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Gräf DD, Westphal L, Hallgreen CE. The life cycle of vaccines evaluated by the European Medicines Agency. Vaccine 2024; 42:126186. [PMID: 39121512 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND vaccines are complex products used in healthy populations. They should be carefully regulated, and benefits should clearly outweigh risks. OBJECTIVES To describe the evidence used to support benefit-risk evaluations of vaccines centrally assessed by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and to identify if real-world data (RWD) was used throughout the vaccine life cycle. METHODS Cohort study of vaccines approved in the European Union. Inclusion criteria comprised having ATC code J07 and being centrally approved between 2012 and 2022. We collected data from regulatory documents, study protocols, and, when necessary, from scientific publications. Vaccines were followed from initial approval up to March 2023. RESULTS We included 31 vaccines addressing 17 therapeutic areas. More than 390 studies were used in the process of initial marketing authorisation (MA) and monitoring, and 174 studies were listed in initial risk management plans. We also identified 93 studies in the EU PAS register. At MA, all vaccines had at least one pivotal trial and 27 vaccines had at least one supportive study. Most pivotal trials were randomized, double-blinded and active-controlled, with immunogenicity endpoints as primary outcome. RWD was used for extension of indications and monitoring of at least 4 vaccines, and the undertaking of RWE studies was foreseen in the RMP of at least 17 vaccines. DISCUSSION Our study revealed an important reliance on randomized controlled trials with individual-level randomization, and a significant focus on immunogenicity endpoints. The use of RWD in vaccine assessments so far has been restricted to COVID-19, and despite its challenges and limitations, we believe that efforts to expand adoption of RWE in continuous benefit-risk assessments should be made. We further highlight the need to enhance data transparency and reporting standards since heterogeneity among regulatory documents made it difficult to identify all the studies considered in vaccine evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora D Gräf
- Copenhagen Centre for Regulatory Science (CORS), Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lukas Westphal
- Copenhagen Centre for Regulatory Science (CORS), Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine E Hallgreen
- Copenhagen Centre for Regulatory Science (CORS), Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Cernuschi T, Malvolti S, Hall S, Debruyne L, Bak Pedersen H, Rees H, Cooke E. The quest for more effective vaccine markets - Opportunities, challenges, and what has changed with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Vaccine 2024; 42 Suppl 1:S64-S72. [PMID: 38103962 PMCID: PMC9585501 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have seen important progress in access to timely, reliable, affordable, and quality-assured supplies of vaccines of global public health importance. The new vaccines developed are powerful tools to fight killers such as pneumonia, diarrhea, and cervical cancer. Global and regional financing and pooled procurement haveshortened the lag between access in high- andlower-income countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that by addressing shortcomings and seizing opportunities, we can do even more. In response to COVID-19, vaccine development and access shifted from a sequential, risk-averse paradigm to a rapid approach with maximum compression of time to market while ensuring quality. Vast public investments and innovative technologies were key facilitators. The pandemic has shown that governments play a crucial role in investing in new vaccines and manufacturing capacity and sharing risks with industry. Despite impressive progress, equity in access remains elusive with important moral, economic, and health-related consequences. Global leaders are working on a new International Treaty for Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response. To apply the lessons of COVID-19, that treaty should include a new paradigm for access to vaccines in which governments agree to:This would ensure that COVID-19 catalyzes a shift toward greater access for all under Immunization Agenda 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Cernuschi
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Shanelle Hall
- The Yellow House, Seattle, WA, USA; The Yellow House, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luc Debruyne
- Access-to-Medicines Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Helen Rees
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Chairperson of the South African Health Products Regulatory Authority Board, South Africa
| | - Emer Cooke
- European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands
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Nagasawa Y, Nakayama M, Kato Y, Ogawa Y, Aribam SD, Tsugami Y, Iwata T, Mikami O, Sugiyama A, Onishi M, Hayashi T, Eguchi M. A novel vaccine strategy using quick and easy conversion of bacterial pathogens to unnatural amino acid-auxotrophic suicide derivatives. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0355723. [PMID: 38385737 PMCID: PMC10986568 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03557-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
We propose a novel strategy for quick and easy preparation of suicide live vaccine candidates against bacterial pathogens. This method requires only the transformation of one or more plasmids carrying genes encoding for two types of biological devices, an unnatural amino acid (uAA) incorporation system and toxin-antitoxin systems in which translation of the antitoxins requires the uAA incorporation. Escherichia coli BL21-AI laboratory strains carrying the plasmids were viable in the presence of the uAA, whereas the free toxins killed these strains after the removal of the uAA. The survival time after uAA removal could be controlled by the choice of the uAA incorporation system and toxin-antitoxin systems. Multilayered toxin-antitoxin systems suppressed escape frequency to less than 1 escape per 109 generations in the best case. This conditional suicide system also worked in Salmonella enterica and E. coli clinical isolates. The S. enterica vaccine strains were attenuated with a >105 fold lethal dose. Serum IgG response and protection against the parental pathogenic strain were confirmed. In addition, the live E. coli vaccine strain was significantly more immunogenic and provided greater protection than a formalin-inactivated vaccine. The live E. coli vaccine was not detected after inoculation, presumably because the uAA is not present in the host animals or the natural environment. These results suggest that this strategy provides a novel way to rapidly produce safe and highly immunogenic live bacterial vaccine candidates. IMPORTANCE Live vaccines are the oldest vaccines with a history of more than 200 years. Due to their strong immunogenicity, live vaccines are still an important category of vaccines today. However, the development of live vaccines has been challenging due to the difficulties in achieving a balance between safety and immunogenicity. In recent decades, the frequent emergence of various new and old pathogens at risk of causing pandemics has highlighted the need for rapid vaccine development processes. We have pioneered the use of uAAs to control gene expression and to conditionally kill host bacteria as a biological containment system. This report proposes a quick and easy conversion of bacterial pathogens into live vaccine candidates using this containment system. The balance between safety and immunogenicity can be modulated by the selection of the genetic devices used. Moreover, the uAA-auxotrophy can prevent the vaccine from infecting other individuals or establishing the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Nagasawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Momoko Nakayama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kato
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Ogawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Swarmistha Devi Aribam
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yusaku Tsugami
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Iwata
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Osamu Mikami
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Aoi Sugiyama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Megumi Onishi
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomohito Hayashi
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahiro Eguchi
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Reyes C, Patarroyo MA. Self-assembling peptides: Perspectives regarding biotechnological applications and vaccine development. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:128944. [PMID: 38145690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly involves a set of molecules spontaneously interacting in a highly coordinated and dynamic manner to form a specific supramolecular structure having new and clearly defined properties. Many examples of this occur in nature and many more came from research laboratories, with their number increasing every day via ongoing research concerning complex biomolecules and the possibility of harnessing it when developing new applications. As a phenomenon, self-assembly has been described on very different types of molecules (biomolecules including), so this review focuses on what is known about peptide self-assembly, its origins, the forces behind it, how the properties of the resulting material can be tuned in relation to experimental considerations, some biotechnological applications (in which the main protagonists are peptide sequences capable of self-assembly) and what is yet to be tuned regarding their research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Reyes
- PhD Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45#26-85, Bogotá DC 111321, Colombia; Structure Analysis Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, Bogotá DC 111321, Colombia; Animal Science Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A.), Calle 222#55-37, Bogotá DC 111166, Colombia
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, Bogotá DC 111321, Colombia; Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45#26-85, Bogotá DC 111321, Colombia.
