1
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Gutiérrez-Gálvez L, El Hajioui-El Ghalbzouri H, Enebral-Romero E, Garrido M, Naranjo A, López-Diego D, Luna M, Pérez EM, García-Mendiola T, Lorenzo E. Rapid and simple viral protein detection by functionalized 2D MoS 2/graphene electrochemiluminescence aptasensor. Talanta 2024; 276:126293. [PMID: 38788383 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
In this work we present the development of an electrochemiluminescence aptasensor based on electrografting molybdenum disulphide nanosheets functionalized with diazonium salt (MoS2-N2+) upon screen-printed electrodes of graphene (SPEs GPH) for viral proteins detection. In brief, this aptasensor consists of SPEs GPH electrografted with MoS2-N2+ and modified with a thiolated aptamer, which can specifically recognize the target protein analyte. In this case, we have used SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as model protein. Electrochemiluminescence detection was performed by using the [Ru(bpy)3]2+/TPRA (tripropylamine) system, which allows the specific detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein easily and rapidly with a detection limit of 9.74 fg/mL and a linear range from 32.5 fg/mL to 50.0 pg/mL. Moreover, the applicability of the aptasensor has been confirmed by the detection of the protein directly in human saliva samples. Comparing our device with a traditional saliva antigen test, our aptasensor can detect the spike protein even when the saliva antigen test gives a negative result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gutiérrez-Gálvez
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Estefanía Enebral-Romero
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA-Nanociencia, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Garrido
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Naranjo
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - David López-Diego
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Luna
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio M Pérez
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania García-Mendiola
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain; Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Encarnación Lorenzo
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA-Nanociencia, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain; Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Zhang X, Bai Y, Liu S, Yang J, Hu N. Electrokinetic Nanorod Translocation through a Dual-Nanopipette. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:24050-24059. [PMID: 38854563 PMCID: PMC11154894 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Glass nanopipettes, as important sensing tools, have attracted great interest due to their wide range of applications in detecting single molecules, nanoparticles, and cells. In this study, we investigated the translocation behavior of nanorod particles through dual-nanopipettes using a transient continuum-based model based on an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian approach. Our findings indicate that the translocation of nanorods is slowed down in the dual-nanopipette system, especially in the dual-nanopipette system with a nanobridge. These results are in qualitative agreement with previous experimental findings reported in the literature. Additionally, the translocation of nanorods is influenced by factors such as bulk concentration, initial location of the nanorod, and surface charge of the nanopipette. Notably, when the surface charge density of the nanopipette is relatively high and the initial location of the nanorod is in the reservoir, the nanorod can hardly enter the nanopipette, resulting in a relatively low translocation efficiency. However, the translocation efficiency can be improved by initially positioning the nanorod in one of the barrels. The resulting dual-blockade current signal can be used to correlate the characteristics of the nanorod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhang
- School
of Smart Health, Chongqing College of Electronic
Engineering, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yaqi Bai
- Key
Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education
and Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shiping Liu
- School
of Safety Engineering, Chongqing University
of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education
and Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Ning Hu
- Key
Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education
and Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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3
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Duleba D, Denuga S, Johnson RP. Reproducibility and stability of silane layers in nanoconfined electrochemical systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15452-15460. [PMID: 38747528 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01181c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Organosilanes are commonly utilized to attach bioreceptors to oxide surfaces. The deposition of such silane layers is especially challenging in nanoscale or nanoconfined devices, such as in nanopipettes, since rinsing off loosely bound silanes may not be possible due to geometric constrictions and because the thickness of multilayered silanes can cover or block nanoscale features. Furthermore, in electrochemical devices, the silane layers experience additional perturbations, such as electric migration and electroosmotic force. Despite its importance, there appears to be no consensus in the current literature on the optimal methodology for nanopipette silanization, with significant variations in reported conditions. Herein, we systematically investigate the reproducibility and stability of liquid- and vapor-phase deposited silane layers inside nanopipettes. Electrochemical monitoring of the changing internal silanized surface reveals that vapor-deposited APTES generates surface modifications with the highest reproducibility, while vapor-deposited APTMS generates surface modifications of the highest stability over a 24-hour time period. Practical issues of silanizing nanoconfined systems are highlighted, and the importance of carefully chosen silanization conditions to yield stable and reproducible monolayers is emphasized as an underappreciated aspect in the development of novel nanoscale systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Duleba
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Shekemi Denuga
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Robert P Johnson
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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4
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Takagi T, Kishimoto T, Doi K. Micro- and Nanofluidic pH Sensors Based on Electrodiffusioosmosis. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:698. [PMID: 38930669 PMCID: PMC11205811 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Recently, various kinds of micro- and nanofluidic functional devices have been proposed, where a large surface-to-volume ratio often plays an important role in nanoscale ion transport phenomena. Ionic current analysis methods for ions, molecules, nanoparticles, and biological cells have attracted significant attention. In this study, focusing on ionic current rectification (ICR) caused by the separation of cation and anion transport in nanochannels, we successfully induce electrodiffusioosmosis with concentration differences between protons separated by nanochannels. The proton concentration in sample solutions is quantitatively evaluated in the range from pH 1.68 to 10.01 with a slope of 243 mV/pH at a galvanostatic current of 3 nA. Herein, three types of micro- and nanochannels are proposed to improve the stability and measurement accuracy of the current-voltage characteristics, and the ICR effects on pH analysis are evaluated. It is found that a nanochannel filled with polyethylene glycol exhibits increased impedance and an improved ICR ratio. The present principle is expected to be applicable to various types of ions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kentaro Doi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Aichi, Japan (T.K.)
