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Goodarzi P, Habibi M, Gorton MW, Walsh K, Tarkesh F, Fuhrig M, Pezeshki A. Dietary Isoleucine and Valine: Effects on Lipid Metabolism and Ureagenesis in Pigs Fed with Protein Restricted Diets. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010089. [PMID: 36677013 PMCID: PMC9861042 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A mixture of valine (Val) and isoleucine (Ile) not only decreases the negative impact of very low protein (VLP) diets on the growth of pigs, but also influences the nitrogen (N) balance and lipid metabolism; however, the underlying pathways are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary Val and Ile on lipogenesis, lipolysis, and ureagenesis under protein restriction. After one week of acclimation, forty three-week-old pigs were randomly assigned to following dietary treatments (n = 8/group) for 5 weeks: positive control (PC): normal protein diet; negative control (NC): VLP diet; HV: NC supplemented with Val; HI: NC supplemented with Ile; and HVI: NC supplemented with both Val and Ile. HVI partially improved the body weight and completely recovered the feed intake (FI) of pigs fed with NC. HVI increased thermal radiation and improved the glucose clearance. HVI had a lower blood triglyceride than PC and blood urea N than NC. NC and HV promoted lipogenesis by increasing the transcript of fatty acid synthase (FAS) in the liver and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in adipose tissue but reducing hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in the liver. HVI reduced the increased rate of lipogenesis induced by the NC group through normalizing the mRNA abundance of hepatic FAS, sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1, and HSL and LPL in adipose tissue. NC, HV, HI, and HVI reduced the ureagenesis by decreasing the protein abundance of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I, ornithine transcarboxylase, and arginosuccinate lyase in the liver. Overall, HVI improved the growth, FI, and glucose clearance, and decreased the rate of lipogenesis induced by VLP diets.
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Habibi M, Shili CN, Sutton J, Goodarzi P, Pezeshki A. Dietary branched-chain amino acids modulate the dynamics of calcium absorption and reabsorption in protein-restricted pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:15. [PMID: 35139926 PMCID: PMC8830008 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00669-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Very low-protein (VLP) diets negatively impact calcium (Ca) metabolism and absorption. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and limiting amino acids (LAA) on Ca digestibility, absorption and reabsorption in pigs fed with VLP diets. Forty-eight piglets were assigned to six treatments: positive control (PC), negative control (NC), and NC containing LAA 25%, LAA 50%, LAA + BCAA 25% (LB25) and LAA + BCAA 50% (LB50) more than recommendations. Results Relative to PC or NC, LB25 and LB50 had higher digestibility of Ca and plasma Ca and phosphorus (P), but lower plasma vitamin D3. LB50 tended to increase vitamin D receptor transcript and protein in the gut, but decreased mRNA or protein abundance of parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R), calbindin 1 (CALB1), cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 and occludin in small intestine. LB50 increased the transcript of cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 and PTH1R but decreased the transcript of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5, CALB1 and solute carrier family 17 member 4 in kidney. Conclusion Overall, BCAA increased Ca digestibility through regulating the transcellular and paracellular Ca absorption in the gut and reabsorption in kidney during protein restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Habibi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Cedrick N Shili
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Julia Sutton
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Parniyan Goodarzi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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Lyu X, Yan K, Chen W, Wang Y, Zhu H, Pan H, Lin G, Wang L, Yang H, Gong F. The characterization of metabolites alterations in white adipose tissue of diabetic GK Rats after ileal transposition surgery by an untargeted metabolomics approach. Adipocyte 2021; 10:275-284. [PMID: 33975515 PMCID: PMC8118414 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2021.1926139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of adipose tissue could lead to insulin resistance, obesity and type 2 diabetes. Thus, our present study aimed to investigate metabolites alterations in white adipose tissue (WAT) of diabetic GK rats after IT surgery. Ten-week-old male diabetic GK rats were randomly subjected to IT and Sham-IT surgery. Six weeks later, the untargeted metabolomics in WAT of diabetic GK rats was performed. Differential metabolites were selected according to the coefficient of variation (CV) of quality control (QC) sample <30%, variable importance in the projection (VIP) >1 and P < 0.05. Then, the hierarchical clustering of differential metabolites was conducted and the KEGG database was used for metabolic pathway analysis. A total of 50 (in positive ion mode) and 68 (in negative ion mode) metabolites were identified as differential metabolites in WAT of diabetic GK rats between IT group and Sham-IT group, respectively. These differential metabolites were well clustered, which in descending order of the number of involved differential metabolites is ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis, AMPK signalling pathway, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, ferroptosis, vitamin digestion and absorption, glycerophospholipid metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism and bile secretion, and correlated with the parameters of body weight, food intake, WAT mass and glucose metabolism, which were significantly improved after IT surgery. The differential metabolites in WAT of diabetic GK rats were mainly related to the pathway of energy metabolism, and correlated with the improved phenotypes of diabetic GK rats after IT surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Lyu
