2 (RALDH2) actions in the intestine, one focus of this review is on the metabolism of vitamin A in intestinal epithelial cells and dendritic cells. Another focus is on recent data that 4-oxo-RA is a ligand required for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cell dormancy and the important role of RARβ (RARB) in these stem cells. Despite this progress, many questions remain in this research area, which links vitamin A metabolism to nutrition, immune functions, developmental biology, and nuclear receptor pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine J Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, and Revlon Pharmaceutical Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacology Department, and the Meyer Cancer Center of Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065
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7
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Deng Q, Chen J. Potential Therapeutic Effect of All-Trans Retinoic Acid on Atherosclerosis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:869. [PMID: 35883425 PMCID: PMC9312697 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, which are the leading cause of death worldwide. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a natural derivative of essential vitamin A. Numerous studies have shown that ATRA plays an important role in cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, cell differentiation, and embryonic development. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a ligand of retinoic acid receptors that regulates various biological processes by activating retinoic acid signals. In this paper, the metabolic processes of ATRA were reviewed, with emphasis on the effects of ATRA on inflammatory cells involved in the process of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jixiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China;
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8
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Moreira TG, Mangani D, Cox LM, Leibowitz J, Lobo ELC, Oliveira MA, Gauthier CD, Nakagaki BN, Willocq V, Song A, Guo L, Lima DCA, Murugaiyan G, Butovsky O, Gabriely G, Anderson AC, Rezende RM, Faria AMC, Weiner HL. PD-L1 + and XCR1 + dendritic cells are region-specific regulators of gut homeostasis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4907. [PMID: 34389726 PMCID: PMC8363668 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa constitutes an environment of closely regulated immune cells. Dendritic cells (DC) interact with the gut microbiome and antigens and are important in maintaining gut homeostasis. Here, we investigate DC transcriptome, phenotype and function in five anatomical locations of the gut lamina propria (LP) which constitute different antigenic environments. We show that DC from distinct gut LP compartments induce distinct T cell differentiation and cytokine secretion. We also find that PD-L1+ DC in the duodenal LP and XCR1+ DC in the colonic LP comprise distinct tolerogenic DC subsets that are crucial for gut homeostasis. Mice lacking PD-L1+ and XCR1+ DC have a proinflammatory gut milieu associated with an increase in Th1/Th17 cells and a decrease in Treg cells and have exacerbated disease in the models of 5-FU-induced mucositis and DSS-induced colitis. Our findings identify PD-L1+ and XCR1+ DC as region-specific physiologic regulators of intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais G Moreira
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Davide Mangani
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura M Cox
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Leibowitz
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eduardo L C Lobo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mariana A Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Christian D Gauthier
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brenda N Nakagaki
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valerie Willocq
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anya Song
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lydia Guo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David C A Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gopal Murugaiyan
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Galina Gabriely
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana C Anderson
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rafael M Rezende
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana Maria C Faria
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Phillips BE, Garciafigueroa Y, Engman C, Liu W, Wang Y, Lakomy RJ, Meng WS, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. Arrest in the Progression of Type 1 Diabetes at the Mid-Stage of Insulitic Autoimmunity Using an Autoantigen-Decorated All- trans Retinoic Acid and Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 Single Microparticle Formulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:586220. [PMID: 33763059 PMCID: PMC7982719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.586220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a disorder of impaired glucoregulation due to lymphocyte-driven pancreatic autoimmunity. Mobilizing dendritic cells (DC) in vivo to acquire tolerogenic activity is an attractive therapeutic approach as it results in multiple and overlapping immunosuppressive mechanisms. Delivery of agents that can achieve this, in the form of micro/nanoparticles, has successfully prevented a number of autoimmune conditions in vivo. Most of these formulations, however, do not establish multiple layers of immunoregulation. all-trans retinoic acid (RA) together with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1), in contrast, has been shown to promote such mechanisms. When delivered in separate nanoparticle vehicles, they successfully prevent the progression of early-onset T1D autoimmunity in vivo. Herein, we show that the approach can be simplified into a single microparticle formulation of RA + TGFβ1 with surface decoration with the T1D-relevant insulin autoantigen. We show that the onset of hyperglycemia is prevented when administered into non-obese diabetic mice that are at the mid-stage of active islet-selective autoimmunity. Unexpectedly, the preventive effects do not seem to be mediated by increased numbers of regulatory T-lymphocytes inside the pancreatic lymph nodes, at least following acute administration of microparticles. Instead, we observed a mild increase in the frequency of regulatory B-lymphocytes inside the mesenteric lymph nodes. These data suggest additional and potentially-novel mechanisms that RA and TGFβ1 could be modulating to prevent progression of mid-stage autoimmunity to overt T1D. Our data further strengthen the rationale to develop RA+TGFβ1-based micro/nanoparticle “vaccines” as possible treatments of pre-symptomatic and new-onset T1D autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett E Phillips
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yesica Garciafigueroa
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Carl Engman
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Wen Liu
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Robert J Lakomy
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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10
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Impact of Food Additive Titanium Dioxide on Gut Microbiota Composition, Microbiota-Associated Functions, and Gut Barrier: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Animal Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042008. [PMID: 33669592 PMCID: PMC7922260 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is used as a food additive in pastries, sweets, and sauces. It is recognized as safe by food safety authorities, but in recent years, governments and scientists have raised concerns about its genotoxicity. This systematic review aims to assess the potential associations between food TiO2 exposure and microbiota composition and functions. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed up to December 2020 in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The PRISMA guidelines followed. The risk of bias was assessed from ARRIVE and SYRCLE tools. Results: A total of 18 animal studies were included (n = 10 mice, n = 5 rats, n = 2 fruit flies, n = 1 silkworm). Studies varied significantly in protocols and outcomes assessment. TiO2 exposure might cause variations in abundance in specific bacterial species and lead to gut dysfunctions such as a reduction in SCFAs levels, goblet cells and crypts, mucus production, and increased biomarkers of intestinal inflammation. Conclusions: Although the extrapolation of these results from animals to humans remains difficult, this review highlights the key role of gut microbiota in gut nanotoxicology and stimulates discussions on the safe TiO2 use in food and dietary supplements. This systematic review was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42020223968.
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11
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Roberts G, Almqvist C, Boyle R, Crane J, Hogan SP, Marsland B, Saglani S, Woodfolk JA. Developments allergy in 2019 through the eyes of clinical and experimental allergy, part I mechanisms. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 50:1294-1301. [PMID: 33283368 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the first of two linked articles, we describe the development in the mechanisms underlying allergy as described by Clinical & Experimental Allergy and other journals in 2019. Experimental models of allergic disease, basic mechanisms, clinical mechanisms and allergens are all covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Roberts
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight, UK
| | - C Almqvist
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit at Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Boyle
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - S P Hogan
- Department of Pathology, Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - B Marsland
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - S Saglani
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J A Woodfolk
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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12
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Hammer L, Furtado S, Mathiowitz E, Auci DL. Oral encapsulated transforming growth factor β1 reduces endogenous levels: Effect on inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2020; 11:79-92. [PMID: 33251033 PMCID: PMC7667406 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v11.i5.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TreXTAM® is a combination of the key regulatory cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) microencapsulated for oral delivery to immune structures of the gut. It is in development as a novel treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
AIM To measure TGFβ levels in blood and tissue after oral administration of encapsulated TGFβ.
METHODS Animals were orally administered encapsulated TGFβ by gavage. Levels of drug substance in blood and in gut tissues at various times after administration were measured by ELISA.
RESULTS We made the surprising discovery that oral administration of TreXTAM dramatically (approximately 50%) and significantly (P = 0.025) reduced TGFβ levels in colon, but not small intestine or mesenteric lymph nodes. Similarly, levels in rat serum after 25 d of thrice weekly dosing with either TreXTAM, or microencapsulated TGFβ alone (denoted as TPX6001) were significantly (P < 0.01) reduced from baseline levels. When tested in the SCID mouse CD4+CD25- adoptive cell transfer (ACT) model of IBD, oral TPX6001 alone provided only a transient benefit in terms of reduced weight loss.