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Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME, Islam NY, Lee J, Pollet J, Poveda C, Strych U, Thimmiraju SR, Uzcategui NL, Versteeg L, Gorelick D. The zebrafish as a potential model for vaccine and adjuvant development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:535-545. [PMID: 38664959 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2345685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Zebrafishes represent a proven model for human diseases and systems biology, exhibiting physiological and genetic similarities and having innate and adaptive immune systems. However, they are underexplored for human vaccinology, vaccine development, and testing. Here we summarize gaps and challenges. AREAS COVERED Zebrafish models have four potential applications: 1) Vaccine safety: The past successes in using zebrafishes to test xenobiotics could extend to vaccine and adjuvant formulations for general safety or target organs due to the zebrafish embryos' optical transparency. 2) Innate immunity: The zebrafish offers refined ways to examine vaccine effects through signaling via Toll-like or NOD-like receptors in zebrafish myeloid cells. 3) Adaptive immunity: Zebrafishes produce IgM, IgD,and two IgZ immunoglobulins, but these are understudied, due to a lack of immunological reagents for challenge studies. 4) Systems vaccinology: Due to the availability of a well-referenced zebrafish genome, transcriptome, proteome, and epigenome, this model offers potential here. EXPERT OPINION It remains unproven whether zebrafishes can be employed for testing and developing human vaccines. We are still at the hypothesis-generating stage, although it is possible to begin outlining experiments for this purpose. Through transgenic manipulation, zebrafish models could offer new paths for shaping animal models and systems vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hotez
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nelufa Yesmin Islam
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jungsoon Lee
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeroen Pollet
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristina Poveda
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Syamala Rani Thimmiraju
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nestor L Uzcategui
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leroy Versteeg
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Gorelick
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Abo YN, Jamrozik E, McCarthy JS, Roestenberg M, Steer AC, Osowicki J. Strategic and scientific contributions of human challenge trials for vaccine development: facts versus fantasy. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:e533-e546. [PMID: 37573871 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented speed of delivery of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic vaccines has redefined the limits for all vaccine development. Beyond the aspirational 100-day timeline for tomorrow's hypothetical pandemic vaccines, there is a sense of optimism that development of other high priority vaccines can be accelerated. Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, an intense and polarised academic and public discourse arose concerning the role of human challenge trials for vaccine development. A case was made for human challenge trials as a powerful tool to establish early proof-of-concept of vaccine efficacy in humans, inform vaccine down selection, and address crucial knowledge gaps regarding transmission, pathogenesis, and immune protection. We review the track record of human challenge trials contributing to the development of vaccines for 19 different pathogens and discuss relevant limitations, barriers, and pitfalls. This Review also highlights opportunities for efforts to broaden the scope and boost the effects of human challenge trials, to accelerate all vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara-Natalie Abo
- Tropical Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Euzebiusz Jamrozik
- Ethox and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Monash-WHO Collaborating Centre for Bioethics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James S McCarthy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Services, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Meta Roestenberg
- Controlled Human Infections Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Andrew C Steer
- Tropical Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joshua Osowicki
- Tropical Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Monath TP, Nichols R, Feldmann F, Griffin A, Haddock E, Callison J, Meade-White K, Okumura A, Lovaglio J, Hanley PW, Clancy CS, Shaia C, Rida W, Fusco J. Immunological correlates of protection afforded by PHV02 live, attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vector vaccine against Nipah virus disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1216225. [PMID: 37731485 PMCID: PMC10507387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1216225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immune correlates of protection afforded by PHV02, a recombinant vesicular stomatitis (rVSV) vector vaccine against Nipah virus (NiV) disease, were investigated in the African green monkey (AGM) model. Neutralizing antibody to NiV has been proposed as the principal mediator of protection against future NiV infection. Methods Two approaches were used to determine the correlation between neutralizing antibody levels and outcomes following a severe (1,000 median lethal doses) intranasal/intratracheal (IN/IT) challenge with NiV (Bangladesh): (1) reduction in vaccine dose given 28 days before challenge and (2) challenge during the early phase of the antibody response to the vaccine. Results Reduction in vaccine dose to very low levels led to primary vaccine failure rather than a sub-protective level of antibody. All AGMs vaccinated with the nominal clinical dose (2 × 107 pfu) at 21, 14, or 7 days before challenge survived. AGMs vaccinated at 21 days before challenge had neutralizing antibodies (geometric mean titer, 71.3). AGMs vaccinated at 7 or 14 days before challenge had either undetectable or low neutralizing antibody titers pre-challenge but had a rapid rise in titers after challenge that abrogated the NiV infection. A simple logistic regression model of the combined studies was used, in which the sole explanatory variable was pre-challenge neutralizing antibody titers. For a pre-challenge titer of 1:5, the predicted survival probability is 100%. The majority of animals with pre-challenge neutralizing titer of ≥1:20 were protected against pulmonary infiltrates on thoracic radiograms, and a majority of those with titers ≥1:40 were protected against clinical signs of illness and against a ≥fourfold antibody increase following challenge (indicating sterile immunity). Controls receiving rVSV-Ebola vaccine rapidly succumbed to NiV challenge, eliminating the innate immunity stimulated by the rVSV vector as a contributor to survival in monkeys challenged as early as 7 days after vaccination. Discussion and conclusion It was concluded that PHV02 vaccine elicited a rapid onset of protection and that any detectable level of neutralizing antibody was a functional immune correlate of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Monath
- Crozet Biopharma LLC, Lexington, MA, United States
- Public Health Vaccines Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Amanda Griffin
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Studies, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Elaine Haddock
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Studies, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Julie Callison
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Studies, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Studies, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Studies, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Jamie Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Patrick W. Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Chad S. Clancy
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Carl Shaia
