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Shah N, Iyer V, Zhang Z, Gao Z, Park J, Yelleswarapu V, Aflatouni F, Charlie Johnson AT, Issadore D. Highly stable integration of graphene Hall sensors on a microfluidic platform for magnetic sensing in whole blood. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:71. [PMID: 37275264 PMCID: PMC10232500 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The detection and analysis of rare cells in complex media such as blood is increasingly important in biomedical research and clinical diagnostics. Micro-Hall detectors (μHD) for magnetic detection in blood have previously demonstrated ultrahigh sensitivity to rare cells. This sensitivity originates from the minimal magnetic background in blood, obviating cumbersome and detrimental sample preparation. However, the translation of this technology to clinical applications has been limited by inherently low throughput (<1 mL/h), susceptibility to clogging, and incompatibility with commercial CMOS foundry processing. To help overcome these challenges, we have developed CMOS-compatible graphene Hall sensors for integration with PDMS microfluidics for magnetic sensing in blood. We demonstrate that these graphene μHDs can match the performance of the best published μHDs, can be passivated for robust use with whole blood, and can be integrated with microfluidics and sensing electronics for in-flow detection of magnetic beads. We show a proof-of-concept validation of our system on a silicon substrate and detect magnetic agarose beads, as a model for cells, demonstrating promise for future integration in clinical applications with a custom CMOS chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishal Shah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Vasant Iyer
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Zhaoli Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Juhwan Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Venkata Yelleswarapu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Firooz Aflatouni
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - A. T. Charlie Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - David Issadore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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2
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Camacho MJ, Albuquerque DC, de Andrade E, Martins VC, Inácio ML, Mota M, Freitas PP. A Lab-on-a-Chip Approach for the Detection of the Quarantine Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera pallida. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:647. [PMID: 36679443 PMCID: PMC9861625 DOI: 10.3390/s23020647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The potato cyst nematode (PCN), Globodera pallida, has acquired significant importance throughout Europe due to its widespread prevalence and negative effects on potato production. Thus, rapid and reliable diagnosis of PCN is critical during surveillance programs and for the implementation of control measures. The development of innovative technologies to overcome the limitations of current methodologies in achieving early detection is needed. Lab-on-a-chip devices can swiftly and accurately detect the presence of certain nucleotide sequences with high sensitivity and convert the presence of biological components into an understandable electrical signal by combining biosensors with microfluidics-based biochemical analysis. In this study, a specific DNA-probe sequence and PCR primers were designed to be used in a magnetoresistive biosensing platform to amplify the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA of G. pallida. Magnetic nanoparticles were used as the labelling agents of asymmetric PCR product through biotin−streptavidin interaction. Upon target hybridization to sensor immobilized oligo probes, the fringe field created by the magnetic nanoparticles produces a variation in the sensor’s electrical resistance. The detection signal corresponds to the concentration of target molecules present in the sample. The results demonstrate the suitability of the magnetic biosensor to detect PCR target product and the specificity of the probe, which consistently distinguishes G. pallida (DV/V > 1%) from other cyst nematodes (DV/V < 1%), even when DNA mixtures were tested at different concentrations. This shows the magnetic biosensor’s potential as a bioanalytical device for field applications and border phytosanitary inspections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Camacho
- INIAV, I.P.—National Institute for Agriculture and Veterinary Research, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
- NemaLab, MED–Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Débora C. Albuquerque
- INESC-MN- Microsystems and Nanotechnologies, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal
- IST—Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eugénia de Andrade
- INIAV, I.P.—National Institute for Agriculture and Veterinary Research, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Maria L. Inácio
- INIAV, I.P.—National Institute for Agriculture and Veterinary Research, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Manuel Mota
- NemaLab, MED–Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Paulo P. Freitas
- INESC-MN- Microsystems and Nanotechnologies, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal
- INL—International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
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3
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Luo J, Xue N, Chen J. A Review: Research Progress of Neural Probes for Brain Research and Brain-Computer Interface. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12121167. [PMID: 36551135 PMCID: PMC9775442 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Neural probes, as an invasive physiological tool at the mesoscopic scale, can decipher the code of brain connections and communications from the cellular or even molecular level, and realize information fusion between the human body and external machines. In addition to traditional electrodes, two new types of neural probes have been developed in recent years: optoprobes based on optogenetics and magnetrodes that record neural magnetic signals. In this review, we give a comprehensive overview of these three kinds of neural probes. We firstly discuss the development of microelectrodes and strategies for their flexibility, which is mainly represented by the selection of flexible substrates and new electrode materials. Subsequently, the concept of optogenetics is introduced, followed by the review of several novel structures of optoprobes, which are divided into multifunctional optoprobes integrated with microfluidic channels, artifact-free optoprobes, three-dimensional drivable optoprobes, and flexible optoprobes. At last, we introduce the fundamental perspectives of magnetoresistive (MR) sensors and then review the research progress of magnetrodes based on it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ning Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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4
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Deroo M, Giraud M, Delapierre FD, Bonville P, Jeckelmann M, Solignac A, Fabre-Paul E, Thévenin M, Coneggo F, Fermon C, Malloggi F, Simon S, Féraudet-Tarisse C, Jasmin-Lebras G. Proof of concept of a two-stage GMR sensor-based lab-on-a-chip for early diagnostic tests. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2753-2765. [PMID: 35771555 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00353h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of rapid, sensitive, portable and inexpensive early diagnostic techniques is a real challenge in the fields of health, defense and in the environment. The current global pandemic has also shown the need for such tests. The World Health Organization has defined ASSURED criteria (affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free and deliverable to end-users) that field diagnostic tests must fulfill, which proves the real need in terms of public health. Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors, which have flourished in a wide variety of spintronic applications (automobile industry, Information Technology, etc.), also have real potential in the field of health, particularly for the development of early diagnostic point-of-care devices. This work presents a new type of innovative biochip, consisting of GMR sensors arranged on both sides of a microfluidic channel which allow on the one hand to count magnetic objects one by one but also to better distinguish false positives (aggregates of beads, etc.) from labelled biological targets of interest by determining their magnetic moment. We present the operating principle of this new tool and its great potential as a versatile diagnostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïkane Deroo
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé (SPEC), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Manon Giraud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé (SPEC), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - François-Damien Delapierre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé (SPEC), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Pierre Bonville
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé (SPEC), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Mathieu Jeckelmann
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé (SPEC), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Aurélie Solignac
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé (SPEC), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Elodie Fabre-Paul
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé (SPEC), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Mathieu Thévenin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé (SPEC), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Frédéric Coneggo
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé (SPEC), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Claude Fermon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé (SPEC), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Florent Malloggi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Nanosciences et Innovation pour les Matériaux, la Biomédecine et l'Énergie (NIMBE), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cécile Féraudet-Tarisse
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Guénaëlle Jasmin-Lebras
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé (SPEC), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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5
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Wu K, Tonini D, Liang S, Saha R, Chugh VK, Wang JP. Giant Magnetoresistance Biosensors in Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:9945-9969. [PMID: 35167743 PMCID: PMC9055838 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect has seen flourishing development from theory to application in the last three decades since its discovery in 1988. Nowadays, commercial devices based on the GMR effect, such as hard-disk drives, biosensors, magnetic field sensors, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), etc., are available in the market, by virtue of the advances in state-of-the-art thin-film deposition and micro- and nanofabrication techniques. Different types of GMR biosensor arrays with superior sensitivity and robustness are available at a lower cost for a wide variety of biomedical applications. In this paper, we review the recent advances in GMR-based biomedical applications including disease diagnosis, genotyping, food and drug regulation, brain and cardiac mapping, etc. The GMR magnetic multilayer structure, spin valve, and magnetic granular structure, as well as fundamental theories of the GMR effect, are introduced at first. The emerging topic of flexible GMR for wearable biosensing is also included. Different GMR pattern designs, sensor surface functionalization, bioassay strategies, and on-chip accessories for improved GMR performances are reviewed. It is foreseen that combined with the state-of-the-art complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) electronics, GMR biosensors hold great promise in biomedicine, particularly for point-of-care (POC) disease diagnosis and wearable devices for real-time health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Denis Tonini