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,
| | - Kemin Yan
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,
| | - Weijie Chen
- Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,
| | - Hui Pan
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,
| | - Guole Lin
- Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Linjie Wang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,
| | - Fengying Gong
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,
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Habibi M, Shili C, Sutton J, Goodarzi P, Maylem ER, Spicer L, Pezeshki A. Branched-chain amino acids partially recover the reduced growth of pigs fed with protein-restricted diets through both central and peripheral factors. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:868-882. [PMID: 34632118 PMCID: PMC8484988 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the growth efficiency of pigs fed with protein-restricted diets supplemented with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and limiting amino acids (LAA) above the recommended levels. Following 2 weeks of adaptation, 48 young barrows were weight matched and randomly assigned to 6 treatments (8 pigs/treatment) for 4 weeks: positive control (PC) with standard protein, negative control (NC) with very low protein containing LAA (i.e., Lys, Met, Thr and Trp) at recommended levels, and NC containing LAA 25% (L25), LAA 50% (L50), LAA+BCAA (i.e., Leu, Ile and Val) 25% (LB25) and LAA+BCAA 50% (LB50) more than recommendations. Feed intake (FI) and body weight (BW) were measured daily and weekly, respectively. At week 6, blood samples were collected, all pigs euthanized and tissue samples collected. The data were analyzed by univariate GLM or mixed procedure (SPSS) and the means were separated using paired Student's t-test followed by Benjamini-Hochberg correction. Relative to PC, NC had decreased FI, BW, unsupplemented plasma essential amino acids, serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) (P < 0.01). Compared to NC, L25 or L50, LB50 had increased BW and serum IGF-I and decreased plasma serotonin and both LB25 and LB50 had higher FI, plasma BCAA, hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine-receptor 2A and NPY and jejunal 5-hydroxytryptamine-receptor 7 (P < 0.01). Overall, supplementation of protein-restricted diets with increased levels of dietary BCAA partially recovered the negative effects of these diets on growth through improved IGF-I concentration and FI, which was associated with changed expression of serotonin receptors, blood AA and hypothalamic NPY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Habibi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Cedrick Shili
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Julia Sutton
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Parniyan Goodarzi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Excel Rio Maylem
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Leon Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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Goodarzi P, Habibi M, Roberts K, Sutton J, Shili CN, Lin D, Pezeshki A. Dietary Tryptophan Supplementation Alters Fat and Glucose Metabolism in a Low-Birthweight Piglet Model. Nutrients 2021; 13:2561. [PMID: 34444719 PMCID: PMC8399558 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Low birthweight (LBW) is associated with metabolic complications, such as glucose and lipid metabolism disturbances in early life. The objective of this study was to assess: (1) the effect of dietary tryptophan (Trp) on glucose and fat metabolism in an LBW piglet model, and (2) the role peripheral 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5HT3) receptors in regulating the feeding behavior in LBW piglets fed with Trp-supplemented diets. Seven-day-old piglets were assigned to 4 treatments: normal birthweight-0%Trp (NBW-T0), LBW-0%Trp (LBW-T0), LBW-0.4%Trp (LBW-T0.4), and LBW-0.8%Trp (LBW-T0.8) for 3 weeks. Compared to LBW-T0, the blood glucose was decreased in LBW-T0.8 at 60 min following the meal test, and the triglycerides were lower in LBW-T0.4 and LBW-T0.8. Relative to LBW-T0, LBW-T0.8 had a lower transcript and protein abundance of hepatic glucose transporter-2, a higher mRNA abundance of glucokinase, and a lower transcript of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. LBW-T0.4 tended to have a lower protein abundance of sodium-glucose co-transporter 1 in the jejunum. In comparison with LBW-T0, LBW-T0.4 and LBW-T0.8 had a lower transcript of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and LBW-T0.4 had a higher transcript of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Blocking 5-HT3 receptors with ondansetron reduced the feed intake in all groups, with a transient effect on LBW-T0, but more persistent effect on LBW-T0.8 and NBW-T0. In conclusion, Trp supplementation reduced the hepatic lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis, but increased the glycolysis in LBW piglets. Peripheral serotonin is likely involved in the regulation of feeding behavior, particularly in LBW piglets fed diets supplemented with a higher dose of Trp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parniyan Goodarzi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (P.G.); (M.H.); (K.R.); (J.S.); (C.N.S.)