CONCLUSION These observations suggest a negative feedback mechanism in the gut whereby local delivery of TGFβ results in reduced local and systemic levels of the active form of TGFβ. Our findings suggest potential clinical implications for use of encapsulated TGFβ, perhaps in the context of IBD and/or other instances of fibrosis and/or pathological TGFβ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hammer
- Department of Research and Development, TherapyX, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Stacia Furtado
- Department of Research and Development, TherapyX, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Edith Mathiowitz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Dominick L Auci
- Department of Research and Development, TherapyX, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
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13
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Dietary Supplementation with Spray-Dried Porcine Plasma Attenuates Colon Inflammation in a Genetic Mouse Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186760. [PMID: 32942624 PMCID: PMC7555992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with spray-dried porcine plasma (SDP) can modulate the immune response of gut-associated lymphoid tissue. SDP supplementation reduces acute mucosal inflammation, as well as chronic inflammation associated with aging. The aim of this study was to analyze if SDP supplementation could ameliorate colitis in a genetic mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Wild-type mice and Mdr1a knockout (KO) mice were administered a control diet or an SDP-supplemented diet from day 21 (weaning) until day 56. The histopathological index, epithelial barrier, and intestinal immune system were analyzed in the colonic mucosa. KO mice had higher epithelial permeability, increased Muc1 and Muc4 expression, and lower abundance of E-cadherin and Muc2 (all p < 0.001). SDP prevented these effects (all p < 0.05) and decreased the colonic inflammation observed in KO mice, reducing neutrophil and monocyte infiltration and activation and the percentage of activated T helper lymphocytes in the colonic mucosa (all p < 0.05). SDP also diminished proinflammatory cytokine expression and increased the anti-inflammatory IL-10 concentration in the colonic mucosa (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with SDP enhances colon barrier function and reduces mucosal inflammation in a mouse model of IBD.
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14
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Takano T, Kotaki R, Park J, Yoshida T, Wakatsuki Y, Tanokura M, Miyakawa T, Takahashi K, Nakajima-Adachi H, Hachimura S. Age-Dependent Decrease in the Induction of Regulatory T Cells Is Associated With Decreased Expression of RALDH2 in Mesenteric Lymph Node Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1555. [PMID: 32849526 PMCID: PMC7432217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A decline in immune function with aging has been reported. Regulatory T cell (Treg) induction is known to decrease with age, and elucidating the underlying mechanism is important for preventing age-related diseases due to age-related chronic inflammation. In the intestine, dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in inducing Tregs specific to oral antigens, and they efficiently induce Tregs via production of retinoic acid (RA), a vitamin A metabolite, catalyzed by the enzyme retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2). We have previously reported that in the mesenteric lymph node (MLN), a secondary lymphoid tissue in which immune responses to oral antigens are induced, four DC subsets express different levels of CD11b, CD103, and PD-L1, and we have reported that the CD11b–CD103+PD-L1high subset expresses the highest levels of the RALDH2 gene and induces Tregs in vitro. We examined Treg induction in young and aged mice using a Treg induction model by administering a food antigen, and we found that antigen-specific Treg induction was decreased in aged mice. We further investigated the MLN DCs, and a significant decrease in RALDH2 gene expression was observed in MLN DCs from aged mice. As factors, we found that the proportion of the CD11b–CD103+PD-L1high subset was decreased in aged mice compared with that in young mice and that RALDH enzyme activity was decreased in the CD11b–CD103+PD-L1high and CD11b+CD103+PD-L1high subsets. Furthermore, analysis of the methylation of the RALDH2 gene promoter region revealed that CpG motifs were more methylated in the MLN DCs of aged mice, suggesting that RALDH2 expression was suppressed by epigenetic changes. Finally, we found that RA treatment tended to increase Treg induction. These results suggest that the regulation of RA production may be involved in the age-related decrease in antigen-specific Treg induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Takano
- Research Center for Food Safety, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kotaki
- Research Center for Food Safety, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jihyun Park
- Research Center for Food Safety, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshida
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Wakatsuki
- Department of Clinical Bio-Regulatory Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Research Center for Food Safety, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Takahashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Hachimura
- Research Center for Food Safety, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Food allergens are innocuous proteins that promote tolerogenic adaptive immune responses in healthy individuals yet in other individuals induce an allergic adaptive immune response characterized by the presence of antigen-specific immunoglobulin E and type-2 immune cells. The cellular and molecular processes that determine a tolerogenic versus non-tolerogenic immune response to dietary antigens are not fully elucidated. Recently, there have been advances in the identification of roles for microbial communities and anatomical sites of dietary antigen exposure and presentation that have provided new insights into the key regulatory steps in the tolerogenic versus non-tolerogenic decision-making processes. Herein, we will review and discuss recent findings in cellular and molecular processes underlying food sensitization and tolerance, immunological processes underlying severity of food-induced anaphylaxis, and insights obtained from immunotherapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Tomar
- 1. Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan 4051-BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Simon P Hogan
- 1. Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan 4051-BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
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16
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Zhang A, Paidassi H, Lacy-Hulbert A, Savill J. Apoptotic cells induce CD103 expression and immunoregulatory function in myeloid dendritic cell precursors through integrin αv and TGF-β activation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232307. [PMID: 32667911 PMCID: PMC7363096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian gut CD103+ve myeloid DCs are known to suppress inflammation threatened by luminal bacteria, but stimuli driving DC precursor maturation towards this beneficial phenotype are incompletely understood. We isolated CD11+ve DCs from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) of healthy mice; CD103+ve DCs were 8–24 fold more likely than CD103-ve DCs to exhibit extensive of prior phagocytosis of apoptotic intestinal epithelial cells. However, CD103+ve and CD103-ve MLN DCs exhibited similar ex vivo capacity to ingest apoptotic cells, indicating that apoptotic cells might drive immature DC maturation towards the CD103+ve phenotype. When cultured with apoptotic cells, myeloid DC precursors isolated from murine bone marrow and characterised as lineage-ve CD103-ve, displayed enhanced expression of CD103 and β8 integrin and acquired increased capacity to induce T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs) after 7d in vitro. However, DC precursors isolated from αv-tie2 mice lacking αv integrins in the myeloid line exhibited reduced binding of apoptotic cells and complete deficiency in the capacity of apoptotic cells and/or latent TGF-β1 to enhance CD103 expression in culture, whereas active TGF-β1 increased DC precursor CD103 expression irrespective of αv expression. Fluorescence microscopy revealed clustering of αv integrin chains and latent TGF-β1 at points of contact between DC precursors and apoptotic cells. We conclude that myeloid DC precursors can deploy αv integrin to orchestrate binding of apoptotic cells, activation of latent TGF-β1 and acquisition of the immunoregulatory CD103+ve β8+ve DC phenotype. This implies that a hitherto unrecognised consequence of apoptotic cell interaction with myeloid phagocytes is programming that prevents inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailiang Zhang
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam Lacy-Hulbert
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John Savill
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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17
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Wang H, Lu CH, Ho PC. Metabolic adaptation orchestrates tissue context-dependent behavior in regulatory T cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 295:126-139. [PMID: 32147869 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The diverse distribution and functions of regulatory T cells (Tregs) ensure tissue and immune homeostasis; however, it remains unclear which factors can guide distribution, local differentiation, and tissue context-specific behavior in Tregs. Although the emerging concept that Tregs could re-adjust their transcriptome based on their habitations is supported by recent findings, the underlying mechanisms that reprogram transcriptome in Tregs are unknown. In the past decade, metabolic machineries have been revealed as a new regulatory circuit, known as immunometabolic regulation, to orchestrate activation, differentiation, and functions in a variety of immune cells, including Tregs. Given that systemic and local alterations of nutrient availability and metabolite profile associate with perturbation of Treg abundance and functions, it highlights that immunometabolic regulation may be one of the mechanisms that orchestrate tissue context-specific regulation in Tregs. The understanding on how metabolic program instructs Tregs in peripheral tissues not only represents a critical opportunity to delineate a new avenue in Treg biology but also provides a unique window to harness Treg-targeting approaches for treating cancer and autoimmunity with minimizing side effects. This review will highlight the metabolic features on guiding Treg formation and function in a disease-oriented perspective and aim to pave the foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Wang