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Renata Saha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Vinit Kumar Chugh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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6
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Yao C, Ng E, Wang SX. An automated and mobile magnetoresistive biosensor system for early hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 202:113982. [PMID: 35033828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.113982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Most patients, however, are not diagnosed until advanced stage because early HCC lesions generally cause no overt symptoms, and the presence of cirrhosis adds another layer of complexity. While early diagnosis enables more therapeutic options and greatly improves survival rates, it is difficult to achieve. In order to detect early stage HCC, high-risk patients need to frequently measure serum biomarkers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and gold standards for detection involve less accessible and costly tests. In this work, we present an automated and mobile magnetoresistive biosensor system that allows quick, easy, and accurate detection of a panel of HCC related biomarkers. We first discuss the underlying principles of the giant magnetoresistive (GMR) biosensor system and its unique advantages in early detection of HCC. We also describe the development of hardware, software, and the bioassay, and demonstrate that it can perform an automated assay in 28 min, providing both qualitative and quantitative results. The user only needs to manually add sample into a disposable cartridge and press a button on the smartphone app, without the need for direct interaction with reagent liquids, or lab skills such as pipetting. With its portability, high sensitivity, and ease-of-use, the presented biosensor system has the potential to empower both medical practitioners and patients to achieve early HCC diagnosis. Furthermore, the GMR biosensor platform can be adapted to detect other protein or DNA biomarkers beyond HCC, bringing the goals of accessible mobile health even closer to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyang Yao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Elaine Ng
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Shan X Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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7
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Kunitsyna EI, Allayarov RS, Koplak OV, Morgunov RB, Mangin S. Effect of Fe/Fe 3O 4 Nanoparticles Stray Field on the Microwave Magnetoresistance of a CoFeB/Ta/CoFeB Synthetic Ferrimagnet. ACS Sens 2021; 6:4315-4324. [PMID: 34842420 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the stray field of Fe/Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the angular dependence of the microwave absorption derivative in CoFeB/Ta/CoFeB synthetic ferrimagnetic structures and CoFeB films with perpendicular anisotropy is analyzed, and its application for sensor technology is proposed. The effective field of the "platform-particles" system controlled by the magnetic dipole interaction of the CoFeB-Fe/Fe3O4 system decreased to zero in areas where the platform was magnetostatically coupled with nanoparticles. Micromagnetic modeling demonstrated the distribution of magnetization and resistance in local areas of CoFeB/Ta/CoFeB structures under the nanoparticles. The microwave absorption derivative can be used as an indicator of local magnetization switching of the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) structure under scattering fields of NPs or magnetically labeled cells. The limiting sensitivity of the detection method was 2.4 × 107 nanoparticles, which covered the spin-valve surface. We have proposed to combine the advantages of a GMR sensor with wireless technology of microwave reading of magnetoresistance for the detection of magnetically labeled cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oksana V. Koplak
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman B. Morgunov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stephane Mangin
- Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 54601 Nancy, France
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8
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Ng E, Le AK, Nguyen MH, Wang SX. Early Multiplexed Detection of Cirrhosis using Giant Magnetoresistive Biosensors with Protein Biomarkers. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3049-3057. [PMID: 32896123 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is one of the leading causes of death in adults worldwide. It is highly prevalent in developing countries and is growing in prevalence in developed countries mostly because of chronic liver diseases, such as chronic hepatitis B and C and alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the prevalence of cirrhosis may be highly underestimated because early stages are asymptomatic and current early detection methods are inadequate. Here, we evaluate the potential of a set of novel cirrhotic protein biomarkers, including soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer, for early detection of cirrhosis in a multiplexed assay using our giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensor arrays. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of the biomarkers, individually and in combination, using multivariate logistic regression and random forest in a blinded proof-of-concept retrospective case-controlled study. The biomarkers in combination exhibited high diagnostic performance in both logistic regression and random forest models, with an area under the curve of 0.98 (0.94-1.00). In addition, the combination of biomarkers resulted in a high sensitivity of 0.97 (0.95-1.00) and a high specificity of 1.00. We showed that the diagnostic performance of our novel set of cirrhotic protein biomarkers on our multiplexed GMR sensor arrays is higher than the performance of currently used clinical biomarkers and factors (i.e., age, sex, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, etc.). With this combination of novel biomarkers and GMR technology, we could potentially boost the diagnostic power of early cirrhosis detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Ng
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - An K. Le
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Mindie H. Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Shan X. Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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9
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Schütt J, Illing R, Volkov O, Kosub T, Granell PN, Nhalil H, Fassbender J, Klein L, Grosz A, Makarov D. Two Orders of Magnitude Boost in the Detection Limit of Droplet-Based Micro-Magnetofluidics with Planar Hall Effect Sensors. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20609-20617. [PMID: 32832814 PMCID: PMC7439703 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Magnetofluidics is a dynamic research field, which requires novel sensor solutions to boost the detection limit of tiny quantities of magnetized objects. Here, we present a sensing strategy relying on planar Hall effect sensors in droplet-based micro-magnetofluidics for the detection of a multiphase liquid flow, i.e., superparamagnetic aqueous droplets in an oil carrier phase. The high resolution of the sensor allows the detection of nanoliter-sized superparamagnetic droplets with a concentration of 0.58 mg/cm3, even when they are biased in a geomagnetic field only. The limit of detection can be boosted another order of magnitude, reaching 0.04 mg/cm3 (1.4 million particles in a single 100 nL droplet) when a magnetic field of 5 mT is applied to bias the droplets. With this performance, our sensing platform outperforms the state-of-the-art solutions in droplet-based micro-magnetofluidics by a factor of 100. This allows us to detect ferrofluid droplets in clinically and biologically relevant concentrations and even below without the need of externally applied magnetic fields. These results open the route for new strategies of the utilization of ferrofluids in microfluidic geometries in, e.g., bio(-chemical) or medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schütt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion
Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rico Illing
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion
Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksii Volkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion
Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Kosub
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion
Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pablo Nicolás Granell
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion
Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Escuela
de Ciencia y Tecnología, UNSAM, Campus Miguelete, B1650KNA San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto
Nacional de Tecnología Industrial, Av. Gral Paz 5445, B1650KNA San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hariharan Nhalil
- Department
of Physics & Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Jürgen Fassbender
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion
Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lior Klein
- Department
of Physics & Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Asaf Grosz
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba 84105, Israel
| | - Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion
Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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10
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Viveiros S, Rodrigues M, Albuquerque D, Martins SAM, Cardoso S, Martins VC. Multiple Bacteria Identification in the Point-of-Care: an Old Method Serving a New Approach. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20123351. [PMID: 32545686 PMCID: PMC7349726 DOI: 10.3390/s20123351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The accurate diagnosis of bacterial infections is of critical importance for effective treatment decisions. Due to the multietiologic nature of most infectious diseases, multiplex assays are essential for diagnostics. However, multiplexability in nucleic acid amplification-based methods commonly resorts to multiple primers and/or multiple reaction chambers, which increases analysis cost and complexity. Herein, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) offer method based on a universal pair of primers and an array of specific oligonucleotide probes was developed through the analysis of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The detection system consisted of DNA hybridization over an array of magnetoresistive sensors in a microfabricated biochip coupled to an electronic reader. Immobilized probes interrogated single-stranded biotinylated amplicons and were obtained using asymmetric PCR. Moreover, they were magnetically labelled with streptavidin-coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles. The benchmarking of the system was demonstrated to detect five major bovine mastitis-causing pathogens: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. All selected probes proved to specifically detect their respective amplicon without significant cross reactivity. A calibration curve was performed for S. agalactiae, which demonstrates demonstrating a limit of detection below 30 fg/µL. Thus, a sensitive and specific multiplex detection assay was established, demonstrating its potential as a bioanalytical device for point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Viveiros
- Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.V.); (D.A.); (S.C.)