| | - Mohammad Habibi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (P.G.); (M.H.); (K.R.); (J.S.); (C.N.S.)
| | - Kennedy Roberts
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (P.G.); (M.H.); (K.R.); (J.S.); (C.N.S.)
| | - Julia Sutton
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (P.G.); (M.H.); (K.R.); (J.S.); (C.N.S.)
| | - Cedrick Ndhumba Shili
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (P.G.); (M.H.); (K.R.); (J.S.); (C.N.S.)
| | - Dingbo Lin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (P.G.); (M.H.); (K.R.); (J.S.); (C.N.S.)
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Chen W, Yin H, Zhang N, Liu W, Qu Q, Xiao J, Gong F, He X. Improvement of Postprandial Lipid Metabolism After Ileal Transposition in Non-obese Diabetic Rats. Obes Surg 2021; 31:1572-1578. [PMID: 33409975 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-05158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ileal transposition (IT) could reduce obesity and improve type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The main aim of our study was to investigate lipid metabolism changes in T2DM rats after IT without a weight reduction effect. METHODS Thirty male diabetic rats were randomly divided into IT, sham IT (SI), and control groups. The levels of plasma cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TGs), and bile acid were measured. After sacrifice, the white adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue and liver were weighed. RESULTS IT induced significant improvement in glucose and lipid metabolism. There were no significant differences in the levels of cholesterol (P = 0.87), HDL (P = 0.70), LDL (P = 0.96), or TGs (P = 0.97) among the groups before surgery. After IT, the levels of cholesterol (P = 0.019), LDL (P = 0.004), and TGs (P < 0.001) were lower than those in the SI and control groups, while the level of HDL was not significantly different compared to those of the other groups (P = 0.437). Higher bile acid level (P = 0.001), lower white adipose tissue/total body weight ratio (P < 0.001), and lower liver/total body weight ratio (P = 0.003) were found in the IT group. The BAT/total body weight ratio in the IT group was higher than that in the SI or control groups (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS IT could improve lipid metabolism in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixin Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Qu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianchun Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengying Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of the Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong He
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
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Souza de Oliveira M, Sachs Nique P, Crispim D, Marmontel de Souza B. The association of uncoupling proteins 1, 2, and 3 with weight loss variability after bariatric surgery: a systematic review. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2020; 16:1858-1868. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Vertical sleeve gastrectomy improves indices of metabolic disease in rodent model of surgical menopause. Menopause 2018; 24:426-436. [PMID: 27801704 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although women are the most common recipients of weight loss surgeries for the amelioration of the comorbidities of obesity, few studies have addressed the efficacy of these procedures with specific attention to reproductive stage. Here we ask in a rodent model of vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) whether improvements to metabolic health are realized in women having received surgical menopause. Specifically we were interested in knowing whether rats made menopausal through surgical means would exhibit persistent hepatic steatosis as reported in previously pregnant, freely cycling female VSG rats or if it is resolved as reported in male VSG rats. METHODS All the rats first received ovariectomy (OVX) and then were placed on high-fat diet before either sham or VSG surgery (N = 12, 9) and then were monitored for resolution of obesity-related comorbidities. RESULTS VSG was sufficient to reduce weight and adiposity in OVX females in comparison to obese rats (P < 0.001). Glucose tolerance (P < 0.05) was improved in OVX-VSG females with no change in insulin sensitivity. Both circulating (P < 0.01) and hepatic triglyceride (P < 0.01) levels were also reduced after VSG. Liver integrity was improved in OVX-VSG in comparison to OVX-obese as reflected by reduced aspartate aminotransferase levels (P < 0.05). The ability of mitochondria to generate adenosine triphosphate was maintained, and an increase in complex IV may decrease the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, VSG in OVX rats experience many positive benefits including the resolution of hepatic steatosis that persists in reproductively intact female rats after VSG.