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Chun-Hao Lu
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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18
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Koprivica I, Gajic D, Saksida T, Cavalli E, Auci D, Despotovic S, Pejnovic N, Stosic-Grujicic S, Nicoletti F, Stojanovic I. Orally delivered all-trans-retinoic acid- and transforming growth factor-β-loaded microparticles ameliorate type 1 diabetes in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 864:172721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Alameddine J, Godefroy E, Papargyris L, Sarrabayrouse G, Tabiasco J, Bridonneau C, Yazdanbakhsh K, Sokol H, Altare F, Jotereau F. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Skews Human DC to Prime IL10-Producing T Cells Through TLR2/6/JNK Signaling and IL-10, IL-27, CD39, and IDO-1 Induction. Front Immunol 2019; 10:143. [PMID: 30787928 PMCID: PMC6373781 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human colonic mucosa contains regulatory type 1-like (Tr1-like, i.e., IL-10-secreting and Foxp3-negative) T cells specific for the gut Clostridium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), which are both decreased in Crohn's disease patients. These data, together with the demonstration, in mice, that colonic regulatory T cells (Treg) induced by Clostridium bacteria are key players in colon homeostasis, support a similar role for F. prausnitzii-specific Treg in the human colon. Here we assessed the mechanisms whereby F. prausnitzii induces human colonic Treg. We demonstrated that F. prausnitzii, but not related Clostridia, skewed human dendritic cells to prime IL-10-secreting T cells. Accordingly, F. prausnitzii induced dendritic cells to express a unique array of potent Tr1/Treg polarizing molecules: IL-10, IL-27, CD39, IDO-1, and PDL-1 and, following TLR4 stimulation, inhibited their up-regulation of costimulation molecules as well as their production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12 (p35 and p40) and TNFα. We further showed that these potent tolerogenic effects relied on F. prausnitzii-induced TLR2/6 triggering, JNK signaling and CD39 ectonucleotidase activity, which was induced by IDO-1 and IL-27. These data, together with the presence of F. prausnitzii-specific Tr1-like Treg in the human colon, point out to dendritic cells polarization by F. prausnitzii as the first described cellular mechanism whereby the microbiota composition may affect human colon homeostasis. Identification of F. prausnitzii-induced mediators involved in Tr1-like Treg induction by dendritic cells opens therapeutic avenues for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joudy Alameddine
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Loukas Papargyris
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Angers, France
| | | | - Julie Tabiasco
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Angers, France
| | - Chantal Bridonneau
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Harry Sokol
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,APHP Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Département de Chimie, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Altare
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Francine Jotereau
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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20
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Impact of Retinoic Acid on Immune Cells and Inflammatory Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:3067126. [PMID: 30158832 PMCID: PMC6109577 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3067126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation, organogenesis, and reproduction and a key role in mucosal immune responses. RA promotes dendritic cells to express CD103 and to produce RA, enhances the differentiation of Foxp3+ inducible regulatory T cells, and induces gut-homing specificity in T cells. Although vitamin A is crucial for maintaining homeostasis at the intestinal barrier and equilibrating immunity and tolerance, including gut dysbiosis, retinoids perform a wide variety of functions in many settings, such as the central nervous system, skin aging, allergic airway diseases, cancer prevention and therapy, and metabolic diseases. The mechanism of RA is interesting to explore as both a mucosal adjuvant and a combination therapy with other effective agents. Here, we review the effect of RA on innate and adaptive immunity with a special emphasis on inflammatory status.
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21
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Engman C, Garciafigueroa Y, Phillips BE, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. Co-Stimulation-Impaired Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells Prevent Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis in Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:894. [PMID: 29774025 PMCID: PMC5943510 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are important in the onset and severity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Tolerogenic DC induce T-cells to become therapeutic Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs). We therefore asked if experimental IBD could be prevented by administration of bone marrow-derived DC generated under conventional GM-CSF/IL-4 conditions but in the presence of a mixture of antisense DNA oligonucleotides targeting the primary transcripts of CD40, CD80, and CD86. These cell products (which we call AS-ODN BM-DC) have demonstrated tolerogenic activity in preventing type 1 diabetes and preserving beta cell mass in new-onset type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse strain, in earlier studies. In addition to measuring efficacy in prevention of experimental IBD, we also sought to identify possible mechanism(s) of action. Weight, behavior, stool frequency, and character were observed daily for 7–10 days in experimental colitis in mice exposed to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) following injection of the AS-ODN BM-DC. After euthanasia, the colons were processed for histology while spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were made into single cells to measure Foxp3+ Treg as well as IL-10+ regulatory B-cell (Breg) population frequency by flow cytometry. AS-ODN BM-DC prevented DSS-induced colitis development. Recipients of these cells exhibited significant increases in Foxp3+ Treg and IL-10+ Breg in MLN and spleen. Histological examination of colon sections of colitis-free mice remained largely architecturally physiologic and mostly free of leukocyte infiltration when compared with DSS-treated animals. Although DSS colitis is mainly an innate immunity-driven condition, our study adds to the growing body of evidence showing that Foxp3+ Treg and IL-10 Bregs can suppress a mainly innate-driven inflammation. The already-established safety of human DC generated from monocytic progenitors in the presence of the mixture of antisense DNA targeting the primary transcripts of CD40, CD80, and CD86 in humans offers the potential to adapt them for clinical IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Engman
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yesica Garciafigueroa
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brett Eugene Phillips
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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22
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Zhang B, Yeo RWY, Lai RC, Sim EWK, Chin KC, Lim SK. Mesenchymal stromal cell exosome-enhanced regulatory T-cell production through an antigen-presenting cell-mediated pathway. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:687-696. [PMID: 29622483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.02.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The immunomodulatory property of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) exosomes is well documented. On the basis of our previous report that MSC exosomes increased regulatory T-cell (Treg) production in mice with allogenic skin graft but not in ungrafted mice, we hypothesize that an activated immune system is key to exosome-mediated Treg production. METHODS To test our hypothesis, MSC exosomes were incubated with mouse spleen CD4+ T cells that were activated with either anti-CD3/CD28 mAbs or allogenic antigen-presenting cell (APC)-enriched spleen CD11c+ cells to determine whether production of mouse CD4+CD25+ T cells or CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs could be induced. MSC exosomes were also administered to the lethal chimeric human-SCID mouse model of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in which human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were infused into irradiated NSG mice to induce GVHD. RESULTS We report here that MSC exosome-induced production of CD4+CD25+ T cells or CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs from CD4+ T cells activated by allogeneic APC-enriched CD11C+ cells but not those activated by anti-CD3/CD28 mAbs. This induction was exosome- and APC dose-dependent. In the mouse GVHD model in which GVHD was induced by transplanted human APC-stimulated human anti-mouse CD4+ T cell effectors, MSC exosome alleviated GVHD symptoms and increased survival. Surviving exosome-treated mice had a significantly higher level of human CD4+CD25+CD127low/- Tregs than surviving mice treated with Etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS MSC exosome enhanced Treg production in vitro and in vivo through an APC-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Keh Chuang Chin
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore; Department of Physiology, YLL School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore; Department of Surgery, YLL School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore.