- INESC-MN- Microsystems and Nanotechnologies, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Mónica Rodrigues
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Débora Albuquerque
- Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.V.); (D.A.); (S.C.)
- INESC-MN- Microsystems and Nanotechnologies, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | | | - Susana Cardoso
- Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.V.); (D.A.); (S.C.)
- INESC-MN- Microsystems and Nanotechnologies, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Verónica C. Martins
- INESC-MN- Microsystems and Nanotechnologies, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-213100237
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11
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Girigoswami K, Girigoswami A. A Review on the Role of Nanosensors in Detecting Cellular miRNA Expression in Colorectal Cancer. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:12-26. [PMID: 32410567 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200515115723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of death across the globe. Early diagnosis with high sensitivity can prevent CRC progression, thereby reducing the condition of metastasis. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is (i) to discuss miRNA based biomarkers responsible for CRC, (ii) to brief on the different methods used for the detection of miRNA in CRC, (iii) to discuss different nanobiosensors so far found for the accurate detection of miRNAs in CRC using spectrophotometric detection, piezoelectric detection. METHODS The keywords for the review like micro RNA detection in inflammation, colorectal cancer, nanotechnology, were searched in PubMed and the relevant papers on the topics of miRNA related to CRC, nanotechnology-based biosensors for miRNA detection were then sorted and used appropriately for writing the review. RESULTS The review comprises a general introduction explaining the current scenario of CRC, the biomarkers used for the detection of different cancers, especially CRC and the importance of nanotechnology and a general scheme of a biosensor. The further subsections discuss the mechanism of CRC progression, the role of miRNA in CRC progression and different nanotechnology-based biosensors so far investigated for miRNA detection in other diseases, cancer and CRC. A scheme depicting miRNA detection using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is also illustrated. CONCLUSION This review may give insight into the different nanostructures, like AuNPs, quantum dots, silver nanoparticles, MoS2derived nanoparticles, etc., based approaches for miRNA detection using biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyeli Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Chennai, 603103, India
| | - Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Chennai, 603103, India
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12
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Farzin A, Etesami SA, Quint J, Memic A, Tamayol A. Magnetic Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901058. [PMID: 32196144 PMCID: PMC7482193 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is urgency for the development of nanomaterials that can meet emerging biomedical needs. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) offer high magnetic moments and surface-area-to-volume ratios that make them attractive for hyperthermia therapy of cancer and targeted drug delivery. Additionally, they can function as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and can improve the sensitivity of biosensors and diagnostic tools. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have resulted in the realization of the next generation of MNPs suitable for these and other biomedical applications. This review discusses methods utilized for the fabrication and engineering of MNPs. Recent progress in the use of MNPs for hyperthermia therapy, controlling drug release, MRI, and biosensing is also critically reviewed. Finally, challenges in the field and potential opportunities for the use of MNPs toward improving their properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Farzin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - S. Alireza Etesami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Memphis. Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Jacob Quint
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Adnan Memic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Division of Engineering in Medicine Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
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13
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Magneto-nanosensor smartphone platform for the detection of HIV and leukocytosis at point-of-care. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 16:10-19. [PMID: 30502420 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of personalized medicine has brought an increased interest in personal health among general consumers. As a result, there is a great need for user-centric point-of-care (POC) health devices. Such devices are equally pertinent in developing countries or resource-limited settings for performing diagnostic tests. However, current POC tests for diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or leukocytosis do not provide adequate levels of sensitivity or do not exist at all. Here, we extend our mobile magneto-nanosensor platform to point-of-care HIV and leukocytosis detection. The platform can be multiplexed, and the circuitry enables portability and sensitivity in the POC setting. A smartphone application simplifies operation and provides guidance to facilitate self-testing. Commercially available POC test kits typically provide only qualitative or semi-quantitative results of a single analyte. The magneto-nanosensor platform can provide users with pleasant user-experience while demonstrating robust sensitive and specific multiplexed quantification and detection of common diseases.