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Zapata RC, Singh A, Pezeshki A, Nibber T, Chelikani PK. Whey Protein Components - Lactalbumin and Lactoferrin - Improve Energy Balance and Metabolism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9917. [PMID: 28855697 PMCID: PMC5577213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Whey protein promotes weight loss and improves diabetic control, however, less is known of its bioactive components that produce such benefits. We compared the effects of normal protein (control) diet with high protein diets containing whey, or its fractions lactalbumin and lactoferrin, on energy balance and metabolism. Diet-induced obese rats were randomized to isocaloric diets: Control, Whey, Lactalbumin, Lactoferrin, or pair-fed to lactoferrin. Whey and lactalbumin produced transient hypophagia, whereas lactoferrin caused prolonged hypophagia; the hypophagia was likely due to decreased preference. Lactalbumin decreased weight and fat gain. Notably, lactoferrin produced sustained weight and fat loss, and attenuated the reduction in energy expenditure associated with calorie restriction. Lactalbumin and lactoferrin decreased plasma leptin and insulin, and lactalbumin increased peptide YY. Whey, lactalbumin and lactoferrin improved glucose clearance partly through differential upregulation of glucoregulatory transcripts in the liver and skeletal muscle. Interestingly, lactalbumin and lactoferrin decreased hepatic lipidosis partly through downregulation of lipogenic and/or upregulation of β-oxidation transcripts, and differentially modulated cecal bacterial populations. Our findings demonstrate that protein quantity and quality are important for improving energy balance. Dietary lactalbumin and lactoferrin improved energy balance and metabolism, and decreased adiposity, with the effects of lactoferrin being partly independent of caloric intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizaldy C Zapata
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, USA
| | - Traj Nibber
- Advanced Orthomolecular Research, 3900 12 St NE, Calgary, Alberta, T2E 6X8, Canada
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada. .,Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Singh A, Pezeshki A, Zapata RC, Yee NJ, Knight CG, Tuor UI, Chelikani PK. Diets enriched in whey or casein improve energy balance and prevent morbidity and renal damage in salt-loaded and high-fat-fed spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 37:47-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Pezeshki A, Zapata RC, Singh A, Yee NJ, Chelikani PK. Low protein diets produce divergent effects on energy balance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25145. [PMID: 27122299 PMCID: PMC4848496 DOI: 10.1038/srep25145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diets deficient in protein often increase food consumption, body weight and fat mass; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We compared the effects of diets varying in protein concentrations on energy balance in obesity-prone rats. We demonstrate that protein-free (0% protein calories) diets decreased energy intake and increased energy expenditure, very low protein (5% protein) diets increased energy intake and expenditure, whereas moderately low protein (10% protein) diets increased energy intake without altering expenditure, relative to control diet (15% protein). These diet-induced alterations in energy expenditure are in part mediated through enhanced serotonergic and β-adrenergic signaling coupled with upregulation of key thermogenic markers in brown fat and skeletal muscle. The protein-free and very low protein diets decreased plasma concentrations of multiple essential amino acids, anorexigenic and metabolic hormones, but these diets increased the tissue expression and plasma concentrations of fibroblast growth factor-21. Protein-free and very low protein diets induced fatty liver, reduced energy digestibility, and decreased lean mass and body weight that persisted beyond the restriction period. In contrast, moderately low protein diets promoted gain in body weight and adiposity following the period of protein restriction. Together, our findings demonstrate that low protein diets produce divergent effects on energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Rizaldy C. Zapata
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicholas J. Yee
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Prasanth K. Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Liu T, Zhong M, Wan H, Liu S, Zhang G, Kassab GS, Hu S. Jejunum-ileum circuit procedure improves glucose metabolism in diabetic rats independent of weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:342-51. [PMID: 26709012 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To introduce a lower-risk novel surgical procedure to achieve diabetes reversal along with associated hormonal changes. METHODS Diabetic rats were randomly assigned to jejunum-ileum circuit (JIC), sham-JIC, ileal interposition (IT), and sham-IT groups. The JIC group included two subgroups: short (JIC-S) and long (JIC-L), based on the length between anastomosis and Treitz ligament (LAT ). The body weight, food intake, blood glucose, glucose and insulin tolerance, and gut hormones were measured. The liver gene expression of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and protein expression of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PKC) were also measured. Following a dye infusion, nutrient delivery was measured at termination day. RESULTS Compared to sham-JIC group, JIC-S group did not reduce body weight or food intake but significantly improved glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. With fast chyme transit, JIC-S not only promoted the secretion of insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and peptide YY and decreased leptin, but also upregulated hepatic GLUT2 and downregulated hepatic G6P and PKC. JIC-L group, however, failed to achieve remission of diabetes. CONCLUSION JIC-S relieves diabetes independent of weight loss, as it promotes the secretion of anti-diabetic hormones and inhibits hepatic glucose production. The prolonging of LAT , however, diminishes the hypoglycemic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. Correspondence: Sanyuan Hu