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Wasima Rida
- Biostatistics Consultant, Arlington, VA, United States
| | - Joan Fusco
- Public Health Vaccines Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
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Castellanos MM, Gressard H, Li X, Magagnoli C, Moriconi A, Stranges D, Strodiot L, Tello Soto M, Zwierzyna M, Campa C. CMC Strategies and Advanced Technologies for Vaccine Development to Boost Acceleration and Pandemic Preparedness. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1153. [PMID: 37514969 PMCID: PMC10386492 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This review reports on an overview of key enablers of acceleration/pandemic and preparedness, covering CMC strategies as well as technical innovations in vaccine development. Considerations are shared on implementation hurdles and opportunities to drive sustained acceleration for vaccine development and considers learnings from the COVID pandemic and direct experience in addressing unmet medical needs. These reflections focus on (i) the importance of a cross-disciplinary framework of technical expectations ranging from target antigen identification to launch and life-cycle management; (ii) the use of prior platform knowledge across similar or products/vaccine types; (iii) the implementation of innovation and digital tools for fast development and innovative control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Monica Castellanos
- Drug Product Development, Vaccines Technical R&D, GSK, 14200 Shady Grove Road, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Hervé Gressard
- Project & Digital Sciences, Vaccines Technical R&D, GSK, Rue de l'Institut 89, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Xiangming Li
- Drug Substance Development, Vaccines Technical R&D, GSK, 14200 Shady Grove Road, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Claudia Magagnoli
- Analytical Research & Development, Vaccines Technical R&D, GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessio Moriconi
- Drug Product Development, Vaccines Technical R&D, GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Stranges
- Drug Product Development, Vaccines Technical R&D, GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Laurent Strodiot
- Drug Product Development, Vaccines Technical R&D, GSK, Rue de l'Institut 89, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Monica Tello Soto
- Drug Substance Development, Vaccines Technical R&D, GSK, Rue de l'Institut 89, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Magdalena Zwierzyna
- Project & Digital Sciences, Vaccines Technical R&D, GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cristiana Campa
- Vaccines Global Technical R&D, GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Adu P, Popoola T, Medvedev ON, Collings S, Mbinta J, Aspin C, Simpson CR. Implications for COVID-19 vaccine uptake: A systematic review. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:441-466. [PMID: 36738689 PMCID: PMC9884645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, increasing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccination coverage remains a major public health concern in the face of high rates of COVID-19 hesitancy among the general population. We must understand the impact of the determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake when designing national vaccination programmes. We aimed to synthesise nationwide evidence regarding COVID-19 infodemics and the demographic, psychological, and social predictors of COVID-19 vaccination uptake. METHODS We systematically searched seven databases between July 2021 and March 2022 to retrieve relevant articles published since COVID-19 was first reported on 31 December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Of the 12,502 peer-reviewed articles retrieved from the databases, 57 met the selection criteria and were included in this systematic review. We explored COVID-19 vaccine uptake determinants before and after the first COVID-19 vaccine roll-out by the Food and Drug Authority (FDA). RESULTS Increased COVID-19 vaccine uptake rates were associated with decreased hesitancy. Concerns about COVID-19 vaccine safety, negative side effects, rapid development of the COVID-19 vaccine, and uncertainty about vaccine effectiveness were associated with reluctance to be vaccinated. After the US FDA approval of COVID-19 vaccines, phobia of medical procedures such as vaccine injection and inadequate information about vaccines were the main determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. CONCLUSION Addressing effectiveness and safety concerns regarding COVID-19 vaccines, as well as providing adequate information about vaccines and the impacts of pandemics, should be considered before implementation of any vaccination programme. Reassuring people about the safety of medical vaccination and using alternative procedures such as needle-free vaccination may help further increase vaccination uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Adu
- School of Health, Wellington Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Tosin Popoola
- School of Health, Wellington Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Sunny Collings
- School of Health, Wellington Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - James Mbinta
- School of Health, Wellington Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Clive Aspin
- School of Health, Wellington Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Colin R. Simpson
- School of Health, Wellington Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
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Sharma A, Apte A, Rajappa M, Vaz M, Vaswani V, Goenka S, Malhotra S, Sangoram R, Lakshminarayanan S, Jayaram S, Mathaiyan J, Farseena K, Mukerjee P, Jaswal S, Dongre A, Timms O, Shafiq N, Aggarwal R, Kaur M, Juvekar S, Sekhar A, Kang G. Perceptions about controlled human infection model (CHIM) studies among members of ethics committees of Indian medical institutions: A qualitative exploration. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 7:209. [PMID: 36969719 PMCID: PMC10031138 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17968.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Controlled Human Infection Model (CHIM) studies provide a unique platform for studying the pathophysiology of infectious diseases and accelerated testing of vaccines and drugs in controlled settings. However, ethical issues shroud them as the disease-causing pathogen is intentionally inoculated into healthy consenting volunteers, and effective treatment may or may not be available. We explored the perceptions of the members of institutional ethics committees (IECs) in India about CHIM studies. Methods: This qualitative exploratory study, conducted across seven sites in India, included 11 focused group discussions (FGD) and 31 in-depth interviews (IDI). A flexible approach was used with the aid of a topic guide. The data were thematically analyzed using grounded theory and an inductive approach. Emerging themes and sub-themes were analyzed, and major emergent themes were elucidated. Results: Seventy-two IEC members participated in the study including 21 basic medical scientists, 29 clinicians, 9 lay people, 6 legal experts and 7 social scientists. Three major themes emerged from this analysis—apprehensions about conduct of CHIM studies in India, a perceived need for CHIM studies in India and risk mitigation measures needed to protect research participants and minimize the associated risks. Conclusion: Development of a specific regulatory and ethical framework, training of research staff and ethics committee members, and ensuring specialized research infrastructure along with adequate community sensitization were considered essential before initiation of CHIM studies in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sharma
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Aditi Apte
- KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, 411011, India
| | - Medha Rajappa
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - Manjulika Vaz
- St John's Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Vina Vaswani
- Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Shifalika Goenka
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control (CCDC), Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Samir Malhotra
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Rashmi Sangoram
- KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, 411011, India
| | - Subitha Lakshminarayanan
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - Suganya Jayaram
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - Jayanthi Mathaiyan
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | | | - Prarthna Mukerjee
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control (CCDC), Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Surinder Jaswal
- Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400088, India
| | - Amol Dongre
- Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad, Gujarat, 388325, India
| | - Olinda Timms
- St John's Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Nusrat Shafiq
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Rakesh Aggarwal
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - Manmeet Kaur
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Sanjay Juvekar
- KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, 411011, India
| | - Amrita Sekhar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, 101213, India
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
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11
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Rawat SS, Keshri AK, Kaur R, Prasad A. Immunoinformatics Approaches for Vaccine Design: A Fast and Secure Strategy for Successful Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020221. [PMID: 36851099 PMCID: PMC9959071 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are major contributors to the cost-effective interventions in major infectious diseases in the global public health space [...].
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12
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Di Salvatore V, Russo G, Pappalardo F. Reverse Vaccinology for Influenza A Virus: From Genome Sequencing to Vaccine Design. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2673:401-410. [PMID: 37258929 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3239-0_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Reverse vaccinology (RV) consists in the identification of potentially protective antigens expressed by any organism starting from genomic information and derived from in silico analysis, with the aim of promoting the discovery of new candidate vaccines against different types of pathogens. This approach makes use of bioinformatics techniques to screen the whole genomic sequence of a specific pathogen for the identification of the epitopes that could elicit the best immune response. The use of in silico techniques allows to reduce dramatically both the time and cost required for the identification of a potential vaccine, also facilitating the laborious process of selection of those antigens that, with a traditional approach, would be completely impossible to detect or culture. RV methodologies have been successfully applied for the identification of new vaccines against serogroup B meningococcus (MenB), Bacillus anthracis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Edwardsiella tarda, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As a case of study, we will go in depth into the application of RV techniques on Influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Salvatore
- Department of Health and Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania (IT), Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Russo
- Department of Health and Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania (IT), Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Pappalardo
- Department of Health and Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania (IT), Catania, Italy.
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13
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Nomura Y, Noda K, Oohashi Y, Okuda S, Matsumoto J, Nakano T, Tsuchida N, Ishii KJ, Hayashi K, Iiyama T, Onodera H, Ishii K, Shikano M, Okabe N. Proposal for the revision of guidelines for clinical trials of vaccines to prevent infectious diseases in Japan. Vaccine 2022; 40:6295-6304. [PMID: 36167693 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of vaccines against infectious diseases requires a different approach from that of therapeutics, because vaccines are inoculated into healthy individuals and have a preventive effect by activating the immunity of the inoculated human. In Japan, "The Guideline for Clinical Trials of Vaccines for the Prevention of Infectious Diseases" was published in 2010 before changes occurred in the vaccine development environment in Japan, such as the introductions of foreign vaccines and simultaneous global development. This study aimed to identify current challenges in vaccine development through a questionnaire-based survey of pharmaceutical companies in Japan and by comparing the domestic and international guidelines and surveying review reports of 35 vaccines approved in Japan between April 2010 and December 2020. Identified challenges included the requirement for protective efficacy trials, efficacy evaluation of combination vaccines, development of multiregional and foreign clinical trials, and immunization of older adults and immunocompromised patients. We propose that new vaccines against infectious diseases should be evaluated for the protective efficacy, preferably through multiregional clinical trials. Additionally, differences in the incidence of infectious diseases or in epidemic virus strains between regions may affect the trials, when multiregional clinical trials are conducted, but immunogenicity-based studies can be conducted if a correlation between protective efficacy and immunogenicity has been established. We suggest that licensed combination vaccines can be used as comparators when an antigen is added to a licensed combination vaccine. We also proposed that the efficacy of a vaccine in non-major subjects, such as older adults or immunocompromised patients could be evaluated by comparing immunogenicity in major subjects with the confirmed protective effects of the vaccine. It is expected that these revisions will lead to the rapid advancement of vaccine development, which should contribute to the improvement of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Nomura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan; Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 100-8916, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kiyohito Noda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuusuke Oohashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan; Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, 100-0013, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Okuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Matsumoto
- Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, 100-0013, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Nao Tsuchida
- National Hospital Organization, 152-8621, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 108-8639, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuo Iiyama
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 162-8655, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Onodera
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 210-9501, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Ishii
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 162-8640, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Shikano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okabe
- Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, 210-0821, Kanagawa, Japan
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14
