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Kharroubi SA, Al-Akl N, Chamate SJ, Abou Omar T, Ballout R. Assessing the Relationship between Physical Health, Mental Health and Students' Success among Universities in Lebanon: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:597. [PMID: 38791811 PMCID: PMC11121208 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21050597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achieving high academic success is known to be influenced by many factors including, but not limiting to, physical and mental health. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between physical health, mental health, and university students' success, and to explore the associations between these factors and their academic achievement. METHODS A cross-sectional, self-administered online survey was used to collect data from college students in three different universities in Lebanon during the Fall 2023 semester. Mental health was evaluated using validated screening tools for depression, anxiety, and stress, specifically the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), and Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), respectively. Additionally, general questions regarding physical health and lifestyle factors were incorporated into the questionnaire. Academic achievement was measured using students' grade point average (GPA). RESULTS A total of 261 students completed the self-administered online survey. The results revealed that approximately 42% and 36% of students were experiencing moderate to severe symptoms of depression and anxiety, respectively, and 75.1% of students exhibited symptoms of moderate stress. The majority of participants (99.2%) did not report any physical disability. Chi-square analysis revealed a significant association between mental health status (depression, anxiety, and stress) and GPA level (p = 0.03, p = 0.044, p = 0.015, respectively). Multiple logistic regression models identified eight correlates of GPA and highlighted the relationship between physical health and student success. For instance, students who considered themselves moderately active had lower odds of achieving a higher GPA than those who considered themselves active (OR = 0.41, p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS This is the first investigation into Lebanese university students' academic success in relation to lifestyle and mental health profiles. The findings indicate that implementing public health programs and interventions targeting mental health and lifestyle behaviors is essential for enhancing student success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer A. Kharroubi
- Office of Student Affairs, American University of Beirut, P.O. BOX 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon; (N.A.-A.); (S.-J.C.); (T.A.O.)
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon;
| | - Nayla Al-Akl
- Office of Student Affairs, American University of Beirut, P.O. BOX 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon; (N.A.-A.); (S.-J.C.); (T.A.O.)
- Department of Landscape Design and Ecosystem Management, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Sarah-Joe Chamate
- Office of Student Affairs, American University of Beirut, P.O. BOX 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon; (N.A.-A.); (S.-J.C.); (T.A.O.)
| | - Tarek Abou Omar
- Office of Student Affairs, American University of Beirut, P.O. BOX 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon; (N.A.-A.); (S.-J.C.); (T.A.O.)
| | - Rouba Ballout
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon;
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Koçali K. The Effects of Daylight Saving Time (DST) Transition Cancelation on Work Accidents of Turkey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2023; 29:1542-1551. [PMID: 37272121 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2023.2221590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. Turkey canceled the daylight saving time (DST) transition and started permanent clock application. Considering the effect of this new regulation on working hours, this study examines whether there is a relationship with the increase in the number of work accidents in shifts. Methods. Data on work accidents were obtained from the Republic of Turkey Social Security Institution (SSI), filed between 2011 and 2020. We estimate accident rates using Poisson regression and log-linear models as a function of a variety of date-based factors. Results. The results show that DST transition is effective (ineffective in terms of gender) on changes in the number of work accidents. With statistical analyses, the hourly distribution of work accidents was determined, indicating at which hour the most work accidents occurred, using the work accident frequency rate. The number of prevented work accidents was calculated as 286,793 for Turkey. Conclusion. The findings from these studies suggest that cancellation of the DST transition does not have a negative effect on the incidence of work accidents in Turkey; on the contrary, this practice also serves the purpose of preventing work accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Koçali
- Istanbul Gelisim Vocational School, Istanbul Gelisim University, Turkey
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3