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23
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Agrawal S, Ganguly S, Tran A, Sundaram P, Agrawal A. Retinoic acid treated human dendritic cells induce T regulatory cells via the expression of CD141 and GARP which is impaired with age. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:1223-35. [PMID: 27244900 PMCID: PMC4931828 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aged subjects display increased susceptibility to mucosal diseases. Retinoic Acid (RA) plays a major role in inducing tolerance in the mucosa. RA acts on Dendritic cells (DCs) to induce mucosal tolerance. Here we compared the response of DCs from aged and young individuals to RA with a view to understand the role of DCs in age-associated increased susceptibility to mucosal diseases. Our investigations revealed that compared to young DCs, RA stimulated DCs from aged subjects are defective in inducing IL-10 and T regulatory cells. Examinations of the underlying mechanisms indicated that RA exposure led to the upregulation of CD141 and GARP on DCs which rendered the DCs tolerogenic. CD141hi, GARP+ DCs displayed enhanced capacity to induce T regulatory cells compared to CD141lo and GARP− DCs. Unlike RA stimulated DCs from young, DCs from aged subjects exhibited diminished upregulation of both CD141 and GARP. The percentage of DCs expressing CD141 and GARP on RA treatment was significantly reduced in DCs from aged individuals. Furthermore, the remaining CD141hi, GARP+ DCs from aged individuals were also deficient in inducing T regs. In summary, reduced response of aged DCs to RA enhances mucosal inflammation in the elderly, increasing their susceptibility to mucosal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sreerupa Ganguly
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Alexander Tran
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Padmaja Sundaram
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anshu Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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24
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Ahluwalia B, Magnusson MK, Öhman L. Mucosal immune system of the gastrointestinal tract: maintaining balance between the good and the bad. Scand J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:1185-1193. [PMID: 28697651 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2017.1349173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) is a unique organ inhabited by a range of commensal microbes, while also being exposed to an overwhelming load of antigens in the form of dietary antigens on a daily basis. The GI tract has dual roles in the body, in that it performs digestion and uptake of nutrients while also carrying out the complex and important task of maintaining immune homeostasis, i.e., keeping the balance between the good and the bad. It is equally important that we protect ourselves from reacting against the good, meaning that we stay tolerant to harmless food, commensal bacteria and self-antigens, as well as react with force against the bad, meaning induction of immune responses against harmful microorganisms. This complex task is achieved through the presence of a highly efficient mucosal barrier and a specialized multifaceted immune system, made up of a large population of scattered immune cells and organized lymphoid tissues termed the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). This review provides an overview of the primary components of the human mucosal immune system and how the immune responses in the GI tract are coordinated and induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bani Ahluwalia
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden.,b Research Unit , Calmino Group AB , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Maria K Magnusson
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Lena Öhman
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden.,c Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition , Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
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Characterization and Expansion of Autologous GMP-ready Regulatory T Cells for TREG-based Cell Therapy in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:1348-1359. [PMID: 28708802 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A local imbalance between regulatory (Treg) and effector T cells is believed to play a major role in gut-specific inflammation, including ulcerative colitis (UC). Restoration of this balance through an adoptive Treg transfer is an attractive new treatment approach in patients who are refractory to current standard therapies. It was our goal to develop a Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)-conform protocol for expansion of UC Treg cells as a rational backbone for future studies on Treg therapy in UC. METHODS CD25 blood T cells derived from patients with UC were ex vivo expanded in the presence of IL-2, rapamycin, and anti-CD3/anti-CD28 expander beads using a GMP-conform protocol. Cells were subsequently assessed for stability and function. RESULTS Patient-derived ex vivo rapamycin-expanded GMP-ready CD25 cells were polyclonal, hypomethylated at intron 1 of the FoxP3 locus, and suppressive in carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-dilution assays against autologous peripheral blood-derived and allogeneic colon-derived responder cells. Function was mediated by soluble factors, including toxic granules. In addition to CD4 T cells, suppressive hypermethylated CD8 T-cell subsets were also induced during the expansion process. CONCLUSIONS Patient-derived rapamycin-expanded CD25 cells are stable and functional, and as such, ready to serve in a phase I dose-escalation safety study in UC.
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Bettini S, Boutet-Robinet E, Cartier C, Coméra C, Gaultier E, Dupuy J, Naud N, Taché S, Grysan P, Reguer S, Thieriet N, Réfrégiers M, Thiaudière D, Cravedi JP, Carrière M, Audinot JN, Pierre FH, Guzylack-Piriou L, Houdeau E. Food-grade TiO 2 impairs intestinal and systemic immune homeostasis, initiates preneoplastic lesions and promotes aberrant crypt development in the rat colon. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40373. [PMID: 28106049 PMCID: PMC5247795 DOI: 10.1038/srep40373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2) containing a nanoscale particle fraction (TiO2-NPs) is approved as a white pigment (E171 in Europe) in common foodstuffs, including confectionary. There are growing concerns that daily oral TiO2-NP intake is associated with an increased risk of chronic intestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis. In rats orally exposed for one week to E171 at human relevant levels, titanium was detected in the immune cells of Peyer’s patches (PP) as observed with the TiO2-NP model NM-105. Dendritic cell frequency increased in PP regardless of the TiO2 treatment, while regulatory T cells involved in dampening inflammatory responses decreased with E171 only, an effect still observed after 100 days of treatment. In all TiO2-treated rats, stimulation of immune cells isolated from PP showed a decrease in Thelper (Th)-1 IFN-γ secretion, while splenic Th1/Th17 inflammatory responses sharply increased. E171 or NM-105 for one week did not initiate intestinal inflammation, while a 100-day E171 treatment promoted colon microinflammation and initiated preneoplastic lesions while also fostering the growth of aberrant crypt foci in a chemically induced carcinogenesis model. These data should be considered for risk assessments of the susceptibility to Th17-driven autoimmune diseases and to colorectal cancer in humans exposed to TiO2 from dietary sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bettini
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisa Boutet-Robinet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Cartier
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Coméra
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Gaultier
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Dupuy
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Naud
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylviane Taché
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Grysan
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Advanced Instrumentation for Ion Nano-Analytics (IANA), L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Nathalie Thieriet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Pierre Cravedi
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Carrière
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, INAC-LCIB, Laboratoire Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA, INAC-SCIB, Laboratoire Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Audinot
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Advanced Instrumentation for Ion Nano-Analytics (IANA), L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Fabrice H Pierre
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Guzylack-Piriou
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Houdeau
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Saito Y, Fujii M, Watanabe T, Maruyama K, Kowatari Y, Ogata H, Kumagai T. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the effect of Lactobacillus paracasei K71 intake on salivary release of secretory immunoglobulin A. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2016; 36:55-63. [PMID: 28439488 PMCID: PMC5395425 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.16-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus paracasei K71 was shown to be effective in alleviating the severity of atopic dermatitis in a randomized controlled trial, and a
preliminary open-label trial suggested that strain K71 intake enhanced secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) release in the saliva. This study investigated the
effect of K71 on sIgA release in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. The trial included 62 Japanese subjects aged 20–64 years
with relatively low rates of salivary sIgA release. Subjects (n=31 in each group) were randomly given a tablet containing 100 mg (approximately 2 ×
1011 bacteria) of K71 or a placebo tablet daily for 12 weeks. After eliminating data for eight subjects (four in each group) who met the exclusion
criteria for efficacy analysis, data for 54 subjects were analyzed. The change in the rate of salivary sIgA release 8 weeks after initiation of the study
compared with baseline was significantly higher in the K71 tablet group (105.5 ± 119.0 µg/min) than in the placebo group (52.7 ± 62.6 µg/min; p=0.047). There
were no adverse events associated with intake of tablets containing K71. The safety of intake of L. paracasei K71 was also confirmed in an
independent open-label trial with 20 healthy subjects who consumed excessive amounts of K71-containing food. L. paracasei K71 intake may
therefore have some benefits in promoting mucosal immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhi Saito
- Kameda Seika Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Kameda-Kogyodanchi, Konan-ku, Niigata-shi, Niigata 950-0198, Japan
| | - Mikio Fujii
- Kameda Seika Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Kameda-Kogyodanchi, Konan-ku, Niigata-shi, Niigata 950-0198, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Watanabe
- Kameda Seika Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Kameda-Kogyodanchi, Konan-ku, Niigata-shi, Niigata 950-0198, Japan
| | - Kentaro Maruyama
- Kameda Seika Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Kameda-Kogyodanchi, Konan-ku, Niigata-shi, Niigata 950-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kowatari
- Aisei Hospital Ueno Clinic, 2-1-18 Higashiueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-0015, Japan
| | - Hiromaru Ogata
- Sagamihara Royal Care Center, 380-1 Oshima, Midori-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-0135, Japan
| | - Takehisa Kumagai