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Sharma A, Apte A, Rajappa M, Vaz M, Vaswani V, Goenka S, Malhotra S, Sangoram R, Lakshminarayanan S, Jayaram S, Mathaiyan J, Farseena K, Mukerjee P, Jaswal S, Dongre A, Timms O, Shafiq N, Aggarwal R, Kaur M, Juvekar S, Sekhar A, Kang G. Perceptions about controlled human infection model (CHIM) studies among members of ethics committees of Indian medical institutions: A qualitative exploration. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:209. [PMID: 36969719 PMCID: PMC10031138 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17968.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Controlled Human Infection Model (CHIM) studies provide a unique platform for studying the pathophysiology of infectious diseases and accelerated testing of vaccines and drugs in controlled settings. However, ethical issues shroud them as the disease-causing pathogen is intentionally inoculated into healthy consenting volunteers, and effective treatment may or may not be available. We explored the perceptions of the members of institutional ethics committees (IECs) in India about CHIM studies. Methods: This qualitative exploratory study, conducted across seven sites in India, included 11 focused group discussions (FGD) and 31 in-depth interviews (IDI). A flexible approach was used with the aid of a topic guide. The data were thematically analyzed using grounded theory and an inductive approach. Emerging themes and sub-themes were analyzed, and major emergent themes were elucidated. Results: Seventy-two IEC members participated in the study including 21 basic medical scientists, 29 clinicians, 9 lay people, 6 legal experts and 7 social scientists. Three major themes emerged from this analysis—apprehensions about conduct of CHIM studies in India, a perceived need for CHIM studies in India and risk mitigation measures needed to protect research participants and minimize the associated risks. Conclusion: Development of a specific regulatory and ethical framework, training of research staff and ethics committee members, and ensuring specialized research infrastructure along with adequate community sensitization were considered essential before initiation of CHIM studies in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sharma
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Aditi Apte
- KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, 411011, India
| | - Medha Rajappa
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - Manjulika Vaz
- St John's Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Vina Vaswani
- Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Shifalika Goenka
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control (CCDC), Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Samir Malhotra
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Rashmi Sangoram
- KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, 411011, India
| | - Subitha Lakshminarayanan
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - Suganya Jayaram
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - Jayanthi Mathaiyan
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | | | - Prarthna Mukerjee
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control (CCDC), Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Surinder Jaswal
- Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400088, India
| | - Amol Dongre
- Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad, Gujarat, 388325, India
| | - Olinda Timms
- St John's Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Nusrat Shafiq
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Rakesh Aggarwal
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - Manmeet Kaur
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Sanjay Juvekar
- KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, 411011, India
| | - Amrita Sekhar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, 101213, India
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
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15
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Jungbluth S, Depraetere H, Slezak M, Christensen D, Stockhofe N, Beloeil L. A gaps-and-needs analysis of vaccine R&D in Europe: Recommendations to improve the research infrastructure. Biologicals 2022; 76:15-23. [PMID: 35232629 PMCID: PMC8881975 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought into sharp focus the importance of strategies supporting vaccine development. During the pandemic, TRANSVAC, the European vaccine-research-infrastructure initiative, undertook an in-depth consultation of stakeholders to identify how best to position and sustain a European vaccine R&D infrastructure. The consultation included an online survey incorporating a gaps-and-needs analysis, follow-up interviews and focus-group meetings. Between October 2020 and June 2021, 53 organisations completed the online survey, including 24 research institutes and universities, and 9 pharmaceutical companies; 24 organisations participated in interviews, and 14 in focus-group meetings. The arising recommendations covered all aspects of the vaccine-development value chain: from preclinical development to financing and business development; and covered prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines, for both human and veterinary indications. Overall, the recommendations supported the expansion and elaboration of services including training programmes, and improved or more extensive access to expertise, technologies, partnerships, curated databases, and-data analysis tools. Funding and financing featured as critical elements requiring support throughout the vaccine-development programmes, notably for academics and small companies, and for vaccine programmes that address medical and veterinary needs without a great potential for commercial gain. Centralizing the access to these research infrastructures via a single on-line portal was considered advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Jungbluth
- European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), Heidelberg, Germany,Corresponding author
| | | | - Monika Slezak
- European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Statens Serum Institut, Dept. Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Norbert Stockhofe
- Wageningen University/Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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16
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Pecetta S, Tortorice D, Scorza FB, Pizza M, Dougan G, Hatchett R, Black S, Bloom DE, Rappuoli R. The trillion dollar vaccine gap. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabn4342. [PMID: 35353544 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn4342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
New technologies and unprecedented public investment have transformed vaccine development and allowed fast delivery of safe and efficacious COVID-19 vaccines, mitigating the impact of the pandemic on health and the economy. A quantum change in public investment for vaccine development and widespread vaccine distribution are necessary to achieve global pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pecetta
- Research and Development Center, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard Hatchett
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Oslo, Norway
| | - Steve Black
- University of Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - David E Bloom
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Research and Development Center, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Siena, Italy
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17
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Das SK, Paul M, Behera BC, Thatoi H. Current status of COVID-19 vaccination: safety and liability concern for children, pregnant and lactating women. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:825-842. [PMID: 35313785 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2056025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : Since its inception, Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has claimed a significant number of lives around the world. AREA COVERED : COVID-19 vaccine development involves several vaccine platforms, including traditional live-attenuated or killed viral particles, viral vectors or DNA, and mRNA-based vaccines. The efficacy and effectiveness (EV) of these vaccines must be assessed in order to determine the extent to which they can protect us against infection. Despite the fact that some affluent countries attempted to vaccinate the majority of their inhabitants, children and pregnant women were first excluded. EXPERT OPINION : While the severity of COVID-19 is less severe in children, the COVID-19-related complications are more severe.SARS-CoV-2 infection is also dangerous for pregnant women. The key to limiting disease spread is early discovery, isolation, and the development of safe and efficient vaccinations. As a result, the purpose of this study is to highlight the current development of various COVID-19 vaccine platforms for different groups of people at higher risk of COVID-19, with a special focus on children, pregnant and lactating women, as well as structural and pathogenicity elements of SARS CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagat Kumar Das