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Roy J, Godin R, Gaudreault P, Forest G. The relationship between sleep, perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, and academic and sports performance in young athletes. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:1500-1514. [PMID: 37919967 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2273828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Perfectionism is associated with sleep as well as with academic and sports performance. Given the importance of sleep for performance and the sleep changes that occur during adolescence, the present study aimed to explore the relationship between sleep, two dimensions of perfectionism (perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns), with academic and sports performance in young athletes. The occurrence of perfectionistic strivings was identified as a tendency to set high personal standards for oneself, while the occurrence of perfectionistic concerns was identified as a tendency to feel pressure to be perfect and have concerns about imperfections. A total of 32 athletes aged 13 to 16 years old participated in this study. Perfectionism, sleep, and course grades were measured at the end of the school year. Sleep was measured by actigraphy, and sports performance improvement was obtained by comparing individual performance at the beginning and the end of the school year. The moderating effect of both dimensions of perfectionism on the relationships between sleep and academic and sports performance improvement was measured. First, results showed no significant relationship between sleep and academic/sports performance. Further analyses revealed that perfectionistic strivings moderated the relationship between certain aspects of sleep with academic and sports performance improvement. Delayed and suboptimal sleep habits were associated with lower academic and sports performance improvement when low levels of perfectionistic strivings were present. Results with perfectionistic concerns showed that this dimension did not moderate the relationship between sleep and academic and sports performance improvement. This study supports the notion that high levels of perfectionistic strivings in young athletes may mitigate the adverse effects of poor sleep habits in young athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Roy
- Département de Psychoéducation et de Psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Canada
| | - Roxanne Godin
- Département de Psychoéducation et de Psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Canada
| | - Pascale Gaudreault
- Département de Psychoéducation et de Psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Canada
| | - Geneviève Forest
- Département de Psychoéducation et de Psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Canada
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Suardiaz-Muro M, Ortega-Moreno M, Morante-Ruiz M, Monroy M, Ruiz MA, Martín-Plasencia P, Vela-Bueno A. Sleep quality and sleep deprivation: relationship with academic performance in university students during examination period. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2023; 21:377-383. [PMID: 38469079 PMCID: PMC10900033 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-023-00457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The beginning of the university brings together maturational, psychosocial and academic changes that make university students more prone to suffer from insufficient or poor quality sleep, which can negatively influence their academic performance. The period of taking exams is a key part of the academic year. However, there are few studies that analyze sleep during this period of time. Our aim is to study the association of sleep quality and sleep deprivation with academic performance during the examination period. A descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational study was carried out with the participation of 640 subjects in the first three years of five faculties belonging to the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. The instrument used consisted of a questionnaire that included sociodemographic and academic data, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and information about the academic performance. During the examination period, a positive association was found between sleep quality and academic performance. University students slept less than desired, both on weekdays and weekends, and the sleep debt during the week was associated with a worse students' perception of their academic performance. In total, 61.3% of the students believed that their performance would improve by getting more sleep. In addition, low drowsiness and napping were also found. In conclusion, during periods of greater academic demand, an insufficient sleep and poor quality is commonly observed, affecting negatively to their academic performance. Actually, about 2/3 of our subjects believed that their performance would improve by getting more sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Suardiaz-Muro
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neuropsychology. Rehabilitation Service, Fundación Instituto San José, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Morante-Ruiz
- Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Monroy
- Department of Social Psychology and Methodology, School of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Ruiz
- Department of Social Psychology and Methodology, School of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Martín-Plasencia