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14
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Kim K, Hall DA, Yao C, Lee JR, Ooi CC, Bechstein DJB, Guo Y, Wang SX. Magnetoresistive biosensors with on-chip pulsed excitation and magnetic correlated double sampling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16493. [PMID: 30405155 PMCID: PMC6220270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors have been shown to be among the most sensitive biosensors reported. While high-density and scalable sensor arrays are desirable for achieving multiplex detection, scalability remains challenging because of long data acquisition time using conventional readout methods. In this paper, we present a scalable magnetoresistive biosensor array with an on-chip magnetic field generator and a high-speed data acquisition method. The on-chip field generators enable magnetic correlated double sampling (MCDS) and global chopper stabilization to suppress 1/f noise and offset. A measurement with the proposed system takes only 20 ms, approximately 50× faster than conventional frequency domain analysis. A corresponding time domain temperature correction technique is also presented and shown to be able to remove temperature dependence from the measured signal without extra measurements or reference sensors. Measurements demonstrate detection of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) at a signal level as low as 6.92 ppm. The small form factor enables the proposed platform to be portable as well as having high sensitivity and rapid readout, desirable features for next generation diagnostic systems, especially in point-of-care (POC) settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunglok Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Drew A Hall
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Chengyang Yao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jung-Rok Lee
- Division of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chin C Ooi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Daniel J B Bechstein
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Shan X Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
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15
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Magnetization Manipulation of a Flexible Magnetic Sensor by Controlled Stress Application. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15765. [PMID: 30361479 PMCID: PMC6202418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spin-based electronic devices on polymer substrates have been intensively investigated because of several advantages in terms of weight, thickness, and flexibility, compared to rigid substrates. So far, most studies have focused on maintaining the functionality of devices with minimum degradation against mechanical deformation, as induced by stretching and bending of flexible devices. Here, we applied repetitive bending stress on a flexible magnetic layer and a spin-valve structure composed of Ta/NiFe/CoFe/Cu/Ni/IrMn/Ta on a polyimide (PI) substrate. It is found that the anisotropy can be enhanced or weakened depending upon the magnetostrictive properties under stress. In the flat state after bending, due to residual compressive stress, the magnetic anisotropy of the positive magnetostrictive free layer is weakened while that of the pinned layer with negative magnetostriction is enhanced. Thus, the magnetic configuration of the spin-valve is appropriate for use as a sensor. Through the bending process, we design a prototype magnetic sensor cell array and successfully show a sensing capability by detecting magnetic microbeads. This attempt demonstrates that appropriate control of stress, induced by repetitive bending of flexible magnetic layers, can be effectively used to modify the magnetic configurations for the magnetic sensor.
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16
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Antarnusa G, Elda Swastika P, Suharyadi E. Wheatstone bridge-giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors based on Co/Cu multilayers for bio-detection applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1011/1/012061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Black N, Daiki T, Matsushita MM, Woollins JD, Awaga K, Robertson N. Giant negative magnetoresistance in Ni(quinoline-8-selenoate)2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:514-519. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06273g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ni(qs)2 shows giant negative magnetoresistance as a powder sample, attributed to S = 1 magnetic properties arising from a chain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Black
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews
- UK
| | - Tonouchi Daiki
- Research Centre for Materials Sciences & Department of Chemistry
- Nagoya University Furo-cho
- Chikusa
- Japan
| | - Michio M. Matsushita
- Research Centre for Materials Sciences & Department of Chemistry
- Nagoya University Furo-cho
- Chikusa
- Japan
| | | | - Kunio Awaga
- Research Centre for Materials Sciences & Department of Chemistry
- Nagoya University Furo-cho
- Chikusa
- Japan
| | - Neil Robertson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh
- UK
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18
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Nabaei V, Chandrawati R, Heidari H. Magnetic biosensors: Modelling and simulation. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 103:69-86. [PMID: 29278815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, magnetoelectronics has emerged as a promising new platform technology in various biosensors for detection, identification, localisation and manipulation of a wide spectrum of biological, physical and chemical agents. The methods are based on the exposure of the magnetic field of a magnetically labelled biomolecule interacting with a complementary biomolecule bound to a magnetic field sensor. This Review presents various schemes of magnetic biosensor techniques from both simulation and modelling as well as analytical and numerical analysis points of view, and the performance variations under magnetic fields at steady and nonstationary states. This is followed by magnetic sensors modelling and simulations using advanced Multiphysics modelling software (e.g. Finite Element Method (FEM) etc.) and home-made developed tools. Furthermore, outlook and future directions of modelling and simulations of magnetic biosensors in different technologies and materials are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Nabaei
- Microelectronics Lab, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rona Chandrawati
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hadi Heidari
- Microelectronics Lab, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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19
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Shevtsov M, Zhao L, Protzer U, van de Klundert MAA. Applicability of Metal Nanoparticles in the Detection and Monitoring of Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9070193. [PMID: 28753992 PMCID: PMC5537685 DOI: 10.3390/v9070193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) can lead to liver failure and can cause liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Reliable means for detecting and monitoring HBV infection are essential to identify patients in need of therapy and to prevent HBV transmission. Nanomaterials with defined electrical, optical, and mechanical properties have been developed to detect and quantify viral antigens. In this review, we discuss the challenges in applying nanoparticles to HBV antigen detection and in realizing the bio-analytical potential of such nanoparticles. We discuss recent developments in generating detection platforms based on gold and iron oxide nanoparticles. Such platforms increase biological material detection efficiency by the targeted capture and concentration of HBV antigens, but the unique properties of nanoparticles can also be exploited for direct, sensitive, and specific antigen detection. We discuss several studies that show that nanomaterial-based platforms enable ultrasensitive HBV antigen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Shevtsov
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technischen Universität München (TUM), Ismaniger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave., 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Center for Environmental Health, Trogerstr. 30, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Center for Environmental Health, Trogerstr. 30, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Maarten A A van de Klundert
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Center for Environmental Health, Trogerstr. 30, 81675 Munich, Germany.
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20
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Lin G, Makarov D, Schmidt OG. Magnetic sensing platform technologies for biomedical applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1884-1912. [PMID: 28485417 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00026j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Detection and quantification of a variety of micro- and nanoscale entities, e.g. molecules, cells, and particles, are crucial components of modern biomedical research, in which biosensing platform technologies play a vital role. Confronted with the drastic global demographic changes, future biomedical research entails continuous development of new-generation biosensing platforms targeting even lower costs, more compactness, and higher throughput, sensitivity and selectivity. Among a wide choice of fundamental biosensing principles, magnetic sensing technologies enabled by magnetic field sensors and magnetic particles offer attractive advantages. The key features of a magnetic sensing format include the use of commercially available magnetic field sensing elements, e.g. magnetoresistive sensors which bear huge potential for compact integration, a magnetic field sensing mechanism which is free from interference by complex biomedical samples, and an additional degree of freedom for the on-chip handling of biochemical species rendered by magnetic labels. In this review, we highlight the historical basis, routes, recent advances and applications of magnetic biosensing platform technologies based on magnetoresistive sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gungun Lin
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholzstr. 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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21
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Neumann RF, Engel M, Steiner M. Two dimensional, electronic particle tracking in liquids with a graphene-based magnetic sensor array. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:13652-13658. [PMID: 27366868 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr03434a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The investigation and control of liquid flow at the nanometer scale is a key area of applied research with high relevance to physics, chemistry, and biology. We introduce a method and a device that allows the spatial resolution of liquid flow by integrating an array of graphene-based magnetic (Hall) sensors that is used for tracking the movement of magnetic nanoparticles immersed in a liquid under investigation. With a novel device concept based on standard integration processes and experimentally verified material parameters, we numerically simulate the performance of a single sensor pixel, as well as the whole sensor array, for tracking magnetic nanoparticles having typical properties. The results demonstrate that the device enables (a) the detection of individual nanoparticles in the liquid with high accuracy and (b) the reconstruction of a particle's flow-driven trajectory across the integrated sensor array with sub-pixel precision as a function of time, in what we call the "Magnetic nanoparticle velocimetry" technique. Since the method does not rely on optical detection, potential lab-on-chip applications include particle tracking and flow analysis in opaque media at the sub-micron scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo F Neumann
- IBM Research, Av. Pasteur 138 & 146, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, Brazil.
| | - Michael Engel
- IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, New York, 10598, USA
| | - Mathias Steiner
- IBM Research, Av. Pasteur 138 & 146, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, Brazil.