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. Correspondence: Sanyuan Hu
| | - Teng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. Correspondence: Sanyuan Hu
| | - Mingwei Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. Correspondence: Sanyuan Hu
| | - Houmin Wan
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shaozhuang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. Correspondence: Sanyuan Hu
| | - Guangyong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. Correspondence: Sanyuan Hu
| | - Ghassan S Kassab
- Department of Bioengineering, California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sanyuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. Correspondence: Sanyuan Hu
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhong M, Liu T, Zhang G, Liu S, Guo W, Wei M, He Q, Sun D, Hu S. Improvements of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism After Jejuno-ileal Circuit Procedure in a Non-obese Diabetic Rat Model. Obes Surg 2015; 26:1768-76. [PMID: 26660687 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-015-1997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a recent study, we showed a jejuno-ileal circuit (JIC) procedure that effectively improved glucose homeostasis, but the intrinsic mechanism requires further studies. Furthermore, the role of JIC in lipid metabolism is also unknown. Given that adiposity aggravates insulin sensitivity, we hypothesize that the JIC procedure improves fat metabolism and thus further contributes to diabetic remission. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of JIC surgery on lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis in a non-obese diabetic rat model. METHODS Fourteen high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were randomly divided into JIC and sham-JIC groups. Body weight, food intake, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, serum lipid parameters, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and adipose-derived hormones were measured. At 12 weeks postoperatively, the expressions of hepatic fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were measured by Western blot. The lipid content of liver was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and Oil Red O staining. The enteroendocrine cells in the distal ileum were examined by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Relative to the sham group, the JIC rats exhibited significant improvements in glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia without weight loss, showing increased GLP-1 and adiponectin and decreased leptin. JIC also reduced the expression of FAS and ACC in the liver, exhibited improved hepatic fat content, and raised the levels of GLP-1 and chromogranin A in the distal gut. CONCLUSIONS JIC alleviated lipometabolic disorders in hyperglycemic rats, which may contribute to the amelioration of insulin sensitivity and glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwei Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaozhuang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsi He
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanyuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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Pezeshki A, Fahim A, Chelikani PK. Dietary Whey and Casein Differentially Affect Energy Balance, Gut Hormones, Glucose Metabolism, and Taste Preference in Diet-Induced Obese Rats. J Nutr 2015; 145:2236-44. [PMID: 26311811 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.213843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary whey and casein proteins decrease food intake and body weight and improve glycemic control; however, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. OBJECTIVE We determined the effects of dietary whey, casein, and a combination of the 2 on energy balance, hormones, glucose metabolism, and taste preference in rats. METHODS In Expt. 1, Obesity Prone CD (OP-CD) rats were fed a high-fat control diet (33% fat energy) for 8 wk, and then randomly assigned to 4 isocaloric dietary treatments (n = 12/group): the control treatment (CO; 14% protein energy from egg white), the whey treatment (WH; 26% whey + 14% egg white), the casein treatment (CA; 26% casein + 14% egg white), or the whey plus casein treatment (WHCA; 13% whey + 13% casein + 14% egg white) for 28 d. Measurements included food intake, energy expenditure, body composition, metabolic hormones, glucose tolerance and key tissue markers of glucose and energy metabolism. In Expt. 2, naïve OP-CD rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n = 8/group). During an 8 d conditioning period, each group received on alternate days either the CO or WH, CO or CA, or CO or WHCA. Subsequently, preferences for the test diets were assessed on 2 consecutive days with food intake measurements at regular intervals. RESULTS In Expt. 1, food intake was decreased by 17-37% for the first 14 d in the WH and CA rats, and by 18-34% only for the first 4 d in the WHCA compared with the CO rats. Fat mass decreased by 21-28% for the WH rats and 17-33% for the CA rats from day 14 onward, but by 30% only on day 28 in WHCA rats, relative to CO rats. Thus, food intake, body weight, and fat mass decreased more rapidly in WH and CA rats than in WHCA rats. Energy expenditure in WH rats decreased for the first 4 d compared with CA and WHCA rats, and for the first 7 d compared with the CO rats. Circulating leptin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, interleukin 6, and glucose concentrations were lower in WH, CA, and WHCA rats than in CO rats. Plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 