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology. School of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Kertechian KS, Ismail HN. A Positive View of Excessive Smartphone Utilization and Its Relationship With Other Academic-Related Variables Within the Online Course Setting. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231183338. [PMID: 37312250 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231183338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The continual use of smartphones is a global problem that requires scholars' attention. This study investigates the impact of excessive smartphone use, self-regulation, and procrastination on students' online academic performance. A total of n = 238 university students participated in the study. Mean comparisons unveiled clear discrepancy scores on procrastination, self-regulation, and daily hours spent on smartphones between the smartphone-addicted and non-addicted students. Structural Equation Modeling helps us to answer our hypothesis. Unusually, smartphone use had a significant and positive effect on online students' academic performance. Also, the study provides a better understanding of the procrastination factor that significantly impacts students' smartphone use and online academic performance. Results are discussed considering possible interventions at the academic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Kertechian
- ESSCA School of Management (Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Commerciales d'Angers), Angers, France
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Esht V, Alshehri MM, Bautista MJ, Sharma A, Alshamrani M, Alenazi AM, Alqahtani BA, Alhowimel AS, Hakamy A, Abdelwahab SI. A Cross-Sectional Study Using STROBE Platform to Examine Sleep Characteristics, Mental Health and Academic Performance of Female Applied Medical Sciences Students in the Southwest of Saudi Arabia. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:451. [PMID: 37366703 DOI: 10.3390/bs13060451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Medical students are expected to excel in their academics. Hence exposing them to a certain amount of strain may sometimes cause sleep disruptions. The purpose of this study was to determine the sleep quality among Saudi Applied Medical Sciences students and its potential connections with their academic performance and mental health. Methods: This online cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted at Jazan University's College of Applied Medical Sciences in Saudi Arabia. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), a known indicator of sleep quality, a validated mental health measure; Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21), and Academic Performance Scale (APS) with 89 internal consistencies were included in the questionnaire. The cumulative grade point average (GPA) was also used as a covariate to evaluate students' academic success. Results: 112 people responded (response rate = 93%), and 105 of them presented comprehensive information about their backgrounds, way of life, academic standing, sleep patterns, and mental health. Participants' average GPA and APS scores were 4.23 ± 0.52 and 33.16 ± 5.63, respectively. The mean global PSQI score was 6.47 with 2.34 of standard deviation (SD). The majority of individuals (60%) had poor sleep quality particularly due to abnormal sleep latency and lesser sleep duration, as determined by their PSQI score. The prevalence rates for depression, anxiety, and stress were higher; 53%, 54% and 40%, respectively. Both depression and anxiety were substantially correlated with poor sleep quality (p-value = 0.008, p-value = 0.01, respectively). Sleep quality had no significant effect on GPA while global PSQI and depression were significantly negatively correlated with an APS score of participants (p-value = 0.007 and 0.015, respectively). Conclusions: Higher rates of poor sleep quality and psychologically negative emotions were prevalent. Unhealthy sleep patterns were linked to increased levels of anxiety and depression. Self-perceived academic performance was negatively impacted by inadequate sleep and negative emotions, despite the fact that the GPA results were unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Esht
- Department of Physical therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Alshehri
- Department of Physical therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marissa J Bautista
- Department of Physical therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Department of Physiotherapy, Arogyam Institute of Paramedical and Allied Sciences, Affiliated to H.N.B. Uttarakhand Medical Education University, Roorkee 247661, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Meshal Alshamrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aqeel M Alenazi
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader A Alqahtani
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S Alhowimel
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Hakamy
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Moens E, Lippens L, Sterkens P, Weytjens J, Baert S. The COVID-19 crisis and telework: a research survey on experiences, expectations and hopes. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2022; 23:729-753. [PMID: 34761337 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3596696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
While a considerable number of employees across the globe are being forced to work from home due to the COVID-19 crisis, it is a guessing game as to how they are experiencing this current surge in telework. Therefore, we examined employee perceptions of telework on various life and career aspects, distinguishing between typical and extended telework during the COVID-19 crisis. To this end, we conducted a state-of-the-art web survey among Flemish employees. Notwithstanding this exceptional time of sudden, obligatory and high-intensity telework, our respondents mainly attribute positive characteristics to telework, such as increased efficiency and a lower risk of burnout. The results also suggest that the overwhelming majority of the surveyed employees believe that telework (85%) and digital conferencing (81%) are here to stay. In contrast, some fear that telework diminishes their promotion opportunities and weakens ties with their colleagues and employer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Moens