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India-751001
| | - Manish Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Sri Ram Chandra Vihar, Baripada, Odisha, India-757003
| | - Bikash Chandra Behera
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar-752050
| | - Hrudayanath Thatoi
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Sri Ram Chandra Vihar, Baripada, Odisha, India-757003
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18
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Kochhar S, Barreira D, Beattie P, Cavaleri M, Cravioto A, Frick MW, Ginsberg AM, Hudson I, Kaslow DC, Kurtz S, Lienhardt C, Madhi SA, Morgan C, Momeni Y, Patel D, Rees H, Rogalski-Salter T, Schmidt A, Semete-Makokotlela B, Voss G, White RG, Zignol M, Giersing B. Building the concept for WHO Evidence Considerations for Vaccine Policy (ECVP): Tuberculosis vaccines intended for adults and adolescents as a test case. Vaccine 2022; 40:1681-1690. [PMID: 35164990 PMCID: PMC8914344 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, no formal mechanisms or systematic approaches exist to inform developers of new vaccines of the evidence anticipated to facilitate global policy recommendations, before a vaccine candidate approaches regulatory approval at the end of pre-licensure efficacy studies. Consequently, significant delays may result in vaccine introduction and uptake, while post-licensure data are generated to support a definitive policy decision. To address the uncertainties of the evidence-to-recommendation data needs and to mitigate the risk of delays between vaccine recommendation and use, WHO is evaluating the need for and value of a new strategic alignment tool: Evidence Considerations for Vaccine Policy (ECVP). EVCPs aim to fill a critical current gap by providing early (pre-phase 3 study design) information on the anticipated clinical trial and observational data or evidence that could support WHO and/or policy decision making for new vaccines in priority disease areas. The intent of ECVPs is to inform vaccine developers, funders, and other key stakeholders, facilitating stakeholder alignment in their strategic planning for late stage vaccine development. While ECVPs are envisaged as a tool to support dialogue on evidence needs between regulators and policy makers at the national, regional and global level, development of an ECVP will not preclude or supersede the independent WHO's Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) evidence to recommendation (EtR) process that is required for all vaccines seeking WHO policy recommendation. Tuberculosis (TB) vaccine candidates intended for use in the adolescent and adult target populations comprise a portfolio of priority vaccines in late-stage clinical development. As such, TB vaccines intended for use in this target population provide a 'test case' to further develop the ECVP concept, and develop the first WHO ECVP considerations guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Kochhar
- Global Healthcare Consulting, New Delhi, India; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | - Pauline Beattie
- European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP), The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Cavaleri
- European Medicines Agency (EMA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Cravioto
- Faculty of Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
| | | | | | - Ian Hudson
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, London, UK
| | | | | | - Christian Lienhardt
- Unité Mixte Internationale TransVIHMI (Université de Montpellier, UMI 233 IRD, U1175 INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France; Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Christopher Morgan
- Jhpiego, Baltimore, USA; School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Helen Rees
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Alexander Schmidt
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Gerald Voss
- TuBerculosis Vaccine Initiative (TBVI), Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Richard G White
- TB Centre and Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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19
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Cabiedes-Miragaya L, Galende-Domínguez I. COVID-19 vaccines: a look at the ethics of the clinical research involving children. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2022; 48:medethics-2021-107941. [PMID: 35144979 PMCID: PMC8844969 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2021-107941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Currently, millions of minors are being inoculated against SARS-CoV-2 in many countries in the world. Ethical concerns about clinical research involving children have barely been addressed in the literature, despite the fact that the paediatric population is particularly vulnerable within this context. Children should be included in the research plans for COVID-19 vaccines. Nevertheless, it is necessary to critically assess to what extent clinical trials are being conducted according to methodological and ethical criteria that allow us to conclude that the results are valid and, in consequence, how far the vaccination plans for children are scientifically justified.The principal aim of this article is to analyse critically the process of clinical research on COVID-19 vaccines involving children, highlighting the ethical concerns that arise, including the need to stratify the results from older adolescents separately for analysis before proceeding, if further research is warranted, in descending age order. The development of COVID-19 vaccines is examined, with a special look at the participation of children throughout their clinical development, including a review of the clinical trials registered in three international databases. We also offer some additional considerations about the inclusion of minors in vaccination plans. Finally, we conclude with some recommendations, with particular emphasis on the following ethical duties: research in children should be carried out only once the relevant research in adults has previously been conducted; issues that concern children's needs and rights should be specifically addressed; and, therefore, the highest standards of ethical and scientific quality should be met.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inés Galende-Domínguez
- Community of Madrid Ministry of Health, Directorate General for Research, Education and Documentation, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Vickers CE, Freemont PS. Pandemic preparedness: synthetic biology and publicly funded biofoundries can rapidly accelerate response time. Nat Commun 2022; 13:453. [PMID: 35064129 PMCID: PMC8783017 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology has played a key role in responding to the current pandemic. Biofoundries are critical synthetic biology infrastructure which should be available to all nations as a part of their independent bioengineering, biosecurity, and countermeasure response systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E Vickers
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO Land & Water, EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, 4012, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000, Australia. .,Griffith Institute for Drug Design, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia.