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5
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Farrell EB, McNeill F, Weiss A, Duleba D, Guiry PJ, Johnson RP. The Detection of Trace Metal Contaminants in Organic Products Using Ion Current Rectifying Quartz Nanopipettes. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6055-6064. [PMID: 38569051 PMCID: PMC11024892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
While ion current rectification (ICR) in aprotic solvent has been fundamentally studied, its application in sensing devices lacks exploration. The development of sensors operable in these solvents is highly beneficial to the chemical industry, where polar aprotic solvents, such as acetonitrile, are widely used. Currently, this industry relies on the use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES) for the detection of metal contamination in organic products. Herein, we present the detection of trace amounts of Pd2+ and Co2+ using ion current rectification, in cyclam-functionalized quartz nanopipettes, with tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEATFB) in MeCN as supporting electrolyte. This methodology is employed to determine the concentration of Pd in organic products, before and after purification by Celite filtration and column chromatography, obtaining comparable results to ICP-MS within minutes and without complex sample preparation. Finite element simulations are used to support our experimental findings, which reveal that the formation of double-junction diodes in the nanopore enables trace detection of these metals, with a significant response from baseline even at picomolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer B. Farrell
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Fionn McNeill
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Alexander Weiss
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Dominik Duleba
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Patrick J. Guiry
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Robert P. Johnson
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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6
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Park KS, Park TI, Lee JE, Hwang SY, Choi A, Pack SP. Aptamers and Nanobodies as New Bioprobes for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostic and Therapeutic System Applications. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:146. [PMID: 38534253 DOI: 10.3390/bios14030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The global challenges posed by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic have underscored the critical importance of innovative and efficient control systems for addressing future pandemics. The most effective way to control the pandemic is to rapidly suppress the spread of the virus through early detection using a rapid, accurate, and easy-to-use diagnostic platform. In biosensors that use bioprobes, the binding affinity of molecular recognition elements (MREs) is the primary factor determining the dynamic range of the sensing platform. Furthermore, the sensitivity relies mainly on bioprobe quality with sufficient functionality. This comprehensive review investigates aptamers and nanobodies recently developed as advanced MREs for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic and therapeutic applications. These bioprobes might be integrated into organic bioelectronic materials and devices, with promising enhanced sensitivity and specificity. This review offers valuable insights into advancing biosensing technologies for infectious disease diagnosis and treatment using aptamers and nanobodies as new bioprobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Sung Park
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-In Park
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Eon Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yeong Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Anna Choi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Pil Pack
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
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7
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Zhang Y, Ma W, Li N, Xu Y, Qi N, Yang M, Hou C, Huo D. Microswimmer-Assisted Dual-Signal Sensor for Multiple Targets in Whole Blood. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17256-17262. [PMID: 37963284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Accurate detection of biomarkers in whole blood is an important aspect of diagnostic testing but remains a challenge due to various interferences. However, using a self-calibrating two-signal strategy offers a solution that can overcome interference caused by experimental and environmental factors. Here, we proposed a novel microswimmer {methylene blue (MB)@ZIF-90@aptamer-HER2/3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)@ZIF-90@aptamer-ER}-dual-signal (electrochemical and fluorescence) homogeneous sensor based on functionalized ZIF nanomaterials for one-step simultaneous detection of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) and estrogen receptor (ER) in whole blood. The proposed one-step ZIF-90 synthesis encapsulates TMB and MB with dual-signal properties. HER2 and ER aptamers adsorbed on MB@ZIF-90/TMB@ZIF-90 function as the gate switches. The microswimmer targets the HER2 and ER with adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-driven motion. When targets are present, aptamers dissociate and reduce the microswimmer's surface negative charge. The microswimmer undergoes attack and decomposition by swimming ATP due to the strong coordination force between ATP and Zn2+, leading to the release of MB and TMB. The negative charges on the surface of indium tin oxide enrich MB and TMB with positive charges, thereby increasing the intensities of electrochemical and fluorescence signals. The detection process was completed within 40 min, and the detection limits for ER and HER2 were 8.1 and 5.7 fg/mL respectively, with a linear range of 0.25-20 pg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Wenhao Ma
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Na Qi
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Mei Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Changjun Hou
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
- National Facility for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Danqun Huo
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bio-perception & Intelligent Information Processing, School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
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8