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22
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Ng E, Nadeau KC, Wang SX. Giant magnetoresistive sensor array for sensitive and specific multiplexed food allergen detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 80:359-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Reeves DB, Shi Y, Weaver JB. Generalized Scaling and the Master Variable for Brownian Magnetic Nanoparticle Dynamics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150856. [PMID: 26959493 PMCID: PMC4784917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of magnetic particles can help to advance several biomedical nanotechnologies. Previously, scaling relationships have been used in magnetic spectroscopy of nanoparticle Brownian motion (MSB) to measure biologically relevant properties (e.g., temperature, viscosity, bound state) surrounding nanoparticles in vivo. Those scaling relationships can be generalized with the introduction of a master variable found from non-dimensionalizing the dynamical Langevin equation. The variable encapsulates the dynamical variables of the surroundings and additionally includes the particles' size distribution and moment and the applied field's amplitude and frequency. From an applied perspective, the master variable allows tuning to an optimal MSB biosensing sensitivity range by manipulating both frequency and field amplitude. Calculation of magnetization harmonics in an oscillating applied field is also possible with an approximate closed-form solution in terms of the master variable and a single free parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Reeves
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755 United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yipeng Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755 United States of America
| | - John B. Weaver
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755 United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, 03755 United States of America
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24
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Araujo JFDF, Bruno AC, Louro SRW. Versatile magnetometer assembly for characterizing magnetic properties of nanoparticles. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:105103. [PMID: 26520980 DOI: 10.1063/1.4931989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We constructed a versatile magnetometer assembly for characterizing iron oxide nanoparticles. The magnetometer can be operated at room temperature or inside a cryocooler at temperatures as low as 6 K. The magnetometer's sensor can be easily exchanged and different detection electronics can be used. We tested the assembly with a non-cryogenic commercial Hall sensor and a benchtop multimeter in a four-wire resistance measurement scheme. A magnetic moment sensitivity of 8.5 × 10(-8) Am(2) was obtained with this configuration. To illustrate the capability of the assembly, we synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles coated with different amounts of a triblock copolymer, Pluronic F-127, and characterized their magnetic properties. We determined that the polymer coating does not affect the magnetization of the particles at room temperature and demonstrates that it is possible to estimate the average size of coating layers from measurements of the magnetic field of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F D F Araujo
- Department of Physics, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, Brazil
| | - A C Bruno
- Department of Physics, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, Brazil
| | - S R W Louro
- Department of Physics, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, Brazil
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25
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Bechstein DJB, Lee JR, Ooi CC, Gani AW, Kim K, Wilson RJ, Wang SX. High performance wash-free magnetic bioassays through microfluidically enhanced particle specificity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11693. [PMID: 26123868 PMCID: PMC4485157 DOI: 10.1038/srep11693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic biosensors have emerged as a sensitive and versatile platform for high performance medical diagnostics. These magnetic biosensors require well-tailored magnetic particles as detection probes, which need to give rise to a large and specific biological signal while showing very low nonspecific binding. This is especially important in wash-free bioassay protocols, which do not require removal of particles before measurement, often a necessity in point of care diagnostics. Here we show that magnetic interactions between magnetic particles and magnetized sensors dramatically impact particle transport and magnetic adhesion to the sensor surfaces. We investigate the dynamics of magnetic particles’ biomolecular binding and magnetic adhesion to the sensor surface using microfluidic experiments. We elucidate how flow forces can inhibit magnetic adhesion, greatly diminishing or even eliminating nonspecific signals in wash-free magnetic bioassays, and enhancing signal to noise ratios by several orders of magnitude. Our method is useful for selecting and optimizing magnetic particles for a wide range of magnetic sensor platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert J Wilson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Address for all: Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Shan X Wang
- 1] Department of Electrical Engineering [2] Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Address for all: Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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26
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Shirzadfar H, Nadi M, Kourtiche D, Yamada S, Hauet T. Needle-type GMR sensor to estimate the magnetic properties of diluted ferrofluid for biomedicine application. Ing Rech Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Devkota J, Kokkinis G, Berris T, Jamalieh M, Cardoso S, Cardoso F, Srikanth H, Phan MH, Giouroudi I. A novel approach for detection and quantification of magnetic nanomarkers using a spin valve GMR-integrated microfluidic sensor. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09365a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the application of a spin valve giant magneto-resistance (GMR) integrated microfluidic sensor for the detection and quantification of superparamagnetic nanomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Devkota
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems
- Vienna University of Technology
- Austria
- Department of Physics
- University of South Florida
| | - G. Kokkinis
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems
- Vienna University of Technology
- Austria
| | - T. Berris
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems
- Vienna University of Technology
- Austria
| | - M. Jamalieh
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems
- Vienna University of Technology
- Austria
| | - S. Cardoso
- INESC Microsistemas y Nanotecnologias
- Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - F. Cardoso
- INESC Microsistemas y Nanotecnologias
- Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - H. Srikanth
- Department of Physics
- University of South Florida
- USA
| | - M. H. Phan
- Department of Physics
- University of South Florida
- USA
| | - I. Giouroudi
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems
- Vienna University of Technology
- Austria
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28
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Yao CY, Fu WL. Biosensors for hepatitis B virus detection. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:12485-12492. [PMID: 25253948 PMCID: PMC4168081 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i35.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A biosensor is an analytical device used for the detection of analytes, which combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector. Recently, an increasing number of biosensors have been used in clinical research, for example, the blood glucose biosensor. This review focuses on the current state of biosensor research with respect to efficient, specific and rapid detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV). The biosensors developed based on different techniques, including optical methods (e.g., surface plasmon resonance), acoustic wave technologies (e.g., quartz crystal microbalance), electrochemistry (amperometry, voltammetry and impedance) and novel nanotechnology, are also discussed.
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29
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Issadore D, Park YI, Shao H, Min C, Lee K, Liong M, Weissleder R, Lee H. Magnetic sensing technology for molecular analyses. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2385-97. [PMID: 24887807 PMCID: PMC4098149 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00314d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic biosensors, based on nanomaterials and miniature electronics, have emerged as a powerful diagnostic platform. Benefiting from the inherently negligible magnetic background of biological objects, magnetic detection is highly selective even in complex biological media. The sensing thus requires minimal sample purification and yet achieves a high signal-to-background contrast. Moreover, magnetic sensors are also well-suited for miniaturization to match the size of biological targets, which enables sensitive detection of rare cells and small amounts of molecular markers. We herein summarize recent advances in magnetic sensing technologies, with an emphasis on clinical applications in point-of-care settings. Key components of sensors, including magnetic nanomaterials, labeling strategies and magnetometry, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Issadore
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Y. I. Park
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - H. Shao
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - C. Min
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - K. Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - M. Liong
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - R. Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - H. Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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30
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Analysis of the distribution of magnetic fluid inside tumors by a giant magnetoresistance probe. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81227. [PMID: 24312280 PMCID: PMC3843682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) therapy uses the magnetic component of electromagnetic fields in the radiofrequency spectrum to couple energy to magnetic nanoparticles inside tumors. In MFH therapy, magnetic fluid is injected into tumors and an alternating current (AC) magnetic flux is applied to heat the magnetic fluid- filled tumor. If the temperature can be maintained at the therapeutic threshold of 42°C for 30 minutes or more, the tumor cells can be destroyed. Analyzing the distribution of the magnetic fluid injected into tumors prior to the heating step in MFH therapy is an essential criterion for homogenous heating of tumors, since a decision can then be taken on the strength and localization of the applied external AC magnetic flux density needed to destroy the tumor without affecting healthy cells. This paper proposes a methodology for analyzing the distribution of magnetic fluid in a tumor by a specifically designed giant magnetoresistance (GMR) probe prior to MFH heat treatment. Experimental results analyzing the distribution of magnetic fluid suggest that different magnetic fluid weight densities could be estimated inside a single tumor by the GMR probe.