| | - Paul S Freemont
- Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.,UK Innovation and Knowledge Centre for Synthetic Biology (SynbiCITE) and the London Biofoundry, Imperial College Translation & Innovation Hub, White City Campus 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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21
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Stefanetti G, Borriello F, Richichi B, Zanoni I, Lay L. Immunobiology of Carbohydrates: Implications for Novel Vaccine and Adjuvant Design Against Infectious Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:808005. [PMID: 35118012 PMCID: PMC8803737 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.808005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are ubiquitous molecules expressed on the surface of nearly all living cells, and their interaction with carbohydrate-binding proteins is critical to many immunobiological processes. Carbohydrates are utilized as antigens in many licensed vaccines against bacterial pathogens. More recently, they have also been considered as adjuvants. Interestingly, unlike other types of vaccines, adjuvants have improved immune response to carbohydrate-based vaccine in humans only in a few cases. Furthermore, despite the discovery of many new adjuvants in the last years, aluminum salts, when needed, remain the only authorized adjuvant for carbohydrate-based vaccines. In this review, we highlight historical and recent advances on the use of glycans either as vaccine antigens or adjuvants, and we review the use of currently available adjuvants to improve the efficacy of carbohydrate-based vaccines. A better understanding of the mechanism of carbohydrate interaction with innate and adaptive immune cells will benefit the design of a new generation of glycan-based vaccines and of immunomodulators to fight both longstanding and emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Stefanetti
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Francesco Borriello
- Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Division of Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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22
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Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Immunology. Artif Intell Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64573-1_83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Innovations and development of Covid-19 vaccines: A patent review. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:123-131. [PMID: 34742639 PMCID: PMC8539827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 125 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been reported globally with rising cases in all countries since the first case was reported. A vaccine is the best measure for the effective prevention and control of COVID-19. There are more than 292 COVID-19 candidates' vaccines being developed as of July 2021 of which 184 are in human preclinical trials. A patent provides protection and a marketing monopoly to the inventor of an invention for a specified period. Therefore, vaccine developers, including Moderna, BioNTech, Janssen, Inovio, and Gamaleya also filed patent applications for the protection of their vaccines. This review aims to provide an insight into the patent literature of COVID-19 vaccines. The patent search was done using Patentscope and Espacenet databases. The results have revealed that most of the key players have patented their inventive COVID-19 vaccine. Many patent applications related to COVID-19 vaccines developed via different technologies (DNA, RNA, virus, bacteria, and protein subunit) have also been filed. The publication of a normal patent application takes place after 18 months of its filing. Therefore, many patents/patent applications related to the COVID-19 vaccine developed through different technology may come into the public domain in the coming days.
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24
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Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagrazia Pizza
- Research and Development Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Pecetta
- Research and Development Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Research and Development Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, 53100 Siena, Italy
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25
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Schee Genannt Halfmann S, Evangelatos N, Kweyu E, van der Merwe A, Steinhausen K, Brand A. Best Practice Guidance for Creation and Management of Innovations in Health care and Information and Communications Technologies. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2021; 26:106-114. [PMID: 34495756 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2021.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Governments and publics in Europe and around the world have turned to innovation in response to the manifold economic, environmental, and societal challenges we are facing. However, innovations often end up in what is popularly termed as the "valley of death" between upstream creation and downstream product development and implementation. Consequently, the benefits of innovation do not always reach the citizens. In addition, critically informed governance of innovations matter because it allows steering of innovations in response to the values and end points desired by society. With the COVID-19 pandemic, we have witnessed the rise of digital health and new information and communications technologies (ICTs). The pandemic underscored the need for innovation governance between global North and the global South. We report and discuss, in this study, the development of the innXchange innovation wheel to improve innovation creation and management, using a case study of cooperation between Europe and Africa. The innovation wheel offers best practice guidance and framework to build capacity for innovation dimensions such as partnership mobilization, evaluation, and monitoring, not to mention innovation literacy. The framework emphasizes active engagement of all key stakeholders from the very beginning, also referred to as "systematic early dialog." We propose the incorporation of systematic early dialog as the best practice guidance in global South and global North cooperation for health care and ICT innovation. The framework is a novel instrument to help overcome the current barriers in planetary health innovation management and consequently, bring breakthrough discoveries in ICTs and innovative ideas to the people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schee Genannt Halfmann
- United Nations University-Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolaos Evangelatos
- United Nations University-Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Alta van der Merwe
- Department of Informatics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kirsten Steinhausen
- Faculty of Health, Security & Society, Furtwangen University, Furtwangen, Germany
| | - Angela Brand
- United Nations University-Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Dr. TMA Pai Endowment Chair in Public Health Genomics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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26
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Pascual-Iglesias A, Canton J, Ortega-Prieto AM, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Regla-Nava JA. An Overview of Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era. Pathogens 2021; 10:1030. [PMID: 34451494 PMCID: PMC8402174 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019 led to the COVID-19 pandemic all over the world. When the virus was first isolated and its genome was sequenced in the early months of 2020, the efforts to develop a vaccine began. Based on prior well-known knowledge about coronavirus, the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein was selected as the main target. Currently, more than one hundred vaccines are being investigated and several of them are already authorized by medical agencies. This review summarizes and compares the current knowledge about main approaches for vaccine development, focusing on those authorized and specifically their immunogenicity, efficacy preventing severe disease, adverse side effects, protection, and ability to cope with emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pascual-Iglesias
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Canton
- International Institute for Defense and Security (CISDE), 41007 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Jose M. Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Jose Angel Regla-Nava
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University Center for Health Science (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
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27
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MİSHRA A, MİSHRA P, DAS R. Drug Discovery and Treatment of an Emerging Pandemic Infection Covid-19. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.897044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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28