- Kameda Seika Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Kameda-Kogyodanchi, Konan-ku, Niigata-shi, Niigata 950-0198, Japan
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Dige A, Magnusson MK, Öhman L, Hvas CL, Kelsen J, Wick MJ, Agnholt J. Reduced numbers of mucosal DR(int) macrophages and increased numbers of CD103(+) dendritic cells during anti-TNF-α treatment in patients with Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:692-9. [PMID: 26784676 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2015.1134649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anti-TNF-α treatment constitutes a mainstay in the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD), but its mechanisms of action are not fully understood. We aimed to investigate the effects of adalimumab, a human monoclonal TNF-α antibody, on macrophage (MQ) and dendritic cell (DC) subsets in mucosal biopsies and peripheral blood. MATERIAL AND METHODS Intestinal biopsies and blood samples were obtained from 12 different CD patients both before and 4 weeks after the initiation of the induction of adalimumab treatment. Endoscopic disease activity was estimated by the Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn's Disease. Biopsies were obtained from inflamed and non-inflamed areas. The numbers of lamina propria CD14 (+) DR(int) and CD14 (+) DR(hi) MQs, CD141(+), CD141(-) and CD103(+) DCs subsets, and circulating monocytes and DCs were analyzed using flow cytometry. RESULTS At baseline, we observed higher numbers of DR(int) MQs and lower numbers of CD103(+) DCs in inflamed versus non-inflamed mucosa [843 vs. 391/10(5) lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) (p < 0.05) and 9 vs. 19 × 10(5) LPMCs (p = 0.01), respectively]. After four weeks of adalimumab treatment, the numbers of DR(int) MQs decreased [843 to 379/10(5) LPMCs (p = 0.03)], whereas the numbers of CD103(+) DCs increased [9-20 × 10(5) LPMCs (p = 0.003)] compared with baseline. In peripheral blood, no alterations were observed in monocyte or DC numbers between baseline and week 4. CONCLUSIONS In CD, mucosal inflammation is associated with high numbers of DR(int) MQs and low numbers of CD103(+) DCs. This composition of intestinal myeloid subsets is reversed by anti-TNF-α treatment. These results suggest that DR(int) MQs play a pivotal role in CD inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Dige
- a Gastro-Immuno Research Laboratory (GIRL), Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Maria K Magnusson
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden ;,c Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition , Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Lena Öhman
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden ;,c Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition , Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Christian Lodberg Hvas
- a Gastro-Immuno Research Laboratory (GIRL), Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Jens Kelsen
- a Gastro-Immuno Research Laboratory (GIRL), Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Mary Jo Wick
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Jørgen Agnholt
- a Gastro-Immuno Research Laboratory (GIRL), Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
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Abstract
Numerous risk alleles for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have now been identified. Analysis of the expression of genes with risk alleles in cells of hematopoietic origin demonstrates them to be most abundantly expressed in B cells and dendritic cells (DCs), suggesting that these cell types may be the drivers of the inflammatory changes seen in SLE. DCs are of particular interest as they act to connect the innate and the adaptive immune response. Thus, DCs can transform inflammation into autoimmunity, and autoantibodies are the hallmark of SLE. In this review, we focus on mechanisms of tolerance that maintain DCs in a non‐activated, non‐immunogenic state. We demonstrate, using examples from our own studies, how alterations in DC function stemming from either DC‐intrinsic abnormalities or DC‐extrinsic regulators of function can predispose to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungsun Son
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Sun Jung Kim
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Manhasset, NY, USA
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30
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Immunomodulatory Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Lp62 on Intestinal Epithelial and Mononuclear Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8404156. [PMID: 27446958 PMCID: PMC4944036 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8404156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic lactic acid bacteria are known for their ability to modulate the immune system. They have been shown to inhibit inflammation in experiments with animal models, cell culture, and clinical trials. The objective of this study was to elucidate the anti-inflammatory potential of Lactobacillus plantarum Lp62, isolated from cocoa fermentation, in a cell culture model. Lp62 inhibited IL-8 production by Salmonella Typhi-stimulated HT-29 cells and prevented the adhesion of pathogens to these epithelial cells. The probiotic strain was able to modulate TNF-α, IL1-β, and IL-17 secretion by J774 macrophages. J774 activation was reduced by coincubation with Lp62. PBMC culture showed significantly higher levels of CD4+CD25+ T lymphocytes following treatment with Lp62. Probiotics also induced increased IL-10 secretion by mononuclear cells. L. plantarum Lp62 was able to inhibit inflammatory stimulation in epithelial cells and macrophages and activated a tolerogenic profile in mononuclear cells of healthy donors. These results indicate this strain for a possible application in the treatment or prevention of inflammatory diseases.
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31
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Mann ER, Bernardo D, English NR, Landy J, Al-Hassi HO, Peake STC, Man R, Elliott TR, Spranger H, Lee GH, Parian A, Brant SR, Lazarev M, Hart AL, Li X, Knight SC. Compartment-specific immunity in the human gut: properties and functions of dendritic cells in the colon versus the ileum. Gut 2016; 65:256-70. [PMID: 25666191 PMCID: PMC4530083 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dendritic cells (DC) mediate intestinal immune tolerance. Despite striking differences between the colon and the ileum both in function and bacterial load, few studies distinguish between properties of immune cells in these compartments. Furthermore, information of gut DC in humans is scarce. We aimed to characterise human colonic versus ileal DC. DESIGN Human DC from paired colonic and ileal samples were characterised by flow cytometry, electron microscopy or used to stimulate T cell responses in a mixed leucocyte reaction. RESULTS A lower proportion of colonic DC produced pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-1β) compared with their ileal counterparts and exhibited an enhanced ability to generate CD4(+)FoxP3(+)IL-10(+) (regulatory) T cells. There were enhanced proportions of CD103(+)Sirpα(-) DC in the colon, with increased proportions of CD103(+)Sirpα(+) DC in the ileum. A greater proportion of colonic DC subsets analysed expressed the lymph-node-homing marker CCR7, alongside enhanced endocytic capacity, which was most striking in CD103(+)Sirpα(+) DC. Expression of the inhibitory receptor ILT3 was enhanced on colonic DC. Interestingly, endocytic capacity was associated with CD103(+) DC, in particular CD103(+)Sirpα(+) DC. However, expression of ILT3 was associated with CD103(-) DC. Colonic and ileal DC differentially expressed skin-homing marker CCR4 and small-bowel-homing marker CCR9, respectively, and this corresponded to their ability to imprint these homing markers on T cells. CONCLUSIONS The regulatory properties of colonic DC may represent an evolutionary adaptation to the greater bacterial load in the colon. The colon and the ileum should be regarded as separate entities, each comprising DC with distinct roles in mucosal immunity and imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Mann
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Bernardo
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK
| | - Nicholas R English
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK
| | - Jon Landy
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK,St. Mark's Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Hafid O Al-Hassi
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK
| | - Simon TC Peake
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK,St. Mark's Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Ripple Man
- St. Mark's Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Timothy R Elliott
- St. Mark's Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Henning Spranger
- St. Mark's Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Gui Han Lee
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK
| | - Alyssa Parian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven R Brant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Lazarev
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ailsa L Hart
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK,St. Mark's Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Xuhang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stella C Knight
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK
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Biofilm-associated bacterial amyloids dampen inflammation in the gut: oral treatment with curli fibres reduces the severity of hapten-induced colitis in mice. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2015; 1. [PMID: 26855788 PMCID: PMC4739805 DOI: 10.1038/npjbiofilms.2015.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/objectives: A disruption of epithelial barrier function can lead to intestinal inflammation. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 activation by microbial products promotes intestinal epithelial integrity and overall gut health. Several bacterial species, including enteric bacteria, actively produce amyloid proteins as a part of their biofilms. Recognition of amyloid fibres found in enteric biofilms, termed curli, by the Toll-like receptor (TLR)2/1 complex reinforces barrier function. Here, we investigated the effect of purified curli fibres on inflammation in a mouse model of acute colitis. Methods: Bone marrow–derived macrophages as well as lamina propria cells were treated with curli fibres of both pathogenic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and commensal Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 biofilms. Mice were given 0.1 or 0.4 mg of purified curli orally 1 day post administration of 1% 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) enema. Histopathological analysis was performed on distal colonic tissue taken 6 days post TNBS enema. RNA extracted from colonic tissue was subjected to RT-PCR. Results: Here we show that curli fibres of both pathogenic and commensal bacteria are recognised by TLR2 leading to the production of IL-10, immunomodulatory cytokine of intestinal homeostasis. Treatment of mice with a single dose of curli heightens transcript levels of Il10 in the colon and ameliorates the disease pathology in TNBS-induced colitis. Curli treatment is comparable to the treatment with anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNFα) antibodies, a treatment known to reduce the severity of acute colitis in humans and mice. Conclusion: These results suggest that the bacterial amyloids had a role in helping to maintain immune homeostasis in the intestinal mucosa via the TLR2/IL-10 axis. Furthermore, bacterial amyloids may be a potential candidate therapeutic to treat intestinal inflammatory disorders owing to their remarkable immunomodulatory activity.