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Wang XY, Lv J, Wu X, Hong Q, Qian RC. The Modification and Applications of Nanopipettes in Electrochemical Analysis. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300100. [PMID: 37442793 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanopipette, which is fabricated by glasses and possesses a nanoscale pore in the tip, has been proven to be immensely useful in electrochemical analysis. Numerous nanopipette-based sensors have emerged with improved sensitivity, selectivity, ease of use, and miniaturization. In this minireview, we provide an overview of the recent developments of nanopipette-based electrochemical sensors based on different types of nanopipettes, including single-nanopipettes, self-referenced nanopipettes, dual-nanopipettes, and double-barrel nanopipettes. Several important modification materials for nanopipette functionalization are highlighted, such as conductive materials, macromolecular materials, and functional molecules. These materials can improve the sensing performance and targeting specificities of nanopipettes. We also discuss examples of related applications and the future development of nanopipette-based strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials &, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jian Lv
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials &, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xue Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials &, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qin Hong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials &, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ruo-Can Qian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials &, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
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9
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Kaladharan K, Chen KH, Chen PH, Goudar VS, Ishdorj TO, Santra TS, Tseng FG. Dual-clamped One-Pot SERS-based Biosensors for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Using Portable Raman Spectrometer. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2023; 393:134172. [PMID: 37363301 PMCID: PMC10276524 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2023.134172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive diagnostics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is of utmost importance to control the widespread coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) upsurge. This study demonstrated a novel one-pot surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) based immunoassay to detect SARS-CoV-2, without any washing process using a portable Raman spectrometer. The SERS-immune assay was designed using a regular digital versatile disk (DVD) substrate integrated with Raman reporter labeled silver nanoparticles for double clamping effects. The disks were molded to form nanopillar arrays and coated with silver film to enhance the sensitivity of immunoassay. The SERS platform demonstrated a limit of detection (LoD) up to 50 pg mL-1 for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and virus-like-particle (VLP) protein in phosphate buffer saline within a turnaround time of 20 minutes. Moreover, VLP protein spiked in untreated saliva achieved an LoD of 400 pg mL-1, providing a cycle threshold (Ct) value range of 30-32, closer to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results (35-40) and higher than the commercial rapid antigen tests, ranging from 25-28. Therefore, the developed one-pot SERS based biosensor exhibited highly sensitive and rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2, which could be a potential point-of-care platform for early and cost-effective diagnosis of the COVID-19 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kaladharan
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan ROC
| | - Kuan-Hung Chen
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan ROC
| | - Pin-Han Chen
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan ROC
| | - Venkanagouda S Goudar
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan ROC
| | - Tseren-Onolt Ishdorj
- School of Information and Communication Technology, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Mongolia
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan ROC
- Institute of Nano Engineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan ROC
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan ROC
- Frontier Research Centre on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua, University, Taiwan, ROC
- Research Centre for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
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10
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Vaneev AN, Timoshenko RV, Gorelkin PV, Klyachko NL, Erofeev AS. Recent Advances in Nanopore Technology for Copper Detection and Their Potential Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091573. [PMID: 37177118 PMCID: PMC10181076 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, nanopore technology has emerged as a promising technique for the rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of various analytes. In particular, the use of nanopores for the detection of copper ions has attracted considerable attention due to their high sensitivity and selectivity. This review discusses the principles of nanopore technology and its advantages over conventional techniques for copper detection. It covers the different types of nanopores used for copper detection, including biological and synthetic nanopores, and the various mechanisms used to detect copper ions. Furthermore, this review provides an overview of the recent advancements in nanopore technology for copper detection, including the development of new nanopore materials, improvements in signal amplification, and the integration of nanopore technology with other analytical methods for enhanced detection sensitivity and accuracy. Finally, we summarize the extensive applications, current challenges, and future perspectives of using nanopore technology for copper detection, highlighting the need for further research in the field to optimize the performance and applicability of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Vaneev
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Research Laboratory of Biophysics, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman V Timoshenko
- Research Laboratory of Biophysics, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr V Gorelkin
- Research Laboratory of Biophysics, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia L Klyachko
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Erofeev
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Research Laboratory of Biophysics, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", 119049 Moscow, Russia
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