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Huang D, Liu AYN, Leung KS, Tang NLS. Direct Measurement of B Lymphocyte Gene Expression Biomarkers in Peripheral Blood Transcriptomics Enables Early Prediction of Vaccine Seroconversion. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12070971. [PMID: 34202032 PMCID: PMC8304400 DOI: 10.3390/genes12070971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood transcriptome is a highly promising area for biomarker development. However, transcript abundances (TA) in these cell mixture samples are confounded by proportions of the component leukocyte subpopulations. This poses a challenge to clinical applications, as the cell of origin of any change in TA is not known without prior cell separation procedure. We developed a framework to develop a cell-type informative TA biomarkers which enable determination of TA of a single cell-type (B lymphocytes) directly in cell mixture samples of peripheral blood (e.g., peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMC) without the need for subpopulation separation. It is applicable to a panel of genes called B cell informative genes. Then a ratio of two B cell informative genes (a target gene and a stably expressed reference gene) obtained in PBMC was used as a new biomarker to represent the target gene expression in purified B lymphocytes. This approach, which eliminates the tedious procedure of cell separation and directly determines TA of a leukocyte subpopulation in peripheral blood samples, is called the Direct LS-TA method. This method is applied to gene expression datasets collected in influenza vaccination trials as early predictive biomarkers of seroconversion. By using TNFRSF17 or TXNDC5 as the target genes and TNFRSF13C or FCRLA as the reference genes, the Direct LS-TA B cell biomarkers were determined directly in the PBMC transcriptome data and were highly correlated with TA of the corresponding target genes in purified B lymphocytes. Vaccination responders had almost a 2-fold higher Direct LS-TA biomarker level of TNFRSF17 (log 2 SMD = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.47–1.21) on day 7 after vaccination. The sensitivity of these Direct LS-TA biomarkers in the prediction of seroconversion was greater than 0.7 and area-under curves (AUC) were over 0.8 in many datasets. In this paper, we report a straightforward approach to directly estimate B lymphocyte gene expression in PBMC, which could be used in a routine clinical setting. Moreover, the method enables the practice of precision medicine in the prediction of vaccination response. More importantly, seroconversion could now be predicted as early as day 7. As the acquired immunology pathway is common to vaccination against influenza and COVID-19, these biomarkers could also be useful to predict seroconversion for the new COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huang
- Cytomics Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China; (D.H.); (A.Y.N.L.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Alex Y. N. Liu
- Cytomics Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China; (D.H.); (A.Y.N.L.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Kwong-Sak Leung
- Cytomics Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China; (D.H.); (A.Y.N.L.); (K.-S.L.)
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nelson L. S. Tang
- Cytomics Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China; (D.H.); (A.Y.N.L.); (K.-S.L.)
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
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29
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Singh N, Villoutreix BO. Resources and computational strategies to advance small molecule SARS-CoV-2 discovery: Lessons from the pandemic and preparing for future health crises. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2537-2548. [PMID: 33936562 PMCID: PMC8074526 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify new therapies that prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and improve the outcome of COVID-19 patients. This pandemic has thus spurred intensive research in most scientific areas and in a short period of time, several vaccines have been developed. But, while the race to find vaccines for COVID-19 has dominated the headlines, other types of therapeutic agents are being developed. In this mini-review, we report several databases and online tools that could assist the discovery of anti-SARS-CoV-2 small chemical compounds and peptides. We then give examples of studies that combined in silico and in vitro screening, either for drug repositioning purposes or to search for novel bioactive compounds. Finally, we question the overall lack of discussion and plan observed in academic research in many countries during this crisis and suggest that there is room for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natesh Singh
- Université de Paris, Inserm UMR 1141 NeuroDiderot, Robert-Debré Hospital, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Bruno O. Villoutreix
- Université de Paris, Inserm UMR 1141 NeuroDiderot, Robert-Debré Hospital, 75019 Paris, France
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30
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Bonelli F, Blocki FA, Bunnell T, Chu E, De La O A, Grenache DG, Marzucchi G, Montomoli E, Okoye L, Pallavicini L, Streva VA, Torelli A, Wagner A, Zanin D, Zierold C, Wassenberg JJ. Evaluation of the automated LIAISON ® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG assay for the detection of circulating antibodies. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:1463-1467. [PMID: 33711225 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES COVID-19 has brought about tests from many manufacturers. While molecular and rapid antigen tests are targeted for early diagnosis, immunoassays have a larger role in epidemiological studies, understanding longitudinal immunity, and in vaccine development and response. METHODS The performance of the LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG assay was evaluated against the Beckman ACCESS SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay in New Mexico, and against the Siemens ADVIA Centaur COV2G assay in New York. Discordant samples were parsed using a microneutralization assay. RESULTS A SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity rate of 23.8% was observed in the samples tested in New York (September 2020), while in the same month the positivity rate was 1.5% in New Mexico. Positive and negative agreement were 67.6% (95% CI 49.5-82.6%) and 99.8% (95% CI 99.5-99.9%), respectively, with the Beckman test, and 98.0% (95% CI 95.7-99.3%) and 94.8% (95% CI 93.4-96.0%), respectively, with the Siemens test. Receiver operating characteristic analysis for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies discloses an AUC, area under the curve, of 0.996 (95% CI 0.992-0.999) for the LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG assay. The criterion associated to the Youden Index was determined to be >12.9 kAU/L with a sensitivity of 99.44% and a specificity of 99.82%. CONCLUSIONS The LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG assay is highly sensitive and specific. The balance of these parameters, without emphasis on high specificity alone, is particularly important when applied to high prevalence populations, where a highly sensitive assay will result in reporting a lower number of false negative subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edward Chu
- Sherman Abrams Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Vismederi Srl, Siena, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lilian Okoye
- TriCore Reference Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | | | - Aaron Wagner
- TriCore Reference Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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31
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Serbezova A, Mangelov M, Zaykova K, Nikolova S, Zhelyazkova D, Balgarinova N. Knowledge and attitude toward COVID-19 vaccines amongst medical, dental and pharmacy students. A cross-sectional study from Bulgaria. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2022.2041097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Asena Serbezova
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Martin Mangelov
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | | | - Silviya Nikolova
- Department of Social Medicine and Organization of Healthcare, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | | | - Niya Balgarinova
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
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32
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Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Immunology. Artif Intell Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58080-3_83-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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