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Conway TF, Hammer L, Furtado S, Mathiowitz E, Nicoletti F, Mangano K, Egilmez NK, Auci DL. Oral Delivery of Particulate Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 and All-Trans Retinoic Acid Reduces Gut Inflammation in Murine Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9:647-58. [PMID: 25987350 PMCID: PMC4817304 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We investigated oral delivery of transforming growth factor beta 1 [TGFβ]- and all-trans retinoic acid [ATRA]-loaded microspheres as therapy for gut inflammation in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. METHODS ATRA and TGFβ were separately encapsulated in poly [lactic-co-glycolic] acid or polylactic acid microspheres [respectively]. TGFβ was encapsulated using proprietary phase-inversion nanoencapsulation [PIN] technology. RESULTS PIN particles provided sustained release of bioactive protein for at least 4 days and were stable for up to 52 weeks when stored at either 4(0)C or -20(0)C. In the SCID mouse CD4 + CD25- T cell transfer model of IBD, oral treatment starting at disease onset prevented weight loss, significantly reduced average disease score [~ 50%], serum amyloid A levels [~ 5-fold], colon weight-to-length ratio [~ 50%], and histological score [~ 5-fold]. CONCLUSIONS Both agents given together outperformed either separately. Highest TGFβ doses and most frequent dose schedule were most effective. Activity was associated with a significant increase [45%] in Foxp3 expression by colonic lamina propria CD4+ CD25+ T-cells. Activity was also demonstrated in dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis. The data support development of the combination product as a novel, targeted immune based therapy for treatment for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Conway
- TherapyX, Buffalo, NY, USA,State University of New York, at Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Stacia Furtado
- TherapyX, Buffalo, NY, USA,Brown University, Department Biomedical and Molecular Pharmacology, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Edith Mathiowitz
- Brown University, Department Biomedical and Molecular Pharmacology, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- University of Catania, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Catania, Italy
| | - Katia Mangano
- University of Catania, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Catania, Italy
| | - Nejat K. Egilmez
- TherapyX, Buffalo, NY, USA,State University of New York, at Buffalo, NY, USA
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Alvarenga DM, Perez DA, Gomes-Santos AC, Miyoshi A, Azevedo V, Coelho-Dos-Reis JGA, Martins-Filho OA, Faria AMC, Cara DC, Andrade MC. Previous Ingestion of Lactococcus lactis by Ethanol-Treated Mice Preserves Antigen Presentation Hierarchy in the Gut and Oral Tolerance Susceptibility. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1453-64. [PMID: 26110492 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol (EtOH) consumption is able to disturb the ovalbumin (OVA)-oral tolerance induction by interfering on the function of antigen presenting cells (APC), down-regulating dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages and up-regulating B-lymphocytes and their function, which results in an overall allergic-type immune status. In this study, the potential of a priori administration of Lactococcus lactis (LL) in avoiding loss of oral tolerance in EtOH-treated mice was investigated. METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice received, by oral route, ad libitum wild-type (WT) LL or heat-shock protein producer (Hsp65) LL for 4 consecutive days. Seven days later, mice were submitted to short-term high-dose EtOH treatment. After 24 hours, stomach, intestine, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) specimens were collected for biomarkers analysis. Following EtOH-treatment protocol, a group of animals underwent single-gavage OVA-tolerance protocol and sera samples collected for antibody analysis. RESULTS The ingestion of WT LL or Hsp65 LL is able to restore oral tolerance to OVA in EtOH-treated mice, by reducing local and systemic allergic outcomes such as gastric mast cells and gut-interleukin-4, as well as serum IgE. WT LL treatment prevents the decrease of mLN regulatory T cells induced by the EtOH treatment. Moreover, LL treatment preserves APC hierarchy and antigen presentation commitment in EtOH-treated mice, with conserved DC and macrophage activity over B lymphocytes in mLN and preserved macrophage activity over DC and B-cell subsets in the spleen. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that a priori ingestion of LL preserves essential mechanisms associated with oral tolerance induction that are disturbed by EtOH ingestion. Maintenance of mucosal homeostasis by preserving APC hierarchy and antigen presentation commitment could be associated with T-regulatory subset activities in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora M Alvarenga
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Denise A Perez
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana C Gomes-Santos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Anderson Miyoshi
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Maria C Faria
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Denise C Cara
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marileia C Andrade
- Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, MG, Brazil
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Rutz S, Wang X, Ouyang W. The IL-20 subfamily of cytokines--from host defence to tissue homeostasis. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:783-95. [PMID: 25421700 DOI: 10.1038/nri3766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin-20 (IL-20) subfamily of cytokines comprises IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26. These cytokines are all members of the larger IL-10 family, but have been grouped together to form the IL-20 subfamily based on their usage of common receptor subunits and similarities in their target-cell profiles and biological functions. Members of the IL-20 subfamily facilitate the communication between leukocytes and epithelial cells, thereby enhancing innate defence mechanisms and tissue repair processes at epithelial surfaces. In this Review, we describe the cellular sources and targets of the IL-20 subfamily cytokines, and we detail how their expression is regulated. Much of our understanding of the unique biology of this group of cytokines is still based on IL-22, which is the most studied member of the IL-20 subfamily. Nevertheless, we attempt a broader discussion of the emerging functions of IL-20 subfamily cytokines in host defence, inflammatory diseases, cancer and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Rutz
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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Mann ER, Bernardo D, Ng SC, Rigby RJ, Al-Hassi HO, Landy J, Peake STC, Spranger H, English NR, Thomas LV, Stagg AJ, Knight SC, Hart AL. Human gut dendritic cells drive aberrant gut-specific t-cell responses in ulcerative colitis, characterized by increased IL-4 production and loss of IL-22 and IFNγ. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20:2299-307. [PMID: 25397892 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
: The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease is incompletely understood but results from a dysregulated intestinal immune response to the luminal microbiota. CD4 T cells mediate tissue injury in the inflammatory bowel disease-associated immune response. Dendritic cells (DC) generate primary T-cell responses and mediate intestinal immune tolerance to prevent overt inflammation in response to the gut microbiota. However, most information regarding function of intestinal DC has come from mouse models, and information in humans is scarce. We show here that intestinal DC subsets are skewed in ulcerative colitis (UC) in humans, with a loss of CD103 lymph-node homing DC; this intestinal DC subset preferentially generates regulatory T cells in mice. We show infiltrates of DC negative for myeloid marker CD11c, with enhanced expression of Toll-like receptors for bacterial recognition. After mixed leukocyte reaction, DC from the inflamed UC colon had an enhanced ability to generate gut-specific CD4 T cells with enhanced production of interleukin-4 but a loss of interferon γ and interleukin-22 production. Conditioning intestinal DC with probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei Shirota in UC partially restored their normal function indicated by reduced Toll-like receptor 2/4 expression and restoration of their ability to imprint homing molecules on T cells and to generate interleukin-22 production by stimulated T cells. This study suggests that T-cell dysfunction in UC is driven by DC. T-cell responses can be manipulated indirectly through effects of bacterial conditioning on gut DC with implications for immunomodulatory effects of the commensal microbiota in vivo. Manipulation of DC to allow generation of DC-specific therapy may be beneficial in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Mann
- *Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, United Kingdom; †Gastrointestinal Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; ‡Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; §Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; ‖Department of Gastroenterology, St. Mark's Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, United Kingdom; ¶Yakult UK Ltd., South Ruislip, United Kingdom; and **Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Mann ER, Li X. Intestinal antigen-presenting cells in mucosal immune homeostasis: Crosstalk between dendritic cells, macrophages and B-cells. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:9653-9664. [PMID: 25110405 PMCID: PMC4123356 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal immune system maintains a delicate balance between immunogenicity against invading pathogens and tolerance of the commensal microbiota. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves a breakdown in tolerance towards the microbiota. Dendritic cells (DC), macrophages (MΦ) and B-cells are known as professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) due to their specialization in presenting processed antigen to T-cells, and in turn shaping types of T-cell responses generated. Intestinal DC are migratory cells, unique in their ability to generate primary T-cell responses in mesenteric lymph nodes or Peyer’s patches, whilst MΦ and B-cells contribute to polarization and differentiation of secondary T-cell responses in the gut lamina propria. The antigen-sampling function of gut DC and MΦ enables them to sample bacterial antigens from the gut lumen to determine types of T-cell responses generated. The primary function of intestinal B-cells involves their secretion of large amounts of immunoglobulin A, which in turn contributes to epithelial barrier function and limits immune responses towards to microbiota. Here, we review the role of all three types of APC in intestinal immunity, both in the steady state and in inflammation, and how these cells interact with one another, as well as with the intestinal microenvironment, to shape mucosal immune responses. We describe mechanisms of maintaining intestinal immune tolerance in the steady state but also inappropriate responses of APC to components of the gut microbiota that contribute to pathology in IBD.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Tumor growth elicits antigen-specific cytotoxic as well as immune suppressive responses. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a key immune-suppressive cytokine produced by regulatory T-cells and by helper T-cells. Here, we review pleiotropic functions of IL-10 that impact the immune pathology of cancer. RECENT FINDINGS The role of IL-10 in cancer has become less certain with the knowledge of its immune stimulatory functions. IL-10 is needed for T-helper cell functions, T-cell immune surveillance, and suppression of cancer-associated inflammation. By promoting tumor-specific immune surveillance and hindering pathogenic inflammation, IL-10 is emerging as a key cytokine in the battle of the host against cancer. SUMMARY IL-10 functions at the cross-roads of immune stimulation and immune suppression in cancer. Immunological mechanisms of action of IL-10 can be ultimately exploited to develop novel and effective cancer therapies.