- Ghent University, Sint-Pietersplein 6, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Louis Lippens
- Ghent University, Sint-Pietersplein 6, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Stijn Baert
- Ghent University, Sint-Pietersplein 6, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
- GLO, Essen, Germany
- IZA, Bonn, Germany
- IMISCOE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Moens E, Lippens L, Sterkens P, Weytjens J, Baert S. The COVID-19 crisis and telework: a research survey on experiences, expectations and hopes. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2022; 23:729-753. [PMID: 34761337 PMCID: PMC8580807 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-021-01392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
While a considerable number of employees across the globe are being forced to work from home due to the COVID-19 crisis, it is a guessing game as to how they are experiencing this current surge in telework. Therefore, we examined employee perceptions of telework on various life and career aspects, distinguishing between typical and extended telework during the COVID-19 crisis. To this end, we conducted a state-of-the-art web survey among Flemish employees. Notwithstanding this exceptional time of sudden, obligatory and high-intensity telework, our respondents mainly attribute positive characteristics to telework, such as increased efficiency and a lower risk of burnout. The results also suggest that the overwhelming majority of the surveyed employees believe that telework (85%) and digital conferencing (81%) are here to stay. In contrast, some fear that telework diminishes their promotion opportunities and weakens ties with their colleagues and employer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Moens
- Ghent University, Sint-Pietersplein 6, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Louis Lippens
- Ghent University, Sint-Pietersplein 6, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Stijn Baert
- Ghent University, Sint-Pietersplein 6, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
- GLO, Essen, Germany
- IZA, Bonn, Germany
- IMISCOE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Obligations and Behaviors That Impact Sleep in Prelicensure Baccalaureate Nursing Students. Nurse Educ 2021; 47:E12-E17. [PMID: 34738959 DOI: 10.1097/nne.0000000000001128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nursing students have obligations and behaviors that impact sleep. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate sleep among prelicensure baccalaureate nursing students and describe factors that impact their sleep quality and daytime sleepiness. METHODS Prelicensure nursing students (n = 254) completed questionnaires that included demographics; obligations and behaviors that always, sometimes, or never caused sleep loss on a daily or weekly basis; the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; the Epworth Sleepiness Scale; and the Sleep Hygiene Index. RESULTS College classes were the most frequent reason why participants always lost sleep. Obligations of work, classes, and technology use into the night significantly predicted sleep hygiene; obligations of work, family, activity with friends, and classes significantly predicted sleep quality. CONCLUSION There is a need for education about behaviors and obligations that impact sleep in undergraduate nursing students, along with resources to assist in coping with external stressors.
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10
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Cowan BW, Hao Z. Medicaid expansion and the mental health of college students. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2021; 30:1306-1327. [PMID: 33740278 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reported mental health problems have risen dramatically among US college students over time, as has treatment for these problems. We examine the effect of state-level Medicaid expansion following the 2014 implementation of the Affordable Care Act on the diagnosis of mental health conditions, psychotropic prescription drug use, and the mental health status of a national sample of college students. We find that students from disadvantaged backgrounds are more likely to report being on public insurance after 2014 in expansion states relative to non-expansion states, while more advantaged students do not see this increase. Both diagnosis of common mental health conditions and psychotropic drug use increase following expansion for disadvantaged students relative to advantaged ones, which translates into an elimination of the pre-expansion gap in these outcomes by family background in expansion states. However, in contrast to some recent work on Medicaid expansion and mental health, we do not find that these changes are associated with improvements in self-reported mental health status. We also do not find that Medicaid expansion has affected risky health behaviors or academic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Cowan
- School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- NBER, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhuang Hao