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31
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Giouroudi I, Keplinger F. Microfluidic biosensing systems using magnetic nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:18535-56. [PMID: 24022689 PMCID: PMC3794794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140918535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been rapidly growing interest in developing hand held, sensitive and cost-effective on-chip biosensing systems that directly translate the presence of certain bioanalytes (e.g., biomolecules, cells and viruses) into an electronic signal. The impressive and rapid progress in micro- and nanotechnology as well as in biotechnology enables the integration of a variety of analytical functions in a single chip. All necessary sample handling and analysis steps are then performed within the chip. Microfluidic systems for biomedical analysis usually consist of a set of units, which guarantees the manipulation, detection and recognition of bioanalytes in a reliable and flexible manner. Additionally, the use of magnetic fields for performing the aforementioned tasks has been steadily gaining interest. This is because magnetic fields can be well tuned and applied either externally or from a directly integrated solution in the biosensing system. In combination with these applied magnetic fields, magnetic nanoparticles are utilized. Some of the merits of magnetic nanoparticles are the possibility of manipulating them inside microfluidic channels by utilizing high gradient magnetic fields, their detection by integrated magnetic microsensors, and their flexibility due to functionalization by means of surface modification and specific binding. Their multi-functionality is what makes them ideal candidates as the active component in miniaturized on-chip biosensing systems. In this review, focus will be given to the type of biosening systems that use microfluidics in combination with magnetoresistive sensors and detect the presence of bioanalyte tagged with magnetic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Giouroudi
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse 27-29/366-ISS, Vienna 1040, Austria.
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32
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Liu PP, Skucha K, Duan Y, Megens M, Kim J, Izyumin II, Gambini S, Boser B. Magnetic Relaxation Detector for Microbead Labels. IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS 2012; 47:1056-1064. [PMID: 25308988 PMCID: PMC4190853 DOI: 10.1109/jssc.2012.2185339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A compact and robust magnetic label detector for biomedical assays is implemented in 0.18-μm CMOS. Detection relies on the magnetic relaxation signature of a microbead label for improved tolerance to environmental variations and relaxed dynamic range requirement, eliminating the need for baseline calibration and reference sensors. The device includes embedded electromagnets to eliminate external magnets and reduce power dissipation. Correlated double sampling combined with offset servo loops and magnetic field modulation, suppresses the detector offset to sub-μT. Single 4.5-μm magnetic beads are detected in 16 ms with a probability of error <0.1%.
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33
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Xiaolian Sun, Don Ho, Lacroix LM, Xiao JQ, Shouheng Sun. Magnetic Nanoparticles for Magnetoresistance-Based Biodetection. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2012; 11:46-53. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2011.2176509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Freitas PP, Cardoso FA, Martins VC, Martins SAM, Loureiro J, Amaral J, Chaves RC, Cardoso S, Fonseca LP, Sebastião AM, Pannetier-Lecoeur M, Fermon C. Spintronic platforms for biomedical applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:546-557. [PMID: 22146898 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20791a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Since the fundamental discovery of the giant magnetoresistance many spintronic devices have been developed and implemented in our daily life (e.g. information storage and automotive industry). Lately, advances in the sensors technology (higher sensitivity, smaller size) have potentiated other applications, namely in the biological area, leading to the emergence of novel biomedical platforms. In particular the investigation of spintronics and its application to the development of magnetoresistive (MR) biomolecular and biomedical platforms are giving rise to a new class of biomedical diagnostic devices, suitable for bench top bioassays as well as point-of-care and point-of-use devices. Herein, integrated spintronic biochip platforms for diagnostic and cytometric applications, hybrid systems incorporating magnetoresistive sensors applied to neuroelectronic studies and biomedical imaging, namely magneto-encephalography and magneto-cardiography, are reviewed. Also lab-on-a-chip MR-based platforms to perform biological studies at the single molecule level are discussed. Overall the potential and main characteristics of such MR-based biomedical devices, comparing to the existing technologies while giving particular examples of targeted applications, are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Freitas
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores-Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias, Rua Alves Redol, 9, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal
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35
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Zhu J, Zhang X, Haldolaarachchige N, Wang Q, Luo Z, Ryu J, Young DP, Wei S, Guo Z. Polypyrrole metacomposites with different carbon nanostructures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm14020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Liu P, Skucha K, Megens M, Boser B. A CMOS Hall-Effect Sensor for the Characterization and Detection of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS 2011; 47:3449-3451. [PMID: 25308989 PMCID: PMC4190849 DOI: 10.1109/tmag.2011.2158600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A CMOS Hall-effect sensor chip designed for the characterization and detection of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) achieves over three orders of magnitude better temporal resolution than prior solutions based on superconducting quantum interference devices and fluxgate sensors. The sensor relies on wires embedded in the chip to generate a local magnetizing field that is switched OFF rapidly to observe the relaxation field of the MNPs. The CMOS sensor chip, with integrated high-speed readout electronics, occupies 6.25 mm2. It can be easily integrated with microfluidics and is suitable for lab-on-a-chip and point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Karl Skucha
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Mischa Megens
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Bernhard Boser
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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37
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Chi X, Huang D, Zhao Z, Zhou Z, Yin Z, Gao J. Nanoprobes for in vitro diagnostics of cancer and infectious diseases. Biomaterials 2011; 33:189-206. [PMID: 21959007 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The successful and explosive development of nanotechnology is significantly impacting the fields of biology and medicine. Among the spectacular developments of nanobiotechnology, interest has grown in the use of nanomaterials as nanoprobes for bioanalysis and diagnosis. Herein, we review state-of-the-art nanomaterial-based probes and discuss their applications in in vitro diagnostics (IVD) and challenges in bringing these fields together. Major classes of nanoprobes include quantum dots (QDs), plasmonic nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, and multifunctional nanomaterials. With the advantages of high volume/surface ratio, surface tailorability, multifunctionality, and intrinsic properties, nanoprobes have tremendous applications in the areas of biomarker discovery, diagnostics of infectious diseases, and cancer detection. The distinguishing features of nanoprobes for in vitro use, such as harmlessness, ultrasensitivity, multiplicity, and point-of-care use, will bring a bright future of nanodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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38
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Mönch I, Makarov D, Koseva R, Baraban L, Karnaushenko D, Kaiser C, Arndt KF, Schmidt OG. Rolled-up magnetic sensor: nanomembrane architecture for in-flow detection of magnetic objects. ACS NANO 2011; 5:7436-42. [PMID: 21861498 DOI: 10.1021/nn202351j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Detection and analysis of magnetic nanoobjects is a crucial task in modern diagnostic and therapeutic techniques applied to medicine and biology. Accomplishment of this task calls for the development and implementation of electronic elements directly in fluidic channels, which still remains an open and nontrivial issue. Here, we present a novel concept based on rolled-up nanotechnology for fabrication of multifunctional devices, which can be straightforwardly integrated into existing fluidic architectures. We apply strain engineering to roll-up a functional nanomembrane consisting of a magnetic sensor element based on [Py/Cu](30) multilayers, revealing giant magnetoresistance (GMR). The comparison of the sensor's characteristics before and after the roll-up process is found to be similar, allowing for a reliable and predictable method to fabricate high-quality ultracompact GMR devices. The performance of the rolled-up magnetic sensor was optimized to achieve high sensitivity to weak magnetic fields. We demonstrate that the rolled-up tube itself can be efficiently used as a fluidic channel, while the integrated magnetic sensor provides an important functionality to detect and respond to a magnetic field. The performance of the rolled-up magnetic sensor for the in-flow detection of ferromagnetic CrO(2) nanoparticles embedded in a biocompatible polymeric hydrogel shell is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingolf Mönch