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Abstract
Caspase recruitment domain-containing membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein-1 (CARMA1), a member of the membrane associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family of kinases, is essential for T lymphocyte activation and proliferation via T-cell receptor (TCR) mediated NF-κB activation. Recent studies suggest a broader role for CARMA1 regulating other T-cell functions as well as a role in non-TCR-mediated signaling pathways important for lymphocyte development and functions. In addition, CARMA1 has been shown to be an important component in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. Thus, comprehensively defining its mechanisms of action and regulation could reveal novel therapeutic targets for T-cell-mediated diseases and lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marly I Roche
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit and the Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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40
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Involvement of suppressive B-lymphocytes in the mechanism of tolerogenic dendritic cell reversal of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83575. [PMID: 24465383 PMCID: PMC3894962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to identify immune cell populations, in addition to Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells, that participate in the mechanisms of action of tolerogenic dendritic cells shown to prevent and reverse type 1 diabetes in the Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse strain. Co-culture experiments using tolerogenic dendritic cells and B-cells from NOD as well as transgenic interleukin-10 promoter-reporter mice along with transfer of tolerogenic dendritic cells and CD19+ B-cells into NOD and transgenic mice, showed that these dendritic cells increased the frequency and numbers of interleukin-10-expressing B-cells in vitro and in vivo. The expansion of these cells was a consequence of both the proliferation of pre-existing interleukin-10-expressing B-lymphocytes and the conversion of CD19+ B-lymphcytes into interleukin-10-expressing cells. The tolerogenic dendritic cells did not affect the suppressive activity of these B-cells. Furthermore, we discovered that the suppressive murine B-lymphocytes expressed receptors for retinoic acid which is produced by the tolerogenic dendritic cells. These data assist in identifying the nature of the B-cell population increased in response to the tolerogenic dendritic cells in a clinical trial and also validate very recent findings demonstrating a mechanistic link between human tolerogenic dendritic cells and immunosuppressive regulatory B-cells.
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Quinto EJ, Jiménez P, Caro I, Tejero J, Mateo J, Girbés T. Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2014.518190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Al‐Hassi HO, Mann ER, Sanchez B, English NR, Peake ST, Landy J, Man R, Urdaci M, Hart AL, Fernandez‐Salazar L, Lee GH, Garrote JA, Arranz E, Margolles A, Stagg AJ, Knight SC, Bernardo D. Altered human gut dendritic cell properties in ulcerative colitis are reversed by
Lactobacillus plantarum
extracellular encrypted peptide STp. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:1132-43. [PMID: 24347371 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hafid O. Al‐Hassi
- Antigen Presentation Research Group Imperial College London Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus Harrow UK
| | - Elizabeth R. Mann
- Antigen Presentation Research Group Imperial College London Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus Harrow UK
| | - Borja Sanchez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry Food Science and Technology Faculty University of Vigo Ourense Campus Ourense Spain
| | - Nicholas R. English
- Antigen Presentation Research Group Imperial College London Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus Harrow UK
| | - Simon T.C. Peake
- Antigen Presentation Research Group Imperial College London Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus Harrow UK
- St. Mark's Hospital North West London Hospitals NHS Trust Harrow UK
| | - Jonathan Landy
- Antigen Presentation Research Group Imperial College London Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus Harrow UK
- St. Mark's Hospital North West London Hospitals NHS Trust Harrow UK
| | - Ripple Man
- St. Mark's Hospital North West London Hospitals NHS Trust Harrow UK
| | - Maria Urdaci
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biochimie Appliquee Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux Gradignan France
| | - Ailsa L. Hart
- St. Mark's Hospital North West London Hospitals NHS Trust Harrow UK
| | | | - Gui Han Lee
- Antigen Presentation Research Group Imperial College London Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus Harrow UK
- St. Mark's Hospital North West London Hospitals NHS Trust Harrow UK
| | - Jose A. Garrote
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology Clinical Laboratory Service Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega Valladolid Spain
| | - Eduardo Arranz
- Department of Paediatrics and Immunology Mucosal Immunology Service Universidad de Valladolid IBGM‐CSIC Valladolid Spain
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Departmento de Microbiologia y Bioquimica de Productos Lacteos Instituto de Productos Lacteos de Asturias Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Villaviciosa Spain
| | - Andrew J. Stagg
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science Queen Mary University of London UK
| | - Stella C. Knight
- Antigen Presentation Research Group Imperial College London Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus Harrow UK
| | - David Bernardo
- Antigen Presentation Research Group Imperial College London Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus Harrow UK
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Owen JL, Mohamadzadeh M. Microbial activation of gut dendritic cells and the control of mucosal immunity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013. [PMID: 23962004 DOI: 10.1089/jlr.2013.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current data support a role for gut colonization in maintaining balanced mucosal and systemic immune responses and have suggested aberrant innate immune recognition of enteric bacteria as an initiator of the adaptive immune damage associated with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). In fact, data from human studies and experimental mouse models have implicated transformation of the gut microbiota from a beneficial symbiotic state to one of imbalance or "dysbiosis" in the pathogenesis of several autoinflammatory diseases, including allergic skin and respiratory disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, and colorectal cancer. The host has evolved to co-exist and maintain a mutualistic relationship with the commensal microbes of the gut, and it is the function of the host innate immune system to initiate and maintain this homeostasis, while retaining the ability to respond appropriately to pathogenic organisms. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular interactions of the mucosal immune system that decide this delicate balance of mutualism. Furthermore, we will highlight the role of dendritic cells in preserving this precarious balance and how gene products of commensal microbes may play an integral role in re-establishing this balance once it has gone awry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Owen
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
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Owen JL, Mohamadzadeh M. Microbial activation of gut dendritic cells and the control of mucosal immunity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:619-31. [PMID: 23962004 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current data support a role for gut colonization in maintaining balanced mucosal and systemic immune responses and have suggested aberrant innate immune recognition of enteric bacteria as an initiator of the adaptive immune damage associated with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). In fact, data from human studies and experimental mouse models have implicated transformation of the gut microbiota from a beneficial symbiotic state to one of imbalance or "dysbiosis" in the pathogenesis of several autoinflammatory diseases, including allergic skin and respiratory disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, and colorectal cancer. The host has evolved to co-exist and maintain a mutualistic relationship with the commensal microbes of the gut, and it is the function of the host innate immune system to initiate and maintain this homeostasis, while retaining the ability to respond appropriately to pathogenic organisms. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular interactions of the mucosal immune system that decide this delicate balance of mutualism. Furthermore, we will highlight the role of dendritic cells in preserving this precarious balance and how gene products of commensal microbes may play an integral role in re-establishing this balance once it has gone awry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Owen
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
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45