concentrations were greater in WH than in CA or WHCA rats. The improvements in glucose tolerance were greater in WH than in WHCA rats. The plasma membrane glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4)-to-total GLUT4 ratio in skeletal muscle was greater in CA and WHCA rats than in CO rats; other markers of glucose and energy metabolism in the adipose and cardiac tissues did not differ. In Expt. 2, during 4 conditioning trials, daily food intake was decreased in WH, CA, and WHCA rats by 26-37%, 30-43%, and 23-33%, respectively, compared with CO rats. Preferences for WH and CA rats were 45% and 31% lower, respectively, than those for CO rats, but that for WHCA rats did not differ. CONCLUSION Together, these data demonstrate that in obese rats, whey, casein, and their combination improve energy balance through differential effects on food intake, taste preference, energy expenditure, glucose tolerance, and gut hormone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Andrew Fahim
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Wang C, Li Q, Wang W, Guo L, Guo C, Sun Y, Zhang J. GLP-1 contributes to increases in PGC-1α expression by downregulating miR-23a to reduce apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:33-9. [PMID: 26315270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
GLP-1 can help to overcome problems of liver cells metabolism, not only pancreatic cell. But the explicit mechanism of this effect remains unclear. In recent years, microRNAs have received the attention of researchers and some microRNAs have important implications for diabetes. The mitochondrial protective gene PGC-1α is also closely related to diabetes, and UCP2 is related to anti-mitochondrial oxidative stress, but the mechanism of action of these genes is unclear. In this study, we used HepG2 cell line and used the cell counting kit (CCK) to measure the cell viability with GLP-1(7-36) and/or glucotoxicity. To investigate alterations in gene expression resulting from incubation with GLP-1 (7-36) or hyperglycaemia, the RNA expression levels of miR-23a, PGC-1α, Bak, Bax and UCP2 were quantified using real-time PCR. The protein levels of PGC-1α were determined by western blot. The role of miR-23a in the regulation of PGC-1α was further assessed through cell transfection to downregulate of miR-23a expression. In this study, the viability of HepG2 hepatocytes was decreased under hyperglycaemia, but incubation with 10 nmol/L GLP-1 (7-36) amide for 24 h significantly increased the viability and decreased the mRNA expression levels of Bax and Bak. Incubation with GLP-1(7-36) amide for 24 h attenuated the RNA expression of miR-23a and increased the mRNA and protein expression of PGC-1α. Inhibition of miR-23a expression by cell transfection led to increases in the mRNA and protein expression of PGC-1α. In addition, the mRNA expression of UCP2 increased after incubation with GLP-1(7-36) for 24 h. In conclusion, GLP-1 induced increased expression of mitochondrial protective gene PGC-1α by downregulating miR-23a to inhibit hepatocyte apoptosis and also enhanced UCP2 to reduce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road No. 246, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road No. 246, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road No. 246, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road No. 246, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road No. 246, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Yiqiong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road No. 246, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road No. 246, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
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Long-term Effect of Ileal Transposition on Adipokine Serum Level in Zucker (Orl)-Lepr fa Fatty Rats. Obes Surg 2015; 25:1848-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-015-1618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Wang X, Liu H, Chen J, Li Y, Qu S. Multiple Factors Related to the Secretion of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:651757. [PMID: 26366173 PMCID: PMC4558455 DOI: 10.1155/2015/651757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 is secreted by intestinal L cells in response to nutrient ingestion. It regulates the secretion and sensitivity of insulin while suppressing glucagon secretion and decreasing postprandial glucose levels. It also improves beta-cell proliferation and prevents beta-cell apoptosis induced by cytotoxic agents. Additionally, glucagon-like peptide-1 delays gastric emptying and suppresses appetite. The impaired secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 has negative influence on diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance related diseases. Thus, glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors) are now well accepted in the management of type 2 diabetes. The levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 are influenced by multiple factors including a variety of nutrients. The component of a meal acts as potent stimulants of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. The levels of its secretion change with the intake of different nutrients. Some drugs also have influence on GLP-1 secretion. Bariatric surgery may improve metabolism through the action on GLP-1 levels. In recent years, there has been a great interest in developing effective methods to regulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. This review summarizes the literature on glucagon-like peptide-1 and related factors affecting its levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- XingChun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhenjiang First People's Hospital, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212002, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Shen Qu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- *Shen Qu:
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