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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Armand MA, Biassoni F, Corrias A. Sleep, Well-Being and Academic Performance: A Study in a Singapore Residential College. Front Psychol 2021; 12:672238. [PMID: 34135831 PMCID: PMC8200680 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.672238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the relationship between sleep and the affective components of subjective well-being as well as psychological well-being, and between sleep and academic performance, of full-time undergraduate students in a residential college at the National University of Singapore. The aspects of sleep considered were self-reported sleep duration, sleep efficiency, frequency of sleep disturbances, daytime dysfunction, sleep latency and overall sleep quality, as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Academic performance was measured using self-reported cumulative average point scores, typically known as grade point average in other institutions. Psychological well-being and the affective components of subjective well-being were assessed using the Flourishing Scale and the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience, respectively. With the exception of sleep latency, our univariate analysis revealed significant associations between the abovementioned facets of sleep, and the affective components of subjective well-being. The analysis also revealed significant associations between the above sleep variables and psychological well-being, except sleep latency and frequency of sleep disturbances. Only daytime dysfunction was found to be significantly correlated with academic performance in our univariate analysis. In addition, our multivariate analysis shows that psychological well-being, affect balance and academic performance each has a direct effect on overall sleep quality. The relationship between overall sleep quality and psychological well-being is U-shaped, while that between overall sleep quality and affect balance is linear and moderated by psychological well-being. The relationship between overall sleep quality and academic performance is either U-shaped or an inverted-U, depending on the level of psychological well-being, which moderates the relationship. These nonlinear relationships indicate that individuals with the highest levels of psychological well-being are not the best sleepers (in terms of overall sleep quality), neither are the highest academic achievers necessarily the best sleepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A. Armand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Federica Biassoni
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Corrias
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- College of Alice and Peter Tan, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Lippens L, Moens E, Sterkens P, Weytjens J, Baert S. How do employees think the COVID-19 crisis will affect their careers? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246899. [PMID: 33956808 PMCID: PMC8101726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is the first in the world to investigate the expected impact of the COVID-19 crisis on career outcomes and career aspirations. To this end, high-quality survey research with a relevant sample of Flemish (Belgian) employees was conducted. About 21% of them fear losing their jobs due to the crisis—14% are concerned that they will even lose their jobs in the near future. In addition, 26% expect to miss out on promotions that they would have received had the COVID-19 crisis not occurred. This fear of a negative impact is higher in vulnerable groups, such migrants. In addition, we observe that many respondents believe they will look at the labour market differently and will have different work-related priorities in the future. In this respect, more than half of the respondents indicate that they have attached more importance to working conditions and work-life balance since the COVID-19 crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Lippens
- Department of Economics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Eline Moens
- Department of Economics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Stijn Baert
- Department of Economics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Economics, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-neuve, Belgium
- IZA Institute of Labour Economics, Bonn, Germany
- Global Labour Organization, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- IMISCOE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Blome MJ, Johnson ML, Jones MA, Moore MS, Beck MF. Sleep Quality and Daytime Sleepiness in Prelicensure Baccalaureate Nursing Students. J Nurs Educ 2021; 60:196-202. [PMID: 34038277 DOI: 10.3928/01484834-20210322-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nursing students need to learn about sleep health to provide safe patient care. The purpose of this study was to investigate sleep in nursing students and describe factors that affect their sleep. METHOD This study used a cross-sectional descriptive design with a convenience sample from baccalaureate nursing programs in a midwestern region of the United States. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and Sleep Hygiene Index. RESULTS Two hundred fifty-four nursing students reported poor sleep quality, excessive daytime sleepiness, and maladaptive sleep hygiene, regardless of their year of study or enrollment status. Behavior of technology use into the night was the most frequent reason why students lost sleep. CONCLUSION Learning the importance of sleep hygiene, good sleep quality, and the associated health benefits may assist nursing students with achieving optimal daytime functioning. Consideration should be given to sleep health content as a thread through nursing curriculum. [J Nurs Educ. 2021;60(4):196-202.].