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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39
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Miyauchi M, Simmons TJ, Miao J, Gagner JE, Shriver ZH, Aich U, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Electrospun polyvinylpyrrolidone fibers with high concentrations of ferromagnetic and superparamagnetic nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:1958-1964. [PMID: 21561090 DOI: 10.1021/am200187x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrospun polymer fibers were prepared containing mixtures of different proportions of ferromagnetic and superparamagnetic nanoparticles. The magnetic properties of these fibers were then explored using a superconducting quantum interference device. Mixed superparamagnetic/ferromagnetic fibers were examined for mesoscale magnetic exchange coupling, which was not observed as theoretically predicted. This study includes some of the highest magnetic nanoparticle loadings (up to 50 wt%) and the highest magnetization values (≈ 25 emu/g) in an electrospun fiber to date and also demonstrates a novel mixed superparamagnetic/ferromagnetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Miyauchi
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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40
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GMR sensors: magnetoresistive behaviour optimization for biological detection by means of superparamagnetic nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:3705-9. [PMID: 21382706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An immunomagnetic method for the selective and quantitative detection of biological species by means of a magnetoresistive biosensor and superparamagnetic particles has been optimized. In order to achieve this, a giant magnetoresistive [Co (5.10nm)/Cu (2.47 nm)](20) multilayer structure has been chosen as the sensitive material, showing a magnetoresistance of 3.60% at 215 Oe and a sensitivity up to 0.19 Ω/Oe between 145 Oe and 350 Oe. The outward gold surface of the sensor is biofunctionalized with a Self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM). In addition, three different types of magnetic labels have been tested. 2 μm diameter magnetic carriers (7.68 pg ferrite/particle) have shown the best response and they have induced a shift in the magnetoresistive hysteresis loops up to 9% at 175 Oe.
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41
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Beveridge JS, Stephens JR, Williams ME. The use of magnetic nanoparticles in analytical chemistry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2011; 4:251-73. [PMID: 21417723 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061010-114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles uniquely combine superparamagnetic behavior with dimensions that are smaller than or the same size as molecular analytes. The integration of magnetic nanoparticles with analytical methods has opened new avenues for sensing, purification, and quantitative analysis. Applied magnetic fields can be used to control the motion and properties of magnetic nanoparticles; in analytical chemistry, use of magnetic fields provides methods for manipulating and analyzing species at the molecular level. In this review, we describe applications of magnetic nanoparticles to analyte handling, chemical sensors, and imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Beveridge
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16803, USA.
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42
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Aledealat K, Mihajlović G, Chen K, Field M, Sullivan GJ, Xiong P, Chase PB, von Molnár S. Dynamic micro-Hall detection of superparamagnetic beads in a microfluidic channel. JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS 2010; 322:L69-L72. [PMID: 21655331 PMCID: PMC3108004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We report integration of an InAs quantum well micro-Hall magnetic sensor with microfluidics and real-time detection of moving superparamagnetic beads. Beads moving within and around the Hall cross area result in positive and negative Hall voltage signals respectively. Relative magnitudes and polarities of the signals measured for a random distribution of immobilized beads over the sensor are in good agreement with calculated values and explain consistently the shape of the dynamic signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aledealat
- Department of Physics and MARTECH, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
- Corresponding author. (K. Aledealat)
| | - G Mihajlović
- San Jose Research Center, Hitachi Global Storage Technologies, San Jose CA, 95135, United States
| | - K Chen
- Department of Physics and MARTECH, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - M Field
- Teledyne Scientific Company LLC, Thousand Oaks, CA 90360, United States
| | - G J Sullivan
- Teledyne Scientific Company LLC, Thousand Oaks, CA 90360, United States
| | - P Xiong
- Department of Physics and MARTECH, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
- Integrative NanoScience Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - P B Chase
- Integrative NanoScience Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - S von Molnár
- Department of Physics and MARTECH, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
- Integrative NanoScience Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
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43
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Haun JB, Yoon TJ, Lee H, Weissleder R. Magnetic nanoparticle biosensors. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 2:291-304. [PMID: 20336708 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in medicine is the rapid and accurate measurement of protein biomarkers, cells, and pathogens in biological samples. A number of new diagnostic platforms have recently been developed to measure biomolecules and cells with high sensitivity that could enable early disease detection or provide valuable insights into biology at the systems level. Most biological samples exhibit negligible magnetic susceptibility; therefore, magnetic nanoparticles have been used for diverse applications including biosensing, magnetic separation, and thermal ablation therapy. This review focuses on the use of magnetic nanoparticles for detection of biomolecules and cells based on magnetic resonance effects using a general detection platform termed diagnostic magnetic resonance (DMR). DMR technology encompasses numerous assay configurations and sensing principles, and to date magnetic nanoparticle biosensors have been designed to detect a wide range of targets including DNA/mRNA, proteins, enzymes, drugs, pathogens, and tumor cells. The core principle behind DMR is the use of magnetic nanoparticles as proximity sensors that modulate the spin-spin relaxation time of neighboring water molecules, which can be quantified using clinical MRI scanners or benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometers. Recently, the capabilities of DMR technology were advanced considerably with the development of miniaturized, chip-based NMR (microNMR) detector systems that are capable of performing highly sensitive measurements on microliter sample volumes and in multiplexed format. With these and future advances in mind, DMR biosensor technology holds considerable promise to provide a high-throughput, low-cost, and portable platform for large scale molecular and cellular screening in clinical and point-of-care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jered B Haun
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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44
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Djamal M. Biosensor Based on Giant Magnetoresistance Material. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF E-HEALTH AND MEDICAL COMMUNICATIONS 2010. [DOI: 10.4018/jehmc.2010070101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors have shown a great potential as sensing elements for biomolecule detection. The resistance of a GMR sensor changes with the magnetic field applied to the sensor, so that a magnetically labeled biomolecule can induce a signal. Compared with the traditional optical detection that is widely used in biomedicine, GMR sensors are more sensitive, portable, and give a fully electronic readout. In addition, GMR sensors are inexpensive and the fabrication is compatible with the current VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology. In this regard, GMR sensors can be easily integrated with electronics and microfluidics to detect many different analytes on a single chip. In this article, the authors demonstrate a comprehensive review on a novel approach in biosensors based on GMR material.