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Owen JL, Mohamadzadeh M. Microbial activation of gut dendritic cells and the control of mucosal immunity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013. [PMID: 23962004 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current data support a role for gut colonization in maintaining balanced mucosal and systemic immune responses and have suggested aberrant innate immune recognition of enteric bacteria as an initiator of the adaptive immune damage associated with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). In fact, data from human studies and experimental mouse models have implicated transformation of the gut microbiota from a beneficial symbiotic state to one of imbalance or "dysbiosis" in the pathogenesis of several autoinflammatory diseases, including allergic skin and respiratory disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, and colorectal cancer. The host has evolved to co-exist and maintain a mutualistic relationship with the commensal microbes of the gut, and it is the function of the host innate immune system to initiate and maintain this homeostasis, while retaining the ability to respond appropriately to pathogenic organisms. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular interactions of the mucosal immune system that decide this delicate balance of mutualism. Furthermore, we will highlight the role of dendritic cells in preserving this precarious balance and how gene products of commensal microbes may play an integral role in re-establishing this balance once it has gone awry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Owen
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
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46
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Abstract
Intestinal CD4+ T cells are essential mediators of immune homeostasis and inflammation. Multiple subsets of CD4+ T cells have been described in the intestine, which represents an important site for the generation and regulation of cells involved in immune responses both within and outside of the gastrointestinal tract. Recent advances have furthered our understanding of the biology of such cells in the intestine. Appreciation of the functional roles for effector and regulatory populations in health and disease has revealed potential translational targets for the treatment of intestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. Furthermore, the role of dietary and microbiota-derived factors in shaping the intestinal CD4+ T-cell compartment is becoming increasingly understood. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the multifaceted roles of CD4+ T cells in intestinal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Shale
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Cytokine mucosal expression in ulcerative colitis, the relationship between cytokine release and disease activity. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7:481-9. [PMID: 22974822 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease with conflicting evidence from studies on the roles of TNFα, IL-8, TGFβ and other cytokines and characterised by neutrophil infiltration and tissue destruction. AIM To compare cytokine profiles of inflamed and non-inflamed mucosa in patients with distal UC, and matched controls. METHODS Patients were prospectively recruited, mucosal biopsies at flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) were taken from UC patients within macroscopically inflamed and non-inflamed proximal mucosa, and from age-sex matched controls undergoing FS. Endoscopic and histological inflammation was graded. Quantitative cytokine analysis for IL-4, TNFα, IL-17A, IL-8, IL-10, TGFβ and IFNγ was carried out on tissue homogenates. Statistical comparison was by Wilcoxon signed rank pair analysis, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's correlation. RESULTS 69 active UC patients (54 paired non-inflamed/inflamed mucosa) and 69 controls were compared. In inflamed mucosa, elevation in IL-8 and reduction in TGFβ was measured compared with non-inflamed mucosa (p<0.001; p<0.02) and control mucosa (p<0.001; p<0.001); IL-8 was positively correlated (rs=0.481, p<0.01) and TGFβ inversely correlated (rs=0.462; p<0.01) with grade of inflammation. TNFα concentration was not significantly different. Comparisons of inflamed with non-inflamed mucosa also demonstrate significant reduction in concentration of IFNγ (p<0.001), IL-4 (p<0.005) and IL-17A (p<0.002). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that IL-8 is elevated and TGFβ is reduced in distal colitis. Lower concentration of IFNγ, IL-4 and IL-17A were also noted. TNFα levels were unchanged. These findings suggest that the inflammatory response in UC may predominantly involve IL-8 mediated neutrophil infiltration and failure of TGFβ mediated tissue healing.
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48
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Monteleone G, Pallone F, Caprioli F. Investigational cytokine-targeted therapies for ulcerative colitis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1123-32. [PMID: 23802627 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.813931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Up to one-third of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) do not respond to standard medications, including mesalamine, steroids and thiopurines. The recognition that UC-related pathological process is the result of an altered balance between inflammatory and counter-regulatory signals, mostly mediated by cytokines, has led to the development of novel compounds, which are now ready to move into clinical practice. This article summarizes the recent data on the development and use of compounds either inhibiting inflammatory cytokines or enhancing the activity of counter-regulatory cytokines in patients with UC and murine models of UC. AREAS COVERED A PubMed search was performed using the following keywords: 'ulcerative colitis', 'therapy', 'treatment' and 'cytokine'. In addition, ongoing clinical trials were checked and compounds were searched on the website of pharmaceutical companies. EXPERT OPINION Several investigational cytokine-based therapies have provided promising results in attenuating clinical activity in patients with UC and mice with experimental colitis. However, clinical and immunological heterogeneity of UC patients, therapy-related side effects and redundant biological functions of cytokines represent potential pitfalls and should be considered in optimizing therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Monteleone
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Systems Medicine, Via Montpellier 1, Rome, 00133, Italy.
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Host defense and recruitment of Foxp3⁺ T regulatory cells to the lungs in chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection requires toll-like receptor 2. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003397. [PMID: 23785280 PMCID: PMC3681744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute resistance to low dose M. tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is not dependent on Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2. However, whether TLR2 contributes to resistance in chronic Mtb infection has remained uncertain. Here we report that, following low dose aerosol infection with Mtb, mice lacking TLR2 (TLR2KO), in comparison with wild type (WT) mice, exhibit enhanced cellular infiltration and inflammation in the lungs, and fail to stably control bacterial burden during chronic infection. IFNγ and IL-17 was expressed at equivalent levels in the two groups; however, the characteristic accumulation of Foxp3⁺ T regulatory cells (Tregs) in pulmonary granulomas was significantly reduced in TLR2KO mice. Nonetheless, this reduction in Tregs was independent of whether Tregs expressed TLR2 or not. To directly link the reduced number of Tregs to the increased inflammation present in the TLR2KO mice, we used a macrophage adoptive transfer model. At seven weeks post-Mtb infection, TLR2KO mice, which were adoptively transferred with WT macrophages, displayed enhanced accumulation of Tregs in the lungs and a concomitant reduction in inflammation in contrast with control mice that received TLR2KO macrophages. However, the pulmonary bacterial burden between the two groups remained similar indicating that TLR2's role in modulating immunopathology is functionally distinct from its role in restricting Mtb growth in chronic infection. Together, these findings unequivocally demonstrate that TLR2 contributes to host resistance against chronic Mtb infection and reveal a novel role for TLR2 in mediating the recruitment of Foxp3⁺ Tregs to the lungs to control inflammation.
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Intestinal dendritic cells: their role in intestinal inflammation, manipulation by the gut microbiota and differences between mice and men. Immunol Lett 2013; 150:30-40. [PMID: 23352670 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system maintains a delicate balance between immunogenicity against invading pathogens and tolerance of the commensal microbiota and food antigens. Dendritic cells (DC) generate primary T-cell responses, and determine whether these responses are immunogenic or tolerogenic. The regulatory role of DC is of particular importance in the gut due to the high antigenic load. Intestinal DC act as sentinels, sampling potentially pathogenic antigens but also harmless antigens including the commensal microbiota. Following antigen acquisition, intestinal DC migrate to secondary lymphoid organs to activate naive T-cells. DC also imprint specific homing properties on T-cells that they stimulate; gut DC specifically induce gut-homing properties on T-cells upon activation, enabling T-cell migration back to intestinal sites. Data regarding properties on gut DC in humans is scarce, although evidence now supports the role of DC as important players in intestinal immunity in humans. Here, we review the role of intestinal DC in shaping mucosal immune responses and directing tissue-specific T-cell responses, with a special focus on the importance of distinguishing DC subsets from macrophages at intestinal sites. We compare and contrast human DC with their murine counterparts, and discuss the ability of the gut microbiota to shape intestinal DC function, and how this may be dysregulated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Lastly, we describe recent advances in the study of probiotics on intestinal DC function, including the use of soluble secreted bacterial products.
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