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Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Self-efficacy as Mediators in the Mediation of Sleep Quality and Grades in Nursing Students. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113265. [PMID: 33113807 PMCID: PMC7692202 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
University is a period in which students can experience a considerable amount of challenges that may influence their health lifestyles. The aim of this article is to discover the role of therapeutic adherence to the Mediterranean diet and self-efficacy as mediators in the relationship between sleep quality and the average grades of nursing students. The sample was made up of 334 nursing students, with a mean age of 21.84 years (SD = 6.24). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality questionnaires, adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the Baessler and Shwarzer General Self-efficacy Scale were administered. The results of the multiple mediational model determined that quality of sleep has a direct influence on academic performance. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and quality of sleep have an effect on the degree of self-efficacy of nursing students. This study demonstrates that good sleep quality and adherence to the Mediterranean diet improve academic performance in nursing students. Future research should include multicenter longitudinal studies.
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15
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Evers K, Chen S, Rothmann S, Dhir A, Pallesen S. Investigating the relation among disturbed sleep due to social media use, school burnout, and academic performance. J Adolesc 2020; 84:156-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Cellini N, Menghini L, Mercurio M, Vanzetti V, Bergamo D, Sarlo M. Sleep quality and quantity in Italian University students: an actigraphic study. Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:1538-1551. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1773494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cellini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Human Inspired Technology Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Menghini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Mercurio
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Damiana Bergamo
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Sarlo
- Department of Communication Sciences, Humanities and International Studies, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
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17
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Hena M, Garmy P. Social Jetlag and Its Association With Screen Time and Nighttime Texting Among Adolescents in Sweden: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:122. [PMID: 32132896 PMCID: PMC7040091 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The discrepancy between social and biological clock due to sleep and wake up time difference across weekdays and weekends is referred as social jetlag. The overall aim of this study is to test whether there is an association between both screen time and nighttime texting and social jetlag among 13- to 15-year-old adolescents in Sweden. This study included a cross-sectional survey in which data were collected from all schools with grades 7 and 8 in four municipalities in southern Sweden. The sample consisted of 1518 students (72.7% response rate), among whom 50.7% were girls. Ages varied between 13 and 15 years (mean, 13.9; standard deviation (SD), 0.4). Social jetlag was defined as more than 2 h difference between bedtime and wake-up time on school days compared to weekends. The prevalence of social jetlag among this study population was 53.9%. After adjusting for age, sex, and economic status, the multivariate binary logistic regression analysis results showed that increased screen time (p < 0.001) and texting at night (p = 0.002) were significantly associated with social jetlag. Irregular bedtime and wake-up habits on school days and weekends are associated with nighttime texting and increased screen time. For future research, more focus should be given to identifying causality factors and gain an understanding of the effects of social jetlag, which will help in developing appropriate public health messages and intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momota Hena
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Garmy
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
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18
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Amez S, Vujić S, Soffers P, Baert S. Yawning while scrolling? Examining gender differences in the association between smartphone use and sleep quality. J Sleep Res 2020; 29:e12971. [PMID: 31919946 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The negative consequences of deteriorated sleep have been widely acknowledged. Therefore, research on the determinants of poor sleep is crucial. A factor potentially contributing to poor sleep is the use of a smartphone. This study aims to measure the association between overall daily smartphone use and both sleep quality and sleep duration. To this end, we exploit data on 1,889 first-year university students. Compared with previous research we control for a large set of observed confounding factors. Higher overall smartphone use is associated with lower odds of experiencing a good sleep. In addition, we explore heterogeneous differences by socioeconomic factors not yet investigated. We find that the negative association between smartphone use and sleep quality is mainly driven by female participants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunčica Vujić
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Stijn Baert
- Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Research Foundation - Flanders, Brussels, Belgium.,Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,IZA, Bonn, Germany.,GLO, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,IMISCOE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Carciofo R. Morningness-eveningness and tertiary academic achievement: an exploration of potential mediators, including sleep factors, mind wandering, and metacognitive beliefs. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1680935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Carciofo
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
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20
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Wang PY, Chen KL, Yang SY, Lin PH. Relationship of sleep quality, smartphone dependence, and health-related behaviors in female junior college students. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214769. [PMID: 30943270 PMCID: PMC6447181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smartphone usage has become commonplace and impact on sleep quality among adolescents. Adolescent girls have a greater tendency toward sleep quality problems. However, relationship of sleep quality, smartphone dependence, and health-related behaviors in female junior college students has not been studied. OBJECTIVES This study had the two goals: to investigate the relationship between female college students' sleep quality, smartphone dependence, and health-related behaviors, and to identify predictors of sleep quality. METHODS This study employed a cross-sectional research approach to gather 409 subjects at a junior college in southern Taiwan, and used a structured questionnaire to collect data. The questionnaire consisted of four parts: basic demographic data, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, assessment of smartphone dependence, and the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP). Logistic regression analysis was employed to check for any association between sleep quality and smartphone dependence or HPLP. RESULTS Sleep quality was significantly associated with degree of smartphone dependence, total HPLP score, and scores on the four HPLP subscales of nutritional behavior, self-actualization, interpersonal support, and stress management behavior. The lower the subjects' degree of smartphone dependence was, the better their sleep quality was. Furthermore, the degree of smartphone dependence and total HPLP score were significant predictors of sleep quality. CONCLUSIONS Smartphone dependence is associated with poor sleep quality among female college students. Improving health-related behaviors (nutritional behavior, self-actualization, interpersonal support, and stress management behavior) can also promote improvement in sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yu Wang
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Changhua Christian Children Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Li Chen
- Department of Nursing, College of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yu Yang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Pin-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Health and Beauty, Shu Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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21
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Adelantado-Renau M, Beltran-Valls MR, Migueles JH, Artero EG, Legaz-Arrese A, Capdevila-Seder A, Moliner-Urdiales D. Associations between objectively measured and self-reported sleep with academic and cognitive performance in adolescents: DADOS study. J Sleep Res 2019; 28:e12811. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jairo H. Migueles
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Enrique G. Artero
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences; University of Almería; Almería Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024); CERNEP Research Center; University of Almería; Almería Spain
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22
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van der Heijden KB, Vermeulen MCM, Donjacour CEHM, Gordijn MCM, Hamburger HL, Meijer AM, van Rijn KJ, Vlak M, Weysen T. Chronic sleep reduction is associated with academic achievement and study concentration in higher education students. J Sleep Res 2017; 27:165-174. [PMID: 28880425 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Inadequate sleep impairs cognitive function and has been associated with worse academic achievement in higher education students; however, studies that control for relevant background factors and include knowledge on sleep hygiene are scarce. This study examined the association of chronic sleep reduction (i.e. symptoms of chronic sleep reduction such as shortness of sleep, sleepiness and irritation), subjective sleep quality and sleep hygiene knowledge with academic achievement (grades and study credits) and study concentration among 1378 higher education students (71% female, mean age 21.73 years, SD = 3.22) in the Netherlands. Demographic, health, lifestyle and study behaviour characteristics were included as covariates in hierarchical regression analyses. After controlling for significant covariates, only chronic sleep reduction remained a significant predictor of lower grades (last exam, average in current academic year). Better sleep quality and sleep hygiene knowledge were associated with better academic achievement, but significance was lost after controlling for covariates, except for a remaining positive association between sleep hygiene beliefs and grades in the current academic year. Moreover, better sleep quality and lower scores on chronic sleep reduction were associated with better study concentration after controlling for significant covariates. To conclude, chronic sleep reduction is associated with academic achievement and study concentration in higher education students. Inadequate sleep hygiene knowledge is moderately associated with worse academic achievement. Future research should investigate whether sleep hygiene interventions improve academic achievement in students of higher education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiaan B van der Heijden