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45
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Magnetic biosensor technologies for medical applications: a review. Med Biol Eng Comput 2010; 48:977-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-010-0649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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46
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Hall DA, Wang SX, Murmann B, Gaster RS. Portable Biomarker Detection with Magnetic Nanotags. THE ... MIDWEST SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : MWSCAS. MIDWEST SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2010:1779-1782. [PMID: 22495252 DOI: 10.1109/iscas.2010.5537639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a hand-held, portable biosensor platform for quantitative biomarker measurement. By combining magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) tags with giant magnetoresistive (GMR) spin-valve sensors, the hand-held platform achieves highly sensitive (picomolar) and specific biomarker detection in less than 20 minutes. The rapid analysis and potential low cost make this technology ideal for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Furthermore, this platform is able to detect multiple biomarkers simultaneously in a single assay, creating a promising diagnostic tool for a vast number of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew A Hall
- Stanford University Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford, CA, USA {drewhall, sxwang, murmann}@stanford.edu
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47
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Abstract
A highly sensitive biodetection technology using nanomagnetic sensors and magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) was developed. Absorption of magnetic NPs by the hybridized DNA alters the sensor resistance and generated electrical signals that can be directly measured with the off-die or on-die circuitry. Assays with DNA concentration down to sub-10 pM with a dynamic range of three orders of magnitude were demonstrated. The proposed biochip can be applied to other bioreaction detections, for example, protein assay, through different surface modifications.
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48
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Shao H, Yoon TJ, Liong M, Weissleder R, Lee H. Magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical NMR-based diagnostics. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 1:142-54. [PMID: 21977404 PMCID: PMC3045933 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate measurements of protein biomarkers, pathogens and cells in biological samples could provide useful information for early disease diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and design of personalized medicine. In general, biological samples have only negligible magnetic susceptibility. Thus, using magnetic nanoparticles for biosensing not only enhances sensitivity but also effectively reduces sample preparation needs. This review focuses on the use of magnetic nanoparticles for in vitro detection of biomolecules and cells based on magnetic resonance effects. This detection platform, termed diagnostic magnetic resonance (DMR), exploits magnetic nanoparticles as proximity sensors, which modulate the spin-spin relaxation time of water molecules surrounding molecularly-targeted nanoparticles. By developing more effective magnetic nanoparticle biosensors, DMR detection limits for various target moieties have been considerably improved over the last few years. Already, a library of magnetic nanoparticles has been developed, in which a wide range of targets, including DNA/mRNA, proteins, small molecules/drugs, bacteria, and tumor cells, have been quantified. More recently, the capabilities of DMR technology have been further advanced with new developments such as miniaturized nuclear magnetic resonance detectors, better magnetic nanoparticles and novel conjugational methods. These developments have enabled parallel and sensitive measurements to be made from small volume samples. Thus, the DMR technology is a highly attractive platform for portable, low-cost, and efficient biomolecular detection within a biomedical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Shao
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, U.S.A
| | - Tae-Jong Yoon
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, U.S.A
- Department of Applied Bioscience, CHA University, Seoul 135-081, Korea
| | - Monty Liong
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, U.S.A
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, U.S.A
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Av, Alpert 536, Boston, MA 02115, U.S.A
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, U.S.A
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49
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Matrix-insensitive protein assays push the limits of biosensors in medicine. Nat Med 2009; 15:1327-32. [PMID: 19820717 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Advances in biosensor technologies for in vitro diagnostics have the potential to transform the practice of medicine. Despite considerable work in the biosensor field, there is still no general sensing platform that can be ubiquitously applied to detect the constellation of biomolecules in diverse clinical samples (for example, serum, urine, cell lysates or saliva) with high sensitivity and large linear dynamic range. A major limitation confounding other technologies is signal distortion that occurs in various matrices due to heterogeneity in ionic strength, pH, temperature and autofluorescence. Here we present a magnetic nanosensor technology that is matrix insensitive yet still capable of rapid, multiplex protein detection with resolution down to attomolar concentrations and extensive linear dynamic range. The matrix insensitivity of our platform to various media demonstrates that our magnetic nanosensor technology can be directly applied to a variety of settings such as molecular biology, clinical diagnostics and biodefense.
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50
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Manandhar P, Chen KS, Aledealat K, Mihajlović G, Yun CS, Field M, Sullivan GJ, Strouse GF, Chase PB, von Molnár S, Xiong P. The detection of specific biomolecular interactions with micro-Hall magnetic sensors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:355501. [PMID: 19671978 PMCID: PMC3124309 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/35/355501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The detection of reagent-free specific biomolecular interactions through sensing of nanoscopic magnetic labels provides one of the most promising routes to biosensing with solid-state devices. In particular, Hall sensors based on semiconductor heterostructures have shown exceptional magnetic moment sensitivity over a large dynamic field range suitable for magnetic biosensing using superparamagnetic labels. Here we demonstrate the capability of such micro-Hall sensors to detect specific molecular binding using biotin-streptavidin as a model system. We apply dip-pen nanolithography to selectively biotinylate the active areas of InAs micro-Hall devices with nanoscale precision. Specific binding of complementarily functionalized streptavidin-coated superparamagnetic beads to the Hall crosses occurs via molecular recognition, and magnetic detection of the assembled beads is achieved at room temperature using phase sensitive micro-Hall magnetometry. The experiment constitutes the first unambiguous demonstration of magnetic detection of specific biomolecular interactions with semiconductor micro-Hall sensors, and the selective molecular functionalization and resulting localized bead assembly demonstrate the possibility of multiplexed sensing of multiple target molecules using a single device with an array of micro-Hall sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Manandhar
- Department of Physics and MARTECH, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Kan-Sheng Chen
- Department of Physics and MARTECH, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Khaled Aledealat
- Department of Physics and MARTECH, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Goran Mihajlović
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - C. Steven Yun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Mark Field
- Teledyne Scientific Company LLC, Thousand Oaks, California 90360
| | | | - Geoffrey F. Strouse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
- Integrative NanoScience Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - P. Bryant Chase
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
- Integrative NanoScience Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Stephan von Molnár
- Department of Physics and MARTECH, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
- Integrative NanoScience Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Peng Xiong
- Department of Physics and MARTECH, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
- Integrative NanoScience Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
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