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marije C M Vermeulen
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Society for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Claire E H M Donjacour
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke C M Gordijn
- Chrono@work B.V., Groningen & GeLifes, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anne M Meijer
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin J van Rijn
- Centre for Sleep and Wake Disorders, Medical Center Haaglanden and Bronovo-Nebo, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Monique Vlak
- Centre for Sleep and Wake Disorders, Medical Center Haaglanden and Bronovo-Nebo, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Weysen
- Brain, Behavior & Cognition Department, Philips Group Innovation
- Research, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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23
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Patrick Y, Lee A, Raha O, Pillai K, Gupta S, Sethi S, Mukeshimana F, Gerard L, Moghal MU, Saleh SN, Smith SF, Morrell MJ, Moss J. Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive and physical performance in university students. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2017; 15:217-225. [PMID: 28680341 PMCID: PMC5489575 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-017-0099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation is common among university students, and has been associated with poor academic performance and physical dysfunction. However, current literature has a narrow focus in regard to domains tested, this study aimed to investigate the effects of a night of sleep deprivation on cognitive and physical performance in students. A randomized controlled crossover study was carried out with 64 participants [58% male (n = 37); 22 ± 4 years old (mean ± SD)]. Participants were randomized into two conditions: normal sleep or one night sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation was monitored using an online time-stamped questionnaire at 45 min intervals, completed in the participants' homes. The outcomes were cognitive: working memory (Simon game© derivative), executive function (Stroop test); and physical: reaction time (ruler drop testing), lung function (spirometry), rate of perceived exertion, heart rate, and blood pressure during submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Data were analysed using paired two-tailed T tests and MANOVA. Reaction time and systolic blood pressure post-exercise were significantly increased following sleep deprivation (mean ± SD change: reaction time: 0.15 ± 0.04 s, p = 0.003; systolic BP: 6 ± 17 mmHg, p = 0.012). No significant differences were found in other variables. Reaction time and vascular response to exercise were significantly affected by sleep deprivation in university students, whilst other cognitive and cardiopulmonary measures showed no significant changes. These findings indicate that acute sleep deprivation can have an impact on physical but not cognitive ability in young healthy university students. Further research is needed to identify mechanisms of change and the impact of longer term sleep deprivation in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Patrick
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2DD UK
| | - Alice Lee
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2DD UK
| | - Oishik Raha
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2DD UK
| | - Kavya Pillai
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2DD UK
| | - Shubham Gupta
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2DD UK
| | - Sonika Sethi
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2DD UK
| | - Felicite Mukeshimana
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2DD UK
| | - Lothaire Gerard
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2DD UK
| | - Mohammad U. Moghal
- Academic Unit of Sleep and Breathing, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Respiratory Disease Biomedical Research Unit, Sleep and Ventilation, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP UK
| | - Sohag N. Saleh
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2DD UK
| | - Susan F. Smith
- Medical Education Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2DD UK
| | - Mary J. Morrell
- Academic Unit of Sleep and Breathing, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Respiratory Disease Biomedical Research Unit, Sleep and Ventilation, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP UK
| | - James Moss
- Academic Unit of Sleep and Breathing, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Respiratory Disease Biomedical Research Unit, Sleep and Ventilation, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP UK
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24
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Taylor L, Chrismas BCR, Dascombe B, Chamari K, Fowler PM. The Importance of Monitoring Sleep within Adolescent Athletes: Athletic, Academic, and Health Considerations. Front Physiol 2016; 7:101. [PMID: 27047387 PMCID: PMC4797717 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Taylor
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine HospitalDoha, Qatar
| | - Bryna C. R. Chrismas
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar UniversityDoha, Qatar
| | - Ben Dascombe
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, LaTrobe UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karim Chamari
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine HospitalDoha, Qatar
| | - Peter M. Fowler
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine HospitalDoha, Qatar
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